Bo co th nghim vt l cht rn

Bi thc hnh s 3: O H S HALL

I.

II.

Mc ch
Nm c l thuyt hiu ng Hall
Nm c phng php o h s Hall
Thc hnh o h s Hall ca mt mu bn dn
X l v nhn xt kt qu thu c
C s thc hnh
1. Phng php o Van Der Paw
Gi s c mt mu phng c chiu dy d c 4 tip im (A,B,C,D) nh hnh v :
A

Cho dng AC chy qua A v C, lc s c st th

ca mu c xc nh theo cng thc:
R AC , BD=

Nu cp dng
nh:
RBD , AC =

I BD

th ta c st th

V AC

V BD

gia B v D. in tr

V BD
I AC

, lc ny in tr ca mu s c xc

V AC
I BD

Van der Paw chng minh rng in tr sut ca mu tun theo phng trnh:
=

d R AC , BD + RBD , AC
. f ()
ln 2
2

l mt hm cho trc ca
f
R AC, BD
R BD , AC

1
1

0.95
2

R AC, BD
R BD , AC

0.81
5

0.69
10

0.59
20

0.46
50

(Cc gi tr tng ng khc ca

R AC, BD
R BD , AC

c th c tm ra bng cch ni

suy). Khi o c in tr ca mu, t (*), tnh in tr sut ca n. xc nh

d
h s Hall, ta s dng cng thc : R H = B R AC, BD . Tuy nhin do c s chnh lch

in p gia B v D ngay c khi t trng B = 0. Ta k hiu

U BD

(B = 0), k

hiu th gia hai im B v D khi c in trng tc dng l

U BD

(B 0). Nh

vy

R AC , BD

R AC , BD=

c xc nh nh sau:

U BD ( B 0)U BD (B =0)
I AC

Cui cng ta c:

d
d
R H = R AC, BD =
U
U BD (B =0 ) ]
B
B I AC [ BD ( B 0 )

T (**) c th tnh c nng ht mang in

n=

1
e RH

1
R H .

2. Cu to v cc thao tc thc hnh

a. Cu to v nguyn tc o
Da trn nguyn l Van Der Pow, b th nghim c cu to nh sau:
1- Nam chm in c Bmax=0.6T
2- Dy cun
3- Ngun nui v b iu khin,cp dng Imax=8A
4- Gi v bn khp
5- Cn gi mu
6- Mu bn dn, b dy d= 0,5mm
7- Cc dy dn
8- Hp gm ngun mt chiu cp dng cho mu( Imax=30A), cc ampek v
vonke xc nh hiu in th hall
b. Cc thao tc thc hnh
- Tm hiu s khi v cc thng s k thut ca h o
- Mc s theo phng php Van Der Paw

- Thay i IAC trong khong cho php, o cc gi tr ca U tng ng vi t

trng bng 0 v ng vi mt gi tr t trng khng i
- Thay i t trng trong khong cho php, o cc gi tr ca U ng vi mt
gi tr I cho trc
Kt qu o
d=0,5 mm
RH=

d
U
U BD (B =0 ) ]
B I AC [ BD ( B 0 )

a. Thay i I, o U(B=0), o U
Kt qu o :
B=0
I (mA)
U (mV)

0
2
2,174
5,856
B = 0,3 T

4
9,019

6
12,568

8
16,046

10
19,574

I (mA)
U (mV)

0
2
1,039
2,728
B = 0,4 T

4
4,694

6
6,810

8
8,717

10
10,605

I(mA)
U (mV)

0
2
1,064
2,301
B = 0,5 T

4
4,088

6
5,533

8
6,954

10
8,534

I (mA)
U (mV)

0
2
0,674
1,899
B = 0,6 T

4
3,232

6
4,412

8
5,565

10
7,003

2
1,437

4
2,465

6
3,616

8
4,589

10
5,591

2
-3,128
-2,61

4
-4,325
-1,80

6
-5,585
-1,55

8
-7,329
-1,53

10
-8,969
-1,50

I (mA)
U (mV)

0
0,608

Tnh ton :
B = 0,3 T
I (mA)
U (mV)
RH (.10-3)

0
-1,135

R H 1=

RH
5

m3
C

= -1,798. 10

-3

2
-3,555
-2,22

4
-4,931
-1,54

B = 0,4 T
I (mA)
U (mV)
RH (.10-3)

0
-1,11

RH2

RH
=

= -1,606. 10

6
-7,035
-1,47

8
-9,09
-1,42

10
-11,04
-1,38

6
-8,156
-1,36

8
-10,481
-1,31

10
-12,571
-1,26

6
-8,952
-1,24

8
-11,457
-1,20

10
-13,983
-1,17

m3
C

-3

B = 0,5 T
I (mA)
U (mV)
RH (.10-3)

