2002:02

DOCTORAL THESIS
Some Mathematical and Engineering Aspects
of the Homogenization Theory

Johan Bystrm

Doctoral Thesis
Department of Mathematics

2002:02 - ISSN: 1402-1544 - ISRN: LTU-DT--02/02--SE

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^435` O1 Wduwdu1 Frpshqvdwhg frpsdfwqhvv dqg dssolfdwlrqv wr sduwldo glhu0
hqwldo htxdwlrqv1 Lq Qrqolqhdu Dqdo|vlv dqg Phfkdqlfv/ Khuulrww Zdww
V|psrvlxp +hg= U1 M1 Nqrsv,/ yro1 LY/ Uhvhdufk Qrwhv lq Pdwkhpdwlfv
6</ Slwpdq/ 4<:;/ 46905451
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lq Pdwkhpdwlfv :37/ Vsulqjhu0Yhuodj/ Ehuolq/ 4<:</ 6976:61
^437` O1 Wduwdu1 Hvwlpdwlrqv qhv gh frh!flhqwv krprjqlvv1 Lq= Hqqlr Gh
Jlrujl Froortlxp +hg= S1 Nuhh,/ Uhvhdufk Qrwhv lq Pdwkhpdwlfv 458/
Slwpdq/ Orqgrq/ 4<;8/ 49;04;:1
74

^438` O1 Wduwdu1 K0phdvxuhv/ d qhz dssurdfk iru vwxg|lqj krprjhql}dwlrq/

rvfloodwlrqv dqg frqfhqwudwlrq hhfwv lq sduwldo glhuhqwldo htxdwlrqv1
Surf1 Ur|1 Vrf1 Hglqexujk Vhfw1 D/ 448 +4<<3,/ 4<605631
^439` V1 Wrutxdwr1 Udqgrp Khwhurjhqhrxv Pdwhuldov1 Vsulqjhu0Yhuodj/ Qhz
\run/ 53351
^43:` S1 Zdoo1 Krprjhql}dwlrq ri Vrph Sduwldo Glhuhqwldo Rshudwruv dqg
Lqwhjudo Ixqfwlrqdov1 Sk1G1 wkhvlv 4<<;=75/ Oxoh Xqlyhuvlw| ri Whfk0
qrorj|/ Oxoh/ 4<<;1
^43;` Q1 Zhoodqghu1 Krprjhql}dwlrq ri Vrph Olqhdu dqg Qrqolqhdu Sduwldo
Glhuhqwldo Htxdwlrqv1 Sk1G1 wkhvlv 4<<;=34/ Oxoh Xqlyhuvlw| ri Whfk0
qrorj|/ Oxoh/ 4<<;1

75

D Dqdo|wlfdo dqg wkhruhwlfdo krprjhql}dwlrq uhvxowv=

^D4d` M1 E|vwup1 Fruuhfwruv iru vrph qrqolqhdu prqrwrqh rshudwruv1
M1 Qrqolqhdu Pdwk1 Sk|v1/ ;=4 +5334,/ ;0631
^D4e` M1 E|vwup1 Fruuhfwruv iru vrph qrqolqhdu prqrwrqh rshudwruv1
Uhvhdufk uhsruw/ Qr1 44/ LVVQ= 473307336/ Ghsduwphqw ri Pdwk0
hpdwlfv/ Oxoh Xqlyhuvlw| ri Whfkqrorj|/ 4<<</ 640841
^D5` M1 E|vwup/ M1 Hqjvwup dqg S1 Zdoo1 Uhlwhudwhg krprjhql}dwlrq
ri ghjhqhudwh qrqolqhdu prqrwrqh rshudwruv1 Wr dsshdu lq= Fklq1
Dqq1 Pdwk1 Vhu1 E/ 5335/ 4< sdjhv1

Volume 8 2001 Number 1

ISSN: 1402-9251

Journal of Nonlinear Mathematical Physics

2001, V.8, N 1, 830

Letter

Correctors for Some Nonlinear Monotone

Operators

Johan BYSTROM
Department of Mathematics, Lule
a University of Technology, SE-97187 Lule
a, Sweden
E-mail: johanb@sm.luth.se
Received March 3, 2000; Revised June 5, 2000; Accepted August 28, 2000
Abstract
In this paper we study homogenization of quasi-linear partial dierential equations
of the form div (a (x, x/h , Duh )) = fh on with Dirichlet boundary conditions.
Here the sequence (h ) tends to 0 as h and the map a (x, y, ) is periodic in y,
monotone in and satises suitable continuity conditions. We prove that uh u
weakly in W01,p () as h , where u is the solution of a homogenized problem
of the form div (b (x, Du)) = f on . We also derive an explicit expression for the
homogenized operator b and prove some corrector results, i.e. we nd (Ph ) such that
Duh Ph (Du) 0 in Lp (, Rn ).

Introduction

In mathematical models of microscopically non-homogeneous media, various local characteristics are usually described by functions of the form a (x/h ) where h > 0 is a small
parameter. The function a (x) can be periodic or belong to some other specic class. To
compute the properties of a micro non-homogeneous medium is an extremely dicult task,
since the coecients are rapidly oscillating functions. One way to attack the problem is to
apply asymptotic analysis to the problems of microlevel non-homogeneous media, which
immediately leads to the concept of homogenization. When the parameter h is very
small, the heterogeneous medium will act as a homogeneous medium. To characterize
this homogeneous medium is one of the main tasks in the homogenization theory. For
more information concerning the homogenization theory, the reader is referred to [2, 10]
and [13].
In this paper we consider the homogenization problem for monotone operators and the
local behavior of the solutions. Monotone operators are very important in the study of
nonlinear partial dierential equations. The problem we study here can be used to model
dierent nonlinear stationary conservation laws, e.g. stationary temperature distribution.
For a more detailed discussion concerning dierent applications, see [16].
We will study the limit behavior of the sequence of solutions (uh ) of the Dirichlet
boundary value problem
 


div a x, , Duh
= fh on ,
h

uh W01,p () ,
c 2001 by J Bystr
Copyright 
om

Correctors for Some Nonlinear Monotone Operators

where fh f in W 1,q () as h 0. Moreover, the map a (x, y, ) is dened on

Rn Rn and is assumed to be periodic in y, continuous in and monotone in . We
also need some continuity restriction in the rst variable of a (x, y, ). We will consider
two dierent cases, namely when a (x, y, ) is of the form
a (x, y, ) =

N


i (x) ai (y, ) ,

i=1

and when a (x, y, ) satises that

|a (x1 , y, ) a (x2 , y, )|q (|x1 x2 |) (1 + ||)p ,
where : R R is continuous, increasing and (0) = 0. In both cases we will prove that
uh u weakly in W 1,p () and that u is the solution of the homogenized problem

div (b (x, Du)) = f on ,
u W01,p () .
We will prove that the operator b has the same structure properties as a and is given by


a x, y, + Dv ,x (y) dy,
b (x, ) =
Y

where v ,x is the solution of the cell-problem

 


div a x, y, + Dv ,x (y) = 0 on Y,
1,p
(Y ) .
v ,x W

(1)

1,p
(Y ) is the subset of W 1,p (Y ) such that u has mean
Here Y is a periodic cell and W

value 0 and u is Y -periodic. The corresponding weak formulation of the cell problem is


1,p

(Y ) ,
a x, y, + Dv ,x (y) , Dw dy = 0 for every w W

Y
(2)

v ,x W 1,p (Y ) .

The homogenization problem described above with p = 2 was studied in [15]. Others have
investigated the case where we have no dependence in x, that is, when a is of the form
a (x, y, ) = a (y, ). Here we mention [9] and [6] where the problems corresponding to
single valued and multi valued operators were studied. Moreover, the almost periodic case
was treated in [4].
The weak convergence of uh to u in W 1,p () implies that uh u 0 in Lp () , but
in general, we only have that Duh Du 0 weakly in Lp (, Rn ). However, we will
prove that it is possible to express Duh in terms of Du up to a remainder which converges
strongly in Lp (, Rn ). This is done by constructing a family of correctors Ph (x, , t),
dened by
 


x
x
,t
.
(3)
, , t = + Dv
Ph (x, , t) = P
h
h

10

J Bystrom

Let (Mh ) be a family of linear operators converging to the identity map on Lp (, Rn )

such that Mh f is a step function for every f Lp (, Rn ). Moreover, let h be a step
function approximating the identity map on . We will show that
Duh Ph (x, Mh Du, h ) 0

in Lp (, Rn ) .

The problem of nding correctors has been studied

authors, see e.g. [7] where

by many
x
were considered and [3]
single valued monotone operators of the form div a h , Duh
where the corresponding almost periodic case was considered.

Preliminaries and notation

Let be a open bounded subset of Rn , |E| denote the Lebesgue measure in Rn and , 
denote the Euclidean scalar product on Rn . Moreover, if X is a Banach space, we let X
denote its dual space and |  denote the canonical pairing over X X.



Let {i : i = 1, . . . , N } be a family of disjoint open sets such that \ N
i=1 i = 0
and |i | = 0. Let (h ) be a decreasing sequence of real numbers such that h 0 as
h . Furthermore, Y = (0, 1)n is the unit cube in Rn and we put Yhj = h (j + Y ),
where j Zn , i.e. the translated image of h Y by the vector h j. We also dene the
following index sets:




j
j
Jhi = j Zn : Y h i ,
Jh = j Zn : Y h ,


j
j
Bhi = j Zn : Y h i = , Y h \i = .
j

Moreover, we dene hi = jJ i Y h and Fih = jB i Yhj .

h
h

In a corresponding way let ki : i Ik denote a family
 of disjoint open sets with
diameter less than k1 such that \ iIk ki  = 0 and ki  = 0. We also dene the
following index sets:


j
Jhi,k = j Zn : Y h ki ,


j
j
Bhi,k = j Zn : Y h ki = , Y h \ki = .
j

= jJ i,k Y h and Fik,h = jB i,k Yhj .

Let k,h
i
h
h
Corresponding to f Lp (, Rn ) we dene the function Mh f : Rn Rn by

Y j (x) hj ,
(Mh f ) (x) =
where hj =

1
|Yhj |

jJh

Yhj

f dx and E is the characteristic function of the set E (in order to

dene hj for all j Zn , we treat f as f = 0 outside ). It is well known that

Mh f f

in Lp (, Rn ),

see [14, p. 129]. We also dene the step function h : by


h (x) =
Y j (x) xjh ,
jJh

(4)

(5)

Correctors for Some Nonlinear Monotone Operators

11

where xjh Yhj . Finally, C will denote a positive constant that may dier from one place
to an other.
Let a : Rn Rn Rn be a function such that a (x, , ) is Lebesgue measurable
and Y -periodic for x and Rn . Let p be a real constant 1 < p < and let q
be its dual exponent, p1 + 1q = 1. We also assume that a satises the following continuity
and monotonicity conditions: There exists two constants c1 , c2 > 0, and two constants
and , with 0 min (1, p 1) and max (p, 2) < such that
|a (x, y, 1 ) a (x, y, 2 )| c1 (1 + |1 | + |2 |)p1 |1 2 | ,

(6)

a (x, y, 1 ) a (x, y, 2 ) , 1 2  c2 (1 + |1 | + |2 |)p |1 2 | ,

(7)

for x , a.e. y Rn and every Rn . Moreover, we assume that

a (x, y, 0) = 0,

(8)

for x , a.e. y Rn . Let (fh ) be a sequence in W 1,q () that converges to f .

Remark 1. We will use these continuity and monotonicity conditions to show theorems
and properties. However, we concentrate on showing the non-trivial cases, for instance
when = p, and omit the simple ones, in this case when = p.
The solution v ,x of the cell-problem (1) can be extended by periodicity to an element
1,p
in Wloc
(Rn ), still denoted by v ,x , and




(9)
a x, y, + Dv ,x (y) , D (y) dy = 0 for every C0 (Rn ) .
Rn

Some useful lemmas

The following lemma, see e.g. [12], is fundamental to the homogenization theory.
Lemma 1 (Compensated compactness). Let 1 < p < . Moreover, let (vh ) be
a sequence in Lq (, Rn ) which converges weakly to v, (div vh ) converges to div v in
W 1,q () and let (uh ) be a sequence which converges weakly to u in W 1,p () . Then


vh , Duh  dx
v, Du dx,

for every C0 () .
We will also use the following estimates, which are proved in [5].
Lemma 2. Let a satisfy (6), (7) and (8). Then the following inequalities hold:


(a) |a (x, y, )| ca 1 + ||p1 ,
(b)
(c)

||p cb (1 + a (x, y, ) , ) ,

p


p
 + Dv ,xi  dy cc (1 + || ) .

(10)
(11)
(12)

Lemma 3. For every 1 , 2 Rn we have


p
1
p

1 ,x
2 ,x 
2 Dv  dy C (1 + |1 |p + |2 |p ) |1 2 | .
1 + Dv
Y

(13)

12

J Bystrom

Some homogenization results

Let a (x, y, ) satisfy one of the conditions

1. a is of the form
a (x, y, ) =

N


i (x) ai (y, ) .

(14)

i=1

2. There exists a function : R R that is continuous, increasing and (0) = 0 such

that
|a (x1 , y, ) a (x2 , y, )|q (|x1 x2 |) (1 + ||)p

(15)

for x1 , x2 , a.e. y R and every Rn .

Now we consider the weak Dirichlet boundary value problems (one for each choice of h):


 
x

a x, , Duh , D dx = fh |  for every W01,p () ,

h

(16)

1,p
uh W0 () .
By a standard result in the existence theory for boundary value problems dened by
monotone operators, these problems have a unique solution for each h, see e.g. [17].
olders reversed inequality, (7), (8) and Poincares
We let = uh in (16) and use H
inequality. This implies that
 p 



p
p
p
p
(1 + |Duh |) dx
|Duh | dx
c2
(1 + |Duh |)p |Duh | dx
C



 
x
a x, , Duh , Duh dx = fh | uh 

(17)

fh W 1,q uh W 1,p C Duh Lp (,Rn ) ,

0

where C does not depend on h. Now if Duh pLp (,Rn ) < || , then clearly uh W 1,p () C
0
by Poincares inequality. Hence assume that Duh pLp (,Rn ) || . But then we have
by (17) that

 p 



p
p
p
p
p
p
p1
|Duh | dx = 2
2 |Duh | dx
|Duh | dx
2

p1

 p 

(1 + |Duh | ) dx

|Duh | dx


p


C

|Duh | dx

1

that is, Duh Lp (,Rn ) C. According to Poincares inequality we thus have that
uh W 1,p () C. Summing up, we have that
0

uh W 1,p () C.
0

(18)

Since uh is bounded in W01,p (), there exists a subsequence (h ) such that
u h u

weakly in W01,p () .

