INDIAN ANTHROPOMETRIC , DIMENSIONS FOR ERGONOMIC DESIGN PRACTICE CHAKRABARTI NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DESIGNCONTENT FOREWORD ix PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi HUMAN BODY STRUCTURE AND ITS RELEVANCE ‘TO DIMENSIONAL DESIGN IN THE INDIAN SCENARIO CHAPTER | THE HUMAN BODY 2 The Skeletal System Body Planes Body Somatotypes 5 Anthropometry Development of Anthropometey incompatible anthropometric design implications in the Indian context 10 Need for Indian Anthropometric Data_ - _ 1 State-of-the-Art Anthropometry in India 2 CHAPTER ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA SURVEY: METHODOLOGY AND STATISTICAL COMPILATION/ SIGNIFICANCE 15 Data collection methodology 1 Postural considerations for structural and functional dimensions 15 Measuring procedures 16 Accuracy of the measurement Subject and sample size selection Statistical treatment of the anthropometric data 8 Statistical implications of collected data EsPART Il INDIAN ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA AND THEIR DESIGN APPLICATIONS: GUIDELINES 29 CHAPTER Il INDIAN ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA 30 ‘Measuring procedure followed 3 Indian Anthropometric Dimen: 33 Measurements in standing posture 34 eights rom floor Breadth, Ds 8 Aer each lengths and heights ‘ Measurements in sitting pos _ - 53 Heights in siting posture : Heights tom sting surf 5 waht hom or 55 fm reaches and Lengths, readin and Depths é vertical arm reach height Breaths 1 Depths é Head dimensions — _ Neck dimensions 6 Hand dimensions eB LF Foot dimensions an Measurements in special postures - B Sitting cross-legged posture on floor 3B ‘Am reach lengths and heights Squatting posture 2Prone pasture 92 Kneeling pos Crawling posture — 93 CHAPTER IV ANTHROPOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS. FOR GENERAL DESIGN APPLICATION 95 Section A GUIDELINES FOR DESIGN USE BASED ON ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA __96 Usage of the anthropometri: percentile values 96 Concept of male-female combined data for design use 100 Section B ERGONOMICS OF THE DESIGN OF PRODUCTS, EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES 102 Ergonomic Principles 106 Ergonomic criteria Design process ae 108 Section C MAN AND HIS COMPLEX WORK ENVIRONMENT: VARIOUS FACTORS TO CONSIDER 109 Man-made built environment 109 Local bu Incorporating Ergonomics: Anthropom: Physiology determining proper work postures and optimisation of work component locations 14 Behavioural space dimerPART | HUMAN BODY STRUCTURE AND ITS RELEVANCE TO DIMENSIONAL DESIGN IN THE INDIAN SCENARIOCHAPTER | THE HUMAN BODYThe human body may be said to be designed for the type of life man led earlier ‘ood, etc,, and to run of his limbs was mainly for survival, for co anger. These are no more the only uses in the present day context. Due to the prog tinuously ad: of civilisation and innovations in lifestyles, man unconsciously and himself to new ways, while using the same body and physical capabilt use only @ portion of our total physical and mental capacity in our day-to-day lif At present, itis only on the sportsfield that we move freely and expend the maximu energy. Imitations of the skils of various creatures and their specialised movements, based on what they require for their survival, are 2 very important means of increasing the skilled use of id physical resources. Excellence in mot ch in lex chain of physical movements the focus of re parts nowadays. A cor requires a high level of neuromuscular coordination with a high level of strength anc ull knowledge of power. To attain that le quired with 2 biomechanics, medical and kine: necessary training is ological sciences. Today, we are innovating various aids that can minimise or optimise the physical such aids could result in excellent pertorman and exertion that are required. The us These aids are to be designed in such a manner that, while using them, they shoul consider the normal physical skills of movement within comfortable lirts Le. designing for ease of human use. schanisms and various in-built facilities and If we are aware of the ba: imitations in shape, size, range of movements that the human structure provid jedical importan ow these in various design concepts. Obvio the human body. For that ourpose, Anthropometric landmarks are the external points of th aken into consideratio thout going into specialised anat should be compatible with these innova our body structure in general must kr body structure with the muscles and skinny covers on it and these should The Skeletal System The skeletal system (Fig, 2) of the adult human body consis different shapes and sizes, with more than 200 joints, These allow man to stand f 206 pieces of bone, in ts. Except for the skull, vertebral column, hyoid and sternu’ and make skillful navemer all other bones are in pairs with one set on the right side @ cture to the body and protect the internal organs. Sk jother set on These give forn an movements are due to varicus joint systems with leverage actions, Usually for a sp movement, a varied combination of three types of leverage systems are required, rather than a single type of 1st, 2nd or 3rd. Thus, with a specitic stimulus of information, ar enhanced reaction sponse is experienced.To find out the reasons why tre skeleton structure took the present shape, its ber ‘and its specific services, we would have to enter into a discussion on anthropomett design, main frame of the body is basically supported by the vertebral column which ha ulti Parts around it, with its centre of gravity located in the ion and alignment of the be ved appearance, Tris provides a balanced lo lumbar region of the trunk. This helps in achieving various skilled movements like being able to lean forward in an Position. This is possible because the head is fixed at the occipital area to the { vertebra, the atlas bone of the vertebral column. Also a curvature in the neck regia front and back movements of the head. To provide space for the chest orga located in front, within the rib zage, and to counterbalance the hip, the vertebral column Of this area takes an 'S' shape with the upper thoracic and lower lumbar curvatures Positioned opposite to each other. In general, the vertebral column appears to be ona central axis with a tendency towar is less curvature, but bulky persons with a hug} abdomen show increased back curvature, and thus, the study of bo is important for designing, especialy of body supportive devices iy somatotypes Body Planes he bilateral human body could be described in terms of three reference planes i relation to the three planes of directional mations corresponding to these referenc planes (Fig. 3).These posi For example, it could be sai anterior median plane, it is not possible to reach for anything kept in the location of a attention 0 imaginary planes are used for the identification of relationships between t ‘he postural configuration, and for description of any locatic anding and attentively worki jon of things an hat, while in an uppe lower posterior plane very near the floor, without distracting central work area Body Somatotypes water and 65% solids in term The human body is composed of about 35: body weight. Fat, muscles, bone and other minerals, etc., farm the solid part. According the proportions of fat, muscle and bone content, a range of body or figure types i formed. The final figure types are formed, may be due to genetic reasons or acquired due to food habits, physical exercise, occupation, working habits