Guide For Tower PDF

ITRAINONLINE
COMMUNICATIONTOWERHANDOUT
Developedby:AlbertoEscuderoPascual,IT+46
TableofContents
1.Aboutthisdocument..............................................................................................................................................2
1.1Copyrightinformation......................................................................................................................................2
1.2DegreeofDifficulty..........................................................................................................................................2
1.3Acknowledgements.........................................................................................................................................2
2.Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................2
3.Thestandard.........................................................................................................................................................3
4.Definitions:TowersandMasts...............................................................................................................................3
5.Typesoftowersandmasts....................................................................................................................................3
5.1Monopoletower...............................................................................................................................................5
5.2Selfsupportingtower......................................................................................................................................5
5.3Guyedmast.....................................................................................................................................................6
6.Howtochooseatowertype..................................................................................................................................6
6.1Antennaload...................................................................................................................................................6
6.2Towerfootprint................................................................................................................................................7
6.3Heightoftower................................................................................................................................................7
6.4Budget............................................................................................................................................................7
7.Towerlocation........................................................................................................................................................7
8.Thebase...............................................................................................................................................................8
9.Diggingthehole....................................................................................................................................................8
10.Buildingarebarcage.........................................................................................................................................9
11.TheConcretefoundation....................................................................................................................................11
11.1Concretecomposition..................................................................................................................................11
11.2Mixingconcrete............................................................................................................................................11
11.3Pouringtheconcrete....................................................................................................................................12
11.4Hydration....................................................................................................................................................13
11.5Curing..........................................................................................................................................................13
11.6Concretestrength........................................................................................................................................13
12.Anchors............................................................................................................................................................14
13.Assemblingthetower........................................................................................................................................14
13.1Inspectionoftowersections.........................................................................................................................14
13.2Preassemblyontheground.......................................................................................................................15
13.3Ginpole.......................................................................................................................................................15
13.4Assemblingofhightowers...........................................................................................................................16
14.Guycables.........................................................................................................................................................17
14.1Typesofguywires.......................................................................................................................................17
14.2Preloadinguycables.................................................................................................................................18
14.3Terminationofguys.....................................................................................................................................19
14.4Tighteningtheguycables...........................................................................................................................20
14.5Measuringthetension.................................................................................................................................20
14.6Measuringtowerplumb...............................................................................................................................21
14.7Temporaryguys..........................................................................................................................................22
15.Climbing............................................................................................................................................................22
16.Lighteningprotection.........................................................................................................................................23
11_en_mmtk_wireless_communicationtower_handout.odt
Lastupdated:May142006
Availableonlinefromhttp://www.itrainonline.org/itrainonline/mmtk/
16.1Directhits....................................................................................................................................................23
16.2Indirecthits..................................................................................................................................................23
17.Corrosion...........................................................................................................................................................24
17.1Corrosionprevention....................................................................................................................................25
17.1.1Antioxidantjointcompound...................................................................................................................25
17.1.2Cathodicprotection...............................................................................................................................25
18.Maintenance......................................................................................................................................................26
19.Conclusions.......................................................................................................................................................26
1.Aboutthisdocument
ThesematerialsarepartoftheItrainOnlineMultimediaTrainingKit(MMTK).TheMMTKprovidesanintegratedset
of multimedia training materials and resources to support community media, community multimedia centres,
telecentres, and other initiatives using information and communications technologies (ICTs) to empower
communitiesandsupportdevelopmentwork.
1.1Copyrightinformation
ThisunitismadeavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlike2.5License.Tofindouthowyou
may use these materials please read the copyright statement included with this unit or see
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bysa/2.5/.
1.2DegreeofDifficulty
ThedegreeofdifficultyofthisunitisBasic.
1.3Acknowledgements
Constructingtowersandmastsrequiresyearsofexperience.Therefore,Ihavecollectedthebestonlineresources
fromexperiencedtowerbuilders.Threepeopledeservesspecialacknowledgement:
Mr.MarkD.Lowell(N1LO),theauthoroftheN1LOGuideTowerTopicSummary.Theguideisadigestofhisown
experienceandtheTowerTalkforum,anemailforumwiththousandsofexperiencedtowerbuilders.
Source:http://www.qsl.net/n1lo
Mr.SteveMorris(K7LXC),aprofessionaltowerinstaller,thefounderandmoderatoroftheTowerTalkforum.
Source:http://www.championradio.com/installs.html
Lastbutnotleast,MrRickKunze,anexperiencedtowerbuilderandfounderofColusaNETInc,hehasput
togetheranexcellentsiteofhis150ftselfsupportingtowerconstructionproject.
Source:http://www.doityourselftower.com/
2.Introduction
Radiomastsandcommunicationtowersaretypicallytallconstructionsspeciallydesignedtocarryantennasfor
radiocommunication.Suchradiocommunicationincludestelevision,radio,GSMandInternettraffic.
Towersandmastsareusedinnumerousapplicationsinwirelessnetworksfrombroadbandpointtopointsystems
toLMR1networks.Towersandmastsareoftenrequiredtoraiseantennasabovetreelinesandrooftopsforline
ofsightconnections.
Thisunitisageneralguide,practicaloriented,forestablishingacommunicationtowerormast.Theguideis
applicablebothforselfsupportingtowersandguyedmasts.
3.Thestandard
The StructuralStandardsforSteelAntennaTowersandAntennaSupportingStructures (ANSI/TIA222F1996
waspublishedinMarch1996bytheTIA(TelecommunicationsIndustryAssociation).TheobjectiveoftheTIA222
Fdocumentwastoprovideasetofminimumcriteriaforspecifyinganddesigningsteelantennatowersand
antennasupportingstructures.
The document includes topics as wind loading, paint, guys, foundations, bolt tightening, climbing and
maintenance.Thedocumentisnotfreeofcharge(costsabout100USD),butitishighlyrecommendedtohavea
copyofitwhenyouareplanningtoerectacommunicationtower/mast.
4.Definitions:TowersandMasts
Inengineeringterms,atowerisaselfsupportingstructurewhileamastinsupportedbystaysorguys.
Thetermstowerandmastareoftenusedforthesametypeofstructure,whichofcoursecancauseconfusion.
TowerandmasthavedifferentdefinitionsinAmericanandBritishEnglish.In AmericanEnglish,bothtypesof
structuresareoftencalledtowers,whileinBritishEnglish,peoplealwaysusemastinstead.
