CHNG I: NGUYN L THNG TIN V TUYN (4 tit)

1.1. Khi nim c bn v sng v tuyn

Sng mang v tuyn l nhng tn hiu hnh since c tn s cao, trong
cc thnh phn nh phase, bin , tn s s bin iu theo sng tn hiu to
cc sng mang cao tn mang cc tn hiu ny i xa trong khng gian. Nu
khng c sng mang th cc sng tn hiu s khng th truyn i xa do b suy
hao tn s.
Sng v tuyn l sng in t, nm trong cng nhm vi sng nh sng, bc
x hng ngoi v tia X. Song, sng in t c pht i vi tn s thp hn
sng nh sng v cc bc x hng ngoi. Trong k thut thng tin, ngi ta s
dng cc sng c tn s trong khong 10KHz 300Ghz.
Cc c tnh lan truyn c bn:
Sng tn s thp: d phn x (vt qua khong nhn thng), hot ng
tng t sng m thanh.
Sng tn s cao: truyn theo ng nhn thng (b ma hp th hoc lm
tn x), hot ng ging sng nh sng.
Khi tn s tng th rng bng tn s dng cng tng theo. Chng hn, ta
c th t rng bng sng 500KHz tn s 1GHz mt cch d dng nhng
rt kh thc hin tn s 1MHz.
tn s cao, d ch to cc anten c tnh nh hng truyn cc sng v
tuyn theo mt hng xc nh nn c th s dng li cc sng v tuyn bng
cch thay hng hoc v tr anten. V th, tn s cng cao cng ph hp cho
truyn dn tn hiu dung lng ln.
bng tn VLF (Very Low Frequency) c th lan truyn di bin nn c
th dng thng tin cho cc tu ngm.
1.2. S lan truyn sng v tuyn in
S lan truyn ca sng in t trong khng gian c gii thch da theo
thuyt in t trng ca Maxwell: gi s ti im O trong khng gian c mt
in trng bin thin E khng tt dn. N sinh ra cc im ln cn O mt t
trng xoy B bin thin; t trng bin thin B li sinh ra cc im ln cn
n mt in trng bin thin E1 v c nh th tip tc lan rng ra trong khng
gian v cng ngy cng xa im O. Tuy nhin ty theo tn s hot ng ca
sng v mi trng truyn sng m kh nng truyn sng c nhng yu t, c
im khc nhau:

Ph sng v tuyn c th chia thnh 3 nhm bng tn rng, c cc c im

truyn lan c bn: Sng mt t (sng b mt), sng tri v sng thng (sng
khng gian)
S lan truyn sng mt t (sng b mt):
S lan truyn cc sng in t c tn s di 2 MHz c khuynh hng i
theo ng cong ca b mt tri t (hay gi l sng b mt). Sng t l sng
phn cc ng v in trng trong sng phn cc ngang nn s song song vi
b mt tri t, cc sng nh th d b ngn mch bi s dn in ca t.
Thnh phn in trng bin i ca sng t s cm ng in p trong b
mt tri t, to ra dng in chy. B mt tri t cng c in tr v cc tn
hao in mi, gy nn s suy hao sng t khi lan truyn. Sng t lan truyn
tt nht trn b mt l cht dn in tt nh nc mui, v truyn km trn
vng sa mc kh cn. Tn hao sng t tng nhanh theo tn s, v th sng t
ni chung hn ch cc tn s thp hn 2 MHz. Sng t c dng rng ri
cho lin lc tu thy - tu thy v tu thy - b. Sng t c dng ti cc tn
s thp n 15 kHz.
Cc nhc im ca lan truyn sng t:
Sng t yu cu cng sut pht kh cao.
Sng t yu cu anten kch thc ln.
Tn hao thay i ng k theo loi t.
Cc u im:
Vi cng sut pht ln, sng t c th dng lin lc gia 2 im
bt k trn th gii.
Sng t t b nh hng bi s thay i iu kin kh quyn.
S lan truyn ca sng khng gian:
Sng khng gian bao gm sng trc tip v sng phn x mt t, khong
cch truyn trong khong vi kilomet n vi chc kilomet tng di kh quyn.
Sng trc tip lan truyn theo ng thng gia anten pht v anten thu, cn
gi l sng thng (Line Of Sight). V th sng thng b hn ch bi cong ca
b mt qu t. Sng phn x mt t l cc sng phn x t b mt tri t
gia anten pht v anten thu. cong ca tri t to nn ng chn tri i
vi s lan truyn sng khng gian, gi l chn tri v tuyn. C th ko di
chn tri v tuyn bng cch nng cao anten pht v anten thu.
Sng khng gian l c trng cho cc sng v tuyn c tn s cao trn
30MHz.

 S lan truyn ca sng tri:

Cc sng in t c hng bc x cao hn ng chn tri to thnh gc
kh ln so vi mt t gi l sng tri. Sng tri c phn x hoc khc x v
tri t t tng in ly, v th cn gi l sng in ly.
Tng in ly l vng khng gian nm cch mt t chng 50 km n 400
km. Tng ny hp th mt s lng ln nng lng ca tia cc tm v tia X bc
x ca mt tri, lm ion ha cc phn t khng kh v to ra electron t do. Khi
sng in t i vo tng in ly, in trng ca sng tc ng lc ln cc
electron t do, lm cho chng dao ng. Khi sng chuyn ng xa tri t, s
ion ha tng, song li c t phn t kh ion ha. Do , phn trn ca kh
quyn c s phn trm phn t ion ha cao hn phn di. Mt ion cng
cao, khc x cng ln.
Ni chung, tng in ly c phn chia thnh 3 lp: lp D, E, v F theo
cao ca n; lp F li c phn chia thnh lp F1, F2. cao v mt ion
ha ca 3 lp thay i theo gi, ma v theo chu k vt en ca mt tri (11
nm). Tng in ly m c nht vo ban ngy v ma h.

Lp D: l lp thp nht, c cao 50 100 km v nm xa mt tri

nht, do c ion ha t nht. Nh vy lp D t c nh hng n hng
truyn lan sng v tuyn. Song cc ion lp ny c th hp th ng k
nng lng sng in t. Lp D bin mt v m. Lp ny phn x sng
VLF v LF, hp th cc sng MF v HF.

Lp E: c cao 100 140 km, cn gi l lp Kennelly - Heaviside

theo tn ca hai nh bc hc khm ph ra n. Lp E c mt cc i ti
cao 70 dm vo gia tra khi mt tri im cao nht. Lp E hu nh bin
mt v m, h tr s lan truyn sng b mt MF v phn x sng HF mt
cht v ban ngy. Phn trn ca lp E i khi c xt ring v gi l lp E
tht thng. Lp ny gy bi hin tng nht hoa v hot ng ca vt en
mt tri. y l lp mng c mt ion ho rt cao, cho php ci thin
khng ng c ly lin lc.

Lp F: gm 2 lp F1 v F2. Lp F1 c cao 140 250 km vo ban

ngy. Lp F2 c cao 140 300 km v ma ng v 250 350 km v ma
h. V m, 2 lp ny hp li vi nhau to thnh mt lp. Lp F1 hp th v
suy hao mt s sng HF, cho qua phn ln cc sng n F2 , ri khc x
ngc v tri t.