(19)

Correctors for Some Nonlinear Monotone Operators

13

The following theorems will show that u satisfy an equation of the same type as those
which are satised by uh .
Theorem 4. Let a satisfy (6), (7), (8) and (14). Let (uh ) be solutions of (16). Then we
have that
uh u weakly in W01,p () ,


(20)
x
a x, , Duh b (x, Du) weakly in Lq (, Rn ) ,
h
where u is the unique solution of the homogenized problem

b (x, Du) , D dx = f |  for every W01,p () ,

(21)

1,p
u W0 () .
The operator b : Rn Rn is dened a.e. as

N
N




i (x)
ai y, + Dv ,xi (y) dy =
i (x) bi () ,
b (x, ) =
i=1

i=1
v ,xi

Dv ,xi

(y) dy and
is the unique solution of the
where xi i , bi () = Y ai y, +
cell problem




,xi

ai y, + Dv
(y) , D (y) dy = 0 for every W1,p (Y ) ,
Y
(22)

,xi
W1,p (Y ) .
v
Remark 2. An equivalent formulation of the equations (21) and (22) above can be given
in the following unied manner

a (x, y, Du (x) + Dv (x, y)) , Du (x) + Dv (x, y) dxdy =

f u dx,


(u, v) W01,p () Lq ; W1,p (Y ) ,


for all (u, v) W01,p () Lq ; W1,p (Y ) . This formulation often occurs in the notion
of two-scale limit introduced in e.g. [1].
Proof. We have shown that uh u weakly in W01,p () for a subsequence (h ) since uh
is bounded in W01,p () . We dene


x
i

, Duh .
h = ai
h
Then according to (6), (8), H
olders inequality, Poincares inequality and (18), we nd
that
q
 


 i q


   dx =
ai x , Duh  dx cq
(1 + |Duh |)q(p1) |Duh |q dx
h
1



i


C

C

(1 + |Duh |) dx

 p1 
p1

(1 + |Duh |)p dx C,

|Duh | dx

p1

14

J Bystrom

that is, hi  is bounded in Lq (i , Rn ) . Hence there is a subsequence (h ) of (h ) such that
hi  i

weakly in Lq (i , Rn ) .

From our original problem (16) we conclude that



N  

ai
, Duh , D dx = fh | 
h
i=1 i

u  W 1,p () .
h
0
In the limit we have
N


 i
, D dx = f | 
i=1

for every W01,p () ,

for every W01,p () .

If we could show that

i = bi (Du )

for a.e. x i ,

(23)

then it follows by uniqueness of the homogenized problem (21) that u = u. Let

 
x
,xi
,xi
wh (x) = , x + h v
h
for a.e. x Rn . By the monotonicity of ai we have for a x that




 
x
x
,xi
i

ai
, Duh (x) ai
, Dwh,x
(x)
,
Du
(x)

Dw
(x)
(x) dx 0

h
h
h
h
i
for every C0 (i ), 0. We now note that by (16) it also holds that


 
x
ai
, Duh (x) , D dx = fh |  for every W01,p (i ) .


h
i
Since fh f in W 1,q () , this implies that
 

x
div ai
, Duh (x)
= div hi  div i
h
We also have that

 
x
,xi
, Dwh (x)
= 0 on
div ai
h

in W 1,q (i ) .

i .

(24)

(25)

By the compensated compactness lemma (Lemma 1) we then get in the limit


 i
bi () , Du (x) (x) dx 0
i

for every C0 (i ), 0. Hence for our xed Rn we have that

 i

bi () , Du (x) 0 for a.e. x i .

(26)

Correctors for Some Nonlinear Monotone Operators

15

In particular, if (m ) is a countable dense set in Rn , then (26) implies that


 i
bi (m ) , Du (x) m 0 for a.e. x i .

(27)

By the continuity of b (see Remark 3) it follows that


 i
bi () , Du (x) 0 for a.e. x i

(28)

and for every Rn .

Since b is monotone and continuous (see Remark 3) we have that b is maximal monotone
and hence (23) follows. We have proved the theorem up to a subsequence (uh ) of (uh ) .
By uniqueness of the solution to the homogenized equation it follows that this holds for
the whole sequence.
Theorem 5. Let a satisfy (6), (7), (8) and (15). Let (uh ) be solutions of (16). Then we
have that
uh u weakly in W01,p () ,


x
a x, , Duh b (x, Du) weakly in
h

Lq (, Rn ) ,

where u is the unique solution of the homogenized problem

b (x, Du) , D dx = f |  for every W01,p () ,

u W01,p () .

The operator b : Rn Rn is dened a.e. as


b (x, ) =
a x, y, + Dv ,x (y) dy,
Y

where

v ,x

is the unique solution of the cell problem



a x, y, + Dv ,x (y) , D (y) dy = 0

,x

W1,p (Y

for every

W1,p (Y ) ,

(29)

).

Before we prove this theorem, we make some denitions that will be useful in the proof.
Dene the function



k (x) a xki , y, ,
ak (x, y, ) =
iIk

where xki ki . Consider the boundary value problems



 
x
k
k

a x, , Duh , D dx = fh |  for every W01,p () ,

h

k
uh W01,p () .

(30)

The conditions for Theorem 4 are satised and the theorem implies that there exists a uk
such that
ukh uk

weakly in W01,p ()

as

h ,

16

J Bystrom

where uk is the unique solution of



bk x, Duk , D dx = f | 

uk

for every W01,p () ,

(31)

W01,p () .

Here
k

b (x, ) =


iIk

k (x)
i



k
a xki , y, + Dv ,xi (y) dy =
k (x) b xki , ,
iIk

and v ,xi is the solution of





k

a xki , y, + Dv ,xi (y) , D (y) dy = 0 for every W1,p (Y ) ,

v ,xi W1,p (Y ) .
k

Proof. First we prove that uh u weakly in W01,p () . If g W 1,q () , we have that

lim g | uh u = lim lim g | uh u

k h

= lim lim

k h



g | uh ukh + ukh uk + uk u




k
lim lim gW 1,q () uh uh 
k h





+ lim gW 1,q () uk u
k


W01,p ()

W01,p ()

+ lim lim

k h

g | ukh uk

We need to show that all terms on the right hand side are zero.
Term 1. Let us prove that




lim lim uh ukh  1,p
k h

W0 ()

= 0.

By the denition we have that



 
x
k
k
a x, , Duh , D dx = fh |  for every W01,p () ,
h



 
x
a x, , Duh , D dx = fh |  for every W01,p () .
h

This implies that we with = ukh uh have





 
x
x
k
k
k
k
a x, , Duh a x, , Duh , Duh Duh dx
h
h





 
x
x
k
k
a x, , Duh a x, , Duh , Duh Duh dx.
=
h
h

(32)

Correctors for Some Nonlinear Monotone Operators

17

By the monotonicity of a (7), Schwarz inequality and H

olders inequality it follows that




p 

 k


1 + Dukh  + |Duh |
c2
Duh Duh  dx





 
x
x
ak x, , Dukh ak x, , Duh , Dukh Duh dx
h
h





 
x
x
k
k
a x, , Duh a x, , Duh , Duh Duh dx
=
h
h

  


q  1  
p  p1
q


x
x
 k

k



.
Duh Duh  dx
a x, h , Duh a x, h , Duh  dx


p
olders
Now since Dukh Lp (,Rn ) C and Duh pLp (,Rn ) C, we have, according to H
reversed inequality, that

 
p  p
 k

C
Duh Duh  dx

c2
c2

 


p  p
p  p
p
 k
 k

1 + Duh  + |Duh | dx
Duh Duh  dx

(33)




p 

 k


1 + Dukh  + |Duh |
Duh Duh  dx.

Hence we see that


p
 k

Duh Duh  p

L (,Rn )



q  p1
  
1


x
x
k
a x, , Duh a x, , Duh  dx
C
.


h
h

Thus in view of the continuity condition (15) it yields that

p


 k
Duh Duh  p
n
L (,R )

  
 p1
   p1
1
1
1
1
p
C
(1 + |Duh |) dx
C
,
k
k

(34)

where we in the last inequality have used the fact that there exists a constant C independent of h such that Duh Lp (,Rn ) C. Since DLp (,Rn ) is an equivalent norm on
W01,p (), we have that




0
uh ukh  1,p
W0 ()

as k uniformly in h. This means that we can change order in the limit process in (32)
and (32) follows by taking (34) into account.
Term 2. We observe that


lim lim g | ukh uk = 0
k h

18

J Bystrom

as a direct consequence of Theorem 4.

Term 3. Let us prove that




lim uk u

W01,p ()

= 0.

(35)

By the denition we have that





bk x, Duk , D dx = f | 

b (x, Du) , D dx = f | 

for every W01,p () ,

for every W01,p () .

Hence






k
k
k
b x, Du b (x, Du) , D dx =
b (x, Du) bk (x, Du) , D dx

for every W01,p () . Now let = uk u and use the strict monotonicity of bk (see
Remark 3) on the left hand side and use Schwarz and H
olders inequalities on the right
hand side. We get

c2




p 

 k
 k
1 + Du  + |Du|
Du Du dx



=



bk x, Duk bk (x, Du) , Duk Du dx

b (x, Du) bk (x, Du) , Duk Du dx

 
q  1q  
p  p1



 k
k
.

b (x, Du) b (x, Du) dx

Du Du dx

Inequality (33) with Duk and Du instead of Dukh and Duh , respectively, then yields
that
p


 k
Du Du p

L (,Rn )

  
 p1
   p1
1
1
1
1
p
C
(1 + |Du|) dx
C
. (36)
k
k

The right hand side tends to 0 as k . We now obtain (35) by noting that
DLp (,Rn ) is an equivalent norm on W01,p ().

Correctors for Some Nonlinear Monotone Operators

19

Next we prove that a x, xh , Duh b (x, Du) weakly in Lq (, Rn ) . Now if g

(Lq (, Rn )) , then








x
x
lim g | a x, , Duh b (x, Du) = lim lim g | a x, , Duh b (x, Du)
h
k h
h
h





x
x
= lim lim g | a x, , Duh ak x, , Dukh
k h
h
h





x
k
k
k
k
+ lim lim g | a x, , Duh b x, Du
k h
h




+ lim lim g | bk x, Duk b (x, Du)
k h

 





x
x
k
k 

a
x,
,
Du
,
Du
a
x,
lim lim g(Lq (,Rn )) 
h
h 

k h
h
h





x
k
k
k
k
+ lim lim g | a x, , Duh b x, Du
k h
h





 k
k

+ lim g(Lq (,Rn )) b x, Du b (x, Du) q

k

L (,Rn )

Lq (,Rn )

We now prove that the three terms on the right hand side are zero.
Term 1. Let us show that
 





x
x
k
k
= 0.
lim lim 
a x, , Duh a x, , Duh 

 q
k h
h
h
L (,Rn )

(37)

By Minkowskis inequality we have that



q
 
 k

a x, x , Duk a x, x , Duh  dx
h


h
h



q
 
 k

x
x
k
k
a x, , Du a x, , Duh  dx
C
h


h
h



q
 

 k
x
x


+C
a x, h , Duh a x, h , Duh  dx.

The second integral on the right hand side is bounded by the continuity condition (15)
since


q
 

 k
a x, x , Duh a x, x , Duh  dx


h
h

(38)
 
 
1
1
p
(1 + |Duh |) dx C

,
k
k

where the last inequality follows since (Duh ) is bounded in Lp (, Rn ) . For the rst integral
on the right hand side we use the continuity restriction (6), H
olders inequality and (34)

20

J Bystrom

to derive that


q
 

 k
a x, x , Duk ak x, x , Duh  dx
h


h
h



q
q(p1) 
 k
 k

q
1 + Duh  + |Duh |
c1
Duh Duh  dx

 


p  p1
p  p1
p1
 k
 k

1 + Duh  + |Duh | dx
Duh Duh  dx

(39)

 
  
p  p1
1
1
 k

C
C
Duh Duh  dx
k



since (Duh ) and Dukh are bounded in Lp (, Rn ) . Hence by (38) and (39) we have that


q
  
 
 
1
 k

1
a x, x , Duk a x, x , Duh  dx C 1
.
+ C
h


h
h
k
k

(40)

By the properties of , it follows that

 





a x, x , Duh ak x, x , Duk 
h 

h
h

Lq (,Rn )

as k uniformly in h. This implies that we may change the order in the limit process
in (37) and (37) follows.
Term 2. We immediately see that





x
x
k
k
k
k
=0
lim lim g | a x, , Duh a x, , Du
k h
h
h
as a direct consequence of Theorem 4.
Term 3. Let us show that






lim bk x, Duk b (x, Du)

Lq (,Rn )

= 0.

(41)

We note that


q


 k
b x, Duk b (x, Du) dx

q


 k
b x, Duk bk (x, Du) + bk (x, Du) b (x, Du) dx

 


q
q 

 k
 k


k
k
C
b x, Du b (x, Du) dx +
b (x, Du) b (x, Du) dx .

Correctors for Some Nonlinear Monotone Operators

21

By applying the continuity conditions in Remark 3, Theorem 6 and H

olders inequality,
we see that


q


 k
b x, Duk b (x, Du) dx

 
p  p1


p  p1
p1

 k
 k
1 + Du  + |Du| dx
Du Du dx

 
 
 
p  p1
1
1
 k

p
.
+C

1 + |Du| dx C
+ C

Du Du dx
k
k

Now (41) follows by taking (36) into account.