Toavoidthisconfusion,inthisunitweareusingtheengineeringterms:
tower=selfsupporting
mast=supportedbystaysorguys.
1 LandMobileRadiowirelessforspecializedapplicationsastaxi,policeoremergencyservices
5.Typesoftowersandmasts
This section presents the three most common types of towers/masts that are used today in wireless
communication;selfsupportingtower,monopoleandguyedmast1.
Image1:Thethreemostcommontypesofcommunicationtowers/masts.
Source:CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(http://www.cdc.gov)
5.1Monopoletower
Monopoles are hollow tapered poles made of galvanized steel They are
constructedofslipjointedweldedtubesandcanbeupto200feet(60m).Dueto
itsconstruction,theyareexpensivetomanufacturebutsimpletoerect.
Monopolesareprimarilyusedinurbanenvironmentswherethereislimitedspace
availableforthefootprint2ofthetowerbase.Themaximumfootprintofa200feet
monopoleisapprox.6x6feet(2x2m)
Image2:Amonopoletower
Source:http://commons.wikimedia.org
1 Noticethattheguyedmastpicturesonlyasetofguys(thisisforgraphicalreasonsonly)
2 Thephysicalspaceneededforthedeployment.
5.2Selfsupportingtower
Aselfsupportingtower(freestandingtower)isconstructedwithout
guy wires. Self supporting towers have a larger footprint than
monopoles,butstillrequiresamuchsmallerareathanguyedmasts.
Duetoitsrelativelysmallfootprint,thiskindoftoweriscommonly
seenincitiesorotherplaceswhereitisshortoffreespace.
Self supporting towers can be built with three or four sided
structures.Theyare assembledinsectionswithalatticeworkof
crossbracesboltedtothreefourslopingverticaltowerlegs.
The wider the base of the tower is, the larger antenna load is
acceptable.
Image3:Aselfsupportingtowerwithnoneedofguys.
5.3Guyedmast
A guyed mast is secured with guy wires that are
anchoredinasetofconcretebasesontheground.
Aguyedmastconsistsofidenticalthreesidessection
(approx.10ft(3m)each)thatarestackeduponeach
other. Unlike monopoles for example, the guyed
mastsdonottaperastheyrise,sinceeachsection
hasthesamewidth.
Asaresultoftheguys,thiskindofmasthasalarge
footprint.Onthecontrary,guyedmastscanbehigher
thannonguyedtowersandallowlargerantennaload.
Aguyedmastisidealformostcommunicationneeds,
includingwirelessInternet,cellularandantennaradio
towers.
Image4:Aguyedmastwithtwolevelofguysattachedinthreepointseach.
Source:http://commons.wikimedia.org/
6.Howtochooseatowertype
Thereareingeneralfourmajorconsiderationwhenselectingthetypeoftowerforyourdeployment:
1.
Antennaload
2.
Towerfootprint
3.
Heightoftower
4.
Budget
6.1Antennaload
Theantennaloadingcapabilityofatowerdependsonthestructureofthetower.Themore surfaceareaof
antennas,coaxialcables,bracketsandotherequipmentmountedonthetowerandexposedtothewind,themore
robusttowerisrequired.
Tomakesurethatyourequipmentaddsaloadlessthanthatmaximumallowedvalueforyourtower,youmust
estimatetheeffectivewindloadforyourequipment.
Thewindloadisproportionaltotheareaoftheexposedstructureandtothedistancefromtheattachmenttothe
ground.Curvedandperforatedshapes(gridsandtrusses)offerlesswindresistanceandarethereforepreferred
toachievealowwindload.Soliddishesarequitevulnerabletowindloadandshouldbeavoidedinwindy
environments.
Theaveragewindspeedofthesitemustalsobetakenintoconsideration.Theaveragewindspeeddependson
whereontheearththesiteislocated,thealtitudeandtypesurroundings(ruralorcity).Onlinestatisticaldatais
availablefrommeteorologicalinstitutes.
Therearemanywaystocalculatethewindload,somearebetterthanothers.Thelatestandprobablymost
accuratemethodisspecifiedinthelatestIEA222standardspecification.
6.2Towerfootprint
Thefootprintofatoweristheamountoffreespaceonthegroundthatisrequiredfortheinstallation.Depending
onthestructureofthetower,itrequiresmoreorlessspaceforinstallation.
Fortallguyedmasts(>100feet,30m),eachguyanchoristypically1015mfromthebaseofthemast.Foramast
with3guywiresperlevel,thatresultsinafootprintofapprox.90200m2.
6.3Heightoftower
Ifyouneedastructurethatislessthan40feet,youcaninfacteliminatetheexpenseandadditionalworkthatis
requiredforguyingit.Insteadyoucanbracketmountthetowertoahouseorgarageroofeven.
Asmentionedearlier,addingguyscablestoastructurewillallowhigherheight.
6.4Budget
Ageneralruleofthumbis:
Thesmallerthetowerbase,themorecostlytopurchaseandinstallthetower
Monopoleshavethesmallestfootprintofalltowers,andishencethemostexpensivetypeoftowertoinstall.Itis
followedbyselfsupportedtowersandthenguyedmastswhichrequirethelargestfootprints.
Additionally, depending on the tower type you choose, certain tools, machinery and cranes are needed to
assemblethetowerwhichmustbetakenintoconsiderationinthefinalbudget.
7.Towerlocation
Whenselectingthephysicallocationofthetower/mast,thereareasetofthingsthatyoushouldbearinmind.
Naturally,youmustmakesurethatyouhavethenecessaryfreespaceonthegroundwherethetowerwillbe
placed.Checkthespecificationsofthetower/mastthatyouaimtopurchaseforthesizeofthefootprint.
Theidealsiteforatower/mastisaflat,levelfield.However,anyreasonablylevelspace,inwhichthereissufficient
spaceforthebasefoundations,canbeutilized.Thesiteshouldbefreefromobstructionsliketreesandbuildings.
Notonlythespotforthetowerneedstobeclear,alsothesurroundingareaasyouwillneedsomefreespace
whenassemblingthetower.
Donotforgetthattreeshaveroots.Diggingaholethroughamassiverootsystemisnotadream.
Mediumsizedandtalltowers/mastsnormallyrequiremassivediggingsinceconcretefoundationsmustbeputin
place.Alwayscallforundergroundutilitieschecktomakesurethatthereisnoinfrastructuredoughdownatthe
placeyouhaveplannedforyourtower/mast.