0
-1,5

RH3=

2
-3,975
-1,98

RH

4
-5,787
-1,45
3

= -1,472 . 10

-3

m
C

B = 0,6 T
I (mA)
U (mV)
RH (.10-3)

0
-1,566

R H 4=

RH

R Hi
=

RH=

RH
5

2
-4,419
-1,84

= -1,364 . 10

= -1,560. 10

|R H R Hi|
4

4
-6,554
-1,37

-3

-3

m3
C

= 0,142 . 10

-3

m3
C

m3
C

R H =R H R H =(156 14 ) . 105

RH=

m
C

|R H R H|=
5

R H =R H R H

b. Thay i B, o U(I=4mA)
B (T)
0
U ( mV) 9,019

0.3
4,694

0.4
4,088

0.5
3,232

U (mV )

-4,325

-4,931

-5,787

-6,554

-1,80

-1,54

-1,45

-1,37

RH(10-3)
RH=

RH

RH
4

= - 1,540 . 10

|R H R H|
=
4

-3

m3
C
3

= 0,130.10

R H =R H R H =(154 13 ) . 105

III.

0.6
2,465

-3

m
C

m3
C

Nhn xt
2

Ta c:

RH=

n n + p p

( n n+ p p )

T kt qu o: Rh<0 hay trong bn dn nng electron nhiu hn nng l

trng
Sai s trong 2 php o nh hn 20% t kt qu ca php o c th chp nhn
Nguyn nhn sai s:

- Mu o khng i xng (trong php o van der paw gim sai s trong tnh
ton vt thng c ch to dng i xng).
- im tip xc cha tt (k thut o i hi im tip xc phi nm trn vnh
ca vt v phi tht nh)
- Trong cng thc l thuyt cha k n t trng ni phn t
IV. Tr li cu hi
1. Hiu ng Hall trong kim loi, hiu ng Hall trong bn dn
Hiu ng Hall trong kim loi
Trong kim loi ht mang in l electron t do
Mt in tch q , khi chuyn ng ng thi trong in trng (vi cng

in trng E ) v t trng (c cm ng t B ), chu tc dng ca lc

Lorentz:

F =q
E + q[v .
B]

Gi th c mt dng in khng i I do cc ht ti in dng q chy qua mt

khi dn in ng nht c b dy d (Hnh 1.a). Khi cha c t trng ngoi,
in th cc im M v N bng nhau :

V M V N =0.

By gi t t trng c

chiu nh trn hnh. Cc ht tch in chuyn ng theo phng vung gc vi

v

v B chu tc dng ca lc

F B=q [v .
B]

c chiu nh hnh 1.b. Lc ny lm cho cc in tch dng lch v mt trn, nn

im M tr nn tch in dng cn N thiu in tch dng tr nn m. Kt qu l

c in trng E xut hin hng t trn xung di. Trong qu trnh in tch

dng b lch v pha trn, in trng ny mnh dn ln. N tc dng ln in

tch lc in q E hng ngc chiu vi lc t. Do tc dng ngc chiu ca

lc t v lc in, qu trnh lch in tch dng v pha trn khng tip din mi
mi m n mt lc no khi

F E=
FB

ngha l gia M v N c in trng E sao cho

qE=qvB

cc in tch s chuyn ng thng dc theo khi. Khi , th hiu gia hai im

M v N bng
VM VN = Ed
Th hiu ny c gi l th hiu Hall VH.

Hnh 1
ta suy c
VH vBd
Nh cng thc ny, nu bit B , d v o c VH, c th suy ra vn tc cun ca
cc ht ti in.
Trong trng hp cc ht ti in mang in tch m ( hnh XII.3a), im M tch
in m hn N v th hiu VH i du. Nh vy, cn c vo du ca VH , ta c th
bit cc ht ti in mang in tch dng hay m.
T cng thc ca mt dng j=nqv ta c
v=

j
I
=
nq nqS

trong I l dng in chy qua tit din S ca khi. Suy ra:

V H =vBd=

1 BId
BId
=R H
nq S
S

1
Tha s R H = nq c gi l hng s Hall, c th xc nh bng thc nghim

theo cng thc

RH=

SV H
BId

Hiu ng Hall trong bn dn

Xt mt dng in c mt dng in j chy qua mt mu bn dn hnh hp ch

nht c chiu dy d. Mt t trng cm ng t B t vung gc vi j v vung

gc vi bn (hnh 2).
Trong bn dn lun tn ti hai loi ht mang in electron v l trng. Mt dng
electron v l trng c xc nh:
J e =ne v e , J h= pe v p

x
z

Hnh 2

Nh trn trnh by, s chuyn ng ca cc hat mang in trong t trng s

dn n s xut hin mt in trng E bn trong mu.