Properties of the homogenized operator

In this section we prove some properties of the homogenized operator. In particular, these
properties imply the existence and uniqueness of the solution of the homogenized problem.
Theorem 6. Let b be the homogenized operator dened in Theorem 5. Then
(a) b (, ) satises the continuity condition
 (|x1 x2 |) (1 + ||)p ,
|b (x1 , ) b (x2 , )|q
where
 : R R is a function that is continuous, increasing and
 (0) = 0.
(b) b (x, ) is strictly monotone. In particular, we have that
b (x, 1 ) b (x, 2 ) , 1 2  
c2 (1 + |1 | + |2 |)p |1 2 |
for every 1 , 2 Rn .
(c) b (x, ) is continuous. In particular, we have for =

that

c1 (1 + |1 | + |2 |)p1 |1 2 |
|b (x, 1 ) b (x, 2 )| 
for every 1 , 2 Rn .
(d) b (x, 0) = 0 for x .
Proof.
(a) By the denition of b we have that



 q


,x
,x
1
2
|b (x1 , ) b (x2 , )| =  a x1 , y, + Dv
dy
dx
a x2 , y, + Dv
Y
Y


q


C
a x1 , y, + Dv ,x1 a x2 , y, + Dv ,x1  dy
q

q


+C
a x2 , y, + Dv ,x1 a x2 , y, + Dv ,x2  dy,
Y

22

J Bystrom

where the last inequality follows from Jensens inequality. By the continuity conditions (15)
and (6), it then follows that

|b (x1 , ) b (x2 , )| C (|x1 x2 |)



+C
Y


p


1 +  + Dv ,x1  dy

p 
p   p1

p1


,x1 
,x2 
1 +  + Dv  +  + Dv  dy

(42)

 
p  p1
 ,x1
,x2 

Dv  dy
.
Dv

We now study the two terms above separately. For the rst term we have by (12) that


p


1 +  + Dv ,xi  dy C (1 + ||p ) .

(43)

For the second term we have by the denition that





a x1 , y, + Dv ,x1 (y) , D dy = 0

1,p
for every W

() ,



,x2
a x2 , y, + Dv
(y) , D dy = 0

1,p
for every W

() .

This implies that





a x1 , y, + Dv ,x1 (y) a x1 , y, + Dv ,x2 (y) , D dy
Y



a x2 , y, + Dv ,x2 (y) a x1 , y, + Dv ,x2 (y) , D dy
=
Y

1,p
() . In particular, for = v ,x1 v ,x2 we have that
for every W



a x1 , y, + Dv ,x1 (y) a x1 , y, + Dv ,x2 (y) , Dv ,x1 Dv ,x2 dy
Y


a x2 , y, + Dv ,x2 (y) a x1 , y, + Dv ,x2 (y) , Dv ,x1 Dv ,x2 dy.
=
Y

We apply (7) on the left hand side and Schwarz and H

olders inequalities together

Correctors for Some Nonlinear Monotone Operators

23

with (15) and (43) on the right hand side. This yields

 
p 


 

 ,x1


c2
1 +  + Dv ,x1  +  + Dv ,x2 
Dv ,x2  dy
Dv
Y



a x1 , y, + Dv ,x1 (y) a x1 , y, + Dv ,x2 (y) , Dv ,x1 Dv ,x2 dy
Y



a x2 , y, + Dv ,x2 (y) a x1 , y, + Dv ,x2 (y) , Dv ,x1 Dv ,x2 dy
=
Y

 

q  1q


,x2
,x2
(y) a x1 , y, + Dv
(y)  dy

a x2 , y, + Dv
Y

 
p  p1
 ,x1
,x2 

Dv  dy
Dv
Y

 
p  p1
 ,x1
,x2 
(|x1 x2 |) C (1 + || )
Dv  dy
.
Dv
1
q

1
q

The reversed Holder inequality then ensures that



 
 
p  p
p  p

p
 ,x1


,x1 
,x2 
,x2 
Dv  dy
1 +  + Dv  +  + Dv  dy
Dv

 
p 


 

 ,x1


1 +  + Dv ,x1  +  + Dv ,x2 
Dv ,x2  dy,
Dv

that is,

 
p  p1

 ,x1
,x2 
Dv  dy
C (|x1 x2 |) 1 (1 + ||p ) 1
Dv

(p)
 
p  (1)(p1)



,x1 
,x2 
1 +  + Dv  +  + Dv  dy

(44)

(p)

C (|x1 x2 |) 1 (1 + ||p ) 1 (1 + ||p ) (1)(p1)

= C (|x1 x2 |) 1 (1 + ||p ) p1 ,
where the last inequality follows from (43). By combining (43) and (44), we can write (42)
as
|b (x1 , ) b (x2 , )|q C (|x1 x2 |) (1 + ||p )


+C
Y


p 
p   p1
p1


,x1 
,x2 
1 +  + Dv  +  + Dv  dy
(45)

p1

(|x1 x2 |)
(1 + || )


 (|x1 x2 |) (1 + ||p ) ,
C (1 + ||p ) (|x1 x2 |) + (|x1 x2 |) 1 =

24

J Bystrom

where
 : R R is a function that is continuous, increasing and
 (0) = 0.
(b) Let j Rn , j = 1, 2 and dene for a.e. x Rn
,x
whj

= (j , y) + h v

j ,x

y
h


.

By the periodicity of v j ,x we have that

,x

whj

,x

Dwhj

weakly in W 1,p (Y ) ,

(j , y)

(46)

weakly in Lp (Y, Rn ) ,



y
j ,x
a x, , Dwh
b (x, j )
h

(47)

weakly in Lp (Y, Rn ) .

(48)

Moreover, the monotonicity condition (7) on a implies that





 
y
y
1 ,x
2 ,x
1 ,x
2 ,x
a x, , Dwh
a x, , Dwh
, Dwh Dwh
(y) dy
h
h
Y


 
p 


 


,x
,x 
1 + Dwh1 ,x  + Dwh2 ,x 
c2
Dwh1 Dwh2  (y) dy
Y

for every C0 () such that 0. The reversed Holder inequality then yields




 
y
y
1 ,x
2 ,x
1 ,x
2 ,x
a x, , Dwh
a x, , Dwh
, Dwh Dwh
(y) dy
h
h
Y
c2

 p
 
p

p


1 ,x 
2 ,x 
1 + Dwh  + Dwh  (y) dy

 

p
p

1 ,x
2 ,x 

.
Dwh Dwh  (y) dy
Y

We apply lim inf on both sides of this inequality and obtain

h

b (x, 1 ) b (x, 2 ) , 1 2 
c2 lim inf
h

(y) dy =
Y

b (x, 1 ) b (x, 2 ) , 1 2  (y) dy

 p

 
p
p


1 ,x 
2 ,x 
1 + Dwh  + Dwh  (y) dy

 

p
p

1 ,x
2 ,x 

Dwh Dwh  (y) dy

Y

Correctors for Some Nonlinear Monotone Operators

C lim inf

25

 p

p 
p 
p


1 ,x 
2 ,x 
1 + Dwh  + Dwh  (y) dy

 

p
p

1 ,x
2 ,x 
lim inf
Dwh Dwh  (y) dy
h


C

(1 + |1 | + |2 | ) (y) dy

C (1 + |1 | + |2 |)p |1 2 |

 p 
p

|1 2 | (y) dy


p

(y) dy,
Y

for every C0 () . Here we have used (47), (48) and Lemma 1 on the left hand side,
and on the right hand side we have used (47) and the fact that for a weakly convergent
sequence (xn ) converging to x, we have that x lim inf xn  . This implies that
h

c2 (1 + |1 | + |2 |)p |1 2 | .
b (x, 1 ) b (x, 2 ) , 1 2  
Since 1 , 2 were arbitrarily chosen, (b) is proved.
olders inequality, (12)
(c) Fix 1 , 2 Rn . According to Jensens inequality, (6), H
and (13) we have that



 q


q
1 ,x
2 ,x

dy
dy 
a x, y, 2 + Dv
|b (x, 1 ) b (x, 2 )| =  a x, y, 1 + Dv
Y
Y


q



a x, y, 1 + Dv 1 ,x a x, y, 2 + Dv 2 ,x  dy
Y

cq1


 
(p1)q


1 ,x 
2 ,x 
1 + 1 + Dv  + 2 + Dv 


q


1 + Dv 1 ,x 2 Dv 2 ,x  dy


 
p  p1

p1


1 ,x 
2 ,x 
1 + 1 + Dv  + 2 + Dv  dy
C
Y

 
p  p1

1 ,x
2 ,x 

2 Dv  dy
1 + Dv

C (1 + |1 |p + |2 |p )
C (1 + |1 | + |2 |)

p1
p1

(1 + |1 |p + |2 |p )

q p1 a

|1 2 |

q a

Hence
c1 (1 + |1 | + |2 |)p1 |1 2 | ,
|b (x, 1 ) b (x, 2 )| 
where
=

.
a

|1 2 |

 p1

26

J Bystrom

(d) Since a (x, y, 0) = 0 we have that the solution of the cell problem (29) corresponding
to = 0 is v 0,x = 0. This implies that

b (x, 0) =
a (x, y, 0) dy = 0.
Y

The proof is complete.

Remark 3. By using similar arguments as in the proof above we nd that (b), (c) and (d)
holds, up to boundaries, also for the homogenized operator b in Theorem 4.

Some corrector results

We have proved in both Theorem 4 and Theorem 5 that we for the corresponding solutions
have that uh u converges to 0 weakly in W01,p (). By the Rellich imbedding theorem, we
have that uh u converges to 0 in Lp (). In general, we do not have strong convergence
of Duh Du to 0 in Lp (, Rn ). However, we will prove that it is possible to express Duh
in terms of Du, up to a remainder which converges to 0 in Lp (, Rn ).
Theorem 7. Let u and uh be dened as in Theorem 4 and let Ph be given by (3). Then
Duh

N


i (x) Ph (x, Mh Du, xi ) 0

in

Lp (, Rn ) .

i=1

Proof. In [7] the case N = 1 was considered and in [15] the case p = 2 was considered.
By using these ideas and making the necessary adjustments the proof follows. For the
details, see [5].
Theorem 8. Let u and uh be dened as in Theorem 5. Moreover, let Ph be given by (3)
and h by (5). Then
Duh Ph (x, Mh Du, h ) 0

in

Lp (, Rn ) .

Proof. We have that


 



x 

M
Du,
k
h

Duh Mh Du Dv h

Du

Du

h
h p

h Lp (,Rn )
L (,Rn )



 


 k
x
k
k
k

+
k (x) Dv Mh Du ,xi
Duh Mh Du
i
h 
 p

iIk
n
L (,R )

(49)




 
 


x
x 
k
Mh Duk ,xki
Mh Du,h


M
+
Du
+

(x)
Dv
Du

Dv
M
k
h
h

i

h
h 


iIk

Lp (,Rn )

As in the proof of Theorem 5 we have that





lim lim Duh Dukh  p
= 0,
n
k h

L (,R )

Correctors for Some Nonlinear Monotone Operators

27

and, by Theorem 7, this implies that




 

 k
x 
k k

lim lim 
k (x) Dv Mh Du ,xi
Duh Mh Duk

i
k h 
h 

iIk

= 0.

Lp (,Rn )

This means that the theorem would be proved if we prove that lim lim acting on the
k h

last term in (49) is equal to 0. In order to prove this fact we rst make the following
elementary estimates:



 
 p


x
x 
k k
Mh Duk +

Mh Du Dv Mh Du,h
k (x) Dv Mh Du ,xi

i
h
h 

 p
iIk
n
=

L (,R )


 
 p


Mh Duk + Dv Mh Duk ,xki x Mh Du Dv Mh Du,h x  dx

k
h
h 

iIk

iIk


 
 p
 M Du,xk x
x 
Mh Du,h
Dv h
i

Dv
dx.

k
h
h 

+C

(50)

 
 p


Mh Duk + Dv Mh Duk ,xki x Mh Du Dv Mh Du,xki x  dx

k
h
h 

iIk

We will study the two terms on the right hand side of (50) separately, but rst we dene

1
j,k
h, =  
Duk dx.
j
j
Y
Yh  h
By using a change of variables in (13) and H
olders inequality, we nd that we for the rst
term in (50) have the following estimate
 
 p



Mh Duk + Dv Mh Duk ,xki x Mh Du Dv Mh Du,xki x  dx

h
h 
ki
 
 p
  j,k
j,k k
j k
x
x 
j
h,
,xi
h
,xi

h Dv
dx

+ Dv
j  h,
h
h 
i,k Yh
jJh

jBhi,k


jJhi,k


jBhi,k

Yh



   1
 j,k p  j p
C 1 + h,
+

h 


 p
 j,k
j 

 h,
h

 
 j
Yh 


 p  

   1 

 j,k p  j p  j,k
j   j 
C 1 + h,
 + h 
h, h 
Yh 

=C


 
 p

 j,k
j,k
j
 + Dv h, ,xki x j Dv h ,xki x  dx
h
j  h,
h
h 

k,h
i


p
 p
 1 




1 + Mh Duk  + |Mh Du|p
dx
Mh Duk Mh Du

(51)

28

J Bystrom

+C

Fik,h

 p
p

 1 



p
k
k
dx
1 + Mh Du  + |Mh Du|
Mh Du Mh Du


C

k,h
i


+C

Fik,h


C

ki


+C



p


1 + Mh Duk  + |Mh Du| dx



p


1 + Mh Duk  + |Mh Du| dx



p


1 + Duk  + |Du| dx

Fik,h

 1

 1


p


Mh Duk Mh Du dx

k,h

Fi

 1



p


1 + Duk  + |Du| dx

p



Mh Duk Mh Du dx

k,h


p
 k

Du Du dx

ki

 1

p


 k
Du Du dx

k,h

Fi

where we used Jensens inequality in the last step. Moreover, by using (44) and Jensens
inequality, we obtain that


 
 p
 M Du,xk x
x 
M
Du,
h
h
Dv h
i
dx
Dv

k
h
h 


 
 p
 j ,xk x
j j
x 
h
,xh
Dv h i

Dv
dx

j
h
h 

jJhi,k

Yh

jBhi,k

Yh


 
 p
 j ,xk x
j j
x 
h
,xh
Dv h i

Dv
dx

j
h
h 

 


 p  
 p  

1
1
   
 j   j
1 + hj  Yhj 
1 + h  Yh  +
+ nh
C
C
k
k
i,k
i,k


jJh

jBh

(52)



 
1
1
p
C
+ nh C
(1 + |Mh Du| ) dx +
(1 + |Mh Du|p ) dx
=
k,h
k,h
k
k
i
Fi


 
1
1
C
+ nh C
(1 + |Du|p ) dx +
(1 + |Du|p ) dx.

k,h
k
k
ki
Fi
By combining (50), (51) and (52) we obtain that



 
 p


x
x 
Mh Duk ,xki
Mh Du,h

Mh Duk +

Dv
Du

Dv
k
h
i

h
h 
 p

iIk

L (,Rn )

1
 


p 
p  1
a
 k
 k

1 + Du  + |Du| dx
Du Du dx

Correctors for Some Nonlinear Monotone Operators

+C


iIk


Fik,h



p


1 + Duk  + |Du| dx

29

 1 
a

p


 k
Du Du dx

k,h

Fi





1
+ nh (1 + |Du|p ) dx +
+C
(1 + |Du|p ) dx .
k

Fik,h
iIk







Moreover, by noting that Fik,h  0 as h , DuLp (,Rn ) C, Duk Lp (,Rn ) C,
and taking (35) into account, we obtain that

 


x

k
Mh Duk ,xki
k Dv
lim lim Mh Du +
i
k h
h
iIk

Mh Du Dv Mh Du,h

x
h







= 0,
Lp (,Rn )

and the theorem is proved.