and the inf! of geographical locations ar habitations. rally d scussed in terms of body fat contents. Normally, a health gure types are gen male body contains about 12% to 15% and females about 25% to 30% fa pody weight. The physical appearances of this fat is due to the subcutaneous depositor and distribution patterns which give a female body a special softer appearance than r Persons with a muscular structure with normal fat content as above Those bodies with less fat are called Ectomorphs. Bodies with a commonly termed Endomomphs. The greater the fat content, the greater the obesitysomatatyping by three numericals, with a seven dag Sheldon, in 1940 has describe ted a8 71:1, an id Scale for each component. An extreme enddomorph is desig mesomorph a5 1:7:1 and an extreme ectomorph as 1:1:7, with each numerical indicat the fat, muscle and bone components. While designing specially for invidu: of users with extreme somatotype, their special physical characteristics must be c also affect their volume dimensions and are reflecte their ease of movement Characteristics of the Endomorph labby and has an infantile look because of the limbs have a tendency te (m (fig. 4). There is definitely ment and The whole figure tends to be round and fl excess fat storage, in both males and females. The € bbe held away from the body. Typical endomorphs are showt Problem of an imbalanced gait resulting in an inability to engage in speedy me le body is restricted due to-the reduction of the rang ed also movement of the Joint movements. Fine cor this type of body figure because coordi trolled movement of the whole body is drastically rest fewer iinated body part mavem Figure 4: Towards an exten Characteristics of the Mesomorph 't appears to be a rectangular, bilaterally well balanced and firm body. It could be described as a muscular body with normal f ‘muscles and bones (Fig, 5). Movements are wel content, and with equal amount of II co-ordinated in all the limbs and in the body as a whole.Characteristics of the Ectomorph The full body appears to be skinny, lean and thin, fragile and weak. The fat and mu: content are very limited. Bores and bony joints are prominent (Fig.6). Movemen! a wide range but are not efficient, Ungeinly abnormal ing and even while sittin« patterns in the joints cov hile working, sta stures are usually adopted in genera S¢ I} A| 7\y hdl i ((\ / \\ Wp i) “) th \] | \| \ ey \ | {1} \] \| )\ i Population Representation ications of body types realty, most of the population appears to have a mixed type of ph one somatotype characteristic while The three types mentioned above constitute the typical clas que. Some par he body of a person may show a tendency towardsIEE the main structure may be ofa different type. A normal mesomorphic man may show an abdomen and waist area of an endomorphic nature and this cannot be considered ae exception or abnormality. Experience has shown that visua Population seems to be 5-3: 5-3; 4-3, Common healthy men can be said to have tating Of 3:5:3 and females §:3:3 ting for most of the ind The activity patterns of the above three typical somatotyp Mesomorph and fctomorph differ from each other. The mesomorphic body type i's more ‘orroriented and athletic. In an emdomorph physique, the range of movement is lesser ‘han in an ectomorph physique because of the excess storage of fat. But in bot flexing and extension activity are lower than that of mesomorphs. Endomorphs are soft but appear to be stiffer in rrovement than mesomorphs who look firm and mus Endomorphs are prane to quick fat reasons. One of the causes nay be the high resistance capacity of the heat transfer between inside and outside :he body. Ectomorphs also shor to less muscle mass and less resistance to ambient heat because of their thin skin, after physical work. This has various physiological weak performance due Wie Figure 7: Clothing design fting the endomerphve figure, with srs ofa longer length atthe tront than thet ofthe back to cover the bulging ablome Therefore designers should keep these body figure types and their respective limitation In mind while designing for the masses. The characteristics ofthe intended users must be analysed in terms of somatotyping to dimension the products for their use, and for the work spaces, so that these can be applicable to the entire population, or while select 2 product range for the specific region of a market There may be many reasons forthe diferent body structures. It has been observed that normally city dwellers are well built and are inclined more towards endomorphism tha the village population in India starts at middle age Age and sex variations are also to be looked into. Obesity in meases mainly at the hip and 1 the abdomen protrudes. In females the weight waist areas, Hence, while designing any personal men a shirt, it would be better if itis slightly longer in the front than at the back to c wh auipment or even a garment, say for the bulging abdomen (Fig.7) Anthropometry 4 dimensions of the anatomy are mostly refer Bone, muscle and other minute detailed to for medical and other necessities. But even while designing products for human Use, the external bady dimensions are of importance and the anthropometry has to ns or products, one has to take into considered. While designing individual it consideration the dimensions of the product/ items, their layout pattern in a given space, the ease of reach, their use, etc,, to match with the anthropometry of the users. als with the measurements of the human external ‘Anthropometry is the subject which d jeasurements af body body dimensions in static and dynamic conditions. T h, speed and their ranges of motion. In this book we would neir stre parts, restricting the dis relevant reach values only, ussion only to the physical dimensions of the main body parts and their External human body dimensional measurements taken when a man is placed in a and static position, perhaps in ary specified posture, i.e. standing or sitting or other ures, e.g. heights, lengths, breadths, depths and circumferences, are termed adopted pos as static ant pometry urements in the field of Dynamic anthropometry is required more than static body mes ~always dynamic. Even in sleep it has designs. The human body is not rigid but rather movement. The dimensional measurements of the hu taken into consideration in different adopted postures which the work context dem re termed dynamic anthropometry Development of Anthropometry lation to various activities have Itis believed that human body dimensions as seen in been studied since the beginning of modemn civilisation. Quetiset, the Belgian mathematician through his Anthropometric published in 1870, developed the idea o' way. Though studies of bs dy studying anthropometry as a subject, in 2 more form: ‘urements have been reported from time to time, including the body proportion \d contributions studies of Viteuvius (1st century B.C. Rome) and Leonardo da Vi have been made towards the systematic study of the human body f architectural use, detailed functional design requirements taking into account never specified form for artistic and tthe ic implications of body sizes, wsIn line with ergonomic design needs, the discipline of ergonomics has grown since the late 1930s, ie, during the World Wars | and I, and the need for anthropometric and the proper implementation of the same in design got an impetus, mainly in the area fort armed forces. The aim of such studies was mostly to satisfy the personnc selection procedure and some of the design concerns relating to