1.3. Cc bng sng v tuyn in

Ta bit rng thng tin v tuyn m bo vic pht thng tin i xa nh cc
sng in t. Mi trng truyn sng (kh quyn trn mt t, v tr, nc, i
khi l cc lp a cht ca mt t) l chung cho nhiu knh thng tin v tuyn.
Vic phn knh ch yu da vo tiu chun tn s. Mt cch tng qut, ph tn
tng cng v min p dng ca chng c ch ra trn hnh

Bng tn

Di tn

VLF
(very low frequency)
LF
(low frequency)
MF
(medium frequency)

3 30KHz

HF
(high frequency)
VHF
(very high frequency)
UHF
(ultra high frequency)
SHF
(super high frequency)
EHF

30 300 KHz
300 3000 KHz

ng dng
Thng tin di nc, o hng,
nh v
o hng

30 300GHz

Pht thanh AM, hng hi, trm

thng tin duyn hi, ch dn tm
kim cu nn.
in thoi, in bo, pht thanh
sng ngn, hng hi, hng khng.
Truyn hnh, pht thanh FM, iu
khin giao thng, o hng
Truyn hnh, thng tin v tinh, do
thm, ra da gim st, o hng
Hng khng, thng tin viba, thng
tin di ng, thng tin v tinh
Thng tin rada, NCKH

103 107 GHz

Thng tin quang

3 30 MHz
30 300 MHz
300 3000MHz
3 30GHz

(extremly high frequency)

Hng ngoi
nh sng nhn thy
Tia cc tm

o Cc tn s rt thp (VLF - Very Low Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong

phm vi 3 30 kHz, cha phn trn ca di nghe c ca ting ni. Dng cho
cc h thng an ninh, qun s v chuyn dng ca chnh ph nh l thng tin
di nc (gia cc tu ngm).
o Cc tn s thp (LF - Low Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong phm vi 30
300 kHz (thng gi l sng di), ch yu dng cho dn ng hng hi v
hng khng.
o Cc tn s trung bnh (MF - Medium Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong
phm vi 300 kHz 3 MHz (thng gi l sng trung), ch yu dng cho pht
thanh thng mi sng trung (535 n 1605 kHz). Ngoi ra cng s dng cho
dn ng hng hi v hng khng.
o Cc tn s cao (HF - High Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong phm vi
330MHz (thng gi l sng ngn). Phn ln cc thng tin v tuyn 2 chiu
(twoway) s dng di ny vi mc ch thng tin c ly xa xuyn lc a, lin
lc hng hi, hng khng, nghip d, pht thanh qung b...v.v.
o Cc tn s rt cao (VHF - Very High Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong
phm vi 30 300 MHz (cn gi l sng mt), thng dng cho v tuyn di
ng, thng tin hng hi v hng khng, pht thanh FM thng mi (88 n
108 MHz),truyn hnh thng mi (knh 2 n 12 vi tn s t 54 MHz n
216 MHz).
o Cc tn s cc cao (UHF - UltraHigh Frequencies). C gi tr nm
trongphm vi 300 MHz 3 GHz (cn gi l sng xi mt), dng cho cc knh
truyn hnh thng mi 14 83, cc dch v thng tin di ng mt t, cc h
thng in thoi t bo, mt s h thng rada v dn ng, cc h thng vi ba
v thng tin v tinh.
o Cc tn s siu cao (SHF - SuperHigh Frequencies). C gi tr nm trong
phm vi 3 30 GHz (cn gi l sng cen ti mt), ch yu dng cho vi ba v
thng tin v tinh.
o Cc tn s cc k cao (EHF - Extremely High Frequencies). C gi tr nm
trong phm vi 30 300 GHz (cn gi l sng mi li mt), t s dng cho thng
tin v tuyn.
o Cc tn s hng ngoi. C gi tr nm trong phm vi 0,3 THz 300 THz,
ni chung khng gi l sng v tuyn. S dng trong h thng dn ng tm
nhit, chp nh in t v thin vn hc.

o Cc nh sng nhn thy. C gi tr nm trong phm vi 0,3 PHz 3 PHz,

dng trong h thng si quang.
o Cc tia cc tm, tia X, tia gamma v tia v tr. Rt t s dng cho thng tin.
1.4. H thng thng tin v tuyn
a. S tng qut h thng thng tin v tuyn
thc t chc thc hin thng tin bng ng v tuyn, ti u pht cn
c thit b pht, ti u thu cn c thit b thu. Thng thng i vi vic t chc
thng tin theo 2 chiu, mi u cn phi c c thit b pht v thit b thu. S
tng qut ca h thng thng tin v tuyn c ch ra trn hnh
Thit b pht l tp hp cc phng tin k thut, nm gia ngun cc tn
hiu in s cp v mi trng truyn sng.
Thit b thu l tp hp cc phng tin k thut, nm gia mi trng truyn
sng v ngun tiu th cc tn hiu in s cp.

Thit b pht bao gm my pht v h thng anten - phi . My pht thc

hin ba chc nng c bn:
1. Bin i tn hiu in s cp thnh dng tn hiu cao tn ph hp vi di tn s
cng tc ca h thng.
2. To di tn cng tc vi s lng tn s cng tc, n nh tn s v chnh
xc tn s cho trc.
3. To ra cng sut cao tn yu cu t ngun nng lng ti ch. Khi tnh ton
cng sut phi tnh n c ly lin lc yu cu, hiu qu anten pht v thu c
dng, phng php tin hnh lin lc.
My pht thng gm b kch thch, b khuch i cng sut v thit b phi hp
anten. B kch thch thc hin bin i tn hiu s cp thnh tn hiu cao tn s cp

(tn hiu v tuyn), tng hp mng tn s cng tc trong di tn cho, sau

chuyn tn hiu v tuyn s cp chn ln tn s cng tc. B khuch i cng
sut bo m khuch i tn hiu cao tn ln mc cn thit, thng gm nhiu
tng mc ni tip. Thit b phi hp bo m phi hp my pht vi thit b anten
v mt tr khng anten bc x cng sut cc i, bin nng lng in thnh
nng lng ca sng in t.
Thit b thu bao gm h thng anten phi v my thu. My thu gm c
tuyn thu chung v tuyn thu ring. Anten thu nhn nng lng cc sng in t
ri nh phi a ti li vo my thu. Trong my thu cc dng tn hiu c x l
theo nguyn tc Rng - Hn ch - Hp - Hn ch cho php nng cao chn lc,
nhy i vi cc dng tn hiu. Tuyn thu chung ng vai tr Rng - Hn ch,
ti y tn hiu c ch c khuch i, lc di rng v bin i v thnh tn hiu
in tn s trung gian. Tuyn thu ring ng vai tr Hp - Hn ch, ti y cc
dng tn hiu c phn chia thnh cc tuyn ring bit tip tc c khuch i,
lc di hp v bin i thnh tn hiu s cp v a v dng cn thit cho s hot
ng ca thit b u cui. Ngun tin c th l tn hiu dng tng t hoc s.
Trong thng tin v tuyn ta hay gp dng thit b thu - pht kt hp (thng gi l
my thu pht) trong my pht v my thu cng chung mt v (tu trng hp s
c mt s b phn dng chung nh anten, mch ra my pht kim mch vo my
thu, b dao ng ch sng my pht kim dao ng ngoi sai my thu - b tng
hp tn s, cc b lc trong cc tuyn tn s...).
---------------o0o---------------

CHNG II: DAO NG IN T (7 tit)

2.1. Dao ng in t iu ha
Xt mch dao ng LC nh hnh 2.1. Gi
s cc tham s ca mch l l tng, in tr
ni ca y dn bng 0. n gin, ta gi
s cc qu trnh xy ra trong mch chun
dng, ngha l cc gi tr tc thi ca dng
in nh nhau ti mi im trong mch, theo
ta p dng nh lut Kirchoff cho cc gi
Hnh 2.1
tr tc thi ca cc i lng trong mch.
Kho st mch LC
Xt mch dao ng LC nh hnh 2.2:
o Ban u kha K A, ngun tch in cho t,
in tch q ca t tng t 0 ln n gi tr cc
i Q0, t ngng tch in.
o Chuyn kha K sang cht B, to thnh mch
kn gia L v C gi l mch dao ng, t
Hnh 2.2
phng in v c dng in qua cun cm.
o S chuyn ha nng lng trong mch din ra nh sau: nng lng in
trng trong t in c chuyn ha hon ton thnh nng lng t
trng trong cun dy, ngc li nng lng t trng trong cun dy s
chuyn ha hon ton thnh nng lng in trng trong t in do
khng c s tn hao nng lng nn qu trnh chuyn ha nng lng
trn to thnh mt mch dao ng in t trng iu ha.
o Xt trong khong thi gian v cng nh t, t ang phng in th dng
in trong mch l i:
i=o