Acknowledgments
The author wishes to thank Professor Lars-Erik Persson and Dr. Peter Wall for some helpful comments and suggestions which have improved this paper.

References
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J Bystrom

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Math. J., 1975, V.42, 121136.
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[16] Zeidler E, Nonlinear Functional Analysis and its Applications, Vol. 4, Springer Verlag, New
York, 1990.
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York, 1990.

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Composites: Part B 32 (2001) 485490

www.elsevier.com/locate/compositesb

Some computational aspects of iterated structures

Johan Bystrom a, Johan Helsing b, Annette Meidell c,*
a

Department of Mathematics, Lulea University of Technology, LTU, SE-97187 Lulea, Sweden

Department of Solid Mechanics, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
c
Narvik University College HiN, P.O. Box 385, N-8505 Narvik, Norway
Received 1 December 2000; accepted 20 June 2001

Abstract
We consider some computational aspects of effective properties for some multi-scale structures. In particular, we discuss iterated square
honeycombs and another type of square honeycombs containing up to 4000 small discs randomly distributed inside each square. We present
some numerical methods for estimating the effective conductivity with good control of the accuracy. q 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights
reserved.
Keywords: Homogenization

1. Introduction
By honeycombs, one usually means two-dimensional
two-component periodic structures where the interior part
consists of polygons (typically hexagons or rectangles).
Iterated honeycombs are, roughly speaking, `honeycombs
in honeycombs'. Several types of such structures (and also
some multi-dimensional generalizations) was studied theoretically by Lukkassen with respect to linear elastic and
thermal effective properties in Refs. [1720]. He found
some simple formulae for upper and lower bounds of the
corresponding effective parameters. These bounds happen
to converge to the same limit as the number of length scales
turns to innity, and it turns out that these limits are optimal.
Composite structures of this type are usually referred to as
optimal. Other well-known examples are the Hashin ellipsoidal structure and the multi-rank laminate structure (see
Ref. [14]). However, it is important to note that structures,
which have the same effective behavior often are different
with respect to properties such as local buckling resistance,
local and global strength, structural collapse, etc. From this
point of view, iterated honeycombs seem to be very interesting, especially because they possess certain suitable
symmetry properties (see Ref. [20]).
In this paper, we consider some computational aspects of
multi-scale structures of this type. In Sections 2 and 3, we

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: am@hin.no (A. Meidell).

discuss iterated square honeycombs. In particular, we

present a numerical method for estimating the effective
conductivity with good control of the accuracy. This method
provides a reliable tool for comparing different types of
iterated square honeycombs. Up to now, only the case of
widely separated length scales has been considered. From a
manufacturing point of view, it is interesting to investigate
and compare intermediate cases. We therefore also compare
some concrete iterated honeycombs.
In Section 4, we consider another type of square honeycombs containing up to 4000 small discs randomly distributed inside each square. Not very long time ago
computational problems of this type were considered
impossible to solve. It may therefore come as a surprise
that we are able to compute the corresponding effective
conductivity of such problems, and even with extremely
good accuracy. The basis for our numerical estimates is
the work of Helsing [12,13] who has developed a fast
multi-pole-accelerated iterative scheme for computations
of problems with inclusions of arbitrary shape.
Section 5 gives some nal comments.

2. Iterated square honeycombs

We start by dening the iterated square honeycomb structure (Fig. 1) by a characteristic function xm;k;h (indicator
function). Let 0 # v # 1; let m; k; h be positive integers
and let x be the characteristic function of the interval
0; v1=2m : We dene the characteristic function xm;k;h on

1359-8368/01/$ - see front matter q 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 1359-836 8(01)00033-6

J. Bystrom et al. / Composites: Part B 32 (2001) 485490

486

sponding effective conductivity is in this case denoted

lm;1 :
The rst of these cases are treated by standard periodic
homogenization, i.e. (see Ref. [14])
(
!2
1 Z
2v
lm;k min
lm;k;1 x
1 1 1lm;k;1 x
1;2
2x1
v[Wper
Y uYu Y

Fig. 1. Iterated square honeycombs.

R 2 as

xm;k;h x xm hx1 xm hx2 ;

where xm is found iteratively by letting xi11 be the [0,1]periodic extension of the function xxi k=v1=2m 2 1 2
v1=2m =2; x0 1:
By using this characteristic function, we can dene the
conductivity lm;k;h x as follows:

lm;k;h x lin xm;k;h x 1 lcon 1 2 xm;k;h x:

Here, l in and l con are the conductivities of the interior and
the connected part of the iterated square honeycomb-structure, respectively.
In order to be able to speak about effective conductivity
for the above structure we consider the following two limitcases:
Fix m and k and let h approach innity. The corresponding effective conductivity is in this case denoted lm;k :
Fix m and let h k approach innity (Fig. 2). The corre-

2v
2x2

!2

)
dx ;

1;2
where Y 0; 12 ; Wper
Y is the space of Y-periodic functions of the usual Sobolev space W 1;2 Y: Moreover, using
the well-known property of complementary energy in twodimensions, see Ref. [14], p. 39, we get the following
equivalent variational formula:
(
!2
1
1 Z
1
2v
min
11
1;2
2x1
lm;k
v[Wper
Y uYu Y lm;k;1 x
2
!2 )
1
2v
1
dx :
lm;k;1 x 2x2

In the second case the effective conductivity lm;1 qm ;

where qm is determined by the following iterative variational
formula:


2

 
1 Z
2v
2v 2
qi min
bi x
1 1 1bi x
dx ;
1;2
2x1
2x2
v[Wper
Y uYu Y
3
bi x qi21 x 1 lcon 1 2 x; i 1; ; m;
q0 lin :
Similarly as in Eq. (2) we obtain the following equivalent
variational formula:

 


2
1
1 Z
1
2v
1
2v 2
min
11 1
dx :
1;2
qi
bi x 2x2
v[Wper
Y uYu Y bi x 2x1
4

Remark 1. The iterative procedure follows by the Iterated

Homogenization Theorem of Bensoussan et al. [5]. This
theorem is valid for cases when the conductivity lm;h;h is
of the form

lm;h;h x lhx; h2 x; ; hm x;

Fig. 2. Iterated square honeycombs for h k:

where l is periodic in each variable (which is the case for

the honeycombs considered in Refs. [17,20]). In our case,
this assumption is slightly modied. However, by mimicking the proof given in Ref. [16] it is not hard to verify that the
iterative process remains valid. Moreover, by using the
same arguments as in that proof it is also possible to verify

J. Bystrom et al. / Composites: Part B 32 (2001) 485490

487

mesh (with nest mesh-renement in the corners) which we

can use on all the 2m steps. As an approximation for lm;k we
use the number l~ m;k
1
l~ m;k 1=2l2
m;k 1 lm;k ;

and let rm;k denote the corresponding maximum possible

relative numerical error estimate (in %) i.e.
rm;k 100

2
l1
m;k 2 lm;k
2 :
l1
m;k 1 lm;k

Moreover, let dm;k denote the deviation between lm;k and

l1;1 (in %) i.e.
Fig. 3. Example of unit cells for some types of iterated square honeycombs
in the case v 0:52:

that

l1;1 2 lm;k
lm;k

and let d~ m;k denote the approximate deviation between l~ m;k

and l1;1 (in %), i.e.

l
2 l~ m;k
d~ m;k 100 1;1
l~ m;k

lm;k ! lm;1
as k ! 1:
For iterated square honeycombs (Fig. 3), the approximation formula of Lukkassen (see Refs. [17,20]) reduces to
1
1
1
rm
12v
1
;

lm;1 2 lcon
lin 2 lcon v
1 1 v1=2m lcon v

dm;k 100

where v1=2m # rm # 1 (in fact, this formula is also valid for

iterated hexagonal honeycombs, see Ref. [18]). Note that
Eq. (5) yields the convergence


1
1
1 2 v 21
1
lm;1 ! l1;1 lcon 1
; 6
2lcon v
lin 2 lcon v
as m ! 1; which is precisely the HashinShtrikman upper
bound for lin , lcon and the HashinShtrikman lower
bound if lin . lcon : We recall that the HashinShtrikman
bounds are the best possible within the class of macroscopically isotropic structures (for the original proof, see
Ref. [11]).

(with maximum possible numerical error less than

rm;k l1;1 =l1
m;k ). If the maximum error estimate is too
large, we have to rene the mesh even more and start all
over again with performing another 2m computations.
In the case k , 1, we only have to perform two compu2
tations instead of 2m. Here, l1
m;k and lm;k are found directly
from Eqs. (1) and (2). However, when k is large the problem
becomes strongly non-homogeneous and in order to obtain
an accurate approximation we will need an enormous
amount of nite elements. We have performed a number
of numerical calculations. In Fig. 4 (see also Appendix A)
we present some of the exact plots of dm;k (actually of d~ m;k
but the difference is insignicant) as a function of the areafraction v for some values of m and k. Each plot is for the
extreme case lin =lcon < 0 (for which dm;k is assumed to be
largest possible, cf. Refs. [21,23]).
By evaluating lm;1 from the formula of Lukkassen (5)
with rm 1 and replacing lm;k in Eq. (7) with this value we

3. Numerical computations of effective properties for

iterated square honeycombs
In this section, we study numerical computations of the
effective conductivities lm;k and lm;1 : The method for our
1;2
numerical estimations is based on replacing Wper
Y with a
1;2
nite dimensional subset of Wper Y in Eqs. (1), (2) and (3),
(4), respectively. In this way we obtain upper and lower
2
numerical estimates l1
m;k and lm;k; for lm;k : In particular,
we obtain upper and lower numerical estimates l1
m;1 and
l2
;
for
l
which
are
found
iteratively
by
replacing
qi x
m;1
m;1
2
with q1
x
and
q
x
in
Eqs.
(3)
and
(4),
respectively.
We
i
i
note that the geometry of the problem is the same on each
step. Based on this geometry, we can create a xed FEM-

Fig. 4. Difference between the effective conductivity and the Hashin

Shtrikman upper bound.

488

J. Bystrom et al. / Composites: Part B 32 (2001) 485490

Fig. 5. Upper bound for dm;1 according to the approximation formula of

Lukkassen.

obviously obtain an upper bound for dm;k : In order to

compare with our numerical calculations we have plotted
this upper bound for some values of m in Fig. 5.
Let us give a few comments to the numerical results. It
seems that for a xed value of m the conductivity increases
with k. However, the convergence, as k goes to 1, is slower
than we expected (see Fig. 4). From a manufacturing point
of view, it is obvious that the number of white squares
k2m21 in each unit cell is an important parameter (it is
easier to manufacture a structure with few large squares
than many small ones). We observe from Table A2 in
Appendix A that the conductivity may not necessarily
increase with the number k2m21 (compare the case m
2; k 8 with the case m 3; k 3). However, due to the
error estimates (see Table A2 in the Appendix A), we cannot
draw any rm conclusions on this matter for the computed
cases. For large values of k this fact is obvious from the
k 1-curves in Fig. 4, and the convergence result [6].

effective properties of pseudorandom structures with 1024

and 4096 inclusions in the corresponding cells.
The pseudorandom disk congurations were generated by
a Monte Carlo procedure of Metropolis type [24]. We begin
by placing all disks at the lattice points of a regular square
array. Each disk is then given a small tentative displacement
in a random direction. The displacement is accepted or
rejected according to whether or not the new position will
cause the disk to overlap its neighbors. One iteration step
consists of trying to move each disk once so that the ratio of
moved disks to the total number of disks is about one half.
This process is iterated several times until equilibrium is
achieved. The random congurations we use in our examples were generated using thousands of iteration steps.
In our example the geometries consist of either 1024 or
4096 randomly placed disks with centers in a square of size
0:8 0:8: All disks are of the same size and chosen such that
the total area fraction of the disks is 0.6. The disks have
conductivity 1000 and the surrounding matrix has conductivity 1. Finally this square is then itself placed in a square of
size 1:0 1:0; see Fig. 6.
The cell problem is then solved on these unit cells with
periodic boundary conditions and the homogenized conductivity is computed. This procedure is executed for ve
different realizations of the cell structure. Four structures
contain 1024 disks and one structure contains 4096 disks.
The relative error for the conductivities in the 1024 disk
computations is estimated to be 10 29 and the relative error
for the conductivity in the 4096 disk computation is estimated to be 10 27. The mean value and maximum deviation
for all ve congurations are then computed to give the
range of the homogenized conductivity.
We compare the conductivity of the two-scale cell structure with that of a cell where the square with disks is
replaced with a square with a homogeneous material with

4. Square honeycombs with highly inhomogeneous

squares
By using standard nite element method programs the
accuracy of the computations when k 1 is sufcient for
the purpose of comparison. The computations for nite
values of k are less accurate (see the table values in Appendix A). When the unit cell consists of more than around 100
objects (in this case squares) it turns out to be almost impossible to obtain useful results by standard nite element
method programs.
Now, consider the case when the collection of squares is
replaced with a much larger collection of randomly distributed disks. There are recently developed methods [9,13] that
are capable of rapidly solving very complex cell structures
to high accuracy. In order to illustrate, we will here use an
integral equation based adaptive scheme developed by
Helsing [12,13] and accelerated with the fast multi-pole
method [10]. We will use this scheme to compute the

Fig. 6. Unit cell of square honeycomb containing 4096 disks. The effective
conductivity in the x-direction is estimated to 2.5392653.