military eq Even today, itary and industrial sectors are g n more importance and are generated to fulfil their requirement: Incompatible anthropometric design implications in the Indian context Even though it is said that man is highly adaptive to any situation, where comfort is concerned, optimisation is required. Designs without due consideration to the body dimensional requirements of intended user do not serve their purpose and have less user acceptance value. Th medical problems that have resulted because of the use of article do not match t anthropometry of the users. Wrongly designed-systems induce improper posture le to operational uneasiness and musculo-skeletal and some physiological disorders Both in public and private sector establishments, and even is households, and in ot spheres of life, various anthropometric mismatches are seen but are unknowingly being used and the physical problems arising from to some medical problems. For example, the height of some counters is such that interactions between the m stands and counter platfo offices and banks, are too high, making it lfc @ are treated as if they were due ian behind the counter and visitors are obstructed, Writing ®. which are sometimes used as writing surfaces sometimes too tall to pravide easy reach, Locations of machine controk are out af easy reach and while concentrating on the the central work areas remain unattended, reducing productivity and sometime to accidents. Furniture does nat suit the body dimensions of the users properly, lead tovarious degrees of discomfort. In vehicles, comfort of passengers is overlooked, the resulting in body pain when trying to accommodate the body. Overhead handle rods in buses and trams are too high, Designs that once suited the Brit followed in Calcutta tramways, but in to ulation are being s context, these requirements of the co atch Indian body dimensions non Bengali. In hospitals, cots for patients are too high to Concentrating for a fong time on a horizontal work surface with a bent back ca Produce strain an the eye, neck and back. Regular travelling in a standing postur 8 long distance in a crowded mini-bus of low height leads bent neck and back ausing spondylitis type of disorders, which bear a resemblance to commor deticiens syndrames 8‘Anthropometric data are required not only to build furniture suitable for human use, b to take into account the ceara rensions when using suck passing through a corridor or a passageway, one finds the dimensions too small, thereby creating psychological discomfort, when users cross one another. The days of suffice open space are no more. Legrimate guidelines to optimise the requirements are not IS) in earlier times tied to se -d5 with the help of available «cific ta foreign sources. But in recent years, itis a constant endeavor > revise existing norm and include new standards, based on Indian body dimensions In the kitchen, even though we have gradually shifted from floor level cooking standing positions at a platform, architects use the same windows and latches as in other rooms. The presence of platforms o 0 the latches. Hence special ucts acce tric considerations should be taken into account after analysis of the work context in respect of the intended users. Since technology is coming into india from ad on foreign body dimensions, and need to be looked into, to see how best in modify these to bring them in line wit mind the behaviour and body dimensions of our t article should be based on factors like the our contextual requirements, keeping i a work 1 age, sex and postural considerations. Need for Indian Anthropometric Data ‘Age, sex, race, geographical regions, even different occupations all influence hum: dimensions. Accurate dimensions of ning and personal equipment used by persons, €. g and support equip ld be of grea sadgear, footwear, spectacles, lifesa because human functional dimensions and the range of movements possible demand appropriate allowances should be r From time to time, anthropometric data are gene om amongst various population: 1 different countries and are used as ready references by designers. Two foreign publications have had, til date, a direct influence on Indian design practice. These are Henry Dreyfuss Associates’ Publications including Human Scales and Pai ink 979, in Human C he second book is @ source bi th diagrams, humar design reference standards, which is presented elaborately w mprovernet dimensional considerations on f work space and residential covering the wide range of human activities, with special reference to human body dimensions from American and European sources, both military and civilian Sen, 1964, 1984, Westerners, and has found significant differences, which could even be visually experienc ‘as compared a few anthropometric values of Indians with those © Differences are also found in different population groups as recorded by Pheasant, 1989 's advocated by experts that the anthropometric data to be used for considerations of specific usets’ groups, should be based on the same population groupsAnthropometric data obtaine ed from a specific group may differ in acceptance val when simil data are cbtained fr athers. For salving specific design problem: of a specific user group, anthropometric data the same should come from the sam Population group, using different percentile selections Those population g available data so ups which do not have their own anthropometric data, use ‘ces (based on ather populations) either di factors. It is observed that the human body dimension proportion among all the bod dif read rectly or by using convers do not fallow the same 'y parts. The idea of using a single conversion factor o erent conversion factors, is not appro tter to use one’s own Gata oF to make designs for sale outside or their population variables, ‘wn population group after considering The use of {indian arthropometric data in Indian designs and other ir ted Feadymade designs ofter result in mismatche: 5 with the requirements of indian Accidents and seri DUS mistakes may occur if any desig) match the body dime dimensions do not exactly sions of specific group: Indian behaviour is also not simi lar to that of foreigners. Some Indians prefer si }e floor and performi Fange of activities there. Non-Indian data sourc for these requirements. provide the referenc India being a multicultural nation with direct relevance to strengthen design collected from indian population ethnically diverse population, it w ctice in India with data on human dim FOUpS for the specific needs of Indian users, State-of-the-Art Anthropometry in India |n India, apart from original thoughts expressed in its arts, chitecture and the performing art practices of ancient times, most tuckes have focused the anthropological importance o Understanding the racial divisions and ethnic variability There is some scattered and sparse Indian rese: by some educational institutes ani on regional populations, as \d other organisations, but suitable and 1 ing the Indian pop jlation are not furnish ble data represen fed, This lacuna remains Anthropological research, giving limited €.9. Anthropometry in india, 1966 specific measurements, helps to classify man, a reference manual for somatological and place him in an existing zoological and in designing and meeting the enginee udies, social evolution system, but does not help, ering need for functional human dimension: ‘Among the available indian anthropometric d lata, published by the Bureau of Indiar Standards (fo rly known as Indian Standard Inst for schoot