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jdG dH dG HJ

RdG S : OGYEG

2006

5........................................................................................................................................................................................................ J
7..............................................................................................

ef SCG h dG LdH M If -1
9.............................................................................................................. dGfEG e QNGh MG AfEG -2
12.......................................................................................................................................................... dG HJ W -3
13...................................................................................................................................................... AdG a -1-3
13................................................................................................................................ dG h HdG a -2-3
15.......................................................................................................... IjL GQWEG aVEG -1-2-3
15...................................................... e ,FdG dG dG GQWEG dGREG -2-2-3
15.................................................................... LG M IjL GQWEG aVEG -3-2-3
15........................................................................................................ dG FGdG V -4-2-3
16............................................................ Ye T SSCG GQWEG aVEG -5-2-3
16.................................................................................................................. jdG hCG jdG -6-2-3
19...... jdG jG EG jdG jG e dG FGW f -7-2-3
20........................................................ YdG ceCG EG jG f hCG fEG -8-2-3
21.................................................................................................................... zG{ HJ -9-2-3
25.................................................................................... jG a SdG Vh -10-2-3
25........................................................................................................................................................ dG a -3-3
26.......................................................................................................................................................... jG a 4-3
27............................................................................................................ dH IQdG GGh VGeCG - 5
27...................................................................................................... (TdG hCG fJhCG ) dG IOhO - 1
27................................................................................................................................................................ dG b - 2
28............................................................................................................................................ eCGh eRdG - 3
28.................................................................................................................................................... G VGeCG - 4
29...................................................................................................................................... G J Ve - 5
29.......................................................................................................................................................................... GRhQdG - 6

Gf YLEG h jObEG MdG e ic gCG fOH dG HJ J


CG Ye jYQ Jf Y OdG aJh dG Hd FG NG hd
.jS dG e W 10.000 GH Qj fEG aJ
NO gJ CG dG YGQdG fCG e J dG HJ CG c
.dH eRdG jdG e jdG dG Y HdG J MCG e GPEG dG
J Gc GQhO J H dG h dG fEG J dG jN gCG
M fEG IOjR e JOL Jh jOhOe OGOJ dG JdG h QTCG
.%40 G`H dG
OY e FG 80 GM j Gj dG dG CG cdG jh
.f 25.000 H j N 300.000 CG fOH jG
.jS dG e c 1 GMh dG e d 6 EG 3 jdG G J
N 85.000 CG j``G `` `e .%20 G`M EG ` a dG `dG eCG
dG fEG hGjh ,jS dG e c 30 EG 25 e G J .f 9.000 h
.jS W 3.500 h 3.000 H e G
b dPh jdG dH dG HJ c Y AGVCG H j dG Gg
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dG NGO RGJh dG dG LQO 45 jhGH K hCG ej SCGQ
.ddG dG SGdG
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jCG KdG zG{ AGdH iJ bj Jh jCG KK H dG J


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.ec f EG
dG FW OGaCG IG IQhO j : dG hG
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ddG

zG{

QdG MGe

6,5

5,5

14,5

12

7,5

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24

21

16

jCG

dG OGaCG IM Ia W
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3 Jh dH L gQE Gf dG h HdG N HSCG 4 J : ddG

.AdG h jG N TCG 4 EG
.dG h HdG a EG J h TCG 4 EG 3 J : QcdG

:G QNh NGO ddG QhO


KK EG gY M Y dYCG Jh G YCG ZCH ddG J
.MGe
e RJ M a e LJ dG G AGdH bdG J :jCG 10 EG 1 e 
;G J fCG c SCGH OLG dG OZ
8

;H e LJ dG dG J :ej 20 EG 11 e 
c AG h dG Mh MdG ,G QN J :J EG ej 21 e 
.Y EG MdG h SGG eDJ fCG

dG H JEG W
JG`NCG `J Yd Qe J e Y ``dG CG PEG ,`bdG SGH dG `j
dG bdG jW Y G Hh H UdG aGh g`G h Y`dG `f `Y
.YdG be M TCG NCj
e H Jh QWEG a bJ G NGO EG dG OJ eY : YdG f 
.YdG f Y JGNCG J dHh QgdG MQ
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.aG OGR c 8 T Y jRGgG bQ bJh : e 200 iJ
.bd IQTEd bdG AKCG d dH dG G Y dG j :