Trong cun dy c t thng bin thin nn pht sinh sut in ng t

cm e:
e=-L

=-L

(2.1)

p dng nh lut Kirchoff cho mch ti thi im kn mch trn ta c:

Uc + iR = - L

(*)

M R = 0, nn Uc = e:
(2.2)

T (2.1) v (2.2), suy ra:

(2.3)

t: 02

1
, suy ra phng trnh (2.3) tng ng:
LC

q '' 02 q 0
y l phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh bc 2, phng trnh trn c nghim
tng qut nh sau:

q (t ) Q0 sin(0t )
Vy in tch trong mch LC l mt hm bin thin iu ha theo thi gian.
Do i q ' nn:

i(t ) 0Q0cos(0t ) I 0 cos(0t ) I 0 sin(0t / 2)

in p trn t u (t )

q Q0 sin(0t )

U 0 sin(0t )
C
C

T kt qu trn ta c nhn xt rng: qu trnh xy ra trong mch l qu

trnh dao ng ca cc i lng q, u v i theo quy lut iu ha hnh sine
hoc cosin, theo dng in nhanh phase hn hiu in th mt gc /2.
y l trng hp l tng tn hao nng lng trong mch bng 0 v R=0.
Do , mch dao ng n nh vi chu k T = 2/0 = 2 LC
2.2. Dao ng in t tt dn
Vi mch dao ng in t iu ha nh kho st
mc 2.1, trong thc t in tr R lun khc 0; Do
, ta xt trng hp mch c thm in tr R
tng trng cho in tr ton mch. S chuyn ha
nng lng trong mch vn din ra bnh thng
nhng c s ta nhit trn in tr R nn cc i
lng khng cn dao ng theo chu k n nh nh
Hnh 2.3

trng hp dao ng iu ha m bin gim dn theo thi gian. Dao ng

in t trong mch khng cn l dao ng in t iu ha nn gi l dao ng
in t tt dn. Phng trnh (*) c vit li nh sau:
(*) L
L

di
dq q
R
0
dt
dt C

d 2q
dq q
R 0
2
dt
dt C

d 2 q R dq q

0
dt 2 L dt LC
1
R
2

t:
0 =
;
LC
2L

(2.4)

Suy ra (2.4) c vit li nh sau: q '' 2 q ' 02 q 0

(2.5)
Phng trnh (2.5) l phng trnh vi phn cp hai thun nht h s khng i.
Vi iu kin h s dng 0 > nh th nghim tng qut ca phng trnh
c dng:

q Q0e t sin(t )
Trong :

(2.6)

Q0 c xt ti thi im u

1 R

LC 2 L

Chu k ca dao ng tt dn:

2
Ttd

< 0
2
1 R

LC 2 L

02 2

D nhn thy rng chu k dao ng ca mch ln hn

chu k dao ng ring ca mch. i lng Q0e-t l bin
ca dao ng tt dn, bin ny gim dn theo quy
lut hm m loga nh Hnh 2.4

Hnh 2.4

2.3. Dao ng in t cng bc

duy tr dao ng in t trong mch dao ng
RLC, ngi ta phi cung cp nng lng b li
phn nng lng mt i do b tn hao trn in tr R.
thc hin c vic ny, cn mc vo mch mt
Hnh 2.5

ngun in xoay chiu bin thin tun hon theo thi gian c tn s gc 1, c
bin 0. 0 sin(1t ) .
Lc u dao ng ca mch l chng cht ca cc dao ng trong mch: dao
ng tt dn vi tn s , v dao ng cng bc vi tn s gc 1. Giai on
qu ny xy ra rt ngn, sau dao ng tt dn
khng cn na v dao ng trong mch ch cn dao
ng khng tt ca ngun nng lng vi tn s
gc 1. l dao ng in t cng bc, dao
ng c m t trn hnh 2.6
Trong khong thi gian rt ngn dt, nng lng
Hnh 2.6
mt i do tn hao trn in tr R c xc nh
dE=i2Rdt. Ngun in cung cp cho mch mt nng lng bng phn nng
lng tn hao trong qu trnh dao ng, chnh l phn nhit lng ta ra trn
in tr theo nh lut Jule-Lenz.
2.4. Cng hng ni tip (Series Resonance)
Hin tng bin dng in trong mch dao ng in t cng bc t
gi tr cc i gi l hin tng cng hng in. V th, hin tng cng
hng in xy ra khi tn s ca ngun xoay chiu kch thch bng tn s ring
ca mch dao ng.
Mch cng hng c bn c trnh
by hnh 2.7 iu quan tm chnh
y l lm th no gi c gi tr bin
v gc phase ca dng in thay i
theo tn s ca ngun in p hnh sine.
Chng hn tn s ca ngun c s thay
Hnh 2.7 - Mch cng hng ni tip
i, bin ln nht ca ngun (Vm)
lun c gi vng.
Tn s m ti in khng ca cun dy v t in trit tiu nhau c gi
l tn s cng hng ca mch. Tn s c xc nh
0

1
LC

(2.7)

Dng in i = VR/R, do dng in i c th c xc nh bng cch tnh gi

tr in p trn in tr. Dng in i c biu thc:

i I m cos t

(2.8)

Vi Im c xc nh:
Im

Vm
1
R L
C

(2.9)

V gi tr c xc nh:

1
L

C
tan 1

(2.10)

Bng thng ca mch ni tip c nh ngha l khong tn s m bin

dng in bng hoc ln hn 2 / 2 ln gi tr cc i ca bin , nh m t
trn hnh 2.8. rng bng thng c xc nh:
B=2-1=R/L
2

1
R
R
2,1

LC 2 L
2 L

(2.11)

2,1 c gi l tn s na cng sut (Half Power Frequencies) hoc gi l

tn s -3dB (-3dB Frequencies), l tn s m gi tr ca Im bng gi tr cc i
chia 2 .
Tham s cht lng Q: Q

0 1 L

B R C

Hnh 2.8 - p ng tn s ca mch cng hng ni tip

(2.12)

2.5. Cng hng song song (Parallel Resonance)

Mch cng hng song song c bn
c trnh by nh hnh 2.9. iu quan
tm chnh y l lm th no gi c
bin v gc pha ca in p ng ra V o
thay i theo tn s ca ngun in p
hnh sine.
Nu biu thc dng in Is l:

Hnh 2.9 Mch cng hng song song

I s I m cos(t )

Th in p ra Vo l: Vo Vm cos t
Vi

Vm

Im
1
1
C
2
R
L

(2.13)
1

1
V gc tan R C
L

Tn s cng hng 0

(2.14)

1
LC

(2.15)
2

1
1
1
Tn s na cng sut 2,1

LC 2 RC
2 RC

(2.16)

Bng thng B 2 1 1 RC

(2.17)

Tham s cht lng: Q

0
C
R
B
L

Hnh 2.10 p ng tn s ca mch cng hng song song

CHNG III: NG DY TRUYN SNG (4 tit)

3.1. Khi nim chung
3.1.1. ng dy truyn sng
ng dy truyn ti tn hiu cao tn ni t im ngun n im ch c
chiu di ln hn nhiu ln so vi bc sng, tn hiu cao tn phi mt mt
khong thi gian lan truyn n im ti, cc hin tng in xy ra trong
qu trnh truyn phi c gii thch trn c s m hnh siu cao tn. V ta gi
cc hin tng l hin tng truyn sng trn ng dy. Truyn sng siu
cao tn thng xut hin cc hin tng:
Tr phase ca tn hiu ti im thu so vi phase ca tn hiu ti im
pht Vc(t) = Vt(t-T).
Thi gian tr phase t l vi chiu di l ca ng truyn.
C s suy gim bin ti im thu so vi bin ti im pht.
C s phn x sng trn ti v trn ngun v th xut hin hin tng
sng dng trn ng dy.
Mch c thng s tp trung: cc i lng c tnh in ca mch xc nh
ti mt v tr no trong mch. Thng s tp trung c biu din bng mt
phn t in nh: in tr (R), t in (C), cun cm (L), ngun p,chiu di
dy c th b qua v khng nh hng ti vic phn tch mch.
Mch c thng s phn b: cc i lng c tnh in ca mch khng tn
ti mt v tr c nh trong mch m chng ri u sut chiu di mch in.
3.1.2. Mch tng ng
Xt mt im trn ng truyn sng c ta x, trn on vi phn dx cng
c hin tng lan truyn sng. Tuy nhin x << nn ta c th thay th on
ng truyn x c thng s phn b bng mt mch in c thng s tp trung
nh hnh 3.1.