children tution), Anthropometric almensions 'SI No 4338, Part, for age group 5 11 years, in 1969 andPart-I, for age group 12 to 16 years, in 1968, including a revision in provided very limited measurements and this is not of much use for the very wide requirement of designers. Recommendations for di published in the year 1970, furnished the data about the judici nstructed, but without much suse of land and spat so that an economical building cauld be planned and detailed information about human volume and reach di designers. Indian body dimensions with specifications of various items are also published by them from time to time. ie Central Labour Insti Bombay, studie dy measurements of male workers studied ls in Bombay in 1964, It se ms a specific group af the population wa ing the particular part of the population, which had higher percentiles of bod} measurements. Some authentic work in Ergonomics A thropometry have been carried out by the Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Calcutta University, as student ‘ch on the Eastern Indian population in respect of specific proble' 4 0 covers a few measurements, Some of these have been repor rational and international seminars and conferences, and can be found in the recor the respective proceedings. Som different parts of India regional work has been done for Ph.D theses and for other acadernic intere time, without providing proper data inputs fe ign use, and without proper detai The Industrial but with a valid data pack on bod dimensions, Anthropomet idren in 1986, covering the age of 5 to 19 years, with a view to facilitate school furniture design. A data pack w: pared on female workers in hospital in 1983, and also on a generation of Ingian adult male population. he National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmed also working in a sirnilar area to work out t oecupational health benefits for different spheres of work 1 time, to satisfy their own have condui Indian army and airforce a anthropometric studies from time tc 2eds, mainly on the selected population groups from wl their personnel are drawn. They have practi practice and its needs. The research d above are mainly one in the areas mention dy of spec to the practitioners and students of ergonomics, architecture, engineering, arts and ic views, and the data have remained inacc context of the scientificin the field of design. The lack of co-ordinatioy organisations working in the dian universities, institutes a same area has resulted in the non-availability Source of Indian Anthropametrie data for designe ers, for reference purposes, Hence, with the aim of }oving these lacunae, and providing a compact f reference, NID has carried aut some since 1987, e.g. Indian Anihropor dimensional measurements anthropomet ric Data For Des studies on the indian population ith 165 human b. 460 male and female subjects from seven locat eastern, western, northern and southern patts, including region and one from the west coy It also studied the arm work spa envelope, sitting and standing dimensions, and working basically at home, but wi body dimensions of w limited sample size ween 19% For interior and related furniture design, there are no large-scale accurate data from inci anthropometry. Indian designers re stil using foreign data as such, or convert itary conversion factors, with for generating ancl standard 7 these inte Indian data using ax ng data of the human body dimensions in India A study has also been conducted by NID, based on ich @ report has been form in 1994 - A study on Indlian body alin 4 for furniture of 506 males and females trom locations in the East, North-east, West, North, 5 221 body dimensions This is based on the bedy dimensio » 19 populated urban and central parts of India, cover In this book, Indian body dimensior IS are provided for ready reference which Used by potential designers, to acilitate design practice b sed on Indian body dimensions - both n dynamic and static conditions, elCHAPTER II ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA SURVEY: METHODOLOGY AND STATISTICAL COMPILATION/SIGNIFICANCE Data collection methodology inces and thereby arrive at varied human dimensions in design contexts. Sometimes some data might need to be generated f some specific design app for that the methodology ot eral su acquaint in general Postural considerations for structural and functional dimensions hose physical human body dimensions which have an impact on design dimension: 19 functional. Struc 0 ements static when structural measurements of various body parts, say feck, trunk, hands and and the circumferences o' dy structural data in's sllection of body functional data in dy ibject should stand in an ¢ ional measurement px straight balanced pasture looking in front, with head and normal position with palms comfc together, In a sitting postu'e, the sub ould sit on a seat at the sal level, so that his thighs can rest flat on the seat surface with a degrees. The t an should be s d vertical, per jorward, The arm should be n a normal ka on with a 90 degree elt angle, keeping the forearm hori commonly used Indian post ntaly forward, with the pe itting on the floor cto unk will be in a comfortably upright vertical positioIm the case of dynamic body dimensional measurements, as the body functional context vary, comfortable work postures should be maintained and measurements of body parts In such positions should be taken with extension and flexing movements so that va each values in different positions are formally taken care of Measuring procedures Both direct and indirect meas.ring procedures are followed to collect anthropometric data from selected subjects in a pa icular population. General anthropometric terminologies are presented in Part Il, Chapter Ii Direct and indirect body measuring procedures may be considered separately or take onal requirement and the both simultaneously, depend ng on the context of the dim ly, suitability of the study Direct methods ring instruments mostly used (Figs. 8-13) are Direct body me + A.common set of anthropometric instruments. * Anthropametric board wit grid marks * Some other special measuting devices such as adjustable foot measuring instruments, box and blocks, marked conical devices for measuring the gri diameter and inner circumierenc * Special various diameter holes containing panels for measuring finger diameter etc * For circumferences, non-stietchable tapes are used. For specific measurements speci devices may also be created. AC | laLFFA Z de AN berets SY Indirect methods taken through photographic methods, using still Indirect measurements may b parts from different angles again phy and filming the whole body an ground, o* superimposition of a grid on the photograp phot a marked grid ba body. To quard against parallax errors = p ‘change - much care must be taken For dynamic measurements, subjects are asked to and/or simulated situations and the relevant measurements are taken. Subjects may some marks denoting the limits to which they can stretch their limbs in a comfortabl position. Different types of grids are also used to measure these marks, Accuracy of the measurements For cyclic dimensional changes as in the chest, the inflated circumferences must make a rigid armour type of equipme considered if the aim of the cesign is the body. De the tape s! flabbiness of skin folds, ete. f there is nc of both loose and tight tapes would be ending on the design when the t ce circumnfere Tightly pulled tape may be used only to avoid excess specific purpose, the average