J. Bystrom et al. / Composites: Part B 32 (2001) 485490

the same effective properties as the square with disks. The

squares with disk inclusions have conductivities equal to
5:13 ^ 0:07;

and the corresponding two-scale structures with these

squares included in the larger square have conductivities
of
2:53 ^ 0:02:

By replacing the included square consisting of disks with

a square consisting of a homogeneous material with effective conductivity equal to 5.13, we obtain a conductivity
equal to 2.53, which is within the estimates given in Eq.
(9). This agreement suggests that it is admissible to replace
the underlying heterogeneous scale by a homogeneous one,
which was expected.
One might think that the value in Eq. (8) in the random
case is close to the effective conductivity of a periodic
distribution of such disks. However, it turns out that the
conductivities are 1522% lower in the periodic case,
being 4.322 for square packing and 4.011 for hexagonal
packing. This shows that percolation effects in the random
case considerably affects the conductivities for this volume
fraction of 0.6.
5. Some nal comments
The theoretical work on iterated honeycombs performed
in Refs. [1720] was later followed by studies of some nonlinear properties (see Refs. [6,17,28,29]). In particular, in
Ref. [6] it was observed that the macroscopic behavior of
reiterated honeycombs may be more extreme than that of the
best possible laminates of rank 2. This is an interesting
observation since for linear problems rank 2-laminates
have proven to be best possible within the class of twocomponent structures. In all these studies non-linear
versions of The Iterated Homogenization Theorem has
played an essential role. For the most general non-linear
versions we refer to Refs. [6,15,16]. An anisotropic version
of the formula of Lukkassen corresponding to an innite
number of iteration levels was compared with the effective
properties of rectangular honeycombs in Refs. [22,23].
Here, a surprisingly good agreement was observed between
the numerical calculations and this formula.
Concerning the Iterated Homogenization Theorem for
linear problems including elasticity we refer to Ref. [2].
See also Ref. [1] for a different approach by use of so-called
multi-scale convergence. There are many other examples in
the literature where iterated homogenization are used. For
iterated laminates, we refer to Francfort and Murat [8],
Milton [25,26], Avellaneda et al., [3,4] and the references
given there. There is also a new class of optimal microstructure found recently, see Ref. [27].
To get satisfactory effective conductivities for certain
types of random media, one has to solve cell problems

489

with thousands of random inclusions. This is a task that is

extremely hard with standard type of software for numerical
solution of partial differential equations, such as the nite
element method programs. The calculations performed in
Section 4 indicates that the method developed in Ref.
[12,13] is a powerful tool.
Reiterated homogenization can be used to solve many
practical problems. We here refer to Ref. [7] where reiterated homogenization was used to compute the elastic properties of woven composites.

Appendix A
The numerical values for the computations of the solid
lines in Fig. 4 are presented in Table A1.
In Table A2, we present the numerical values for the
computations of points in Fig. 4.
Table A1
v

l~ m;k

Max error a

rm;k (%)

d~ m;k (%)

m1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.1
0.05

0.05206404
0.1087817
0.1711508
0.2405497
0.3189800
0.4094063
0.5161171
0.5773503
0.6449768
0.8034062
0.8963494

0.920 10 25
0.175 10 24
0.213 10 24
0.291 10 24
0.372 10 24
0.486 10 24
0.500 10 24
0.600 10 24
0.810 10 24
0.628 10 24
0.654 10 24

0.18 10 21
0.16 10 21
0.12 10 21
0.12 10 21
0.12 10 21
0.12 10 21
0.97 10 22
0.10 10 21
0.13 10 21
0.78 10 22
0.73 10 22

1.09
2.14
3.11
3.93
4.50
4.68
4.33
3.92
3.36
1.84
0.94

m2
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.1
0.05

0.05236119
0.1100282
0.1740242
0.2456425
0.3265793
0.4191237
0.5264710
0.5870526
0.6533343
0.8070581
0.8975459

0.130 10 24
0.245 10 24
0.216 10 24
0.227 10 24
0.285 10 24
0.333 10 24
0.348 10 24
0.297 10 24
0.408 10 24
0.243 10 24
0.203 10 24

0.25 10 21
0.22 10 21
0.12 10 21
0.92 10 22
0.87 10 22
0.80 10 22
0.66 10 22
0.51 10 22
0.62 10 22
0.30 10 22
0.23 10 22

0.52
0.98
1.41
1.77
2.07
2.25
2.28
2.20
2.04
1.38
0.80

m3
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.1
0.05

0.05245739
0.1104148
0.1749115
0.2472525
0.3290854
0.4226275
0.5308423
0.5917019
0.6579456
0.8103420
0.8992316

0.111 10 24
0.255 10 24
0.241 10 24
0.258 10 24
0.273 10 24
0.281 10 24
0.303 10 24
0.263 10 24
0.292 10 24
0.206 10 24
0.125 10 24

0.21 10 21
0.23 10 21
0.14 10 21
0.11 10 21
0.83 10 22
0.66 10 22
0.57 10 22
0.44 10 22
0.44 10 22
0.25 10 22
0.14 10 22

0.33
0.63
0.89
1.11
1.29
1.41
1.44
1.40
1.33
0.97
0.62

2
l1
m;k 2 lm;k =2:

J. Bystrom et al. / Composites: Part B 32 (2001) 485490

490
Table A2
m
Volume-fraction
0:812 0:6561

l~ m;k

NOS a

rm,k (%)

d~ m;k

0.200650

4 10 25

3.4919

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
1
2

4
9
16
25
36
49
64
81
100
1
16
81
1
64

0.201534
0.202145
0.202582
0.202892
0.203147
0.20333
0.20348
0.20358
0.20367
0.204436
0.202284
0.20322
0.205615
0.202945

1.6 10 24
1.6 10 24
3.7 10 24
2.1 10 24
2.6 10 24
6.6 10 24
5.7 10 24
6.3 10 24
6.0 10 24
2.9 10 25
3.7 10 24
6.1 10 24
2.0 10 25
6.3 10 24

3.0380
2.7265
2.5049
2.3483
2.2198
2.1278
2.0526
2.0024
1.9574
1.5753
2.6559
2.1831
0.9929
2.3216

Number of squares in the unit cell.

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Composites: Part B 31 (2000) 720

www.elsevier.com/locate/compositesb

An evaluation of different models for prediction of elastic properties of

woven composites
J. Bystrom a,*, N. Jekabsons b, J. Varna b
a

Department of Mathematics, Lulea University of Technology, S-97187 Lulea, Sweden

Division of Polymer Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, S-97187 Lulea, Sweden
Received 6 August 1999; accepted 30 September 1999

Abstract
A critical analysis of two simple and convenient analytical models for calculation of elastic properties of woven fabric composites is
performed. Predictions of these models are compared with results obtained using the method of reiterated homogenization and with
experimental data for plain weave glass fiber and carbon fiber polyester composites. Three different scales are identified in the analysis.
The first scale predictions, which are the tow properties (obtained by applying Hashins concentric cylinder model, the HalpinTsai
expressions or mathematical homogenization technique), are the most critical because they form the input information for woven composite
modeling. It appears that the uncertainty in this information causes larger differences in predictions than the deviations between models of
different degree of accuracy. This fact sets limits on the required accuracy of the models. Model comparisons reveal that the woven
composite model based on isostrain assumption in the composite plane and isostress assumption for out-of-plane components is in very
good agreement with both experimental data and the reiterated homogenization method, whereas the modified mosaic parallel model fails to
describe composites with large interlaced regions. q 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: B. Elasticity; Reiterated homogenization

1. Introduction
Although woven composites have no evident advantages
in the elastic properties versus laminated composites, their
relative usage have increased over the recent years. This
popularity comes from lower production costs (resin transfer molding), higher fracture toughness and better control
over the thermomechanical properties. These benefits are
related to the current textile technologies, which allows
production of fabrics with accurate, repeatable unit cells
(RUC). The elastic properties modeling can be considered
as the first step in the design of a new material.
By using the term elastic properties in the context of
woven composites, we are mainly thinking about the average elastic response of a large material region to load. We
are virtually replacing a part of the heterogeneous material
with a homogeneous one. Hence, in order to obtain the
elastic properties of woven composites, we need to formulate a homogenization problem over some representative
volume element (RVE) that is large enough to provide the
effective properties. This homogenization problem may
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: johanb@sm.luth.se (J. Bystrom).

contain several scales, and then the final homogenization

must be performed over all scales. Let us assume some
volume of the composite to be representative with respect
to its elastic properties, i.e. let this volume be the RVE, see
Fig. 1(a). This is the first scale. Usually, the RVE contains
several woven fabric layers stacked together in the thickness
direction (z-direction) with some number of RUCs in each
layer, and in general, the RUCs are randomly shifted with
respect to each other. As we will see below, this causes a
problemthe boundary conditions for each RUC are
unknown. The next scale (Fig. 1(b)) is the RUC scale. The
constituents of the RUC are tows with different orientations,
resin rich regions and possibly voids. The last scale is the
homogenization over fibers, matrix and voids on the tow
level (Fig. 1(c)). Thus we can recognize three different
scales in the homogenization problem.
Existing homogenization models can be divided into
three different categoriessemi-analytic engineering
models, models based on finite element method (FEM)
calculations and the relatively new mathematical homogenization method (MH). MH has been developed in the
studies of partial differential equations, see e.g. Refs. [1
4]. MH has been applied to woven composites in Refs. [5,6],
and in particular, in the present paper.

1359-8368/00/$ - see front matter q 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S1359-836 8(99)00061-X

J. Bystrom et al. / Composites: Part B 31 (2000) 720

Fig. 1. Different scales of woven composites: (a) representative volume

element; (b) repeatable unit cell of fabric; and (c) tow structure.

The semi-analytical models can be divided into two

groups, namely the classical laminate theory (CLT) type
of approach and the energy approach. The basic ideas of
the energy approach models are described in Ref. [7].
A huge spectrum of studies contains the CLT type of
approach. As one of the earliest here can be noted the
fiber inclination model by Chou et al. [8,9]. This model
divides the volume element into a number of inclined
unidirectional laminates. The mosaic model proposed by
Ishikawa and Chou [10,11] divides the unit cell into blocks
of cross-ply laminates. The fiber continuity and undulation
is taken into account by the fiber undulation model [12], and
further, the bridging model [13] proposed by the same
authors, combines the fiber undulation and mosaic models.
Karayaka and Kurath [14] have proposed a homogenization
model where they assemble flat matrix pockets as well as inplane and interlaced flat tow regions in the 3D representative volume element. Naik and Ganesh [15] have proposed a
refined version of Ishikawa and Chous model by using a
refined geometry of the RUC. The work [7] contains a more
complete list of the semi-analytical models.
In general, these models contain certain analytic expressions which give relationships between the properties of the
constituents (tows and matrix) and the final elastic properties of the woven composites with known morphologies of
the waviness. Most of the models predict the in-plane
thermo-elastic properties, but some of them can also predict
the out-of-plane properties [14,15].
Practically, all semi-analytic models work on the RUC
scale. The randomly shifted fabric layers can be taken into
account in the homogenization procedure as it is done in

Karayaka and Kuraths model [14]. Naik and Ganesh [15]

also considered a possible shift of the layers with respect to
each other in their papers.
Since semi-analytic models do not cover the tow scale,
experimental data for unidirectional composite laminates
[16] or different engineering model expressions could be
used here. Expressions like HalpinTsai [16] or Hashins
cylindrical model [17] are also useful to obtain the tow
elastic properties.
The main advantage of semi-analytic models is their
convenience of use, allowing fast evaluation of a new materials. The possibility to incorporate those models in FEM
software is of great practical interest for structural design.
Some of these models also allow to model damage and
fracture processes [14,15].
With their simplicity, semi-analytic models have several
disadvantages. This is because these models are not based
on the exact solution of the governing equations, hence the
obtained material properties correspond to certain assumptions. Other problems are related to the tow properties that
are the input data for all semi-analytic models, therefore the
final results depend on the tow level model.
Nowadays, FEM is a common tool to obtain the stress
strain state in a constrained elastic or inelastic solid. High
computer performance in combination with easy-to-use
commercial FEM software supports this application, and
at least theoretically, it is easy to apply FEM to solid
constructions with almost all levels of complexity. Many
authors [1820] use FEM in order to obtain the elastic
and fracture properties on the RUC scale. The disadvantages
of the FEM approach for the current problem are also well
known. It is not easy to use FEM on the RVE scaleshifted
layers imply complex boundary conditions and several
calculations must be performed in order to obtain the elastic
properties in the case of randomly shifted layers. The development time for a geometrical model of waviness is high,
and it is almost impossible to create models for n-harness
satin with n $ 5 by using standard FEM software. The
majority of all FEM models are 3D. The number of nodes
necessary to get acceptable accuracy in the 3D case may be
extremely high, and sometimes it is out of the range allowed
by the software (or hardware). The tow properties for FEM
calculations require a separate model. Since tow properties
as well as the geometrical details of the RUC are only
known approximately, the obtained high accuracy corresponds to the model but not to the real case. Finally, the
output of the finite element model is the stressstrain field.
Since we are interested in the average material properties
some homogenization over the RUC is necessary. This
homogenization sometimes introduces new assumptions,
and the advantages of the exact solution of the stressstrain
problem are lost.
The mathematical homogenization (MH) approach does
not contain some of the problems discussed before. The
basic idea in the MH method is that one introduces a small
parameter that describes the fineness of the microstructure.

J. Bystrom et al. / Composites: Part B 31 (2000) 720

In this sense, we have a sequence of problems, one for each

choice of the parameter. By letting the small parameter
tending to zero, we obtain a limit problem which is used
to define the effective properties. One advantage with this
general approach is that the microstructure does not have to
be periodic. For example, we can have almost periodicity or
a realization of a stationary random field. Moreover, it is
possible to apply the method to nonlinear problems. In this
paper, we use the so-called reiterated homogenization (RH),
described in Ref. [5] and also below in Section 4, to study a
linear elastic problem with periodic microstructure. Unfortunately, the complex geometry of the woven composites
RUC requires the use of numerical methods [6], therefore,
the work consumption in the modeling of a new material is
high compared to semi-analytical methods. In this paper,
results obtained by RH are used as an exact reference in
order to estimate the accuracy of simple engineering
models.
The objective of this study is to develop the homogenization method for stiffness matrix computation of woven
composites, and to perform a critical evaluation of the existing semi-analytical models based on experimental data. We
apply several semi-analytic models and the developed RH
method in order to predict the elastic properties of the tows
and also of the whole 3D stiffness matrix of the woven
composite.