Hnh 3.1 M hnh tng ng ca ng dy truyn sng

Trong cc thng s trn ng truyn gm:

- L l t cm ca ng dy trn mt n vi chiu di (H/m)
- R l in tr ca ng dy trn mt n v chiu di (/m)
- in dung tng ng ca ng dy trn mt n v chiu di (F/m)
- G in dn tuyn tnh trn mt n v chiu di (S/m)
Trong s mch tng trn, nu xt mt cch tng qut ta c th thy gm
cc thnh phn tn hao sau:
Z = R + jL: tn hao do in tr v cm khng mc ni tip.
Y = G + jC: tn hao do dn np G v dung khng mc song song.
L,C,R,G l cc thng s s cp ca ng dy truyn sng.
Phng trnh truyn sng trn ng dy, p dng nh lut Kirrchop:
v ( x, t ) v( x x, t ) R.x.i ( x, t ) L.x

i ( x, t )
t

i ( x, t ) i ( x x, t ) G.x.v( x x, t ) C.x.

v( x x, t )
t

(3.1)
(3.2)

Vit li phng trnh trn trong min tn s

V ( x, ) V ( x x, ) ( R j L).x.I ( x, )

. ( x x, )
I ( x, ) I ( x x, ) (G jC ).xV

(3.3)

2V ( x, )
2 ( )V ( x, )

x 2
Hay: 2
I ( x, ) 2 ( ) I ( x, )

x 2

(3.4)

H s truyn sng: ()=

(3.5)

H s truyn sng biu din di dng phc: = + j

Trong :
l h s suy hao [dB/m]

 l h s lch pha [rad/m]

Vx V e x V e x
Phng trnh truyn sng:
(3.6)
x
x
I x I e I e
Phng trnh (3.6) ta thy sng ti im x bt k trn ng truyn gm c hai
thnh phn: Mt sng t ngun n ti, sng ny c bin gim dn do c s
suy hao trn ng truyn, phase sng tr dn ta gi thnh phn sng ny l
sng ti. Mt sng t ngun v ti, bin ca sng ny cng gim dn do suy
hao trn ng truyn, ta gi thnh phn sng ny l sng phn x.
Tr khng c trng ca ng truyn:
Zo

R j L
Ro jX o
G jC

Vn tc truyn sng: V
i vi ng truyn khng tn hao R = 0, G = 0, ta c:
H s truyn sng: ()=

=j

Lc ny: = 0; =
Tr khng c trng: Z o L C
Vn tc truyn sng: V

1
LC

Hng s thi gian ca mt ng truyn c nh ngha l khong thi

gian cn thit sng lan truyn c mt n v chiu di ca ng truyn
[s/m].

3.1.3. Cc thng s k thut

3.1.4. Cc loi dy truyn sng thng dng
a. Khng gian t do: khng gian t do c hiu l khng gian v hn chn
khng, mi trng truyn trong khng kh cng c xem l khng gian t do.
Cc tham s ca mi trng c cho nh sau:
H s in thm tuyt i: 1 109 [F/m]
o
o
36
H s t thm tuyt i: 4 107 [H/m]
o
o

Vn tc truyn sng: trong khng gian t do sng c truyn i vi vn tc

1

8
nh sng v c 3.10 [m/s]
o o

Tr khng sng: o =120 ; 377[]

o

o
o
b. ng dy song hnh (two wire line):
ng dy song hnh gm hai dy dn
c ng knh d t song song, cch
nhau mt khong D, dy song hnh c
chia lm hai loi: Dy cng v dy mm.
Dy song hnh cng: thng c kch
Hnh 3.2 Dy song hnh
o
thc ln, cc dy dn bng ng ng trn, gia chng l khng kh. Loi
dy ny thng c s dng trong cc mch cng sut ln nh mt pht,
ng dy cp in cho cc anten pht cng sut ln.
ng dy song hnh mm: gm hai dy dn nh, t song song nhau v c
o
nh khong cch bng nha mm. Loi dy ny thng s dng cho cc
thit b cng sut nh nh cp anten thu tivi,tr khng hot ng ca loi
dy ny l 300 [Ohm].
Tr khng ng truyn: R 120 ln 2 D
o
d
o
r
c. Cp ng trc (coaxial-cable): Cp
ng trc gm mt thanh dn hnh tr
(dy dn) gia v mt ng dn (li
dn in) bc bn ngoi, thanh dn v
ng dn ng tm.
o Cp ng trc cng c s dng nhiu
trong cc ng truyn sng sut ln v
Hnh 3.3 Cp ng trc
t tn hao.
o Cp ng trc mm c s dng trong cc ng truyn cng sut nh,
hoc ng truyn tn hiu c tn s thp. Tn hao ch yu trn cp ng
trc l tn hao in mi. Tr khng sng ca cp ng trc thng thp hn
cp song hnh

60

o Tr khng ng truyn: Ro ln d ; cp ng trc thng c ch to

r
vi mc tr khng 50 v 75
d. Cp xon i (twisted pair): cp
xon i gm mt hay nhiu cp dy
ng xon li vi nhau theo tng cp
Hnh 3.4 Cp xon i UTP
nhm chng pht x nhiu in t.
C hai loi cp xon i: loi c v
bc chng nhiu (STP: Shieded
Twisted Pair) v loi khng c v
bc chng nhiu (UTP: Unshieded
Twisted Pair).
e. ng dn sng (wave guide
Hnh 3.5 Cp STP
shapes): ng dn sng l mt hnh
thc c bit ca ng dy truyn
sng, l mt ng kim loi rng, ng
dn sng ch cho cc tn hiu tn s
cao c bc sng ngang bng mt ct
ngang ca ng dn c nhiu loi khc
nhau nh ng trn, ng elip, ng hp
Hnh 3.6 - ng dn sng
ch nht.
f. Ngoi cc loi ng truyn thng
dng trn ngi ta cn s dng mt s loi ng truyn khc nh: ng
truyn di, ng truyn vi di v ng truyn Coplanar.

CHNG IV: ANTEN (3 tit)

4.1. Khi nim
Vic truyn ti nng lng in t c th c s dng hai phng php:
Dng ng truyn hu tuyn, ngha l dng cc h thng dn sng nh:
ng dy song hnh, cp ng trc, ng dn sng,. Sng in t lan truyn
trong cc h truyn dn ny gi l sng in t rng buc.
Dng phng php bc x sng in t lan truyn t do trong khng gian.
Thit b dng bc x sng ra khng gian hoc cm nhn (thu) sng t khng
gian t do gi l Anten.
Anten l mt phn quan trng khng th thiu ca bt k mt h thng v
tuyn in no, bi v khi l mt thng v tuyn th bt buc s dng n sng
in t ngha l phi c anten pht sng in t v anten thu thu sng in t.
Mt h thng v tuyn thng thng gm: my pht, anten pht my thu,
anten thu. Gia my pht v anten pht hoc gia anten thu v my thu khng
ni trc tip vi nhau m c ghp vi nhau qua mt ng truyn hu tuyn
gi l fide. Trong h thng ny, my pht c nhim v to ra tn hiu cao tn
cng sut ln; tn hiu ny thng qua fide truyn n anten pht di dng sng
in t rng buc. Anten pht c nhim v chuyn tn hiu sng in t rng
buc thnh bc x in t lan truyn trong khng gian t do. Anten thu c
nhim v ngc li vi anten pht, ngha l cm ng sng in t t do trong
khng gian thnh sng in t rng buc thng qua fide truyn ti my thu.
Yu cu i vi anten fide l phi chuyn i nng lng vi hiu sut cao
v khng gy mo dng tn hiu.
Anten c s dng nhiu trong k thut v tuyn: v tuyn truyn thanh,
v tuyn truyn hnh, v tuyn o hng, v tuyn thin vn, iu khin v
tuyn,.
Cc loi anten dng trong tng mc ch khc nhau th c yu cu khc
nhau; vi cc i pht thanh, truyn hnh th anten cn bc x ng u trong
mt phng ngang my thu cc hng c th thu c tn hiu ca i pht.
Vi anten dng trong k thut o hng, thng tin v tinh, thng tin v tr,
th anten cn c tnh nh hng cao, iu c ngha l sng bc x lan truyn
trong khng gian theo mt gc rt hp.