measurememeasurements of single dimensions a difference, the ave @ taken twice, If there is any age 's to be recorded, because thoua! Posture, due to various body rhythms, the subject is ina landmark positions may vary Whatever procedures are used, before st or the reach limits should be decided arting, the inten t d landmarks on the pon and standard ind all the researche of a study/ su team sould low the same metho The measurement procecure should be prac sed earlier and while actually the subject, one should not take much time. Points would change. suring herwise, body positions and reac After Hand every measurement is taken, it should be noted down in a pre-design schedule. Compilation of collected data should be done from there. Direct entry data processing machine without using an nediate data schedule during the study could b would be Ne in order to reduc y difficult to rectify ne and effort. But if entry mistakes are made the Subject and sample size selection The larger the rand sample sizes of the survey, the gr Normally, the users of anthropometric data, use re typical data are not readily available, F the accuracy and reliabilty urces, Bult if some then a small survey on the population of intended ‘users may be conducted. For that, samples of roughly 20% People and 60% at random may be collected fram the missing the data covering the extreme ¢ ‘ady reference large-sized, 20% small tudy group, in order to avoid 1d5 - lower and higher sides of the rangi Statistical treatment of the anthropometric data Designing for a single per n accommodated. When designing hands his dimensional variations to be Fr mass use and f of the most relevant statistical interpretations and co iderations is the percentile value of the collected data taken from a specific population group, Percentiles Percentiles are the statistical values of 2 distribution of variables ansferred into a hundred scale. The population is divided int. '0 100 percentage categories, ed fror least to highest, with respect to some specific types of body measurements, The Percentile of any height indicates that 99 per cent of the Of greater dimensions than that, Simila would have heights ¥, 8 95th percentile height would indicat nly five per cent of the study population would f Cent of the study population would h. have greater heights and that 95th per e the same or lesser heights, 50th percentileue represents closely the aver wl with one half higher wi values in c erage value, Fig. 14 Percentile Stature Value, me > * Original data collected, in nm: 187716351674 171015301584, 1634, 1560 1398 159617161396 14941603, 35 1619 1660 1623 1803 1840156 670 1832 16 40, 1911 186 1444 -1470«1437-«1541«164t_ 1475 1621 «1711168216 1770 737 1656 1681 1516 1673 1628 1600 Stage | Identification of two end values. The lo is 1940ment of classes, The difference between the highest and the lol 940-1396 = 544 may be divided into manageable blocks: say if 50 individuals this group then, 544 + 50 = interval having 50 scores For ease of calculation a round figure of 1350 instead of 1396 considere 35 intervals of 50, cla 0.88 = 11 classes af each clas value of the lowest class. 1 till the uppermost class attends the highest score obtained in th nal data. Here we get 12 classes as the following class distribution, Classification of groups with each class intervals of 50 scores 550-1599 180-1499 sonia Stage Ill Refinement of the class intervals and frequency distribution of scores are acc the classes and calculation of cumulative frequency (Cum. f} for each class. The ‘Cum for the lawest score containing class will be in the same original frequ and t adually the lower class interval frequency to the next high will be by adding interval frequency, where the righest score containing class interval's ‘Cum f* will be the total number of the sample size. Cumulative percentage frequency (Cum%f) is the next ste onsidering the highest ‘Cum f' value as 100. to calculate, corresponding to the ‘Cum fClass with Tally Frequency, f Cum. f cum.% lass interval, 1900-1949 2 00-1849 " “ 1600-1649 vi 2 2 1550-1599 N Stage IV I we look at the bar diagran (Fig. 15) of this distribution, then if any individua between 1399 and 1400, itis not ounted either in class 1st or in 2nd, To acc this in the proper group, the mid 1-1 point between the upper value of the lower and the lower value of the next higher class, may be considered as the true limit of th two dass int 1399.5. The same would also be the true highest valve o Is. Hence, the true lowest value of the class 1400 - 1449, would b the class 1350 - 1399. f is no possibility of its happening in this manner or if that minute consideration is no required, this step may be avoided in calculation To sort out the true lower value and higher value of any class, this would be 0.5 nd 0.5 more t than the original lower value he original higher value. By this i e said that an individual score of 1399.4 would be counted in the true class c 399.5 - 1449.5. 1349.5 - 1399.5, and 1399 7 would be in the classI DILL | HI | co TTI mi I | Il rl I Hil Hl | | | | | LILIPercentile calculation by arithmetic process P25, the 25th percentile value corresponding to ‘Cum% f*falls in th 1 1550 - 1599, ie the true class of 1549.5 - 1599.5 and correspondingly to the ‘Cum 1, the 25th per position nf, will be cotal N, 50 umf Bel the 1549,5 score limit there are 11 persons say, 22% of the population. Te e251 percentile figure of this score we have to go to the score that corresponds to the ‘cumulative frequency level, tkat means, 12.5- 11 =1,5 4 score in this class, The class 1549 1599.5 has a frequency of six Each frequency carries 50+ 6 = 8.33 score value. 1.5 {car 33x 0 score val adding 12.50 to the lowest valu lass 1 1549.5 be the 25th percentile score of this population grc his survey of the population mentioned above will have a larger stature than th value and the rest will ie below this level Percentile calculation by using graph ‘urve with a ¥ axis of cumulative percentage frequency and an X axis of the tru shown in Fig, 16, can also be used as a graphic 10d af getting th required percentile Drawing a horizontal line from the required percentile point Y axis to the curve, and fiom that meeting point a vertical line to the X axis give a carresponding scor at would be the le value sortePercentile calculation by using fagmula Po=lsenF x; pa key 1 lowest value of the cass interval where Pp fal F = cumulative frequency below the lowest value of Pp dass fp = actual frequency of Pp class The shor ‘Mean, Median and Percentiles The mean is the best meas tendency of the distributior he ge value o key: X = individual scorn EX = sum of all the individual scores N= ber of subjects the population case of the above study, it wo The median is the mid paint of a score arrangement from the lowest tc nest order, which wauld be the 50th percentile in the above case 32.8, a opometric data, the subjGroup : f 25 he group : q inal groupStandard deviation (+ SD) aussian curve w es in the X axis and frequency in the ¥ axis, whe of the scores are near the centre of the curve and the remaining few are scat both the ends and follow a bell iS not always possible to have, measurements of human dimensions vary and coverage of unbiased samo Not always possible while surveying, Standard deviation (dencted as + SD, or s) is the most precise measure of Of the distribution and is presented along with the Mean value as Me follows an ideal bell-shaped distribution, then the range of v in Me include 68% of the population scores being From an ungrouped where