2. Materials and testing procedures

2.1. Materials
Two different composite materials are used in the experimental studies. The E-glass fiber woven composite is the
first material. The corresponding fabric is rowing plain
weave cloth Ahlstrom R3-290 with a fabric area density
of 290 g/m 2. The second material is a TENAX HTA pitch
based carbon fiber woven composite with fabric code
Brochier Injectex GB200. The area density of the fabric is
205 g/m 2.
Every fifth fill tow is twisted, therefore some local thickness inhomogeneity is introduced. In any other physical
characteristics (tow density, tow type, number of fibers per
tow), the fill and warp directions are equal. Although such a
woven pattern differs from plain weave, the authors have not
been able to find any experimentally observable difference
in the elastic properties between the warp and fill directions.
Thus from now on, the pattern is assumed to be plain weave.
The high-modulus unsaturated polyester resin Neste
S910-4138 is used as matrix for both the glass and carbon
composites. The woven laminates were manufactured at the
Swedish Institute of Composites (SICOMP). The carbon
plates contain eight fabric layers and the glass plates contain
nine layers of fabric. For the matrix filling in the reinforcement, vacuum bag molding was used. According to the resin
manufacturers recommendations, the composite plate was

after the filling cured inside the bag during 30 min at 308C
temperature.
The complete post-curing, which continued for 4 h at
808C (as prescribed by the resin manufacturer), was only
done for the carbon fiber material. The composite specimens
with glass fiber yarns only had 30 min of post-curing at
808C, and hence the curing process was not completed. To
make the modeling correct, the elastic properties of polyester samples with the same thermal history as the woven
fabric composites were measured. The corresponding values
of Youngs moduli then differed, being 3.00 and 3.43 GPa
for partially and fully cured resins (called matrix A and
matrix B in the following), respectively. This difference is
taken into account in the further calculations.
The thicknesses of the glass fabric and carbon fabric
composite plates after curing were about 1.75 and
2.20 mm, respectively.

2.2. Testing procedures

Because of the simple test procedure and the possibility to
measure two elastic constants at once, the tensile test
method is chosen as the method to identify the elastic properties of the samples. The tests where carried out on a 25 kN
universal servohydraulic Instron model 1272 test machine at
a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min.
The specimens were cut out from a composite plate in the
45 and 08 directions with respect to the weave pattern. After
polishing the specimens edges, tabs made of TE 630 glass
epoxy woven material were glued. The distance between the
tabs (gage length) was 150 mm and the specimens width
were about 25 mm. Specimens were made according to
ASTM standard D3878 (related to high-modulus fibers
and their composites). Since the ASTM standards do not
contain direct recommendations for the testing of woven
composites, the standards described in Ref. [21] were used
to decide specimen dimensions and loading rate.
The standard Epsilon 3542-050M-025-ST extensometer
with a gage length of 50 mm was used for the strain
measurements in the load direction. The strains perpendicular to the load direction were measured with 5 mm long
strain gages. Although the size of the characteristic woven
RUC 4 4 mm can be covered by this gage, the gage may
appear too short. However, several tests performed using
both the extensometer and the gage oriented in the same
direction showed that the measured strain values from
those different sources differed only negligible (about
1%). Neither did the standard deviations of the properties
obtained from different specimens show any difference
between the gage measurements and the extensometer
measurements.
To insure a linear-elastic response of the material, a maximal elongation of 0.2% axial strain was allowed. Several
loadingunloading steps were performed for each specimen. The in-plane moduli and Poissons ratios were

J. Bystrom et al. / Composites: Part B 31 (2000) 720

10

Table 1
Characteristics of the plain weave composites RUCs
Property

E-glass/Matrix A HTA/Matrix B

Size of the RUC l (mm)

4.4
Thickness of the RUC h (mm)
0.2
Width of the tows L (mm)
2.0
Volume fraction of the tows
0.91
Fiber volume fraction in the tows VfY 0.66
Overall fiber volume fraction VfC
0.60
Interlaced angle a u (8)
30.0
a

4.17
0.28
1.37
0.66
0.62
0.41
11.3

Related to the other items in the table through Eq. (23).

obtained through the average elastic values on the unloading

part of the loading sequence.
The size of the RUC required for the modeling was
obtained by counting yarns over one meter of non-impregnated woven fabric. The tow width for the final composite
was obtained from optical microscopy with a digital camera.
The NIH-IMAGE software was used for bothdigital
image capturing and the following tow size measurements.
The input values for the modeling were obtained by averaging over about 10 images of a single tow. Table 1 contains
the measured characteristics of the RUC.
In order to obtain the elastic modulus of the resin, several
unsaturated polyester samples with different extent of
curing were tested in a three-point bending test (ASTM
standard D790M for flexural properties of unreinforced
and reinforced plastics). Poissons ratio of the resin was
measured in a tensile test, as described in ASTM D638-96.

3. Semi-analytical models of stiffness reduction

Since the goal of this paper is not to try all existing semianalytical models, only two are described. A modified
mosaic parallel model (MMPM) is chosen because it is
simple. The Karayaka and Kurath model (KKM) is more
complex and more accurate.
3.1. A modified mosaic parallel model
Semi-analytical models have different levels of complexity. The benefits of simple models are their ready-to-use, but
the disadvantages are their low accuracy. As an example of
a model which may be the simplest possible for the considered problem, we can mention the mosaic model proposed
by Ishikawa and Chou [10,11]. This model greatly simplifies the fabric geometry by ignoring fiber continuity and
undulation. The sequence of assumptions for the unit cell
is schematically shown in Fig. 2.
It follows from the figure that the composite can be treated as an assemblage of pieces of unidirectional cross-ply
laminates. The real RUC of the fabric is three-dimensional
(3D) (Fig. 2(b)), but the mosaic model simplifies it by breaking
up the plate into two types of plies. The plies are considered

Fig. 2. Idealization of the mosaic model: (a) cross-sectional view of a

woven fabric; (b) row of transverse oriented bundles replaced by transverse ply; (c) interlaced regions replaced by two plies (0 and 908) linked
in parallel; and (d) mosaic model of repeating unit cell for 8 harness satin.

to be linked in parallel (as in a cross-ply laminate) or serially, which corresponds directly to the isostrain and isostress
assumptions, respectively. Knowing the properties of the
constituents, the stiffness of each such a ply can be calculated by using micro-mechanics. The isostrain and isostress
assumptions give upper and lower bounds for the modulus
of the construction. As it is shown in the original work [11],
the difference between the upper and lower bounds is high
and comparable to the absolute value of the modulus for
plain weave fabrics. Thus the mosaic model is not valid
for plain weave fabric based composites in its initial form.
However, there exists a modification of the mosaic model
suggested by Naik and Ganesh (called the modified mosaic
parallel model MMPM). Based on experimental data and
predictions of their other models, they claim that instead
of the yarn fiber volume fraction VfY ; the experimentally
determined fiber volume fraction of the overall composite
VfC ; should be used to calculate the properties of each unidirectional ply. Then the MMPM accuracy is improved if the
isostrain conditions for the in-plane and isostress conditions
for the out-of-plane properties are used.
3.2. Karayaka and Kurath model
Karayaka and Kurath [14] have proposed an approach
based on simple homogenization for modeling the elastic
properties and failure behavior of a textile composite. Their
approach leads to the determination of 3D stresses in the
interlacing region of the composite. The main features of the
elastic analysis are described below. The representative
volume element of the woven composite is homogenized
as a combination of unidirectional and interlaced regions.
The 3D unit cell is considered to be assembled from idealized

J. Bystrom et al. / Composites: Part B 31 (2000) 720

11

Fig. 3. Homogenization unit cell by Karayaka and Kurath.

sub-cells (Fig. 3). Two coordinate systems are chosen. The

global coordinates X and Y are along the longitudinal and
transverse directions of the specimen, respectively. The Z
coordinate is along the thickness direction. The local coordinate system is defined by the triad x, y, z, with x along the
local fiber direction. For resin pockets in between yarns, the
local and global systems are equal. In the local coordinate
system, the linear elastic constitutive behavior of each subregion is given by
8
9
sxx >
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
s
>
>
yy
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
< szz >
=

l
C11

6
6 l
6 C21
6
6 l
6 C31
6
6
6 0
>
>
>
6
> tyz >
>
>
>
6
>
>
6
>
>
>
txz >
6 0
>
>
>
>
4
>
>
:
;
txy
0

l
C12

l
C13

l
C22

l
C23

l
C32

l
C33

l
C44

l
C55

38
9
e
>
> xx >
>
7>
>
>
7>
>
e
>
>
0 7>
yy
>
>
7>
>
>
>
7>
< ezz >
=
0 7
7
;
7
> gyz >
>
0 7
7>
>
>
>
>
7>
>
7>
>
>
0 7
> gxz >
>
>
5>
>
>
:
;
l
gxy
C66
1
0

Eq. (2) is then decomposed into the in-plane components

8
9 2
9
38
sXX >
eXX >
C11 C12 C16 >
>
>
>
>
>
<
<
= 6
=
7
6
7
sYY 4 C21 C22 C26 5 eYY
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
:
:
;
;
tXY
C61 C62 C66
gXY
9
2
38
eZZ >
C13 C14 C15 >
>
>
<
=
6
7
6
7
3
1 4 C23 C24 C25 5 gYZ
>
>
>
>
:
;
C63 C64 C65
gXZ
and out-of-plane components
8
9 2
9
38
sZZ >
eXX >
C31 C32 C36 >
>
>
>
>
>
<
= 6
=
7<
6
7
tYZ 4 C41 C42 C46 5 eYY
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
:
:
;
;
tXZ
C51 C52 C56
gXY
9
2
38
eZZ >
C33 C34 C35 >
>
>
=
6
7<
6
7
1 4 C43 C44 C45 5 gYZ :
>
>
>
>
:
;
C53 C54 C55
gXZ

where the superscript l denotes the stiffness tensor in the

local basis. The transformation of constitutive equations for
each sub-cell is done using the usual tensor transformation
relations. In general this leads to a fully populated stiffness
matrix defined in the global axes

Eqs. (3) and (4) can be written in a shorter form as follows

(
sin C1 ein 1 C2 eout ;
5
sout C3 ein 1 C4 eout ;

8
9 2
sXX >
C11
>
>
>
>
>
>
> 6
>
>
6 C21
sYY >
>
6
>
>
>
>
6
>
>
>
>
< sZZ = 6
6 C31
6
6
>
>
6 C41
>
tYZ >
>
>
6
>
>
>
>
6
>
>
6
>
>
>
> tXZ >
> 4 C51
>
>
:
;
tXY
C61

where the subscripts in and out denote the in-plane and

out-of-plane components of the corresponding stresses and
strains.
The effective stresses and strains are defined as the volumetric average of the actual stresses and strains over every
sub-cell, that is, uniform stress and strain are assumed in
each sub-cell. The following boundary conditions are used
at the interface of the sub-cells:
(
e in eink ;
k 1; N;
6
k
s out sout ; k 1; N;

C12

C13

C14

C15

C22

C23

C24

C25

C32

C33

C34

C35

C42

C43

C44

C45

C52

C53

C54

C55

C62

C63

C64

C65

9
38
C16 > eXX >
>
>
>
7>
>
>
>
>
C26 7
e
>
YY >
7>
>
>
7>
>
>
>
7
<
=
C36 7 eZZ >
7
:
7>
>
C46 7
gYZ >
>
>
7>
>
>
>
7>
>
>
>
C56 7
g
>
>
XZ
5>
>
>
>
>
:
;
C66
gXY
2

J. Bystrom et al. / Composites: Part B 31 (2000) 720

12

where N is the number of sub-cells in the representative

volume and the average stresses and strains are s and e ;
respectively. By rearranging Eq. (5), averaging the result
over all sub-cells and using Eq. (6), the effective in-plane
stresses and out-of-plane strains are obtained as
(
s in C1p e in 1 C2p s out ;
7
e out C3p s out 2 C4p e in ;
where
C1p

N
X

fk C1 2 C2 C421 C3 k ;

k1

C2p

N
X

N
X

fk C2 C421 k ;

N
X

where G1 > G2 B and G1 < G2 2V: Hookes law states

that

s Ce;
fk C421 k ;

10

fk C421 C3 k ;

11

k1

C4p

The idea of reiterated homogenization can for instance be

found in the book by Bensoussan et al. [1]. In order to derive
the governing equations, we consider a linear elastic body
which occupies a region V in R 3 and introduce a Cartesian
coordinate system (xi). Moreover, we define s sij ; f
fi ; t ti ; u ui and n ni , as the stress tensor,
the internal force field, the surface force field, the displacement field and the outer unit normal to the boundary 2V of
V , respectively. The equilibrium equations for the body are
(
7s 1 f 0 in V;
u 0 on G1 and s n t on G2 ;

k1

C3p

4. Reiterated homogenization

k1

and fk is the volume fraction of the kth sub-cell in the representative unit cell.
By solving the system of Eq. (7), we obtain the relation
between the average stresses and average strains as
#(
(
) " p
)
s in
e in
C1 1 C2p C3p21 C4p C2p C3p21

s out
e out
C3p21 C4p
C3p21
(
)
e in
:
12
Q
e out
Since the matrix Q in Eq. (12) is the stiffness matrix of the
homogenized composite, the in-plane elastic constants are
EX 1=S11 ;

EY 1=S22 ;

GXY 1=S66 ;

nXY 2S12 =S11 ;

13

and out-of-plane elastic constants are

EZ 1=S33 ;

GYZ 1=S44 ;

nYZ 2S23 =S22 ;

21

GXZ 1=S55 ;

nXZ 2S13 =S11 ;

14

where S Q : From the symmetry of our plain-weave

pattern and the assumption of transverse isotropy of the
tows follows that EX EY ; GXY GXZ and nXZ nYZ :
Both the methods (MMPM and KKM) described above
are implemented in ANSI C source code and tested in the
Linux OS. These codes are freely obtainable by contacting
the authors. The results of the modeling for different woven
composites are presented in the discussion part.