Also,ifthetowerishigh,alwayscheckwiththeregulatorsinthecountryifyouneedtoapplyforalicenseand/or
registerthetowertoanyauthority.Ifthesiteisclosetoanairport,therearespecialregulationsthatneedtobe
followed.
8.Thebase
Alltowersneedasteadybasetostandupon.Thepurposeofestablishingabaseunderatoweristokeepthe
towerfromsinkingunderitsownweightandthepressureoftheguywires(ifsucharebeingused).
Mosttowers/mastsareestablishedontopofaconcretebasethathasapierpinorboltembeddedinit.Aless
commonsolutionistohaveatowersectionembeddedintheconcretebase.Thefirstoptionwithapierpin/bolt
embeddedhasthefollowingadvantages:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Thebottomsectionofthetowerdoesnotneedtobeplumbed
Noneedtoworryaboutwaterinthetowerlegs(itwillnaturallypourdownthelegsandoutthoughthe
weepholesinthebaseplate)
Itgivesthetowertheflexibilitytoturnabitfromsidetosidetoabsorbtorqueinhighwinds(resultingin
lessstressonthebottomsectionofthetower)
Noneedtoworryabouthowthebasesectionwillinterferewiththesteelrebarinthetowerbase
Selfsupportedtowers(noguyedwired)needonecentralconcretefoundationwithasmanyattachmentpointsas
thesidesofthetowerstructure.Inthatway,athreesidedselfsupportedtowerneedsthreeattachmentpoints
(anchors)intheconcretefoundation.
Aguyedtowerneedsoneconcretebaseforeachguywireandonecentralbaseforthetoweritself.
Thefollowingsections(Section911),presentastepbystepprocessforestablishingaconcretefoundationfora
selfsupportingtower.Theprocedureformakingconcretebasesforaguyedmastisverymuchthesame,except
forthenumberandsizeofthebasesandtheattachmentpoints.
Section14focusesonguywiresformasts(notneededinselfsupportingtowers).
9.Diggingthehole
Thediggingofthebaseholecanbedonebyhandifthetowerissmallenough.Asthetowergrows,theamountof
soiltobedoughincreasesrapidly.Itishighlyrecommendedtohireabackhoe(withanexperiencedoperator)for
diggingaholeforatowerinlargescale.
Therearesomeissuesthatyoushouldkeepinmindbeforeyoustarttodig:
Undisturbedsoil
Itisimportantthatthebaseissurroundedbyundisturbedsoiltoavoiditfromshifting.Therefore,makesurethat
youdonotremovemoresoilfromthesidesthanwhatisnecessary.
Ifnecessary,havethebackhoeoperatortodigaholewithroughdimensionsandthenbuildupthewallsbyhand.
Largervolumethanexpected
Alwaysexpectthatthefinalvolumeoftheholewillbelargerthanyoufirstexpected.Diggingwithabackhoeisnot
aprecisionworkandyouwillnormallyendupwithaholewithlargerdimensionsthatwhatyouplannedfor.That
meansthatmoreconcreteisgoingtobeneeded.
Typically,soilwillfallofffromthesidesintothehole.Theholewillbe bellshaped afteryouhaveremovedthe
loosesoil.Theresultwillbethatyoumayneeduptoleast25%morefillingtoyourhole.
Formingthehole
Avoidusingwoodedformstoshapethehole.Overtime,thewoodwillrotandagapwillbeformedaroundthe
concretewhichwillreduceitsstability.
Ifthesurroundingsoilissopoor(dryandsandy)thatyouneedtouseforms,removethemaftertheconcretehas
stabilized.Also,makesuretofillupthegapbetweenthesoilandtheconcreteandpackthesoil.Thiswillrestore
somestabilitytothebase.
Finally,theholemustbeshapedveryaccuratelyandloosematerialmustberemovedbeforetheholeisfilledup
withconcrete.
Image5:a)Diggingtheholeforthebasewithabackhoeb)Theholeisfinishedwithstraightandevenedges.
10.Buildingarebarcage
Acageofreinforcementbars,rebarcage,isrequiredtogivetheconcretethetensilestrengthitneedsto
supporttheloadofyourtower.
Twolayersofrebarsmustbeplacedinthehole,onebottomgridandoneuppergrid.Theywillbejoinedtogether
withthesupportofstandees.
Thefirstlevelofrebarshouldbeplacedatleast3fromthesoilasitneedstobecoveredwithatleast3of
concrete.Therebarshastobecoveredbyconcretetokeepthemfromcorroding(seeSection17).Ifrebarsstart
tocorrodeinsideoftheconcreteitwillexpandandcausecracksintheconcrete.
Therebarsmustnotonlybeembeddedinconcreteinthebottomofthecage,thesameruleappliesforall
situationsweretherebarswillbeexposedtoearth,i.e.bottom,sidesandtop.
Tospacetherebarawayfromthesurfaceofthehole,youplacesmallblocksofconcretecalledDobiesinthe
soil.
Afterplacingthedobiesonthesoil,buildagridofrebarandtiethemtogetherwithwireorplastictiewraps.
Donotweldasthatweakenstherebars.
Image6a)UsingDobiestocreatespacebetweenrebarsandthesoil.b)Usingwirestotietherebarstoagrid.
Rebarsaresizedinreferenceto1/8"stepsindiameter.Inthatwaya#4rebaris1/2"diameter(4*1/8)and
a#6rebaris3/4"(6*1/8)diameter.Asaruleofthethumb,donotuserebarslessthan#5(5/8"diameter).
Whenthebottomgridofrebarsisinplace,itistimetomountthestandees.Thestandeeswillbetightentothe
lowergridtosupportthe uppergrid. The standeesmustbe customizedaccording toyourspecificationand
normallycomefromtherebarsupplier.
Withthehelpofextradobies,placetheJBoltsinsideoftherebarcage.ThetowerwillbeattachedtotheJbolts.
ThelowerpartoftheJboltsgetembeddedintheconcretewithoneendstickingupabovethefoundation.
Whenthestandeesaresecurelytiedinplace,theuppergridwillbeassembledontopoftheminthesamemanner
asthelowergrid.
Image7:a)Twolayerofrebarsinterconnectedwithstandees.b)JBoltsthatwillconnectthebaseofthetowerto
theconcretefoundation.
Ontopoftheuppergridofrebars,thetriangularshapedstructureofrebarsisformedtohostthebaseofthe
tower.
Whentherebarcageisinplace,itistimetofillitupwithconcrete.