x, stands for individual score, * x, is the Mean value of the score Nis the total number of observation * kis the deviation of a score from t * Ge)”, a some of the (x-X) may show a negative 1 square figures of € (3) is useful for computation wh ally going to be treated by the square Toot at the last stage of computation, * E(x)", the sum of the all the individual (ex)? values H the sample size is less tha 20, then the N (the total d by N-1 value for getting high accurs SD value for the above distribution is found to b: The average value of any measurement with the + SD value in any design consi would give a feeling of appropriate range selection for adjustability with towards satisfying the required coverage of the whole population grourStatistical implications of collected data tribution of variables perfectly produc and 50th percentile valu ormally, due to the id coincide at unevenness of the coll jot match and the centre positively. Depending on the width ithmetic Fig. 19), nedHm mf the scores concentrate near the mean value then the curve. points upward nd is termed as £ tie. If the curve follows a short weight and spr both the ends itis termed as a Plat curve. The normal bilaterally symmets termed as Gaussian curve would always be Mesokurtic Anthropometric data are normally presented in percentile figures minimum and maximum alues, and sometimes with Mean + SD values to understand the data distribution pa quired data of design relevance udy por tion group. It helps in selectn the| . PART II INDIAN ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA AND THEIR DESIGN APPLICATIONS: GUIDELINESCHAPTER IIL _——_. INDIAN ANTHROPOMETRIC DATApjects were covered with a sampk ge and 60% at random. T Out of the 90 crores of India s population, only selection of 20% significanty small, 2 are not claimed as authentic (in all respects), or as representative figure: Indian population. All the people covered did not agree to provide measurements of tf with regard t ted herein, Hence, this data pack foolpro the dimensions p its undiscriminating applications. Measuring procedure followed he whole survey was organised by visiting the respective study locations and is ba: kplace con observations af various activities in homes and ic requirements in general. Various human static and dyn the anthropor sheets followed by 2 measured directly, which were recorded in dat relevant statistical compilat ns. For general anthropometric measurements, the subj hes as light as possible a for specific measurements, without wearing shoes (ins ike medi measurements for specialised requireme For different reach measurements, the subjects were al 9 follow their ow comfortable postures and movement ranges. Representative occupations of the subjects Male_Female Total Occupation Office & Teache 20! aE y Manual Labourers! Miners 90 5 Drivers 4 Students (College, University & Others) sa Sedentary’Retired (Household, Home-based w 1 Be 3 e.g. incense stick and bidi makers, house servants, € Others without specifying the secupations 241 fe (body builders, players, businessmen, shopkeep rs, tourists, hotel employees, police, guards, priests, fishermen, etc.) 710 25198 TotalStudy locations and subjects Study locations (fig, 21) and n Study Locations Subjects North cast " 5 Tripura Sikkim amet West Bengal eth 0 ont Uttar Pradesh Himachal Pradesh West 6 an Rajasthan Guarat 2 Ahmedabad Sout 9 wthaoura ‘ Tamil Nadu Kernataka Central S 7 Maharashtra Total 710 251961Indian Anthropometric Dimensions - The Data The compiled data (v jlevant descriptions of anthropor nerewith as INDIAN ANTHROPOMETRIC DIMENSIONS separa les and ombined 1276 ni6H co 2 2 statureParameters v Most prominent spinous pr jr Upper most point of the stervum Lower most point of the steraue Parameters min Percentiles Max Mean 48D _ fat Sth 25th Oth 75th 95th cervical Mal 2 409 70s oe : 249 37 1503 384 : Mid shoulder Mal 1168 27133 11420 148 4 orb $7 1408 5 a Acromion N 10H 235 11390 14 5° 107 28013 ombined 1011 379 3 Supra sternum 1 7138 m Sub sternumNo. Parameters 0 Elbow Abdominal extension 12 Waist crotch Parameters > Elbow ‘Abdominal Croteh Buttock extension Definition ( brief ) Min Sh 25th Percentiles sort 75th 9th Max MeanParameters Definition ( brief ) Gluteal furrow The furrow, formed in between the buttocks and the upper thigh muscies 6 Tip of radius Tip of the radius Trochanter Uppermost point on the ojection of the great trochanter bone 8 Knuckle Tip of the knuckle of the middle fir evhere the middle finger meets the palm at dorsal Dactylion Tip of the midele finge No. Parameters Min Percentiles Max Mean 48D Ratio Sth 25th Sth 75th 95th 5 Gluteal furrow wal i wo ee hw , 5 Tipof radius wal 22167 «793 BA 26 1 Trochanter al 7a eat 856 Be Fema a1 ais 8s " ombind 681 813 4a gst 3 18 Knuckle M 0 6 07357756 01 5 687 aw 4 9 actylion ale 584 610637 8 1Parameters Mid-patella 23° Span 24 Span akimbo Lateral malleolus Medial malleolus Breadths, Depths and Lengths Honzontal uistances betwoer Lateral malleolus Medial malleolus Span Span akimbo Stretched out sideways perpendicular to the trunk and i 30 th tips ofthe middle finger of hands touch each othe Rio. Parameters Min Percentiles Max Mean 45D Ratio Sth 25th Soth 75th 95th Mis-patella Mal A 4 a eral 2 " 24a 24 a Combined 3:Parameters 25 Maximum body he b 1g arms hang breadth, relaxed 26 Chest depth Horizontal distance from the back to the front of the ches 27 Maximum body sximum horizontal cistarce between the vertical planes passing th Ye most anteric depth, relaxed point (on the chest or abdamen) and the most posterior paint (or q racks) of the trunk, 28 Acromion to Length between the most later he sup ace of the acromion proce olecranon tip ula and the most proxima th ‘on, ie. the tip of the ulna length elbow. 29 Olecranon to 1 proxinal lecranon, Le. the tip of the una ate stylion length disial point of the radiu RNo. Parameters Min Percentile Max Mean 45D Ratio Sty 25th Soth 75th 95th Maximum body ° : 5 1 19795509 breadth (relaxed) orale > 599 a combined 454 2 539 619 7 26 chest depth : 73 0214 se 8 1 « is) 198214 S38 Maximum body isle 5 28 250 a1 saa 09S 60 depth (relaxed) Feral 9} 05245314369 5 0. Comned 195. 22 9 209 «M919 6 0 8 Aeromion to tle ae 281299 3 2 olecranon tip a 205. 263 280 295316 2 th bined 208 mx 4 95 4 9 Olecranon to 186 50 0 stylion length 185 208 . 2 =Parameters 25 Maximum body he b 1g arms hang breadth, relaxed 26 Chest depth Horizontal distance from the back to the front of the ches 27 Maximum body sximum horizontal cistarce between the vertical planes passing th Ye most anteric depth, relaxed point (on the chest or abdamen) and the most posterior paint (or q racks) of the trunk, 28 Acromion to Length between the most later he sup ace of the acromion proce olecranon tip ula and the most proxima th ‘on, ie. the tip of the ulna length elbow. 29 Olecranon to 1 proxinal lecranon, Le. the tip of the una ate stylion length disial point of the radiu RNo. Parameters Min Percentile Max Mean 45D Ratio Sty 25th Soth 75th 95th Maximum body ° : 5 1 19795509 breadth (relaxed) orale > 599 a combined 454 2 539 619 7 26 chest depth : 73 0214 se 8 1 « is) 198214 S38 Maximum body isle 5 28 250 a1 saa 09S 60 depth (relaxed) Feral 9} 05245314369 5 0. Comned 195. 22 9 209 «M919 6 0 8 Aeromion to tle ae 281299 3 2 olecranon tip a 205. 263 280 295316 2 th bined 208 mx 4 95 4 9 Olecranon to 186 50 0 stylion length 185 208 . 