15

where the product between the fourth-order tensor C

Cijkl and the second-order tensor e ekl should be interpreted as
Ceij Cijkl ekl
from now on. Here e ekl is the strain tensor defined as
eu

1
2

7u 1 7uT

and Cijkl is the tensor of elastic moduli (or stiffness tensor)

with the symmetries Cijkl Cijlk Cjikl Cklij : Using these
equations, the equilibrium equations become
(
27Ceu f in V;
u 0 on G1 and Ceun t on G2 :
Let us now assume that the body consists of two or more
different linear elastic materials which are periodically
distributed in the sense that we can define unit cells which
are periodically repeated. In this case, we assume that we
have two different scales of periodicity. Furthermore,
assume that C(y,z) is YZ-periodic, i.e. this means that
C(y1,z1) C(y2,z2) whenever (y1,z1) and (y2,z2) occupy the
same positions in their corresponding cells. Thus we introduce the local variables y x/e and z x/e 2 and put
C e C(x/e ,x/e 2) C(y,z).
We now consider the following class of problems, one
problem for each choice of e ,
(
27Ce eue g in V;
ue 0 onG1 and Ce eue n t on G2 :
We want to approximate the solutions u e by means of a
function u which solves the problem corresponding to a
homogenized material,
(

27Ceu
f in V;
16

t on G2 :
u 0 on G1 and Ceun
where C is a constant tensor whose response is close (in

J. Bystrom et al. / Composites: Part B 31 (2000) 720

13

Table 2
Measured in-plane properties of the plain weave composite

formulae. In short, the overall homogenization can be

computed by the reiterated homogenization procedure:

Property

E-glass/matrix A

HTA/Matrix B

Youngs modulus (GPa)

Poissons ratio
Shear modulus a (GPa)
Shear modulus b (GPa)

26.3 ^ 2
0.14 ^ 0.01
4.8 ^ 0.3
4.5 ^ 0.3

46.5 ^ 2
0.05 ^ 0.009
4.2 ^ 0.3
4.0 ^ 0.3

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

a
b

Modulus EX45 of 458 specimen was used (Eq. (21)).

Modulus EX45 and Poissons ratio n45
XY was used (Eq. (22)).

some context) to the response of the actual heterogeneous

tensor C. To find this tensor, we assume a multiple scales
expansion of u e (x) of the form
ue x u0 x; y; z 1 eu1 x; y; z 1 e2 u2 x; y; z 1 ;
where u (n), n 0; 1; 2; ; are Y-periodic in the coordinate y
and Z-periodic in the coordinate z. Let us denote ea u
1=27a u 1 7a uT for a x; y; z: Then reiterated homogenization gives the homogenized tensor
1 Z b
b
17
Cy 1 Cye
C
y Wh dy;
uYu Y
where Wh Whrs are the Y-periodic weak solutions of the
Y cell problem
b
7y Cye
y h 1 Wh 0;

18

b
with the boundary conditions hrs
i dir ys : Here, Cy is the Z
cell homogenized tensor given by
1 Z
b
Cy; z 1 Cy; zez Vz dz;
19
Cy

uZu Z
where Vz Vzrs are the Z-periodic weak solutions of the Z
cell problem
7z Cy; zez z 1 Vz 0;

20

zirs

dir zs : We also obtain the

with the boundary conditions
following expression for the vector g:
1 ZZ
f dy dz:
g
uYuuZu
Y Z
See Appendix A for a simple derivation of the above

Property

E-glass/Matrix A HTA/Matrix B

Axial Youngs modulus (GPa)

Transverse Youngs modulus (GPa)
In plane shear modulus (GPa)
Major Poissons ratio
Transverse Poissons ratio
Density (g/cm 3)

72.4
72.4
29.8
0.22
0.22
2.54

5. Results and discussions

5.1. Experimental results
The results of the uniaxial tensile tests of woven composites are summarized in Table 2. The values of Youngs
modulus and Poissons ratio are measured directly on specimens with zero degree orientation (0,90) with respect to the
weave pattern. The shear modulus GXY is calculated from the
elastic properties obtained in tests on (0,90) and (^45)
specimens. Since both the modulus and Poissons ratio are
measured for all specimens, there are two separate ways of
how to calculate the shear moduli based on stiffness tensor
transformations. The expressions of GXY are (see Ref. [16])
"
#21
1
m4
n4
2nXY
2 2
2
2
1
21
GXY m n
EX
EY
EX
EX45
and

"

GXY m n

2 2

n45
m4
n4
2n
XY
1
1
2 m4 1 n4 1 XY
45
EX
EY
EX
EX

#21
;

22
EX45

n45
XY

and
are the elastic properties of the (^45)
where
specimens, m2 cos2 u 1=2 and n2 sin2 u 1=2: From
Table 2, shear modulus values obtained with different data
reduction procedures differ by 8%. This difference may
correspond to the overall accuracy of the measurements.
A possible source of this may be the natural deviations in
specimen properties. Also, the loading curve nonlinearities
of the (^45) specimens (softening) and the HTA carbon/
Matrix B (0,90) specimens (fiber stiffening) are open for
discussion.
5.2. Input data for modeling

Table 3
Fiber properties

solve the Z cell problem (Eq. (20)) numerically;

compute the Z homogenized tensor (Eq. (19));
solve the Y cell problem (Eq. (18)) numerically;
compute the overall homogenized tensor by Eq. (17);
insert the homogenized tensor into the homogenized Eq.
(16) and solve the problem.

238
40 a
22 b
0.20
0.25 b
1.77

Transverse properties for PAN based carbon fibers.

Back calculation from ply properties of tested GB200/RTM6 plies.

The necessary properties of the fibers are collected in

Table 3. Only the longitudinal modulus EL and the fiber
density were given by the producer of the carbon fibers
(the fiber density is used to obtain the volume fractions
VfY and VfC : All other properties come from different
sources, and the accuracies of these data are unknown.
The properties of the other constituents are more accurate. The glass fibers are made of standard E-glass, see Table
3. The matrix test results are summarized in Table 4.
Elastic properties of the unidirectional composites are the

J. Bystrom et al. / Composites: Part B 31 (2000) 720

14

Table 4
Measured polyester NesteS910-4138 matrix properties

Table 6
Tow properties; results of different models

Property

E-glass/Matrix A

HTA/Matrix B

HTA carbon/Matrix B, VfY 0:62

Postcuring time (h)

Youngs modulus (GPa)
Poissons ratio

0.5
3.0 ^ 0.05
0.38 ^ 0.02

4
3.4 ^ 0.04
0.36 ^ 0.02

Property

MH

Hashin

HalpinTsai

Axial Youngs modulus EL (GPa)

Transverse Youngs modulus ET (GPa)
Major Poissons ratio n LT
Transverse Poissons ratio n TT
Shear modulus GLT (GPa)

149
11.5
0.25
0.42
4.05

149
10.0
0.25
0.54
4.38

149
13.1
0.26
0.30
5.94

input data for both semi-analytical models (tow properties in

KKM and effective layer properties in MMPM). We have
used two different analytical models and mathematical
homogenization theory for the predictions of them. In all
models, the composite is assumed to be macroscopically
transversely isotropic, therefore
GTT

ET
21 1 nTT

reality? We do not know, because of the inaccuracy of the

constituent properties.

5.3. Results of modeling

with L being the fiber direction and T being the transverse

direction. The HalpinTsai expressions with the parameters
suggested in Ref. [16] and Hashins model [17] (random
concentric cylinder cell, lower bound) are chosen because
they are more accurate compared to the constant stress
models and can be used for anisotropic fibers. Halpin
Tsais model can only predict transverse and shear inplane moduli. The rule of mixtures is used for the rest of
the elastic properties. This approach will be denoted
HalpinTsai. Hexagonal (in the plane of isotropy) unit
cells were used for mathematical homogenization, because
they are the simplest cells which fulfill the requirement of
transverse isotropy. Tables 5 and 6 contains tow properties
for both glass and carbon fibers. From the table, all micromechanics models predict almost the same longitudinal
modulus EL and major Poissons ratio nLT : The situation
with the rest of the elastic properties is more complex,
because predictions of different models for transverse
modulus ET and shear modulus GLT differs a lot, with the
maximum error being about 30% of the absolute value.
HalpinTsais model have a tendency to give higher ET
and GLT compared to homogenization theory, while
Hashins model give lower values (since it is a lower
bound). However, in the glass-fiber case Hashins model
gives an extremely high transverse Poissons ratio nTT :
Still, the predictions of Hashins model seem closer to the
MH results than HalpinTsais model does. Do the exact
results of mathematical homogenization correspond to the

We used the semi-analytical models as described in

Section 3 and the RH method with RUC dimensions from
Table 1 in order to obtain the elastic properties of the woven
composites E-glass/Matrix A and HTA carbon/Matrix B. In
order to emulate random lay-up of composites in the Z
(thickness) direction, we used a RVE for RH that consisted
of two layers of the plain weave, shifted with respect to each
other by DX l=4; DY l=4 in the XY plane. The results
of all discussed models are presented in Tables 710. Tables
7 and 8 contain predictions for the in-plane properties of Eglass/Matrix A and HTA carbon/Matrix B, respectively. Let
us focus on the results from the more exact RH model and
evaluate the models agreement with the experiments, see
Table 2. The comparison concludes that in the E-glass/
Matrix A composite case, the agreement for the in-plane
modulus EX and Poissons ratio nXY is good (relative deviation # 3%). For the HTA carbon/Matrix B composite, the
EX value has a deviation of about 2%, which is good. One
possible reason for this disagreement may be wrong
assumptions about the crimp of yarn in the unit cellto
obtain a flat RUC we assumed that the value of the
fiber inclination angle u is related to the other RUC
Table 7
Predicted in-plane properties of the E-glass/Matrix A woven composite
Property

Youngs modulus EX
EY (GPa)

Table 5
Tow properties; results of different models
E-glass/Matrix A, VfY 0:66
Property

MH

Hashin

HalpinTsai

Axial Youngs modulus EL (GPa)

Transverse Youngs modulus ET (GPa)
Major Poissons ratio n LT
Transverse Poissons ratio n TT
Shear modulus GLT (GPa)

48.6
13.6
0.27
0.25
4.41

48.6
11.0
0.27
0.26
4.53

48.6
15.6
0.27
0.27
6.25

Poissons ratio n XY

Shear modulus GXY (GPa)

Tow model

MH
Hashin
HalpinTsai
MH
Hashin
HalpinTsai
MH
Hashin
HalpinTsai

Homogenization
RH

KKM

MMPMa

26.5

27.4

28.0

26.2
28.4
0.12
0.11
0.14
4.1
3.7
5.8

27.0
30.0
0.11
0.10
0.13
3.6
3.8
5.3

0.12

3.9

Fiber volume fraction VfC for each ply is 0.60.

J. Bystrom et al. / Composites: Part B 31 (2000) 720

15

Table 8
Predicted in-plane properties of the HTA carbon/Matrix B woven composite
Property

Youngs modulus EX
EY (GPa)
Poissons ratio n XY

Shear modulus GXY (GPa)

Tow model

MH
Hashin
HalpinTsai
MH
Hashin
HalpinTsai
MH
Hashin
HalpinTsai

Homogenization
RH

KKM

MMPMa

45.5

44.3

53.7

43.9
45.2
0.047
0.044
0.052
3.1
3.3
4.3

53.0
53.9
0.039
0.036
0.045
2.5
2.7
3.4

0.052

3.0

Fiber volume fraction VfC for each ply is 0.41.

characteristics as (see Fig. 4)

h
23
sin u
l 2 2L
where l , L and h come from Table 1. Any other u value
leads to a Z-twisted RUC. To obtain correct values of u ,
more micro-structural investigations must be performed.
The values of the shear moduli are quite inaccurate for
both glass and carbon composites. In both cases, the theories
predict lower shear moduli, which is not surprising, since
the predicted shear moduli of the tows (Table 3) have quite
low values (except the predictions of the HalpinTsai
model, which we assume to be more inaccurate). For glass
fibers, the tow shear modulus from the MH method is even
lower than the overall measured shear modulus of the
composite. The sources of this inaccuracy are not known.
The out-of-plane properties were not measured, therefore
a comparison with experiments is not available. Comparisons between different models (Tables 7 and 8 for the inplane properties) show that the simple MMPM (with MH or
Hashin ply properties) slightly overestimate EX and EY for
the E-glass/Matrix A composite, but it fails to predict the
moduli EX, EY of the carbon HTA carbon/Matrix B

Fig. 4. Dimensions of idealized RUC.

composite. This is related to the geometry of the different

RUCs, see Table 1 and Fig. 4. The glass fiber fabric contains
large flat regions with short interlaced parts, which corresponds to a high volume fraction of the tows. Because the
amount of the flat tow regions (Fig. 4) is so high (83% of the
XY area in the RUC), the elastic properties of the woven
composite are almost the same as for a cross-ply laminate,
and thus the MMPM model works fine. The studied carbon
fabric has a smaller amount of flat tow regions (only 43% of
the XY area in the RUC), and hence regions with fiber inclination are more important. The cross-ply model with
straight fibers only (MMPM) does in this case not work.
Even if the out-of-plane properties for the MMPM assumptions are extremely rough, MMPM still gives acceptable (as
compared to the RH and KKM models) out-of-plane elastic
constants (Tables 9 and 10) for both the HTA carbon/Matrix
B as well as for the E-glass/Matrix A woven composites.
The KKM (MH tows) and RH model gives quite close inplane and out-of-plane values of the elastic properties
(Tables 710). At least these values are practically always
much closer to each other than to the experimental data.
This gives some conclusions about the necessary complexity of the modelon the RUC scale, there is no point in
using models that are more complex such as KKM. The
major problem is to obtain the right tow elastic properties
and to find a good approximation of the RUC geometry,
because these parameters affect a larger part of the final
models error.

Table 9
Predicted out-of-plane properties of the E-glass/Matrix A woven composite

Table 10
Predicted out-of-plane properties of the HTA carbon/Matrix B woven
composite

Property

Property

Tow model

Homogenization
RH

Youngs modulus EZ (GPa)

Major Poissons ratio nXZ nYZ
Shear modulus GXZ GYZ
(GPa)

KKM MMPMa

MH
12.4 12.7 12.5
Hashin
11.9 12.0
HalpinTsai
13.6 13.5
MH
0.39 0.39 0.40
Hashin
0.49 0.49
HalpinTsai
0.31 0.29
MH
3.8
4.3
3.9
Hashin
HalpinTsai

Fiber volume fraction VfC for each ply is 0.60.