T y c th gii thch rng nhim v ca anten khng n thun l chuyn

i nng lng in t thnh sng in t lan truyn t do trong khng gian m
cn c chc nng bc x sng theo mt hng nht nh theo cc yu cu v
thng s k thut tnh trc.
Ngy nay vi s pht trin mnh m ca k thut thng tin v tuyn, anten
khng cn n thun c nhim v bc x hay thu sng m cn tham gia v qu
trnh gia cng tn hiu. Mt cch tng qut, anten cn c hiu l mt h thng
m trong ch yu l b phn bc x v cm ng thu sng, b phn cung cp
tn hiu, b phn gia cng tn hiu; s mt h thng thu pht v tuyn c
m t nh hnh 4.1.

Hnh 4.1 S h thng thu pht v tuyn

L thuyt v anten c xy dng trn c s phng trnh in t trng

ca Maxwell, trn c s ny chng ta xem xt qu trnh chuyn i nng lng
in t trng l qu trnh iu ha theo thi gian theo quy lut sine hoc
cosin.
4.2. Thng s k thut
4.2.1. Biu hng
Biu phng hng pht x ca anten, c gi tt l biu hng, l
th biu din hm c tnh pht x ca anten trong khng gian 3 chiu.

c tnh pht x ca anten thng l cng pht x, k hiu l U(, )

hoc cng trng, k hiu l F(, ), c xem nh l mt hm ca hng
pht x (hng gc) tnh t anten trong vng trng xa.
Cng c th chun ha hm cng pht x U(,) hoc chun ha hm
cng trng F(,) v trong thc t ta thng hay quan tm so snh c tnh
pht x ca anten theo cc hng khc nhau.
Cng pht x chun ha:
U n ( , )

U ( , )
U max

[ln] hay

U n ( , ) 10 log

U ( , )
U max

[dB]

Fn ( , ) 10 log

F ( , )
Fmax

[dB]

Cng trng chun ha:

Fn ( , )

F ( , )
Fmax

[ln] hay

Trong Umax, Fmax l cc i ca U(, ), F(, ). Cn lu mi quan h

gia cng pht x chun ha v cng trng chun ha nh sau:
U n ( , ) Fn ( , )

Biu hng 3 chiu ca anten thng c v trong h ta khng gian

vung gc hoc h ta cu. Mt ct ca biu hng 3 chiu theo phng
ngang c gi l biu ngang hay biu phng v. Mt ct ca biu
hng 3 chiu theo phng ng c gi l biu ng hay biu ngng.
Hng m cng pht x U(, ) mnh nht xc nh bp chnh ca biu
hng. Cc cc i khc ca biu hng xc nh cc bp ph.
Anten ng hng l mt anten l tng gi nh (anten khng b suy hao
lossless anten) pht ra tn hiu theo mi hng mt cch bng nhau. Do vy anten
ng hng c biu hng 3 chiu hnh cu, biu ngang hnh trn v biu
ng hnh trn.

Biu anten ng hng

Anten lng cc t thng ng c cng pht x chun ha U n(, ) =
sin2 c biu ngang hnh trn v biu ng hnh s 8. Biu ny thuc loi
biu v hng c dng biu ngang trn v biu ng hp.
y

Biu anten lng cc t thng ng

4.2.2. Phn cc
Sng in t pht x t anten c dng sng phng khi c quan st ti vng
trng xa. Nh bit, i vi sng in t, vecto in trng v vecto t trng
lun vung gc vi nhau v cng vung gc vi phng truyn sng. S phn cc
ca sng in t c nh ngha l hnh nh li bi u mt ca vecto in
trng khi c quan st dc theo chiu truyn sng nht nh no . Anten pht
c th phn cc tuyn tnh hay phn cc elip.
4.2.3. H s nh hng
H s nh hng biu th kh nng tp trung nng lng pht x ca anten.
H s nh hng D(, ) c nh ngha l t s gia cng pht x ca anten
theo mt hng nht nh no v cng pht x trung bnh ca anten trn
mi hng:
D ( , ) 4

U ( , )
Prad

Trong :

U(, ) l cng pht x ca anten

Prad l cng sut pht x ra khi anten
Prad/4 l cng pht x trung bnh ca anten trn mi hng

H s nh hng ca anten cng chnh l t s gia cng pht x ca

anten theo mt hng nht nh no v cng pht x ca anten ng hng
c cng cng sut pht x.
Khi khng xc nh r hng, h s nh hng ngm nh c tnh theo
hng pht x mnh nht:
D ( , ) 4

U max
Prad

H s nh hng cng thng c tnh theo dB nh sau:

U ( , )

D( , ) 10 log 4
Prad

[dB]

Hnh di minh ha mt dng bc x (radiation pattern) ca anten nh

hng. Lu l s bc x ny tn ti trong khng gian 3 chiu.

Dng bc x ca anten m t s khc nhau v gc bc x mt khong

cch c nh t anten. N thng c din t bng thut ng hng
(directivity) hay li (gain) ca anten.

Anten thng c main lobe hay beam (vng bc x), chnh l hng c
li ln nht, v minor lobe m c th hn l side lobe hay back lobe ty thuc vo
hng ca minor lobe so vi main lobe. Cc nh sn xut thng m t anten bng
li hay main lobe, h cng thng xc nh thm beamwidth ( rng ca vng
bc x) ca anten.
Khi biu hng ng hoc ngang ch yu ch c bp chnh cn cc bp
ph nh khng ng k, ngha l anten c hng tnh r rt, ta c th xc nh
rng chm tia na cng sut HPBW (half power beam width). l gc phng
hp thnh gia 2 hng m theo hng cng pht x bng na cng
pht x cc i (tc l gim 3dB).
Nguyn l half-power beamwidth c nh ngha bi IEEE nh sau: trong
mt radiation pattern ta ct phn c cha main lobe, gc gia 2 hng ct trong
cng bc x ch bng mt na ca gi tr ti a. V d, ta ly dng bc x ca
anten trong hnh trn v i n im c 2 pha ca main lobe ni m li thp
hn 3 dB (gim mt na) so vi im ln nht ca lobe, im ny chnh l halfpower point. Khi , gc gia chng chnh l half-power beamwidth.

4.2.4. Hiu sut

Trong anten thng xut hin tn hao in tr v tn hao in mi lm cho
cng sut pht x ra khi anten P rad lun lun nh hn cng sut dng in cao tn
iu bin Pant a vo anten. Hiu sut e ca anten c xc nh bi:
e

Prad
Pant

4.2.5. li anten hay tng ch

li anten biu th hiu qu ca mt anten nh hng so vi mt anten
khng nh hng c ly lm chun. li ca anten G(, ) c nh ngha
l t s gia cng pht x ca anten theo mt hng no v cng pht
x ca anten ng hng khng tn hao c cng cng sut pht x. V cng
pht x t anten ng hng khng tn hao c tnh bng cng sut a vo
anten chia cho gc khi 4 steradian, nn ta c:
G ( , ) 4 .

