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1.
,
,
.
,
/ .
,
(reversible).
( ),
.
(elastic deformation).
(, , ) (elastic
behavior) .
2.
. , ,
,
(properties) .
,
,
(constitutive equations).
.
42
,
, ,
.
( ) , Lx,o
Ly,oLz,o, P, . 1.
Lx,o
Lz,o
Ly,o
x
z
Lx,o+ux
Lz,o-uz
Ly,o-uy
. 1
P
x . ,
P, Lx,o Lx,o + ux, ux
x. , x
() .
Ly,o Ly,o uy Lz,o Lz,o uz, uy
uz y z, .
x ( )
,
.
x . x
( ), :
43
n, x =
P
L y ,o L z ,o
(1)
( ) :
x =
(L
y ,o
P
P
=
u y ) (Lz ,o u z ) L y ,o Lz ,o L y ,o u z Lz ,o u y u y u z
(2)
, ,
, .
ux, uy uz ,
Lx,o, Ly,o Lz,o. , Ly,ouz, Lz,ouy
uyuz .(2) , ,
Ly,oLz,o. , Ly,oLz,o Ly,oLz,o-Ly,ouzLz,ouy-uyuz n,x x. ,
,
.
. ,
. 1 x,
( ), :
ex =
(Lx,o + u x ) Lx,o =
Lx ,o
ux
L x ,o
(3)
ux << Lx,o
ex <<1, .
x (
), :
L
L x ,o + u x
= ln x ,o + u x = ln (1 + ex )
L
x ,o L x ,o
L x ,o
x = ln
44
(4)
, lim[ln (1 + a )] = a ,
0
, ex0, x ex.
, y ey z ez. ,
,
, .
,
.
Hooke, . ,
. 1, x
x :
x = E x
(5)
, , .(5)
Young (Youngs modulus) (elasticity
modulus) . , ,
. ,
, ( )
( ),
.
. ,
,
(.. Van der Waals), ,
.
.
,
,
.
45
. 1. , P
x ,
y z.
y z (. . 1):
y ey =
(L
y ,o
u y ) L y ,o
L y ,o
uy
L y ,o
(6)
z ez =
(Lz ,o u z ) Lz ,o =
Lz ,o
uz
L z ,o
(7)
( , ,
.)
y z ,
x
y z.
( . 1 y z)
( x).
Poisson (Poissons ratio) :
y = z = x =
x
E
(8)
Poisson 0,25. ,
, ,
Poisson 0,33. 1
Poisson
(
G ).
46
Poisson
( GPa)
G ( GPa)
(Al)
72,4
27,5
0,31
(Cu)
110
41,4
0,33
200
75,8
0,33
193
65,6
0,28
(Ti)
117
44,8
0,31
(W)
400
157
0,27
3. Hooke
Hooke
( ). ,
, .
,
, .
,
.
. 2,
, x, y, z
xy=yx, yz=zy xz=zx.
47
. 2
,
(
) ,
( )
( ). ,
-
.
, . 3.
x, ,
x, x.
x, y
z ( ).
x ; :
48
x =
x
E
y =
x
E
z =
(9)
. 3
.(9) x.
, , , y z.
x, :
- y
y =
- z
z =
y
E
z
E
x =
x =
y
E
z
E
z =
y =
y
E
z
E
(10)
(11)
,
,
49
. ,
:
x =
x
E
y =
z =
x
E
x
E
y
E
z
E
y
E
z
E
z
E
x =
1
x ( y + z )
E
(12)
(13)
(14)
y =
1
y ( x + z )
E
z =
1
z ( x + y )
E
.(12)-(14) Hooke
,
Poisson .
.
,
, .
,
.
. 4,
xy=yx, (
), ( ). , ,
rad.
. Hooke
:
xy = G xy
50
(15)
G .(15)
(modulus of shear).
.
.
(torsion test) .
,
, 1.
. 4
yz=zy xz=zx,
.(15), :
yz = G yz
(16)
51
zx = G zx
(17)
.(12)-(17) Hooke,
, .
4.
, (), (G)
Poisson ()
. , G
(elastic constants) .
,
-
. , Poisson
0,33. , G
.