EG 

:dGfEG e QNGh MG AfEG -2


:SG G QNG h MG AfEG M eG H
HCG Hh dG jH jG N U 
.QG eh dG TC FGO jG VJ 
AdG a QeCG e NGO EG J M eCG EG jG deEG 
.VQCG Y ITe jG VJ 
.FGQdG h RG h dG jdG Y GH jG Vh 
.AG h dG Mh MdG QOe a aJ e QNG 
.S e e QNG 

jdG dH dG HJ

.G EG GG J a YCG bh G VQCG jJ 
.IOQdG dG N dG Ge FdG C aJ M dG EG G Ne LJ 

:dG HJ GhOCG `
:JBG GhOCG EG dG j
UN J fOH h G jG e Ic GfCG LJ : G hCG G
.dG fCG Yf
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bh dG a dG j G a Vj N hU : IOjR hCG SdG


.SY e cC jdG FGda .QgdG

10

6 cm
2 cm
1
22 cm

2
3
4

22 cm

6 cm

3
5

G AZ ` 1
GQWEG AZ ` 2
GQWEG ` 3
SY ` 4
(dG e) G ` 5
G Ne `6
dG GW e ` 7

41 cm

7
52 cm

(DADANT) fOGO N

7 cm

2 cm

G AZ ` 1
GQWEG AZ ` 2
GQWEG ` 3
SY ` 4
G ` 5
G Ne `6
dG GW e ` 7

2
15 cm

3
4

35 cm

6
7
50 cm
40 cm

(Langstroth) h N

11

jdG dH dG HJ

G a GhOCG `
.NdG dd dTEG OGG OGG Vd fe fGSCG e j :

NG

iNCG h Fb jhGR j gMCG JOM aM e e b :


iNCG h G MdG e GQWEG d J .j e
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dG

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ITa

.JRbh b J AH dH e j : dG Sd

: dG Ra GhOCG `
SGdG d G dG AdG c j S : dG je
.dH IAG
Y e dG ZCG c Y GQWEG R JQ J : dG dhW
NBG h dG bh GQWEG RJQ gMCG FL d .UGbCG
.c dG GQWEG Vd
.SCG jh SGdG dG e dG d j :

RGdG

Ie Y j dG e j c GSCG AYh Y IQY :


.dP Z h dG AGLCG h dG b e d dG a j

: dG HJ W -3
Y fH bGeh dH jdG Y SSCG J jdG dH dG HJ
.dG e Y fEG Y G LCG e dG dG JG h dG QGe

12

: AdG a -1-3
IQGG e LQO Y aj M G e dG j e GQPf ,dG Gg
eh dG e cSG OGR IQGG fG ch .LQO 33-32 QJ G NGO
.OdG
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.dG hCG dG dG hCG
aJh AYh Vjh .dG e .%50 h AG e .%50 e dG G jh
.hj M jh LQO %40 GM EG JQGM
jj T EG HcCG T e e AGHG d dG G Gg j
J eY dG jJ Y dG j h .SCG c Ie N c d 1 QGe
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fL Vj YCG e e QWEG Y IQY gh jGZ dG G Rj
.iNCG GQWEG
Ldh GL ce S zfdG{ gh dG jd j NBG AGZ g
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:dG h HdG a -2-3


Jh G a QgdG Jh IQGG LQO JJ HdG a jGH e
.dG VH G GC J eY UN Wf
c Ie hCG SCG c Ie dG Qhj M fGh H Y dG GC j bdG Gg
.YSCG

13

jdG dH dG HJ

G Y dG j hCG j c
.dG h UG ddG AGJQG 
.(G Ne eCG dh) G fH dG j 
dG Ne e G NJ 
d LQG AdG dGREG 
.jQJ NdG e d NGdG AdG dGREG 
.(dG jJ QWEG dZ) fG GQWEG MCG dGREG 
.iNCG GQWEG j j G fH Vh 