10
REBARNONO's
1.
2.
Neverlettherebargetincontactwiththesoil
Neverweldtherebars,usewirestoknitinstead
11.TheConcretefoundation
Concreteisamixtureofpasteandaggregates.Thepaste,composedofcementandwater,coatsthesurfaceof
thefineandcoarseaggregates.Portlandcementisthemostcommontypeofcementandconsistsofamixture
ofoxidesofcalcium,siliconandaluminium.
Throughachemicalreactioncalledhydration,thepastehardensandgainsstrengthtoformtherocklikemass
knownasconcrete.Hydrationisthekeyissuebehindthesuccessofconcrete;itsplasticandmouldablestate
whennewlymixedbuthardandstrongasrockwhenhardened.
11.1Concretecomposition
Typically,aconcretemixshouldbeabout1015%cement,6075%aggregateand1520%water.All
ingredientsmustbecarefullyselectedtocreateagoodfinalproduct.
Mostnaturalwaterthatisdrinkableandhasnotasteorodor,canbeusedformakingconcrete.Evensomewaters
thatarenotdrinkablearestillsuitableforconcrete.Excessiveimpuritiesinthemixingwaterwillaffectthesetting
time,theconcretestrength,maycauseefflorescenceandstaining.Additionally,itmaycausecorrosionofthere
barstructurewhichwillcausevolumeinstabilityandreduceddurability.
Concretespecificationsnormallystateslimitsforthelevelofchlorides,sulphates,alkalis,andsolidsinmixing
water.
Theaggregatesmustalsobecarefullychosen.Thetypeandsizeofaggregatesaffectsthethicknessofthe
concrete.Aggregatesareinertgranularmaterialssuchassand,gravel,orcrushedstone.
11.2Mixingconcrete
Justlikediggingahole,mixingconcretecanbedonemanuallyorbymachine.Whencastingasmallconcrete
foundation,theconcretecaneasilybemixedupbyhandwhilelargerbasesdefinitelyneedsmachinery.
Asanexample,a80pound(36kg)bagofQuickretewillmake2/3cubitfeet(0,02m3)ofconcrete.Ittakesabout
10minutestomixonebagofthisinawheelbarrowanddumpitintothebase.Atowerbase3'x3'x3'isonecubic
yardwhichrequiresnolessthan40bags.Thatwouldtake6hoursofmixingbyhand.
Formediumsizebases,itiseasiertoorderatruckofconcreteandusewheelbarrowstoshuttletheconcreteto
thepoursite.Alternatively,aconcretemixercanbehiredandusedonsite.
11
Ifyouarehavingtroublewiththetrucknotreachingthebaseexcavation,youcancollectallyourfriendsandset
upabrigadeofmultiplewheelbarrowstomovetheconcretetothehole.Alternatively,youcanrentamotorized
wheelbarrow.
Forlargebases,contractforaconcretepumpertruckwhichcandeliverloadsupto400mawayfromthetruck.
11.3Pouringtheconcrete
Ifyouchoosetomixtheconcretebyhand,alargewheelbarrowandahoewillberequired. Additionally,a
tamping/vibratingtoolisamustformakingtheconcreteflowoutintoyourformandaroundyourrebarcage.
Forlargebases,youmustrentaflexibleconcretevibratingtubetomaketheconcreteflow.
Image8ashowshowoneperson(left)holdsthemotorwhileanotherperson(right)workswiththe"stinger"which
vibratesveryhard.Bydoingsopotentialflaws,suchashoneycombsandairpockets,areeliminated.
ThecentreareainsideoftheJBolts(wherethetowerwillbeplaced)shouldbeflatwithabrushedfinish.The
areaoutsidetheJBoltsshouldslightlyslopewithafloatedfinish.
Image8:a)Usingavibratorinthewetconcretetoeliminateflawssuchashoneycombsandairpockets.b)The
centralareashouldbeflatwithabrushedfinishwhilethesurroundingareaissloping(outwards)withafloating
finish(completedonlyintherightcorner).
11.4Hydration
Concretedoesnotdry,asmanypeopleoftenreferto,ithydrates.Hydrationisachemicalprocessbetweenthe
pasteandtheaggregateswhichrequirestimeandwater.
Concretecontinuestogainstrengththoughhydrationaslongasitstaysmoist.Assoonasitrunsoutofwater
(getsdry),thehydrationprocessstopsandthematerialdoesnotgainanymorestrength.
Thestrengthgrowswith decreasingmomentum,i.e.mostofthestrengthisgainedearlyoninthehydration
process.Inaproperlymixedconcrete,themajorityofthestrengthwilltakeplacethefirst10days.Therefore,you
shouldneverputstressontheconcretewithin10days.
12
11.5Curing
Curingisaprocessthataidsthehydrationoftheconcrete.Whentheconcreteispouredintotheholeitshouldbe
keptmoistwithatemperatureof5075F(1024C).Acorrectcuringprocessinessentialforthequalityofthe
concrete.Goodcuringimpliesthatevaporationofwatershouldbepreventedorreduced.
CONCRETENONO's
1.
Sunonfreshlypouredconcrete.
Keepitcoveredwithwetstraw(oroldwetrug)plusplasticortarpaper.
2.
Excessiveheat.
Donotpourconcretewhenthetemperatureistoohigh.
3.
Pouringconcreteintoaholethatisdry.
Wetthebottomandsidesoftheholebeforeyoupourtheconcreteotherwise
thedrysoilwillsuckallthewateroutoftheconcrete.Thatwillresultinaweak
mixwhenitcures.
4.
Stressingthefreshconcrete
Donotputanystressonthetowerbasewhiletheconcreteishydrating.Do
notassemblethetowertooquickly.
5.
Dryconcretesurfacewhilecuring
Giveitaspraywithwaterasoftenaspossibletokeepitwet.
11.6Concretestrength
Concreteisaverystrongmaterialwhenitisplacedincompression,i.e.itcanhandleheavyload.However,itis
extremelyweakduringtension.Thatiswhyweneedtousereinforcementinconcretestructureswhentensionis
appliedtothematerial.
Material
Tension(psi)
Compression(psi)
Bricks,commonlightred
40
1000
PortlandCement,1month
400
2000
PortlandCement,1year
500
3000
PortlandConcrete,1month
200
1000
PortlandConcrete,1year
400
2000
Granite
700
19000
Table1:Thetensionandcompressionvaluesofdifferentsortsofconcrete.