2 =Parameters Detinition (brief ) Cireumferences I (otherwise mentions y) circu Chest (mid ti on bust Chest (mid tidal) he chest below the below bust 2 Abdominal extension On the abel Waist On the waist at the level of the upp Hip at gluteal At the level of th extension RAO. Parameters Min Percentiles Max Mean 45D Sth 25th 50th 75th 95th Ratio Chest (mid tidal) Male fon bust r Chest (mia tidal) W below bust 2 Abdominal Hip at gluteatParameters Upper thigh the gluteal furrow Mid thigh ‘On the thigh, midway between th row and the knee Lower thigh onthe 1 jus: above the kne Knee the patella bd Vertical trunk gonal circumference of tle We Sr Parameters Min Percentiles Max Mean 45D Ratio Sth 25th SOth 75th 9sth Upper thigh Male 1 x 405 2 Mid thigh le a 45350 26 Lower thigh Knee 3 mea 35355388 89316 SABES 409 6Parameters Def Relaxed arm ition ( brief Relaxed elbow On the elbaw encompass pit a 1 wr 4) Relaxed forearm ximum horizontal n Wrist At the styoid pro and he waist ba " » Parameters Min Percentiles Max Mean 45D Rat Sth 25th 50th 75th 95th ‘0 Relaxed elbow M 'No, Parameters Definition ( brief ) ‘Arm reach lengths and heights upward grasp reach from floor Parameters Min Percentiles Mean 45D. Ratic Sth 25th Soth 75th 43 Vertical upward 1 0 929 2029 210 1 arm reach, 7 6 2 1829 1909 1989 1 from floor e 219 3 3 atm reach, body 2009 1 raised on toe nec V Comfortable vertical 2 a 1863 1945 202 uParameters Parameters Percentiles 50th 754 Upper position length Upper position height ‘Mid position length (Forward arm reach) Mid position height Lower position length Lower position height Forward mid position ‘rasp reach lengt 9st Max Meant No. Parameters Definition ( brief ) 8 in forward com . 8 ‘ont leaning posture, fo nfortable mid f z RNo. Parameters Min Percentiles Max Mean 45D Sth 25th SOth 75th 95¢ 53. Upper position : 2 679859958 104 v0 length sm so 9 B99 x Upper position \ 9 o 1 0 height na 109 6491 7 5s. 5 Mid postion length, 8 059 219 0 Forward armreach > 4 939 99 119 a (leaning) Combined 710 209 1023 19% 0 25 Mid position Mak 20 91139 3998 128 height Female 730 9 1009 1290 v Combined 730 a9 19118 tao 119113 Lower position Mate 20 9 849 9 : 1 ‘ Foal 50 69 008 H Combned 294 539 9 0 height 019 ; 59 Forward mid position 2 nd 934 1004 30 ook ‘grasp reach length ca 9 818 855 9 62 leaning forward) ined 683 5 94a 10: .Upper position height ie 9 - > 7 : a . Mid position length K , - 2 9 1289 - . ; 170 : . 4" . Mid position height 0 120 " . Lower position length y ‘ ‘ Fy ss Lower position height : : oe * a a . 4RNo. Parameters | \ L i Definition ( brief) Standing in erect posture sideways comfortable arm rea pine and eights from to Standing in erect posture, sideways comfortabh asp reach from spine RNo, Parameters Min Percentiles Max Mean 450 Ratio sth 25th Soth 75th 95: Upper position length Ms 26 8 519 699 80998 1 Upper position height Male : 69179 1939 2049 Sm f 19 1889 x Mid position length Mf aia ag "9 1 mt 6 r 879989 x 9 Mid position height Mal ; . 69 1419 4998 1 97 29 1309 1489160 Lower position length 2 : 7 ined si 979 31 Lower position height vile 0 99 ot 9 30 89 Sideways mid position Vale é ao 7 aa 052 rasp reach length Femele 2 619 69729 . from body spine ed 6 16 5 10 2 a “eeeParameters Definitio Sideways mid position ‘rasp reach length ° {leaning sideways (brief) 5 ing inside lean Sideways corifortable arm reache original ancing spine position and heights trom anding itor No. Parameters Min Percentile Max Mean 450 Rat Sth 25th Soth 751 sth Upper position length 19 10% 0 Upper position height isi 809 1 i 4691619 71 1939 Mid position length ysl 9 Cx tore bined 3 01M 5 Mid position height ; 01354 r #91019 1), ' 9 69 1139 1219 1200 | 80 Lower position length 7 0 7243 bined 430, 510 6694s 8 4 ‘ower position height 5 12 2 286lo. Parameters Definition ( brief} Standing with re aye comfortable a f 87 Step length, sta Parameters Min ercentiles ox Mean 45D Sth 25th SOth 75th 95t Upper position length Mal 130 5 999 1099 1219 1309 1 Femal 530 2 819 10691219 430 959 199136 620 82 Upper position height ha 460 1479. 1599. 16991796 21601701 Combned 1060 1469 689 1790 1929 01 Mid position length al 0 1069 1209 1308 6 po 316 6h Co 3 1069 1138 1 jax sae bined 870 ©1019. 1169 «12 020 6 Mid position height Mal 29 6 i x 1109 1199 6 1 500 Lower position length Wal W019 1129 014 2 85 Lower position height 9 “ 2528 87 Sideways step length al 9 Ase Mn v 0 479 549629 00 " i « 4 525 vac 156Parameters Definition ( br 9 anding backward comfortable arm reaches from spine Parameters Min Percentiles Max Mean +s Ratio Sth 25th soth 75th sth 88 Upper position length Wa 40 ai 5 > Upper position height Wak 0 769 1859 22101883 eta 15691679 ” 040 1 90 Mid position Length va) 3 6 9 : Mid position height 0 a . Lower position length 2 6 ‘o snbined 130 > 319 393 479 G09 Lower position height 2 8: 785Parameters Definition ( brief ) Sth 25th 50th 75th 95th Upper position length Male >, 6 hon ee Mid position height ws ah - : “ : med 130 : eso 1150 aah i SSParameters Parameters 25th Upper position length Upper position height Mid position length Mid position height Lower position length Lower position height Step length backwards Soth 754R Parameters Detinitio (brief) Normal sitting Erect sitting fe Parameters Measurements in sitting posture Heights in sitting posture Heights from sitting surfece Min Max Mean 450 Normal sitting Erect sitting ryeRNo, Parameters Cervical Trunk) Most prominent spincus process of the seventh cenvcal vertebra 11 Mid shoulder ip ‘most point on the mid ‘Acromion Mo Upper lumbar ip 14 Lower lumbar u RNo. Parameters Min rcentiles Max Sth 25th Soth 75th 95th +50. Ratio V1 Cervical (Trunk) A 11 Mid shoulder Acromion ale a2 25551 5 3 Upper lumbar 226 5 0 14 Lower tumbarParameters Definition ( brief ) RN Tip of shoulder blade Elbow rest Waist Mid thigh Knee Parameters sider bhde Percentiles Sth 25th 50th 75th 95th Max Mean Tip of shoulder blade Elbow rest Waist Mid thighRo. Parameters Definition ( brief ) 20. Thigh clearance Highest point on the knee (at lower thigh, whe 9 raised upward nay ht with raised knee supported on the toes 121 Popliteat oliteal angle point derside of n immediately b e er don of biceps femoris mast ower leg Arm reaches, and Lengths, Breadths and Depths Vorzontal or vertical distances between the two respective points as pecitcal Vertical arm reach heights * fertical upward arm Maximum vertical distance from the m t 10 the tip of the middle finger u {rom mid-shoulder hands raised upnardvericcny ie ae posit ble without sta No. Parameters Min Percentiles Max Mean 35D Ratio Sth 25th Soth 75th 95th 120 Thigh dearance he le 564 se 8 Bo, at tibial point with r 280 i 40855 06g 5 6 raised knee Combines 479 577 Ot 639 7 Popliteal Mal 3 a2 40 aa Vertical upward arm Vk 284 c S701 4 St 708 reach from Female ay STe 613633 gr 4 mid shoulder bined 476 S561 69, 7 a 692Parameters Vertical upward grasp from mid-shoulder Vertical upward arm from seat surface Vertical upward arm from floor Buttock to knee length, normal sitting Buttock to popliteal length, normal sitting Parameters Vertical upward rasp reach from sid shoulder Vertical upward arm reach from seat Vertical upward arm reach from floor uttock to knee length, normal sitting Buttock to popliteal length, normal sitting Lengths Min Percentiles Sth 25th 50th 75th tip ofthe mile finger v aut sta Max Mean +SD_ Ratio | |Parameters Definition ( brief Buttock to leg length Horizon e betweer " normal sitting f Buttock to leg length | id) perpendi while raised on toe uncompressed buttocks Buttock th extended Horizontal vata (‘ested on floor) leg >of comfortable length Buttock to leg, full al dist vena iee ncs extended length Ui of the longest Parameters Min Percentiles Max Mean 45D Ratio