14

: dG IQjR
IOY a .gOLh e cCdG h zG{ ge g dG IQjR e FdG dG
e Wf ieh G OLh Y SEG h G SG GQWEG H LJ
dG GQWEG a G jDhQ .SGdG dG NGO jG dG OLh N
.dG bH e WCG h M cCG a
.(SCGQ Vh CG MGh j Y) jG dG Ig zG{ OLh e cCdG 
.dG jH IOY G J : G T Me 

:IjL GQWEG aVEG -1-2-3


b J jYdG QOG d ,J zG{ GC Jh G J HdG jGH
dG LM M e T GQWEG aVEG j Gd .dG AH d J h
.a zG{ d

:e ,FdG dG dG GQWEG dGREG -2-2-3


.K a IT 
.LYG a IT 
.Ve a IT 

: LG M IjL GQWEG aVEG 3-2-3


.S c IjL GQWEH dG GQWEG K J j G J eY

:dG FGdG V -4-2-3


NBG LfEG J d dM Y H GPEG : V FGW Y dG G
.IMGh N dG FGdG V hCG L j dG Gd .dG

15

jdG dH dG HJ

:Ye T SSCG GQWEG aVEG -5-2-3


dG j GC H dG CG dG Mj eY G NGO GQWEG g J
.(dG j dG jG HCG dG SGH j Gg Y SEGh)

:GQWEH dG SSCG J J `
dG dG Y Ye dG e J bQ FU g SSCG g
:Id SGdG dG CG jQd
.G QWEG 
dG h jdG NGdG G e QWEG aM Y jU jQe O 
.QWEG e fL aM c K Vh 
HG dG EG Qh fG MC dG dG e bQ S W Nj 
.SCG dG AdG fh
QG Y G dG W d 
dG a dG SSCG Vh 
jQH SGH dG FHc QJ OGeEG 
a dG SSCG Y H dG j h dG IQGM LQO JJ Gg H 
.dG NGO

jdG hCG jdG -6-2-3


.G FGdG OY e IOjd Sh gh dG KJ W S jdG
J M .IjL e Jh QcdG h dH G MOJ HdG a
cQJ NBG e Y d FdG QcPh fEG f e Jh G CG G
.S c IMGh N e OhW 3 EG OW j CG h .H G

16

.jdG eY `
G NGO OY Z W j 
G H Y dG MORG 
G G jQf Ic 

17

jdG dH dG HJ

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jdG e `
J M jdG e eh dG FW Y VG Zj dG c GPEG
.IjL e J M G QdG g j

G dNOEG h OW dG J `
:j VQCG Y hCG IT a a OW Ige Y
OdG e ZQa N jJ 
VQCG a c GPEG OdG NJ hCG G NGO dG j M IdG a g 
.G NGO EG aOh
.dG dM bG dG dG Y jh G J 
.jG fCj M dG jJ 

18

FGdG b hCG YUEG jdG `


dG

.G jG OY IOjR 
.jdH dG FGdG N 
.dG b OhW IY fG 

jdG

jdG FGdG Y dG g J
.jb FW QNG 
.dG e ZQa N 
G Y dG ,GQWEG 5 EG 4 :jdG FdG fh G f NCG 
.ZQdG G Vhh dG h dG Mh dG h
.dG H dG jJh G dG e GQWEH G Ga
C 
.e hH dG FdG a G Y dG dG j 
.IjL e jCG H HJ dG FdG 

:jdG jG EG jdG jG e dG FGW f -7-2-3


jdH J S Y jdG jG EG jdG jG e dG FGW f
:ddG
e T SSCG H GQWEG 4 EG 3 e j Y hU dG j 
KK hCG S Y dG e ZQa N GQWEG 5 EG 4 h dG e ZQa
J LCG e jW S GWCG J e QWEG e IMGh L Y e SCG
.Y dG UGbCG