U ( , )
U ( , )
e 4
e.D ( , )
Pant
Prad

Khi khng xc nh r hng, li c tnh theo hng pht x mnh

nht:
G = e.D
Ta thy li ph thuc h s nh hng v hiu sut ca anten. y,
li ch l mt i lng so snh tng i gia cc loi anten. V mt phn b
cng sut bc x, anten nh hng theo hng pht x mnh nht c li nhiu
ln hn so vi anten ng hng. V anten t tn hao (c hiu sut cao) cng c li
hn so vi anten tn hao nhiu (c hiu sut thp).
Khi s dng anten ng hng gi nh lm anten chun so snh nh
trn, li c biu din bng n v dBi (=dB over isotropic antenna) phn
bit vi n v dBd (= dB over dipole) c dng khi s dng anten lng cc
theo hng pht x mnh nht lm anten chun so snh. V li ca anten

lng cc so vi anten ng hng l 2,14 dBi (tng ng 1,64 ln) nn ta c

dBi = dBd + 2,14.
T khi nim li anten, suy ra cc khi nim lin quan n cng sut pht
x ca anten nh sau:
Cng sut pht x hiu dng ERP (= effected radiated power): c
tnh bng li ca anten (so vi anten lng cc chun) pht theo
mt hng no nhn vi cng sut anten nhn c t my pht
a ti.
ERP = G(, ). Pant
Suy ra

ERP = e.D(, ).Pant = D(, ).Prad = 4.U(, )

Cng sut pht x ng hng tng ng EIRP (Equivalent

Isotropically Radiated Power): l tng cng sut pht x ca anten
ng hng c mc cng sut pht x bng cng sut pht x cc i
ca anten ang xt:
EIRP = 4.Umax
Suy ra

EIRP = G.Pant = e.D.Pant = D.Prad

4.2.6. Tr khng ca anten

Gi tr khng vo ca anten l t s gia in p U a v dng in Ia ti u
vo anten:
Za = Ra + jXa
Gi s ngun tn hiu cao tn cung cp cho anten c tr khng ni
Zs = Rs + jXs, in p Us th cng sut cung cp cho anten Pant l:
Pant = Re[Ua. Ia*]
Z

a
Vi U a Us Z Zs
a

Ia

Us
Z a Zs

Suy ra:

Pant

Us Ra
Z a Zs

Khi phi hp tr khng (Za = Zs* tc l khi Ra = Rs v Xa = -Xs), cng sut

ngun tn hiu Ps t my pht c truyn ht ra anten:
Us

Ps Pant

4 Rs

Khi iu kin phi hp tr khng khng tha mn, ta thng biu din P ant
nh l mt phn ca Ps : Pant = q.Ps
Vi q < 1 l hiu sut ghp gia my pht v anten hay cn gi l hiu sut
phn x sng ca anten:
q

4 Ra R s
Z a Zs

Khi Zs l thun tr (Xs = 0), q c tnh theo h s phn x sng R nh sau:

q 1 R

Z Zs
1 a
Za Zs

in tr Ra ca anten xem nh bao gm in tr pht x Rr (c trng cho

cng sut pht x ca Prad ca anten) v in tr tn hao R d (c trng cho tn hao
Pd trong anten) mc ni tip vi nhau, ta c:
Pant Ra I a

Prad Rr I a

Pd Rd I a

Prad Rr
Rr

Pant Ra Rr Rd

Nu coi anten ging nh mt ng dy truyn sng vi tr khng vo Z a v

tr khng ti Zr th tr khng c tnh ca anten l

Z0

Z a Rr

4.2.7. Di tn (frequency Bandwidth)

Di tn lm vic ca anten l khong tn s trong cc c tnh k thut
ca anten ch bin ng trong mt phm vi cho php. Di tn ch yu ph thuc

vo cu to v kch thc ca anten. Di tn c tnh theo tn s gii hn trn f max

v di fmin hoc c tnh theo phn trm % tn s trung bnh ftb nh sau:
f f max f min

Hay

f ( X %) f tb

Bandwidth ca anten nh ngha vng tn s m anten cung cp hiu nng

c th chp nhn c, thng thng c nh ngha bi tn s gii hn trn hay
tn s ti a v tn s gii hn di hay tn s ti thiu. Trong trng hp ny,
hiu nng c th chp nhn c c ngha l cc c im ca anten nh dng bc
x v tr khng u vo khng b thay i khi hot ng trong dy tn s . Mt
s anten c xem l broadband (bng rng) trong t s gia tn s ln nht v
tn s nh nht l ln hn 2. Tuy nhin, anten bng rng thng c hiu nng km.
Khi chn la anten ta s thy c nhiu thuc tnh ca anten c lin quan n
vi nhau, ta khng th chn la mt loi anten c tt c cc thuc tnh u ti u.
V d, Nu ta chn beamwidth rt rng th phi hy sinh li. Nu ta chn anten
bng rng th ta c th thy rng dng bc x ca chng l rt khc nhau. V th,
iu cn thit l phi xc nh c thuc tnh no l quan trng cho vic trin khai
ca chng ta.

CHNG V: MCH LC (10 tit)

5.1. Gii thiu
5.1.1. Khi nim
Mch lc l mt b phn rt quan trng trong k thut mch in. Mch lc
c tc dng cho mt di tn s i qua v chn cc di tn khc v th mch lc
c dng chn tn hay loi b tn s ca tn hiu in.
5.1.2. Phn lai
Trong k thut mch in t ngi ta phn loi mch lc theo cc cch sau:
a) Phn loi theo linh kin:
Mch lc th ng: L nhng mch lc ch s dng cc linh kin th ng
nh: in tr R, t in C, cun cm L. V c cc mch lc sau:
- Mch lc RC, mch lc RL, mch lc RLC.
- Mch lc hnh , mch hnh T.
Mch lc tch cc: l mch lc kt hp cc linh kin th ng vi cc linh
kin c tch tch cc nh OP-AMP, transistor,
Mch lc th ng c nhc im l lm suy hao nng lng qua n, khng
c tnh khuch i v kh phi hp tr khng.
Mch lc tch cc c th khuch i, phi hp tr khng, iu chnh suy
gim nhm ci thin suy gim ca mch lc th ng.
b) Phn loi theo chc nng:
Ty theo tc dng chn lc hay loi b tn s m ngi ta chia mch lc
thnh cc loi sau:
- Mch lc thng thp
- Mch lc thng cao
- Mch lc di thng
- Mch lc di chn.
5.2. Mch lc thng thp
5.2.1. Khi nim
Mch lc thng thp (Low Pass Filter - LPF) l mt mch lc in t m cc
tn hiu c tn s thp i qua v lm suy gim bin i vi tn hiu c tn s
cao hn ti tn s ct. Mc suy gim cho mi tn s khc nhau mi b lc.
Mch lc thng thp c s dng nhiu trong lnh vc m thanh, trong k
thut chuyn i tn hiu, v c trong k thut quang hc,
5.2.2. S mch

S mch lc thng thp c m t nh hnh 5.1:

Hnh 5.1- Mch lc thng thp

Tng tr ca mch c xc nh nh sau:

Z R jX c R j

1
2 fC

in p ng ra Vo:
Vo Vin

jX c
1
Vin
R jX c
1 j 2 fRC

fc

Tn s ct fc:

Av

li in p:
Gc lch phase:

1
2 RC

Vo
1

Vin 1 j 2 fRC

arctg 2 fRC

5.2.3. p tuyn tn s
p tuyn tn s ca mch ti tn s f
Bin ca li tnh theo dB:

Av

dB

20 log10

Ti tn s
f << fc: Av = 0dB;

2 fRC

=0

20 log10

1
2

f 1

f c

f = f c:

Av = -3dB;

= /4

f >> fc: A 20 log f

v

fc

f = 10fc: Av = -20dB (Av gim 20dB/decade)

= /2

Hnh 5.2 p ng tn s ca mch lc thng thp

5.3. Mch lc thng cao

5.3.1. Khi nim

Mch lc thng cao (High Pass Filter - HPF) l mt mch lc in t m cc

tn hiu c tn s cao i qua v lm suy gim bin i vi tn hiu c tn s
thp hn ti tn s ct. Mc suy gim cho mi tn s khc nhau mi b lc.
Mt cch chnh xc hn, mch lc thng cao l mt s i xng so vi mch
lc thng thp. Lc ny hai thnh phn t in v in tr c i ch, tn
hiu ng ra c ly trn in tr R nh c trnh by trn hnh 5.3.
5.3.2. S mch
S mch lc thng cao c m t trn hnh 5.3