13
12.Anchors
Theanchoristhemetallicstructurethatconnectstheguycablestotheconcretefoundation.Anchorsarecritical
infrastructureandtheyaretrulytheonlythingthatkeepsatowerinplacewhenthewindisblowing.Ifyoulosean
anchor,youwilllooseaguycableandconsequentlythewholetower(can)goesdown.
Theanchorcanbeoftypeearthanchororconcreteanchor.Anearthanchorisnotasstrongasaconcrete
anchor,butitiseasierandcheapertoinstall.Anearthanchorshouldonlybeusedforsmallmastsincombination
withstablesoil.Thestrengthofanearthanchordependsonthetypeofsoiltheyareinstalledin.Bydeterminethe
typeofsoilyouhave,youcanestimatethepulloutratingoftheanchor.
Soilswithclaywillprovideahigherpulloutstrengthwhilesoftersoilscontainingmoresandandloamwillgiveyou
alowerpulloutstrength.Also,softersoilwillbecomesaturatedwithwaterduringrainfallseasonwhichwillresult
inamuchlowerpulloutstrength.Ifapplicable,earthanchorscanalsobedrilledintolargerocks.
13.Assemblingthetower
Communicationtowersandmastsaretypicallymanufacturedinsectionswhichareputtogetheronthesiteofthe
deployment.Somemodelsthough,normallyshorterstructures,areselferectingtowersthatcomeinonepiece.
Thissection focuses on towers/maststhat constitute of a set of sections that need to be assembled. Such
structurescanbothbeselfsupportingtowerandguyedmasts.
13.1Inspectionoftowersections
Beforeyoustarttoactuallyassemblethetowersections,makeathoroughlyinspectionofthemetalpiecesto
avoidworkingwithdefectivematerial.Theinspectionshouldbedoneshortlyafterthedeliveryofthematerialand
beforeacceptingthemtothesupplier.Lookforthefollowingcharacteristics:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Bentortwistedsections
Deformedorbentends
Misalignedjointsleeves
Weldswithcracksormultiplepinholes
Gaps,flakesorseparationsinthegalvanizing
Missingassemblybolts
Bentbraces
Improperlydrilledboltholes
Legsthatyoucannotseelightthroughwhicharecloggedwithdebris
Rustthatismorethanlightsurfacerust.Useaflashlighttopeerinsideofeachlegandlooksforinterior
rust.
11. Legsthathavebeenrepairedorweldedtootherthantheoriginalfactorybraceandjointsleeve.These
weldsareofteneasilyidentifiedbysurfacerust.
14
13.2Preassemblyontheground
Abasicstrategywhenassemblingtowersistobreakdowneverybigtaskintomanysmallsubtasksandhavea
detailedpracticalplan,fromstarttoend,beforeyoustarttoassembleit.Donotstartwithataskifyoudonot
knowhowtofinishit.
GENERALHINTSFORTOWERASSEMBLING
Wheninstallingaguyedsection,pulltheguysupseparatelyanddonotattachthemto
thesection.Ifexperienced,preinstallationoftheguyattachmentstothetowersectionis
agoodideathough,sincethatisaquitecomplextaskthatshouldbeavoidedtodointhe
air.
Installallboltswiththenutsontheinsideofthetower.Inthatwayyouwillreducethe
protrusion on the outside legs and avoid getting stuck with your climbing gear and
damagebothyourclothesandyourskin.
Forguyedmasts,asetofusefultricksfollows:
1.
Startbypreassemblethetowersectionsontheground,startingwiththebasesections.Installtheguy
attachmentpointsbutdonotfullytightenalltheboltsuntilafterinstallationoftheguys.
2.
Calculatehowlongeachguycablemustbeandthenadd10feet(3m)totheresult. Precut all the

guysandmarkeachoneofthemwithatagtoidentifywhichguyitisintendedfor(1st,2nd,3rdetc.).
3.
Preinstalltheguygripsononeendofeachguycable,butonlyhalfway.Leaveonesideunwrapped
sothatwhenyouraisetheguyuptotheguybracket,youcaneasilyslipthefreeendoftheguygrip
throughthethimbleandfinishthewrapquicklywhileyouareuponthetower.
13.3Ginpole
Aginpoleisausefultoolforliftingtowersectionsontopofeachother.Aginpoleistypicallyalongpieceofmetal
tubingwithapulleyinthetopwithasetofropesattachedtoit.Inthebottomoftheginpole,abracketisattached
thatclampstothelegofthetower.
Whenthefirsttowersectionisputinplaceovertheconcretebase,aginpoleismountedatthetopofthattower
section.Bypullingtheropes(bymanpower)fromtheground,theginpoleallowstoliftupatowersectionabove
thetopsectionofthetowerandsetitdownontotheprevioussection.Meanwhileatowersectionisliftedupwith
theginpole,oneortwopersonsareneededinthetowertoundotheboltsandtoplacethesectioncorrectlywhen
itislowered.
Ginpolesarealsousedforthereverseprocess,whendisassemblingatower.
An important issue about gin poles is the type of ropes used. It is recommended to use a braided rope even
though it is more expensive that a twisted rope. A braided rope avoids the unwind/wind cycles that occur under
load and is also far easier to coil than a twisted rope.
Nylon is a cheaper option but it is elastic and stretches quite a bit under tension which will reduce the control of the
lifting object.
15
The length of the rope should be approx. twice the height of the tower plus some extra length (at least 50 feet,
15m) so that the ground crew can keep a safe distance away from the bottom of the tower.
For example, for a 100 feet (30m) tower, your rope should be at least 250 feet (75m) long.
In 2004 the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) and Electronics Industry Association (EIA) accepted
and implemented a gin pole standard entitled " Structural Standards for Installation of Antenna and Antenna
Supporting Structures" (TIA/EIA-PN-4860 - Gin Poles). The aim of the standard was to improve the safety for
tower workers.
13.4Assemblingofhightowers
Ifthetowerisveryhigh,assemblingofthetowersectionscannotbedonemanuallywithaginpole.Then,acrane
isneededtoliftupthetowersectionstotherightplace.Still,youneedexperiencedpeopleinthetowertomount
thepiecestogether.
Image9:Usingacranetoplacethetopsegmentonahighselfsupportingtower.
14.Guycables
Aguycable(orguywire,guyrope)isametallicwirethatgivesstabilitytotallstructureslikemasts.Oneendof
theguyisattachedtothetowerinanattachmentpointwhiletheotherendisattachedtotheconcretefoundation
inaguyanchor.