19

jdG dH dG HJ

.aW MCG j dG jdG H dG FW NH dG j 


.iNCG H IMGh jdG G IOLG (dG) dG UGbCG j 
.dG SGH G QWEG a dG UGbCG J 
.G b GPEG fC dG UGbCG Vh Y aG j 
.G NGO GQWEG VJ 
.jdG G NGO jdG G f e J e j 
.jG G e dG Y JY dG H dG ij 
.jdG G e jdG G Vh 

YdG ceCG EG jG f hCG fEG -8-2-3


fEG IOjdG b dG YQ ceCG EG jG f g dG g e dG
JdG h QTCG e GfCG IY QgR e IPSEG dH h G jJh dG
.WG e c
fEG ah G WG gCGh jG f ceCG M If j JBG hG
WG

YdG f

cHh dOJh Se SSh dG S


dG M
dG S
SchCG HZ
dG S dG OY ` SH
Se MGf
dG OY
dOJ S
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WCGh jdG
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dcO
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20

SGG hCG QdG

jHCG ` SQe
jHCG
fj ` e

Rdj ` fj
jG
jG

:jG f Y gPJG LGdG WMEG H


dG j M dG AKCG jG J 
dG AKCG J M G AGLCG 
dG AKCG jG jJ e cCdG j 
jW Y H e jG GfEG j dG Xh jW aG fc GPEG 
.dG H dG QfGh

G NGO gjd dG e HJ c
zG{ HJ -9-2-3
a ,dG fEG ie Y KDJ fCG c dG IM SSCG GQhO G J
.dG fEG IOjR j G d dH dG e cCG GOY J dG
G j M jS G jJ e dG h J dG e HJ
.eh jb FGW j
hCG d fGW N hCG AK GC hCG dG AKCG Je FdG J e Gc
dSG hCG YV dG G jJ J G HJ Gd .iNCG N dNH
f fG Y Yj ej 21 a dG Hj dG g .FGdG b
.Ge FdG

jdG

G HJ GhOCG
.jCG 3 gY ij dG bdG d UN ITa 
G a HJ jQf :SdG e hCG T ShDc

G a HJ dG ShDdG N VQGY 
dH G VQGdG dG ShDc J 
21

jdG dH dG HJ

22

bdG QR
ij bj jW M a QWEG e NCj h jb FW a N dG Qj
dG j Gg b .TdG SGH T SCc IMGh c jh jCG 3 gY
.G jN NGO e j M dG ShDdG G AGdG e b

HdG AH
a j .HdG AGH N J GQWEG 5 J Ie N dG j 
.G HJ QWEG
Mh dG a dh M hH e T GQWEG j G g 
.dG
G e NCj dG U f G g Nj 

HdG
.fhH hCG G OLH eEG HdG Y J CG .HdG N bdG J CG H

23

jdG dH dG HJ

G hH
.e jh HdG d N dG Qj 
HdG H N e G HJ QWEG dG j dG g e YS 6 H 
.gQNG dG G Sh jh

G OLH
.G LH e jh jb FW GP dG Qj 
.G Sh G HJ QWEG Nj 
.jCG 10 I J HdG j 

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a e h M hH GQWEG 3 NGO h GQWEG 5 `d J N dG j 
.dGG j R feEH j j 20 ij Y f
M Jh G hN jh G HJ QWEG G g NGH j 
.dG VH GC J

G jRJ
YRjh G LM SGH Lj GL J dG G dG Qj
.Je jJ jj hCG J dG jG Y

jG G jQf QR
YQH dPh INCG g hN b G HJ jQJ j CG d
.ddG jdH jG NGO
.H QV hCG K GMEG hO IOM dBH G jQf J 