Tow model

3.7
5.5

Homogenization
RH

Youngs modulus EZ (GPa)

Major Poissons ratio nXZ nYZ
Shear modulus GXZ GYZ
(GPa)

2.9
5.2
a

KKM MMPMa

MH
9.2
Hashin
HalpinTsai
MH
0.43
Hashin
HalpinTsai
MH
2.7

8.7
8.5
8.9
0.47
0.51
0.41
2.8

9.1
9.1
8.8
0.44
0.49
0.34
2.5

Hashin
HalpinTsai

2.6
3.1

2.1
3.1

Fiber volume fraction VfC for each ply is 0.41.

16

J. Bystrom et al. / Composites: Part B 31 (2000) 720

The results of parametric studies of the influence of the

tow inclination angle u on the in-plane modulus EX by using
KKM are shown in Fig. 5 (the calculations show that the
variations of u from 0 to 358 give negligible effect on the
values of all other elastic constants). The two curves correspond to the E-glass/Matrix A and HTA carbon/Matrix B
woven composites. As follows from previous discussions,
the drop in the modulus value with an increase in u for the
HTA carbon/Matrix B composite is much higher than for
the E-glass/Matrix A composite. The big dots on the curves
correspond to the u values from Table 1 and the square
marks correspond to the measured EX values (Tables 7
and 8). The difference in u between these two markers for
HTA carbon/Matrix B are only 38, thus it is fully possible
that a wrong choice of the interlaced angle u causes an
observable disagreement between the predicted and the
measured values. Even if it requires a very high accuracy
of the measurement, it is possible to measure the real value
of u to obtain a verification of the analysis above.

6. Conclusions
1. The applicability of approximate analytical models for
elastic properties determination of woven composites is
analyzed comparing with results obtained using the reiterated homogenization method and comparing with test
data. Calculations are performed on several scales: one
on the fiber scale to obtain tow properties and one on the
RUC scale to determine the macroscopic elastic properties
of the woven composite.
2. Tow properties are obtained using the homogenization
method as well as Hashins concentric cylinder model
and the HalpinTsai expressions.
3. The MMPM by Naik and Ganesh, KKM by Karayaka
and Kurath and RH are used to obtain macro-properties.
4. Two plain weave fabric reinforced polyester matrix
composites (glass fiber and carbon fiber) are used in
order to create experimental data for evaluation of the
models.

5. Analysis show that the most critical is the tow elastic

properties determination. Both Hashin model and the
HalpinTsai expressions give rather different results
than the homogenization method. The exact architecture
of the reinforcement (the orientation angle in the interlaced region) may have significant effect on the predictions, and the introduced inaccuracy in this step may
explain the deviations with the test results.
6. Starting with the same tow properties, the MMPM model
may in some cases (carbon fiber composite) lead to rather
erroneous results even for in-plane properties. Karayaka
and Kuraths model gives results that are accurate
enough for practical applications.

Acknowledgements
We want to thank Professor Lars-Erik Persson, Department of Mathematics, Lulea University of Technology,
Sweden, for generous advises and fruitful discussions
concerning questions connected to this paper. Moreover,
we thank the Swedish Research Council for Engineering
Sciences (grant TFR 96-422) for financial support.

Appendix A. Derivation of reiterated homogenization

expressions
We recall the model problem
(

27Ce eue f in V;
ue 0 on G1 and C e eue n t on G2 ;

A1

and assume a multiple scales expansion of ue x on the form

ue x u0 x; y; z 1 eu1 x; y; z 1 e2 u2 x; y; z 1 ;
A2
where un ; n 0; 1; 2; ; Y-periodic in the coordinate y
and Z-periodic in the coordinate z. Moreover, we define
e(u) by
eu

1
2

7u 1 7uT :

Then according to the chain rule, we then obtain (recall that

y x=e and z x=e2
"
1
1
7ux 1 7ux T 1 7uy 1 7uy T
eu
2
e
#
1
T
1 2 7uz 1 7uz :
e
Now we insert the expression for ue and expand eue : Then
the strain field eue can be written
Fig. 5. Parametric studies of the influence of the inclination angle on the
normalized in-plane modulus EX.

eue e22 e0 1 e21 e1 1 e2 1 ee3 1 ;

A3

J. Bystrom et al. / Composites: Part B 31 (2000) 720

where we have defined ea ui by

i

ea u

1
2

i T

In order to solve these equations, we need the following

lemma.

a x; y; z;

7a u 1 7a u ;

Lemma A1. Let Fi, i 1; 2; 3 be square integrable functions over A and consider the boundary value problem

and then introduced ei through

e0 ez u0 ;
i22

ei ex u

e1 ey u0 1 ez u1 ;
i21

1 ey u

1 ez u ;

17

A1 F F; F A-periodic in a:
i 2; 3; 4;
A4

Consequently, by Hookes law (Eq. (15)), the stress field

s ue can be represented as

s ue C e y; zeue e22 s0 1 e21 s1 1 s2 1 es3 1 ;

A5
where

si Ce y; zei :
Here and from now on, the product between the fourthorder tensor C Cijkl and the second-order tensor e
ekl should be interpreted as

Then the following holds:

1 R
Fda
1. An A-periodic solution exists if and only if
uAu A
0;
2. If an A-periodic solution exists, then it is unique up to an
additive constant (with respect to a) vector c.
Proof. See for instance the book by Persson et al. [4].
Clearly Eq. (A7) has one solution u0 0: Thus by the
lemma it follows that
u0 x; y; z u~ 0 x; y:

A12

Ceij Cijkl ekl ;

By noting that kA2 u lZ 0 (by Z-periodicity), we can use

the lemma on Eq. (A8). Thus we see that the solution can be
written

and the divergence of this quantity should be interpreted as

~ 0 x; yrs 1 u~ 1 x; y;
u1 x; y; z Vrs
z zey u

7a Cei

2
C e :
2aj ijkl kl

where Vz z Vrs
z z is determined by the Z cell problems
2Cijrs
;
2zj

By putting Eqs. (A3) and (A4) into Eq. (A1) and using

A1 Vrs
z i

7 7x 1 e21 7y 1 e22 7z ;

These cell problems can equivalently be stated as

23

22

21

e A1 1 e A2 1 e A3 1 e A4 1 A5 u

A2 27z Cey 2 7y Cez ;

Using the lemma on Eq. (A9), we see that there exists a

solution if
1 Z
A2 u1 1 A3 u0 dz 0:
A17
uZu Z

where the operators A1 ; ; A5 are defined by

A6

A3 27z Cex 2 7y Cey 2 7x Cez ;

A4 27y Cex 2 7x Cey ;

A5 27x Cex :

By collecting powers of e , we see that the following five

lowest order equations are relevant to solve:
0 A1 u0 ;

A7

0 A1 u1 1 A2 u0 ;

A8

0 A1 u2 1 A2 u1 1 A3 u0 ;

A9

0 A1 u3 1 A2 u2 1 A3 u1 1 A4 u0 ;
f A1 u

1 A2 u

A15

with the boundary conditions zrs

i dir zs : The homogenization theory (see Ref. [4]) now states that we can compute the
^
Z cell homogenized tensor C^ Cy
by
1 Z
^
Cy; z 1 Cy; zez Vz dz:
A16
Cy

uZu Z

f;

Vz is Z-periodic;

A14

1 eu

1 e2 u2 1

A1 27z Cez ;

Vrs
z z are Z-periodic:

A1 z 1 Vz 0;

we see that Eq. (A1) can be written as

24

A13

1 A3 u

1 A4 u

A10
0

1 A5 u :

A11

Now
Z
Z
A2 u1 dz 2 7z Cey u1 1 7y Cez u1 dz
Z

27y

Z
Z



~ 0 rs
Cez Vrs
z dz ey u

and
Z
Z
A3 u0 dz 2 7z Cex u0 1 7y Cey u0 dz
Z

27y

Z
Z



C dz ey u~ 0

J. Bystrom et al. / Composites: Part B 31 (2000) 720

18

by the Z-periodicity of C. Hence the requirement (A17) can

be written

by Z periodicity. Hence Eq. (A23) states that

a1 u~ 0 0;

27y

A18

where the operator a1 is defined by

^ y :
a1 27y Ce

A19

~ 1 x; y u~ 1 x; y:
u1 x; y; z Vrs
z zey uxrs 1 u

A1 u2 2A3 u0 2 A2 u1

7z Cex ux 1 ey u~ 1 x; y

A20

we see that the lemma applies since

7z Cex ux 1 ey u~ 1 x; y dz 0

A21

by the Z-periodicity of Cijkl. By using Eq. (A14) in Eq.

(A20), it follows by linearity and the lemma that the solution
of Eq. (A9) is
1 ey u~ 1 rs 1 u~ 2 x; y:

A22

According to the lemma, Eq. (A10) has a solution if

1 Z
A2 u2 1 A3 u1 1 A4 u0 dz 0:
uZu Z

A2 u

dz 2

A23

27y

Z
Z

Z
Z

ey hrs ex uxrs kl ey hrs kl ex uxrs

!
1 2dkr ys
2dlr ys

1
ex uxrs
2
2yl
2yk

1
d d 1 dlr dsk ex uxrs ex uxkl :
2 kr sl

Thus by using Eq. (A19), Eq. (A24) can be written

a1 hrs ex uxrs 1 u~ 1 0:
We now introduce Wh Wrs
h y by the Y cell problem
Wh is Y periodic; hrs
i dir ys : A25

It then follows by linearity that

A26

7z Cex u1 1 7y Cey u1 dz


Now consider Eq. (A11). A necessary condition for Eq.

(A11) to hold is
ZZ
Y Z

A1 u4 1 A2 u3 1 A3 u2 1 A4 u1

1 A5 u0 dy dz

ZZ

Cey u~ 1 x; y dz ;

A4 u0 dz 27y

A24

7z Cey u 1 7y Cez u dz

Y Z

f dy dz:

A27

However, since the operators A1 and A2 only depend on y

and z, it follows by Y and Z periodicity that

and
Z



C 1 Cez Vrs

dz
e
u
z
x

Z

~ 1 x; yrs dz ;
Cez Vrs
27y
z ex ux 1 ey u

A3 u1 dz 2

Z

~~ 1 x:
u~ 1 Wrs
h ex urs 1 u

1
7y
uZu

a1 h 1 Wn 0;

Now
Z

Now by putting hrs

i dir ys we note that

7z Cex ux 1 7z Cey u~ 1 x; y

u x; y; z


Z
Cey u~ 1 x; y dz 1 27y Cex ux dz

Z


1
~
C 1 Cez Vrs

dz
e

7y
z
y 1 :
uZu
Z

By rewriting Eq. (A9) as

Vrs
z zex u

Z

0;

and thus

~ 1 x; yrs dz
Cez Vrs
z ex ux 1 ey u

or by rearranging

u0 x; y; z u~ 0 x; y ux;

2 7y

Since the operator a1 only depends on y, Eq. (A18) then

yields that

Z
Z

Cex ux dz

ZZ
Y Z

A1 u4 dy dz

ZZ
Y Z

A2 u3 dy dz 0:

J. Bystrom et al. / Composites: Part B 31 (2000) 720

Moreover, by using Y and Z periodicity again it follows that

ZZ
ZZ
A3 u2 dy dz 27x
Cez Vrs ex u
Y Z

Y Z

1 ey u~ 1 rs dy dz;
ZZ
Y Z

ZZ
Y Z

A4 u1 dy dz 27x
A5 u0 dy dz 27x

ZZ
Y Z

ZZ
Y Z

Cex u dydz:

Hence the Eq. (A27) becomes

ZZ
Cez Vrs ex u 1 ey u~ 1 rs dy dz
27x
Y Z

2 7x

ZZ
Y Z

Cey u~ 1 dy dz 2 7x

ZZ
Y Z

C Yijkl from the Y cell problem by inserting C^ ijkl and get

1 Z ^
C ijkl 1 C^ ijrs ey Wkl
C Yijkl
h dy
uYu Y

Cey u~ 1 dy dz;

Cex u dy dz

19

1 ZZ
rs
Cijkl 1 Cijmn ez Vkl
z mn 1 ez Vz mn
uZuuYu
Y Z
kl
 ey Wkl
h rs 1 ey Wh mn dydz:

(A28)

Thus we see that

C C Y ;
that is, we can compute the homogenized tensor for the
overall problem by first solving the Z cell problem and
compute the Z homogenized tensor. Then we solve the Y
cell problem using this Z homogenized tensor, and finally
compute the resulting homogenized tensor C by homogenizing over the Y cell.

uYuuZukflYZ :
By inserting the expression (A26) for u~ 1 we get
ZZ
rs
kl
Cijkl 1 Cijmn ez Vkl
2
z mn 1 ez Vz mn ey Wh rs
Y Z

1 ey Wkl
h mn dy dz

2
e ukl
2xj x

uYuuZukfi lYZ :
This can be written
 x ex u kflYZ ;
2C7
where
rs
kl
C ijkl kCijkl 1 Cijmn ez Vkl
z mn 1 ez Vz mn ey Wh rs

1 ey Wkl
h mn lYZ :
Thus by comparison with the desired result (Eq. (16)), we
see that we have an expression for the overall homogenized
tensor C by Eq. (16) and we can also interpret the right-hand
side term g as
g kflYZ :
On the other hand, the solution of the Z cell problem (Eq.
A14) yields the Z homogenized tensor C^ by Eq. (A16)
1 Z
^
Cy; z 1 Cy; zez Vz dz;
Cy

uZu Z
or in tensorial formulation
1 Z
Cijkl 1 Cijmn ez Vkl
C^ ijkl
z mn dz:
uZu Z
Analogously, we can compute the Y homogenized tensor

References
[1] Bensoussan A, Lions JL, Papanicolaou G. Asymptotic analysis for
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700

600

600

500

500

400

Stress (MPa)

Stress (MPa)

700

Ex=31 GPa

300
200
100

400

Ex=50 GPa

300
200
100

0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

Strain (%)

0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

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-0.05

0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

X-Strain (%)

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COMPOSITES ENGINEERING

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Denver, Colorado

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ON COMPOSITES ENGINEERING

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David Hui

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Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain

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