Trong trng hp ca electron th:
v
[ e , B]
E +
v e =e

Khi B = Bz nh hnh v, mt dng electron theo cc hng x v y c xc

nh:
j ex =ne e (E x e E y B)
j ey =ne e (E y + e E x B)

Xt trng hp khi c electron v l trng tham gia ng thi vo s dn in

trong bn dn ta c:
j= j e + j h

j x =( ne e + pe h ) E x +(ne 2e + pe 2h )E y B

(1)

j y = ( ne e + pe h ) E y +(ne 2e pe 2h) E x B

Do dng in ch chy theo hng x vy

Ta c:

j y =0

(ne 2e + pe 2h) E x B
E y=
(2)
( ne e + pe h )

Thay (2) vo (1) ta c:

E x=

E y=

Jx
ne e + pe h

(ne 2e + pe 2h )
2

( ne e + pe h )

JxB

E=R H JB

C
Nn

RH=

n 2n + p 2p

( n n+ p p )

o Bn dn loi n: p=0,

R=

1
ne

=> ging kim loi nhng mt in t dn

nh hn nhiu so vi mt in t trong kim loi

1
o Bn dn loi p, n=0, R= pe , trong trng hp bn dn cha c hai loi ht

dn: du ca R ph thuc vo gi tr ca t s
2
2
Khi n n < p p

th R>0

2
2
Khi n n > p p th R<0

Bit

RH

c th xc nh nng ht ti in n. V nng ht ti in trong cc

cht bn dn rt nh so vi kim loi, nn hiu ng Hall trong cht bn dn mnh

hn nhiu so vi kim loi. Mt trong nhng ng dng thc t ca hiu ng Hall l
o cm ng t B.
2. Phng php o Van Der Paw
Gi s c mt mu phng c chiu dy d c 4 tip im (A,B,C,D) nh hnh v :
A

Cho dng AC chy qua A v C, lc s c st th

tr ca mu c xc nh theo cng thc:
R AC , BD=

Nu cp dng
xc nh:
RBD , AC =

I BD

th ta c st th

V AC

V BD

gia B v D. in

V BD
I AC

, lc ny in tr ca mu s c

V AC
I BD

Van der Paw chng minh rng in tr sut ca mu tun theo phng trnh:
=

d R AC , BD + RBD , AC
. f ()
ln 2
2

l mt hm cho trc ca
f

R AC, BD
R BD , AC

1
1

R AC, BD
R BD , AC

0.95
2

(Cc gi tr tng ng khc ca

0.81
5

0.69
10

R AC, BD
R BD , AC

0.59
20

0.46
50

c th c tm ra bng cch

ni suy). Khi o c in tr ca mu, t (*), tnh in tr sut ca n. xc

nh h s Hall, ta s dng cng thc :

RH=

d
R
B AC, BD . Tuy nhin do c s chnh

lch in p gia B v D ngay c khi t trng B = 0. Ta k hiu

k hiu th gia hai im B v D khi c in trng tc dng l
Nh vy
R AC , BD=

R AC , BD

U BD
U BD

(B = 0),
(B 0).

c xc nh nh sau:

U BD ( B 0)U BD (B =0)
I AC

Cui cng ta c:

d
d
R H = R AC, BD =
U
U BD (B =0 ) ]
B
B I AC [ BD ( B 0 )

T (**) c th tnh c nng ht mang in

n=

1
e RH

1
v = R H .

3. Cc phng php to t trng, cch xc nh hng, ln ca t

trng
o C th to t trng bng nam chm vnh cu hoc nam chm in
o Da vo quy tc nm tay phi c th xc nh hng ca t trng
o Dng hiu ng Hall c th o t trng

u=

1 IB
R b

4. Cch xc nh h s Hall v loi ht ti c bn ca bn dn

RH=

n 2n + p 2p

( n n+ p p )

1
o Bn dn loi n: p=0, R= ne => ging kim loi nhng mt in t dn

nh hn nhiu so vi mt in t trong kim loi

1
o Bn dn loi p, n=0, R= pe , trong trng hp bn dn cha c hai loi ht

dn: du ca R ph thuc vo gi tr ca t s
2
2
Khi n n < p p

th R>0

2
2
Khi n n > p p th R<0