Theguycablesactlikeextensionspringsintwodifferentways(modes):
Mode1
They changelengthrelativelyeasilywithout significant elasticstretchingasthedroopinthemispulledtight,
resultinginaverylowspringrate1untilalltheslackispulledout.
Mode2
Oncetheyaretight(thedroopispulledout),theycanstillchangelengthbystretchingelastically,althoughonly
withmuchlargerchangesintension(largerspringrate).
1 Springrateittheamountofforceneededtocompressaspring.
16
14.1Typesofguywires
ThemostcommonlyusedguywiresareEHSSteelguywires,PhillystranandPultrudedfiberglass.
EHS(Extrahighstrength)SteelGuywire
Specified in the ANCS (American National Standards
Institute)standardASTMB22704withthetitle Standard
SpecificationforHardDrawnCopperCladSteelWire.
AnEHSsteelwireismadeofasetofgalvanizedtwisted
steelstrandsandisthemostcommonlyusedguycable.
Image10:EHSgalvanizedguycable
Phillystran
AnonconductingguywirematerialmadeoutofKevlar(aramidfiber)fibercorewithaPCVjacket.Phillystanis
bothstrongandlightweighted.
ThepurposesofthePVCjacketjacketare:
1.
Toprotectthecablefromabrasionduringinstallation
2.
Topreventmoisturefromwickingintothecore
3.
Mostimportantly,toprotectthecorefromUVdamage
Pultrudedfiberglass
Pultrodedfiberglassismuchmoreelasticthansteel. Inordertohavethesamespringrateassteelguysand
hence,thesameabilitytostabilizeatower,thecrosssectionalareaofthefiberglassmustbemustlarger(4.83
times)thatthesteel.
InthecaseofaEHSguy,theequivalentsolidfiberglassroddiameterwouldbetwicetheEHSsizeyouwantto
replace.
14.2Preloadinguycables
Itisrecommendedthattheguywiresshouldhaveainitialtension(preload)ofapprox.1015%ofitsultimate
breakingstrength1 tostretchouttheslackinthem.Theexactamountofpreloaddependsonthetypeofguys
usedandhowhighupinthetower/masttheyareattached.
Whenyouaddpreloadtoaguywire,youwillstraightenitoutasitisitisnotperfectlystraightasitis.However,
duetogravity,thewirewillneverbeentirelystraightandtherewillalwaysbeaconcavecurveeventhoughitis
pulledbeyondthespecifiedpreload.Atsomepoint,thestretchingwillmakethewiretoexpandelasticallywhich
meansthatitgoesfrommode1tomode2.
Ifyouaddtoolargepreloadtoyourwire,youarereducingitsabilitytoabsorbadditionalload(fromthetower
moving)beforeitreachesitsbreakingstrength.
Thelargerthediameteroftheguy,thehigherspringratewhichimpliesthatitcanbetterresistachangeinlength
(i.e.movementofthetower)forthesameloadingforce.However,alargerdiameterwillmaketheguywireheavier
andhence,itrequiresmorepreloadtensiontopullouttheslack(still1015%ofthetensilestrength).
Insummary,usingathickerguywirewillallowmoreflexingofyourtowersinceithasahigherspringrate,and
hence,muchlargerforcesarerequiredtomakeitchangelength.
1 Breaking Strength - The measured load required to break a wire rope in tension.
17
Asaruleofthumb,iftheguyisattachedinthetopofthetower(100%),thetensionshouldbe8%ofthetensile
strength.For80%ofthetower'sheight,10%tensionshouldbeapplied.Iftheanchorpointisat65%oftower
height,15%tensioncanbeappliedasyouloosealotofwindloadinthislasttypeofinstallation.Thebreaking
strengthwillimprovethecontroloftheflexibilityandstillnotcutdownonthecablestrength.
Image11:Suggestedpreloadinguywiresfordifferentheightofthetower.
Source:IT+46
Dependingontheheightofthetower,youmustchoosetherightdiameteroftheguycablethatcanhandlethe
loadofthetower.
Forexample,aRohn25towerrequiresa3/16EHSguy.Thatwirehasabreakingstrengthof4,000lb(1800kg)
whichallowsatensionof400lb(180kg).
Type
Diameter(inch)
Diameter(mm)
Breakingstrength(lb)
Breakingstrength(kg)
EHS(7strands)
3/8
9.5
15,400
6985
EHS(7strands)
5/16
7.9
11,200
5080
EHS(7strands)
1/4
6.5
6,600
2994
EHS(7strands)
3/16
4.8
3990
1810
Table2:BreakingstrengthforEHSguywireswithdifferentdiameters.
18
14.3Terminationofguys
Theguywiresneedtobeterminatedinawaysothattheycanbesecurelyattachedtotheguyanchors.
ForEHS,preformsoraka."deadends"arethemostreliableandeasiestwaytoterminateaguy.
Image12:Aterminatedguycablewithadeadend.
UsethimblesoverthepreformsforALLterminations.Manythimblesareteardropshapedwhichyouneedtoopen
upwheninstallingthem.TherearealsothimblesthatareUshapedwithenoughclearanceinthemouththatyou
shouldhaveaminimumoffussinstallingthem.
Image13:a)Teardropshapedthimbles.b)Adeadendterminatedguycablewithathimble.
19
14.4Tighteningtheguycables
Asyouassemblethemast,sectionbysection,youneedtotightentheguysaccordingly.Normally,atowerhas23
levelsofguys(dependingontheheightofthetower/mast)andthreeguysoneachlevel.
Image14:Aguyedmastwithatotalofsixguywires(twolevelswith3guyseach).
Naturally,youwillstartwiththeguysclosesttothebase.Startbytightenallthreeguysmoderatelyandthencheck
thetowerforplumbwithatalllevel.
Itisrecommendabletouseturnbucklesasitwillallowyoutofinetuneyouradjustmentslateron.
Image15:Aturnbuckleusedtotightenguywires.
Source:Wikimedia.org
14.5Measuringthetension
Youshouldstrivetoachieveequaltensioninallguysatthesamelevel,assumingthattheguyanchorsareatthe
samedistancefromthebase.
Aninexpensive,easytouseandaccuratewaytomeasureguywiretensioniswithaLOOSguywiretension
gauge.Thegaugeismanufactured of rugged anodized aluminium and is corrosive resistant and hence, has a
long life time. The guy cable can be adjusted (tightened/loosen) while the gauge remains on the cable.