Hnh 5.3 S mch lc thng cao

Tng tr ca mch c xc nh nh sau:

Z R jX c R j

1
2 fC

in p ng ra Vo:
Vo Vin

R
1
Vin
R jX c
1 j1
2 fRC

fc

Tn s ct fc:
li in p:

Av

Gc lch phase:
5.3.3. p tuyn tn s

1
2 RC

Vo
1

Vin 1 j1
2 fRC

2 fRC

arctg

p tuyn tn s ca mch ti tn s f
Bin ca li tnh theo dB:
1
1
Av dB 20 log10
20 log10
2
2
f c

1
1

2 fRC 1
f

Ti tn s
f >> fc: Av = 0dB;
=0

f = f c:
Av = -3dB;
= /4

f << fc: A 20 log f c

v
f

f = 0.1fc: Av = -20dB (Av gim 20dB/decade)

= /2

Hnh 5.4 p tuyn tn s ca mch thng cao

5.4. Mch lc di thng

5.4.1. Khi nim
Bng cch kt ni mt mch lc thng cao vi mt mch lc thng thp
chng ta hon ton c th thit k mt mch lc di thng m ti ch c mt
di tn c tnh ton sn c th vt qua. Khong tn s ny c th rng hay
hp l do s tnh ton cc thng s mch. y l mt dng mi ca mch lc
th ng RC gi l mch lc di thng (Band Pass Filter - BPF). Mch lc di
thng c s dng ph bin trong k thut m thanh nh cc b lc cho loa
hoc cc b phn tn trc khi khuch i.
5.4.2. S mch

S mt mch lc di thng BPF c m t nh hnh 5.5

Hnh 5.5 S mch lc di thng

5.4.3. p tuyn tn s

Tn s ct di: f
Lc

1
2 R1C1

Tn s ct trn: f
Hc

1
2 R2C2

Tn s trung tm: l tn s m ti li ca tn hiu ra t gi tr ln

nht v c xc nh bng biu thc f r

fL fH

rng bng thng BW (Band Width): l khong tn s tnh t tn s ct

di n tn s ct trn v xc nh bng biu thc BW f H f L

Hnh 5.6 p tuyn tn s ca mch lc di thng

Mt dng khc ca mch lc di thng, trong mch c thm mt b khuch i

m nh c m t trn hnh 5.7

Hnh 5.7 Mch lc di thng c thm b khuch i m

5.5. Mch lc di chn

5.5.1. Khi nim

Mch lc di chn l s kt hp gia mch lc thng cao v mch lc thng
thp nhm hnh thnh mt mch lc c tnh nng chn mt khong tn s no
. Khong tn s b chn rng hay hp ty thuc vo s tnh ton cc thng s
mch. to thnh mch di chn ngi ta mc mt mch thng cao song song
vi mt mch thng thp nh m t hnh 5.8.
5.5.2. S mch
Mt mch lc di chn c kt hp t mt mch thng cao v mch thng
thp nh m t hnh 5.8.

Hnh 5.8 M hnh mch lc di chn

Mt mch lc di chn c bn c trnh by hnh 5.9, trn gm c hai

mch lc c kt ni dng hnh ch T, do c gi l mch lc hnh T. Cc
in tr R1, R2 v t in C1 l mch thnh phn ca mch lc thng thp, cc t
in C2, C3 v in tr R3 l thnh phn ca mch lc thng cao.
Cc tham s mch c tnh ton nh sau:
R1 = R2 = R; R3 = R/2

C2 = C3 = C; C1 = 2C

Tn s ct f 1 1
4 R3C3 2 RC

Hnh 5.9 Mch lc di chn hnh T

5.5.3. p tuyn tn s

Hnh 5.10 p tuyn tn s ca mch lc di chn

5.6. Mt s mch lc tch cc

Trong cc mch lc th ng, tn hiu c mt phn b suy hao trn cc linh
kin, khc phc cc nhc im ca nhng mch lc th ng, ngi ta s
dng cc mch lc tch cc nhm phc hi nhng thnh phn tn hiu b suy
hao. thc hin cng vic ny ngi ta kt hp mt mch lc th ng vi
mt b khuch i thng l dng cc b OP-AMP. Trong mc ny s gii
thiu mt s mch lc tch cc c bn:
5.6.1. Lc thng thp
Mch lc thng thp khng khuch i:

Hnh 5.11 Mch lc tch cc thng thp khng khch i

Mch lc thng thp khuch i:

Hnh 5.12 Mch lc tch cc thng thp c khuch i

R2

R1

khuch i tnh: DC ( gain) AF 1

Tuy nhin, trong trng hp tnh trong min tn s li ca mch lc tch cc

c tnh nh sau:
V
AF
AV o
2
Trong : AF: khuch i tnh ca mch
Vin
f
1
f: tn sca tn hiu vo
f c
fc: tn s ct ca mch lc
5.6.2. Lc thng cao
Mch lc tch cc thng cao khng khuch i c trnh by hnh 5.13

Hnh 5.13 Mch lc tch cc thng cao khng khuch i

Mch lc tch cc thng cao c khuch i

Hnh 5.14 Mch lc tch cc thng cao c khuch i

li ca mch lc c tnh nh sau:

AV

f c

AF

f c

5.6.3. Lc thng di
Mch lc tch cc di thng c trnh by hnh 5.15

Hnh 5.15 Mch lc tch cc di thng

CHNG VI: IU CH TN HIU

6.1. KHI NIM
iu ch tn hiu l qu trnh bin i mt hay nhiu thng s ca mt tn
hiu tun hon theo s thay i mt tn hiu mang thng tin cn truyn i xa. Tn
hiu tun hon gi l sng mang. Tn hiu mang thng tin gi l tn hiu c iu
ch. u thu b gii iu ch s da vo s thay i thng s ca sng mang
ti to li tn hiu mang thng tin ban u. Cc thng s ca sng mang c dng
trong qu trnh iu ch c th l bin , pha, tn s.
S khi iu ch tn hiu:

Tn hiu cn truyn cn gi l tn hiu cn iu ch l tn hiu c tn s thp

mang tin tc.
Sng mang l tn hiu cao tn hnh sin do cc b dao ng to ra.
Gii iu ch: l qu trnh khi phc li tn hiu cn truyn t tn hiu
iu ch thu c. Gii iu ch c thc hin bn pha thu.
Phn loi iu ch:
iu ch bin AM (Amplitude modulation)
iu ch tn s

FM (Frequency modulation)

iu ch pha

PM (Phase modulation)

iu ch: c thc hin in thoi di ng, my pht thanh, my pht

hnh, modem .v.v.

Gii iu ch: Gii iu ch c thc hin radio, tivi, in thoi di ng,

modem v.v.
II. IU CH BIN
1. Khi nim
iu ch bin hay cn gi l iu bin (AM) c thc hin bng cch
thay i bin ca tn hiu sng mang theo bin ca tn hiu thng tin cn gi
i, trong tn s v pha ca sng mang th gi nguyn.
2. Biu thc ca tn hiu iu bin

Trong :
Tn hiu cn truyn
Sng mang (Carrier)
Tn hiu iu ch

x(t) = Bcos (2f0t +)

xc(t) = Acos(2fct + )
SAM = [A+ x(t)]cos(2fct + )

3. Ch s iu ch
K hiu mA
mA

Vi

E max E min
E max E min

Emax = A + max{x(t)}
Emin = A + min {x(t)}

Emax > 0

Emin 0

0 < mA 1
Gii iu ch ng (bn pha thu khi phc li ng tn hiu cn
truyn ban u)

 Emax > 0

Emin < 0

mA > 1
Gii iu ch sai
Trng hp ny c gi l qu iu ch
Trng hp 1: Tn hiu cn iu ch l tn hiu n tn
x(t) = Bcos (2f0t + ) l tn hiu cn truyn.
xc(t) = Acos (2fct + ) l sng mang.
Emax = A + B
Emin = A B
mA