24

Gg jh IjL gjhJ jj dG G Sh GQWEG dG Qj 


.G f QH j K QWEG
jQWEG G jQf e KEG 2) N c dG Qj CG j 
.
e LN GPEG .NCG Y AdH J jQdG e J dG hCG G
.a e IMGh J bdG f

jG a SdG Vh -10-2-3
Gd .FdG jh e d Y EG djh MdG dG j QgdG bh
j dH jQdG dG j eY CG eYh G a SY Vh j
.QgdG Ia J M Ggh hCG SdG h G H e fK SY aVEG

dG a -3-3
dG b
GPEG EG dG j .dG USE G EG f j SdG eY
.dH dG N CG UGbCG f

jdG

.b H FdG NJh G a 
.G J dG UGbCG IYGe e GQWEG Y dG 
TdG SH G fH NBG hU Vhh dG e QWEG c ANEG 

USG h dG Ra
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.jG fEG

25

jdG dH dG HJ

jdG

dG ZCG c 
dG dhW j CG H idG dH QWEG h dG dH dG je
.eCG e bQ UdG S e dG W Jh
RdG dhW j WG GQWEG JJ

RdG Y

.SCG EG dG jh FHc hCG jhj QGj dG RGdG GQWEG VJ


CG j IQGG OHh dG bh a h dG Ra dG J GPEG :Me
.GQWEG dG e b j M aGO H Rj

dG J

.G dG h dG AGLCG e d e dG j RdG H

dG f

LCG a e d jCG IY jh Ic GhCG : e dG Vj


.dG LCG G NGO jh dG a J dG LQG

:dG J

ffdG jG M SdG e hCG fe hCG LLR GhCG dG C j

jG a 4-3
dG e fh SG dG GC jh We IY QgdG J jG a
QgdG aJ e dG cCJ GPEG EG gRa Yh G NGO dG GQWEG J j Gd
.bdG Gg

26

AYEH dG j M AdG a Ad FdG J dG Gg jf e


.G e h OdG NGO EG j M VQCG MEGh dG FGd ac jY

dH IQdG GGh VGeCG `5


(TdG hCG fJhCG ) dG IOhO ` 1
GALLERIA MELLONELLA IdG dG IOhO 
GALLERIA GRISELLA IdG dG IOhO 

Jh dG dG EG G TGdG g fCG NJ TGa e J dG IOhO


.dG Y dG GC Jh dG e bdG J Gg H ,dG NGO dG
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d IOhO HQ
.dG e dG dG UGbCG Y dG IOhO Q 
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dG IOhO TGa M G ZQdG jG dG j CG j 
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EG J dG IOhO C dG FGH jdGh gEG dG Y j 
.dG jG

dG b `2
j dGh QcdGh d jQdG WG dZ Lj 1 j dG
dG SSCG bdG Jh G ZCG hCG G Ga dG
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27

jdG dH dG HJ

VCG GPEG d .H GQV Kj fC dG j CG j dG b OLh


EG 10 : THYMOL zdG{IO G H Gg HQ j ,J G Ea G
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ehdG

e j dG G e d 25 Z 0,25 FUMIDIL.B : `H jea SG


.Ge 4 EG 3 dG QJ YSCG c d 1 dG

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LOQUE EUROPEENNE HhQhCG

G Ve

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NGO W Z Vh NCJh AGU Jh HCG fd bdG J hCG QdG
SGdG dG
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25

GZ 1 (STREPTOMYCINE) HS IOe J
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28

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.dH J H dZ bdG VIRUS Sha G J j


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d .jJ OSCG K OedG dG EG j eh e HCG edG OH fd
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VARROASE GRhQdG ` 6

j dG dGh GAGQdG e j HcL GhQa j e Ve GRhQdG


.OdG T

29

jdG dH dG HJ

Gg jh Y dG j G NGO GhQdG e b OY QX : hCG QdG


.GS 3 EG 1 e QdG
GhQdG OY dN j IMGh S Ie : dG QdG
M ,cCGh IMGh GhQa f c CG M ihdG J : ddG QdG
.dG e G GJh c FdG KJ e dZh dG
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SEG : UN cf , d NG jhOdH RGhQ dG d J a G
IQSEG jh (APIGARD) OQHCG h (AMITRAZ) RGeCGh (APISTAN)
.G jW d dG dG e

30

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