20
GENERALTIPSFORGUYTENSIONING
Putaseparatewire,oroneofthelonglooseends,throughalltheturnbucklestoprevent
themfromloosening
Loopacablethroughallofthethimbles(inacircle)incaseoneoftheturnbucklesbreaks.
Theguytensionchangeswithtemperatureduetoexpansionandcontraction.Thatmeans,
iftheinitialtensionwasdoneinthewinter,itwillloosenupinthesummerduetoexpansion
causedbyhighertemperature.
14.6Measuringtowerplumb
Asyouaretighteningtheguywiresandmeasuringthetension,youneedtomeasurehowplumbyourtoweris,so
thatyoudonotendupwithatowerinPiza1style.
Asimplemethodtomeasuretheplumbistouseaplumbbob.Aplumbbobisaweightthatisattachedtoaline.
Thelineissuspendedtothecenterofthetoweratthefirstguypoint.Theplumbbobwillformanexactverticalline
(duetogravity)andtheguysshouldbeadjustedsothatthetowerisparallelwiththebobline.
Ifthewindcatchestheline(dependingtheweightofthebobandthewindconditions)youcanplaceabucketof
wateratthebaseofthetowertoreducetheswingingofthebob.
Whenthefirsttowersectionisplumb,youcontinuetothenextsection.
Image16:Aplumbbobusedtoadjusttheguysinordertoensureaverticaltower.
1 ThetopoftheleaningtowerinPizaisabout5m(16ft)fromthevertical.Anexcellentexampleofatowerthat
isnotplumb.
21
14.7Temporaryguys
Whenyouareassemblingyoutower,someofthetowersections(mostofthem)willnotbeequippedwithguy
wiressincenormallyonlytwolayersofguysareused.Thatmeansthatyouwillbeworkingintowersectionsthat
mightbe23towersectionsabovethelastguypoint.Mostpeopleseemtofeelcomfortableclimbingtwosections
(approx.6m)abovethelastguypoint.Moreexperiencedclimbersmightallow34towersectionsabovethelast
guypointuntiltheswaybecomestoogreat.Thesolutiontothisproblemistoaddtemporaryguystotower
sectionsplacedbetweenguypoints.Thetemporarywiresareremovedwhenthepermanentguywiresarein
place.
Agoodruleofthumbistousetemporaryguysanytimeifyouare2sections(20feet=6m)ormoreabovethe
lastpermanentguyset.
Temporaryguysdonotneedtowithstandthesameloadthatpermanentonesmust.Ifyouplantofinishall
permanentguysthesameday(andtheweatherisfair),youcanallowfairlylighttemporaryguys.However,ifyou
cannotcompetethepermanentguyinginoneday,youshouldgoformorestabletemporaryguys.
Thematerialofthetemporaryguysshouldhaveaverylowstretch(i.e.beingstiff)likelightweightsteelcableor
twistedpolyester.
15.Climbing
Itshouldnotcomeasasurprisetoyou,thatclimbinga150feettowerisdangerous.Climbingtallstructures
requiresadequatetrainingandequipment.
Asaruleofthethumb,apersonwithnoclimbingexperience,shouldnotclimbatowerhigherthanhe/shecan
surviveafterapossiblefalltotheground.
Thesafest,mostcomfortable,andmostversatiletypeofclimbingbeltisaseatharness.Ifyouareaprofessional
towerclimber,youwillneedtofollowOSHArequirementsforharnessandusea"fallarresttypeofharness.This
harnesstypicallyhasafullbodyarrangement.
Image17:a)Seatharnessb)Aharnesswithfallarrest.
Source:KltterochHgfjll,http://www.klatterochhogfjall.com(Image17a)
Youshouldbeequippedwithabeltaroundyourwaistwithaccessoryloopsfortoolbucketsandcarabiners.
22
GENERALTIPSFORCLIMBINGEQUIPMENT
StayawayfromleatherbeltswhicharenolongerapprovedbyOSHA.Theleathercandry
outandbecomeseriouslyweakened.
Makesurethattheclimbinggearthatyouareusingiscomfortabletowearforlongperiods
asyouwillprobablebeupinthetowerformanyhours.
Donotbecheapwhenitcomestoclimbingequipment.Amistakecanbefatalandyou
haveonlyonelifeinthisgame.Also,youwillperformtheworkbetterifyoufeelsafeand
enjoythetimeupinthetower.
Trytokeepallequipmentaslightaspossible
Otherclimbingequipmentthatisrelevant:
Climbinglanyards
Carabiners
Ropes
Finally,youwillneedappropriateclothesforthemissionincludinghelmet,shoesandgloves(donotforgetto
drink!).
16.Lighteningprotection
Lightningprotectionisamustforanystructureelevatedabovethesurroundings.Lighteningisacommonenemy
towirelessinstallationsinhighstructuresandmustbepreventedasfarasitcan.
Therearegenerallyspeakingtwodifferentwaysthatlighteningcandamageyourequipment,directandindirect
hits.
16.1Directhits
TowersshouldbeequippedwithFranklinrodsproperlygroundedateachfoundationpoint.Legalrequirementsin
mostareasonlyrequiregroundingofthetower,butguycablegroundingisadvisedaswell.
Themasttopshouldbeconnectedtothegroundbyalowresistancecable,usuallyofcopperorsimilarconductive
material.Suitablegroundclampstoattachthecabletothemastandthegroundsystemareneeded.Thecable
musthaveagoodelectricalconnection,somakesurethatallpaintandrust(corrosion)areremovedfromthe
areawheretheclampattachesto.Also,usedielectricgreaseontheclampconnectiontopreventanyelectrolysis
activityduetodissimilarmetals.
However,ifthelighteninghitsthetoweritself(ortheequipment)thereisverylittlethatcansaveit.
16.2Indirecthits
Inductioncurrents(indirecthits)throughnearbylightningstrikecancausedamagetooutdoorradioequipment.It
canbepreventedbyusingsurgeprotectorstovulnerableequipmentandchoosingradiosthathaveahigher
voltagerating.However,surgeprotectorsdoesnotprotecttheantenna,onlytheradio.
23
17.Corrosion
Corrosion is an attack on material though a chemical reaction with the environment. Materials affected by
corrosionarenotonlymetalsbutalsoforexampleplastics.Theenvironmentthatcancausecorrosioncanbeair
(oxygen),waterandchemicalsubstances.