,
T
,
, . 5.
. 5
52
, , , , :
T L
J G
(18)
1
J = R4
2
(19)
R ( m).
. 6 . ,
, ,
,
.
. 6
53
T
, . , ,
T (. . 6).
, , (L) (2R),
. ,
, .(18) :
G=
T L
J
(20)
, ,
.
5.
(hydrostatic pressure)
.
(.. ),
. , ,
.
. 3 (. 49).
1,
.
, x, y z,
:
V = (1 + x ) (1 + y ) (1 + z )
(21)
,
x, y z . ,
54
.
.(21) ,
:
V = 1+ x + y + z
(22)
V , :
V = V V = (1 + x + y + z ) 1 V = x + y + z
(23)
V .(23)
x, y z,
. ,
. 3 1. , , V
.(23) . ,
2 mm3 V=0,25,
( ) 2 mm3 + (20,25) mm3 = 2,5 mm3,
0,5 mm3 .
.(23)
.(12)-(14), :
y z x y z x y z
+
+
V = x
+
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
(24)
V =
1 2
( x + y + z )
E
.(24)
.
55
,
x, y z
p . x = y = z = p. , .(24) :
V =
3 (1 2 )
p
E
(25)
3 (1 2 )
(26)
.(25) :
V =
p
K
(27)
(modulus of compression)
. () ,
() (G). ,
G, N/m2 Pa.
, . ,
.(27) V < 0,
( > 0). , ,
1 2 .(26) (
). , :
1 2 > 0
56
<
1
2
(28)
, Poisson . ,
> 0. Poisson
0 0,5:
0 < <
1
2
(29)
= 0 ,
.
. , = 0,5
= , .
. , , Poisson
0,33, 0 0,5.
, : Poisson
< ,
(x > 0, y = z = 0), .(24) V > 0.
, . ,
,
, .
6.
: , , G
. .(26),
Poisson:
3 (1 2 )
(30)
Poisson:
57
G=
E
2 (1 + )
(31)
E=
G=
9K
3K
1+
G
3 (1 2 ) K
2 (1 + )
2G
3K
=
2G
2+
3K
(32)
(33)
K=
E
3E
9
G
(34)
(35)
.(30)-(35) , . ,
.
7.
,
,
-. .(12)(17) . ,
.(12)-(14) :
58
(36)
(37)
(38)
x =
1
x ( y + z ) x y z = E x
E
y =
1
y ( x + z ) x + y z = E y
E
z =
1
z ( x + y ) x y + z = E z
E
.(36)-(38) (x,
y, z). :
x =
E
E
x +
( + + )
(1 + ) (1 2 ) x y z
1 +
(39)
y =
E
E
y +
( + + )
(1 + ) (1 2 ) x y z
1 +
(40)
z =
E
E
z +
( + + )
(1 + ) (1 2 ) x y z
1 +
(41)
.(39)-(41) :
ij =
E
E
ij +
(1 + ) (1 2 ) kk ij
1 +
(42)
i = j (11=x,
22=y, 33=z, 11=x, 22=y, 33=z), i j
(12=xy= 21=yx, 13=xz= 31=zx, ...). ij
Kronecker ij = 1 i = j ij = 0 i j. ,
.(31) :
59
E
= 2G
1 +
(43)
.(42), Lam :
E
(1 + ) (1 2 )
(44)
.(42) :
ij = 2G ij + kk ij
(45)
x = 1, y = 2
z = 3. (plane stress), 3 = 0,
.(36) (37) :
1 =
E
(1 + 2 )
1 2
2 =
E
( 2 + 1 )
1 2
(46)
(47)
1 2 () (principal strains).
(plane strain),
3=0.
.
,
. .(14) :
60
3 =
1
[ 3 ( 1 + 2 )] = 0 3 = ( 1 + 2 )
E
(48)
, ,
3, (3 0).
3 .(12)-(14) :
[(
(49)
[(
(50)
1 =
1
1 2 1 (1 + ) 2
E
2 =
1
1 2 2 (1 + ) 1
E
3 = 0
(51)
.(46)-(47) (49)-(51)
,
(plane stress) (plane strain), .
61