Sth 25th Soth 75th gseh Buttock to leg length, Vik 6 normal sitting a Buttock to leg length 0 5 6 Buttock toextended x {rested on floor) leg e 60 x comfortable length ned 660 Buttock to leg full “i 1039 extended length F 0Parameters 32 Biacromion aximum t stance across the shoulde betwveer soi the acromior ofthe scapul Bi-deltoid ‘Maximum horizontal distanced se ne proteu he deltoid muscle Chest breadth aximum horia ss the chest (on bust) 35. Abdomen Maximum a distance sbdomer num exte ote 36 Waist wr a distance across the waist at the upp n a iliac Parameters Min Percentiles Max Mean 45D Rat sth 25th 0th 75th 95th Bi-acromion 1 a " combined 225 315350 904 3 Bideltoid 1 m9 40) m combined ug 393 AIT 2 Chest (on bust) \ z 2 8356 sek om 3 134596 ‘Abdomen " : 2 x 3 rama 1 4 0 3 . oO eeParameters Definition (brief) Hip breadth Thigh (midatle) external breadth, single Mid thigh-to thigh breadth, relaxed Elbow to elbow (closed) Elbow to elbow (relaxed) Parameters Min Percentile: Mean 45D Ratio Thigh (middle) external breadth, Mid thigh-to thigh external breadth (eelaxed) (closed) (relaxed)Parameters Knee to knee (closed) Knee to knee (relaxed) Chest, on bust Chest, below bust Abdomen Parameters Knee to knee: (dosed) Knee to knee (eelaxed) below bust Abdomen inition ( brief ) Depths sth Percentiles Max Mean +SD Rati soth 25th 75th 9Es, Parameters Definition ( brie Waist Chest, on bust ee oro Chest, below bust Min Abdomen ne Waist At th Parameters Chest, on bust Mal Chest, below bus ‘AbdomenParameters Definition (bret 2 Buttocks icumferenceat about 45 degres angle tothe vertical semrrpassng the rer he burocks withthe sting surface and the fur 153 Seye imum vertical circumference encompassing the acromio hi mit ne upper arm perpendicular tothe trunk and the fo | 4 axillary arm om renee se a 5 Biceps relaxed esi horizontal saw i ur a eR Ta a a Biceps flexed » al eu he upper a . etoow isa 90 Parameters Min percentles Max Mean 45D Rati Sth 25th soth 75th 95th Buttocks 9 | ' 234 seve , Airy arm , i | a 5 ices ead \ : 6 3x rn a Biceps flexed w 2 4 , : ne bet as ‘> Parameters Elbow flexed imum diagonal Knee flexed in gonal but calf imum cin nce, at the calf, where ‘Ankle, upper st narrow ne lowe* part of the shar Ankle at the ankle rmalleolar ridge Parameters Min Percentiles Sth 25th soth 75th Max Mean Elbow flexed Knee flexed s calf r 2 319 ankle, ‘upper malleolar a 6 Ankle al Co ra 2, ¥ malleolar ridge Fe x 8119Parameters Ball of foot Head length Head length, Vertex to chin distance Head breadth Parameters Definitic Ball of foot Head length Head length Vertex to chin distance Head breadthRNo. Parameters Definition ( brief} 67 Ear to ear distance, normal 8 Ear to ear distance, pressed 59 Head circumference Neck length, normal Neck length, No. Param ' reumference of Neck dimensions Mi Max Mean 45D Ratio 167 arto ear distanc rrormal Far to ear distance, Head circumference Neck length,Parameters Neck length, Neck breadth Throat length, Throat length, Throat length, Parameters Neck length, Neck breadth ‘Throat length rrormal Throat length Throat length a sS / 2 Definition ( brief ) The distance between Min ( Coo ner sth ominent sping 2sth soth ‘95th Max attilage Mean *5D> Parameters Definition ( brief} Neck middle zontal ence riddle just ne circumference Jam's apple), when the head u king hor zontal 8 Neck base contal e pase ofthe neck where it unk circumference Hand dimensions Hand length stance (at palmar sura sin wd u held straight and stf, wath fingers together and extende Palm length Distance from the base of the palm to the base of the mid f 1 Fistlength ength of the h sameline hand from he Parameters min Percentiles Max Mean +5D Ratio Soth 75th 95th 177 Neck middle circumference r 5 4 Neck base 2 4s Fist leParameters Definition ( brief ) 75th Max th Mean 45D. Rati Hand grip. length Length of the hand grip, om tl 7 ‘od of 30 mm diameter Hand grip, breadth Maximum breadth of t a Hand breadth, Maximum breadth ae palin with with thumb Hand breadth, imum breadth across the palm without thumb, where the fingers join the at metacarpal Finger-tip depth Maximu ce between the do Parameters Min Perce Sth 25th 50th Hand grip length Wal x 24s Femal c 1 Hand gtip breadth al 6 2 rb eS Hand breadth : 0 z without thumb F 0 ot metacarpal ined Fingerstip depth al 10 Wop 4 Femal 1 In 1Parameters Definition ( brief Finger-tip breadth Hand depth a ickress betwe and at metacarpal 1 le fir bins the 89 Hand depth, imum thi ql 1 the fleshy pa pase of the at thumb base Fist cireumferance esr cieurfre 2, wherever nue D1 Grip inside iru crip diameter, measured by siding 4 dows diameter, maximum th ne thumbs and the mid remain touched Ro. Parameters Min Percentiles Max Mean 48D Rati Sth 25th 50th Finger-tip breadth 1B 2 6 Hand depth val 5 " 4 ° at metacarpal “0 oo 4 Hand depth 1 2 2 0 6 2 5 ©) Grip inside diameter,Ro, Parameters Definition ( brief ) Foot dimensions Foot length I to the long ax ott «k o Bi-malleolar ir tal distance across the tip of the surfaces of the later ° breadth aloo: Foot breadth r" tal distan q asst perpendicviar tot Heel breadth rn conta distant 1 oss the heel, perpendicu Big toe breadth imum horizontal dista ever found, betwee : he right bia No, Parameters Min Percentiles Max Mean +SD 5 Soth 75th 95th Foot length r q 0 r 1 a ved 196 " 4 254271 193 Bimalleolar breadth Wal 0 r 0 194 Foot breadth f 2 9 i 4 1 : 195 Hel breadth 4 196 Big toe breadth 1Parameters Definition (brief) Foot depth, at base Foot depth, at middle Foot depth, Parameters Min 25th Percentiles Soth 75¢ Max Mean 450 Rat Foot depth at base at middleNo. Parameters Normal sitting | height 201 Erectsitting height | 2 Mid shoulder Right knee 200 Normal sitting ) rec siting height 202 Mid shoulder Right knee Measurements in special postures Sitting cross-legged posture on floor eptinn ng postion, looking stralg Heights ical distance from ti ct ¢ Mi percen 2sth 50 sthParameters Left knee: bar stance trom the z Breadths Elbow to elbow sximum horizon 2cF055 the later w relaxed itsde keepin i Knee to knee Mi horizontal distane i f r Depths Right buttock-knee — Maxiru d fn ¥ q essed t he length most anterior point on t ¥ Left buttock-knee Maximum horizontal di , b length nterior point on the Parameters Mi Percentiles Max Mean 45D. Rat th 25th 50th 75th sth Leftkne a V . 1 bow to elbow 1 5095: 4 7 a (eolaxed) Knee to Knee 1 (olaxed) : 19 4 654 Right buttock- knw a J 1c length F a 39489 509 2 ° fi mo 5 630 1 oft buttock-knee 7 si 7No. Parameters Definition ( brief ), ‘Arm reach lengths and heights arm reach length ent postural variation: No, Parameters Min Percentiles Max Mean Sth 25th Soth 75th 95th > Vertical arm reach " 1991278 4 ' u u rNo, Parameters Definition ( brief ) Legge Py nfortable a No, Parameters Min Percentiles Max Mea sth 25th Soth 75th 9sth 2 Upper position length Upper position height 7 u Mid position length 50 » IMid position height > Lower position length 610 2 (ouching the floor) e630 5Parameters Definition ( brief ) 7 : o ble arm reaches from b: neights from fla Parameters Min Percentiles Max Mean 48D Ral 5th 25th Soth 75th 95 Upper postion length — al c e ; 1260 Upper postion helght 9 va vac Mid position length Mal 0 1 2 Mid position height 5 28408 5 Lower position ength a 0 (touching the floor) 2.No. Parameters Definition ( brief ) Parameters Min Percentiles ax Ratio sth 25th 50th 95th Upper position length 20 6 Upper position height Mil 49969 0491139 15 08s 7 : i 29 1 1 q Mid position ength Mak 78 r os 5 i 9 a > V Mid position heigh 4 sa 5 Lower position length q : 1 touching the floor) oS 7