Corrosionimpliesdeteriorationofusefulpropertiesinthematerialandissomethingyouwanttoavoidtoallprices.
Awellknowncaseofcorrosionisweakeningofsteelduetooxidationoftheironatoms.
Infact,corrosionisthetendencyofarefinedmetaltoreturntoitsnativestate.
Therearecertainconditionswhichmustexistbeforeasocalled corrosioncell canfunction.Thefollowing
elementsareneeded:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Anode(positivecharged)
Cathode(negativecharged)
Electricalpath(betweenanodeandcathode)
Electricalconductiveelectrolyte
Image18:Anactivecorrosioncell
Source:IT+46
Thecausebehindacorrosioncellisapotential(voltage)differencebetweentheanodeandcathode.Whenall
fourconditions(seeelement14above)aremet,anactivecorrosioncellisinplace.
Whentheanodeandcathodeareelectricallyconnected,theanodeispositivelychargedandthecathodeis
negatively charged. When corrosion takes place, electrons moves from the anode (positive) to the cathode
(negative).Intheanode,oxidationoccurswhileinthecathode,aprocesscalledreductiontakesplace.
Oxidationimpliesthatelectronsareemittedwhichhasandetrimentalaffectontheanodewhichweakensthe
material.Reductionimpliesthattheelectronsareboundtothematerial.
Often,moistfromrainorhumidairwillplaytheroleastheelectrolyteandcausecorrosion.Also,oxygencan
contributetocorrosion.
Theimpactofcorrosioninguyanchorsorrebarscanbeextensive,notonlyfinanciallycostlybutalsocausefatal
accidentswithpeopleinvolved. Theproblemwithcorrosioncanbeprevented,oratleastgreatlyreduced, by
havingtheserisksinmindwhenestablishingatowerandusingasuitablemethodforpreventingcorrosion.
Also,carefulmaintenanceofthetowerwithinregularintervalsisimportant.
24
17.1Corrosionprevention
Insimplewords,corrosionintermsoftowerconstructionsincludestheexistenceofthefollowingtwoelements:
Oxygen(ordissimilarmetals)
Electrolyte(aliquidwithfreeionslikewaterwithminerals)
Thecorrosionpreventionmechanismsthatexists,targetsthesetwoelements.
17.1.1Antioxidantjointcompound
Corrosioncanbepreventedbyusinganantioxidantjointcompoundwhichcanprotectthemetalsfrommoisture
Anefficientantioxidanthastwocomponents:
Finelydividedmetalparticles(zincorcopper)
Adurablegrease(basedonsiliconeorpetroleum)
The greasewillholdthemetalparticlesand stickthemto themetalsurfaceand exclude both oxygen and

moisture.
17.1.2Cathodicprotection
CorrosioncanalsobepreventedbytheuseofCathodicprotection.Cathodicprotectionmakesuseoftheknown
processinacorrosioncelltoeffectivelyavoidthenegativeeffectsofcorrosion.
Galvanicanodeprotectionisasimplemethodofcathodicprotectionwhichisbasedontheideaofasacrificial
anode.Inthecaseofapreventingcorrosiontoatoweranchor,asacrificialanodeiselectricallybondedtothe
anchorsupport.
Thematerialoftheanodemustbehigheronthegalvanicseries1thanthemetalisshouldprotect.Inthatway,the
anodewillcorrodeinsteadoftheanchorortowercomponents(thereofthename,sacrificial).Asacrificialanodeis
normallymadeofmagnesiumorzinc.
Itisnotonlythematerialoftheanodeandcathodethatmattersforcorrosion,itisalsoarelationshipbetweenthe
sizesoftheanodeandthecathodethathasanimpactontheseverityofthecorrosioncell.
Whentheareaofthecathodeisverylargeinrelationshiptothatoftheanode,thecorrosioncellwill
bemoresevere,andthusthefastertheanodewilldeteriorate.
Iftheanodeisverylargeinrelationshiptothecathode,theeffectsofcorrosionaremuchlessandthe
anodedeteriorationismoregradual.
Sincethepurposeofthesacrificialanodeistobecorroded,itmustbereplacedaftersometime.
SeedocumentUnderstandingandPreventingGuyedTowerFailureDuetoAnchorShaftCorrosionforfurther
informationaboutcorrosionrelatedtotowers.
1Inthegalvanicseries,eachmetalhashisownplacement(anumber)accordingtothepotentialithastoother
metals.
25
18.Maintenance
Thetowershouldbeinspectedatleasttwiceperyear.Theinspectionshould(atminimum)includethefollowing:
Ensurethatallhardwareistight
Ensurepropertensionintheguycables
Inspectforcorrosion.Ifcorrosionisfound,removeloosepiecesandaddpaint.
19.Conclusions
Toestablishacommunicationtowerrequiresagreatdealofplanning,accesstoexperiencedpersonnelandgood
tools.Withoutanyofthesecomponents,thetowerwillnotstandupforalongtime.
A baseofgoodqualityisessentialforthelifetimeofatower/mast.Ifthebaseinnotdonewithcare,fatal
accidentscanoccurwhichmightnotjustturnouttobeexpensivebutalsoincludepersonaltragedies.
The TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association) hasestablisheda set of standards that relatesto tower
establishments:
TheStructuralStandardsforSteelAntennaTowersandAntennaSupportingStructures(ANSI/TIA222
F1996),it providesasetofminimumcriteriaforspecifyinganddesigningsteelantennatowersand
antennasupportingstructures.
Structural Standards for Installation of Antenna and Antenna Supporting Structures" (TIA/EIA-PN-4860
- Gin Poles), it is another standard that aims to improve the safety for tower workers.
It is highly recommended to have a copy of these standards when planning for a tower/mast structure.
Thefivemainissuestorememberforthisunitcanbesummarizedasfollows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Select the type of tower depending on antenna load, footprint, height needed and financial budget.
A base foundation of good quality is essential for a safe tower with long lift time
Working at high height does always imply danger. Do not be cheap when it comes to security. Use good
equipment and play safe.
Make sure that you have the time that you need. Stress will allow you to make mistakes which can be
very costly.
Always keep in mind the risks of corrosion and prevent it as far as you can. Also plan for continuous
inspections for corrosion and other defects.
26

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ITRAINONLINE

Calculatehowlongeachguycablemustbeandthenadd10feet(3m)totheresult. Precut all the

The greasewillholdthemetalparticlesand stickthemto themetalsurfaceand exclude both oxygen and

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