Emax Emin A B A B B

Emax Emin A B A B A

Trng hp 2: Tn hiu cn iu ch l tn hiu a tn

x(t) = B1cos(2f1t + 1) + B2cos(2f2 + 2) +. Bncos(2fn + n)
xc(t) = Acos (2fct + ) l sng mang.
mA

m
i 1

2
Ai

Trong mAi = Bi/A

4. Dng sng tn hiu iu bin

5. Ph ca tn hiu iu bin
a) Tn hiu cn iu ch l tn hiu n tn
Tn hiu cn iu ch:

x(t) = Bcos (2f0t + )

Sng mang:

xc(t) = Acos (2fct +)

Tn hiu iu ch :

SAM(t) = [A + Bcos(2f0t + )] cos(2fct + )

SAM(t) = [A + Bcos(2f0t + )] cos(2fct + )

= Acos(2fct + ) + Bcos(2f0t + )]cos(2fct + )
= Acos(2fct + ) + ()B*{cos[2t (fc+ f0) + ( + )]
+ ()B* cos[2t(fc f0) + ( )]}
Nh vy tn hiu iu bin gm c 3 thnh phn tn s
+ Tn s sng mang fc
+ Thnh phn bin di c tn s fc f0
+ Thnh phn bin trn c tn s fc +f0

b) Tn hiu iu ch l tn hiu a tn
Tn hiu iu ch:
x(t) = B1cos(2f1t + 1) + B2cos(2f2 + 2) +. Bncos(2fn + n)
xc(t) = A cos(2fct + )

fc- f2

fc- f1 fc fc+ f1 fc+ f2

USB: Upper side band

LSB: Low side band
Nu tn hiu cn iu ch c n thnh phn tn s th sau iu ch c (2n + 1)
thnh phn tn s.
6. Cc kiu iu ch AM

 iu ch song bin, pht sng mang: DSB -TC (Double Side Band,
Transmit Carrier)
iu ch song bin, kh sng mang: DSB -SC (Double Side Band,
Suppress Carrier)
iu ch n bin, pht sng mang: SSB-TC (Single Side Band,
Transmit Carrier)
iu ch n bin, kh sng mang:

SSB-SC (Single Side Band,

Suppress Carrier)
iu bin trit mt phn di bn (VCB Vestigial Side band).

7. Gii iu ch AM
Tn hiu AM c gii iu ch trong mch tch sng hnh bao n gin

x(t)

R
C

cos

t
x(t)

a/

b/

Nguyn l lm vic ca mch tch sng hnh bao c th c gii thch s

lc nh sau. Do Diode ch lm vic vi na chu k dng ca tn hiu AM; khi
t c np n gi tr in p nh, na chu k m t x, in p trn t gim
theo hng s thi gian RC. Hng s thi gian ca mch RC c chn sao cho
qu trnh np x ca t theo kp s bin thin ca ng bao S AM(t). in p trn
mch RC khi chnh l tn hiu x(t).

II. IU TN FM
Tn hiu iu tn FM
Tn hiu iu tn c biu thc gii tch:

YPM (t ) Y cos t 0 k f x(t ) dt

n gin gi thit 0 = 0
Pha tc thi v tn s tc thi ca tn hiu FM:
PM (t ) t k f

x(t )dt

PM (t ) k f x (t )

lch pha v lch tn s:

PM (t ) k f

x(t )dt

PM (t ) k f x (t )

Max

Max

S khc nhau gia tn hiu PM v AM l ch, trong tn hiu PM pha tc

thi t l vi x(t), cn pha tc thi ca FM t l vi tch phn ca x(t). Tn s ca
tn hiu PM t l vi o hm ca x(t) trn nn sng mang, trong khi tn s tc
thi ca FM t l trc tip theo x(t) trn nn tn s sng mang. Nh vy, trong h
thng PM, tn hiu tin tc lm thay i pha tc thi, ko theo s thay i ca tn
s tc thi. Cn trong h thng FM, tn hiu tin tc lm thay i tn s tc thi,
ko theo s thay i pha tc thi.
T biu thc ca tn hiu PM v ca tn hiu FM; c th nhn thy rng, tn
hiu FM s tng ng vi tn hiu PM b iu ch bi tn hiu

v (t )

x(t )dt .

Vi nhn xt ny ta c th khng phi tin hnh phn tch tn hiu FM, m ch cn

suy ra t cc kt qu phn tch i vi tn hiu PM. Nu x(t) c ph l X(), th
v (t )

c ph l:
V ( )

X ( )
j

Tn hiu

v (t )

c cng tn s gii hn ca tn hiu x(t) l max. Ta c kt qu

sau y khi thay x(t)

v (t ) .

Tn hiu iu tn di hp
Nu h s kf c chn sao cho PM

tc l

kf

x(t )dt << 1, th ta

s c tn hiu FM di hp. B rng ph ca n:

BFM 2max ; PM

0,5

Tn hiu FM di rng.
Tn hiu FM di rng iu ch iu ho cng l ph vch, c b rng ph
khng xc nh. Tuy nhin phn ln cng sut ca tn hiu FM s tp trung xung
quanh tn s sng mang. B rng ph hiu dng ca tn hiu FM cng c xc
nh gn ng theo cc cng thc Carson sau y:
B FM 2( FM 1) max ; FM 0,5
B FM 2 FM max ; FM 10

so snh vi tn hiu PM, hy xt tn hiu FM iu ch iu ha. Gi thit

X
x(t) = Xcost; ta c v(t ) sin t . Tn hiu FM:

YFM (t ) Y cos[t k f

X
Sint ]

Pha tc thi v tn s tc thi:

FM (t ) t k f

FM (t )

X
Sint t FM Sint

d FM (t )
k f X cos t
dt

= FM Cost
di pha v di tn ca tn hiu FM iu ch mt tn s:
FM (t ) k f

FM (t ) k f x

Nh vy, mc d cc cng thc xc nh b rng ph ca hai tn hiu PM,

FM di rng v hnh thc l ging nhau, nhng thc cht c s khc nhau. S khc
nhau l, b rng ph hiu dng ca tn hiu PM ph thuc vo tn s ca tn
hiu tin tc v tng t l theo n, trong khi b rng ph ca FM khng thay i
khi tn s ca tn hiu tin tc thay i.
Trn hnh l th biu din di pha v di tn ca tn hiu PM v FM iu
ch iu ho.
PM

PM

kpx

kpx/

PM
kpx

PM
kpx

Nh ni trn, tn hiu FM b iu ch bi x(t), s tng ng vi tn

hiu PM b iu ch bi x(t )dt . Vic phn tch cc phng php to tn hiu FM
cng c th suy ra t cch to tn hiu PM. Bi v to tn hiu PM, ta phi t
vo t ca mch to dao ng in p t l vi

dx(t )
dt

. Nh vy to tn hiu FM

ta ch cn t vo t in in p t l vi x(t); khi ta c tn s tc thi ca mch

to dao ng t l vi x(t) theo. tch sng tn hiu iu tn, ngi ta chuyn n
thnh tn hiu AM. u ra ca mch phn bit tn s s l tn hiu AM c bin
t l x(t) (ch khng phi

dx (t )
dt

nh i vi tn hiu PM). V sau cng, u ra

ca mch tch sng hnh bao ta s nhn c tn hiu x(t). Nh c th thy, vic
to v gii iu ch tn hiu FM tin li hn nhiu so vi tn hiu PM, chnh l
u im ca tn hiu FM so vi PM.
Trong cc h thng pht thanh, ngi ta s dng hai loi iu ch l AM v FM.
C th so snh u nhc in ca chng nh sau: Nu lch tn s ca mt i

FM c quy nh f FM =50 Khz. Th b rng ph ca tn hiu FM l BFM = 100

Khz. Trong khi b rng ph ca tn hiu AM cc i pht AM thng t 8
20 Khz. Nh vy b rng ph ca tn hiu FM thng ln hn b rng ph ca tn
hiu AM 5 ln (10 ln so vi SSB). Tuy nhin, tn hiu FM vn c s dng do
u im cn bn ca n l kh nng chng nhiu rt cao.