Chng III

BI 23

VN T RA

Cht bn dn l g?
Cht bn dn c nhng tnh cht
c bit g?
Phn loi cht bn dn
Lp chuyn tip p n
Cu hi v bi tp

I. Cht bn dn l g?
Cht bn dn ( Semiconductor)
l vt liu trung gian gia cht cch
in v cht dn in. Cht bn dn
hot ng nh cht cch in nhit
thp v hot ng nh mt cht
dn in nhit cao.

II. Tnh cht ca cht bn dn

1. in tr sut ca bn dn c gi tr trung
gian gia kim loi v in mi.

10

20

15

10

1010

10

10

10

10

10

in mi

Bn dn
Kim loi

in tr sut ca
bn dn c gi tr
trung gian gia
in mi v kim
loi

II. Tnh cht ca cht bn dn

2. in tr sut ca bn dn tinh khit gim mnh
khi nhit tng. Do nhit thp, bn
dn dn in km, cn nhit cao, bn dn
dn in kh tt.

in tr sut ca
kim loi v bn dn
tinh khit ph
thuc khc nhau
vo nhit .

Bn dn tinh khit

Kim loi

Cu hi 1:
V sao in tr sut
ca kim loi v bn
dn li ph thuc
khc nhau vo nhit
?

p n:

Kim loi c sn mt s ht ti
in t do l electron. Do
khi nhit bnh thng kim
loi c kh nng dn in.
nhit cao, va chm gia
electron vi ion dng tng
dn.

Bn dn tinh khit

Kim loi

in tr sut tng dn
Cht bn dn nhit
thng khng c cc ht ti
in t do, chng hu nh
khng dn in. Khi nhit
tng cao, cht bn dn hnh
thnh 2 loi ht ti in t do.
Do , s ht ti in t do
tng t ngt.
in tr sut ca chng
gim t ngt.

III. Phn loi cht bn dn

1. Cht bn dn tinh khit hay cn c gi l bn
dn n cht.
Cc bn dn tinh khit thng gp nh : Si, Ge,
2. Cht bn dn c tp cht
Bn dn c tp cht thng gp l: GaAs, CdTe,
ZnS,, nhiu oxit, sunfua, selenua, telurua,
v mt s cht polime.

Bn dn tinh khit

III. Phn loi cht bn dn

1. S dn in ca bn dn tinh khit:
Ta xt trng hp bn dn in hnh l Si.
Nu mng tinh th ch c mt loi nguyn
t Si, th ta gi l bn dn tinh khit.

Si

Si

M hnh mng tinh th Silic

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

nhit thp,
cc electron ha
tr gn b cht
ch vi cc
nguyn t nt
mng
Khng c cc
eletron t do

Khi nhit tng cao

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

nhit cao
lun c s pht
sinh cc cp
electron-l
trng.
S eletron v s
l trng trong
bn dn tinh
khit bng nhau.

Khi c in trng t vo cht

bn dn
Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Cc eletron
chuyn ng
ngc chiu in
trng, cc l
trng chuyn
ng cng chiu
in trng
=> Gy nn dng
in trong cht
bn dn.

L trng

Si

Si
electron

Si

Si

Mt on phim 3D v s chuyn
ng ca cc electrons trong
mng tinh th silic
Click here

NHN XT

Dng in trong cht bn dn l dng

dch chuyn c hng ca cc eletron
v l trng.
Bn dn tinh khit gi l bn dn loi
i, bn dn tinh khit s electron
bng s l trng.
dn in ca cht bn dn tng
khi nhit tng v dn in gim
khi nhit gim.
in tr sut ca cht bn dn gim
khi c nh sng thch hp chiu vo.

III. Phn loi cht bn dn

2. S dn in ca bn dn c tp cht:
Nu bn dn Silic c pha tp cht, tc
l ngoi cc nguyn t Silic cn c
cc nguyn t ca nguyn t khc, th
tnh dn in ca bn dn thay i rt
nhiu.
Bn dn c tp cht c chia lm 2
loi:
_ Bn dn loi n.
_ Bn dn loi p.

a) Bn dn loi n
Gi s trong mng tinh th c ln mt nguyn
t Photpho (P).

Si

P
Electorn d
trong nguyn t
Photpho lin kt
yu vi nguyn
t Photpho.

M hnh mng tinh th bn dn

c tp cht

Electron
d tha
d dng
tch ra
khi
nguyn
t

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Nhn xt

Nh vy, tp cht P to thm cc electron t

do m khng lm tng s l trng.

Ta gi electron l ht ti in c bn (hay a s),

l trng l ht ti in khng c bn (hay thiu
s).

Bn dn nh vy c gi l bn dn electron
hay bn dn loi n.

b) Bn dn loi p:
Gi s trong mng tinh th Sillic c mt nguyn t
Bo (B).

Si

L trng to nn do
nguyn t Bo thiu
mt electron lin kt
vi mt nguyn t
Sillic ln cn.

M hnh mng tinh th bn dn c tp cht

B

Mt electron lin
kt gn c th
chuyn n lp y
lin kt trng ny v
to thnh mt l
trng mi.

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Si

Nhn xt:

Nh vy, tp cht Bo pha vo bn dn

Sillic to thm l trng, lm cho s
l trng nhiu hn s electron dn.

Ta gi l trng l ht ti in c bn
(hay ht ti in a s), electron l ht
ti in khng c bn (hay ht ti in
thiu s).

Bn dn nh vy c gi l bn dn l
trng hay bn dn loi p.

Mt on video m t bn dn
loi p v bn dn loi n

Click here

Mi cc bn xem mt vi on
phim v chuyn ng ca cc
electrons trong cht bn dn:
on phim 1.
on phim 2.

Nu pha hai loi tp cht, chng hn nh c

Photpho v Bo vo bn dn Sillic th bn dn
ny c th l bn dn loi p hoc bn dn
loi n, ty theo t l gia hai loi tp cht.

Nh vy, bng cch chn tp cht v nng

tp cht pha vo bn dn, ngi ta c th to
ra bn dn thuc loi mnh mong mun. y
chnh l tnh cht rt c bit ca bn dn,
khin cho n c nhiu ng dng.

IV. Lp chuyn tip p-n:

S hnh thnh lp chuyn

tip p-n
b) Dng in qua lp chuyn
tip p-n
c) c tuyn Volt-Ampere
ca lp chuyn tip p-n
a)

a) S hnh thnh lp chuyn tip p-n:

Ch tip xc 2 loi
bn dn hnh
thnh lp chuyn
tip p-n. Lp ny
cn c gi l lp
ngho ht ti in,
gi tt l lp
ngho.

a) S hnh thnh lp chuyn tip p-n:

Khi t mt bn dn loi n v mt bn dn
loi p tip xuc nhau th ni tip xc s c
hin tng khuch tn cc ht mang in qua
li nhng ch yu l ht mang in c bn:
cc electron t bn dn loi n sang bn dn
loi p v cc l trng t bn dn loi p sang
bn dn loi n; kt qu lm xut hin mt lp
phn cch gi3l lp tip xc p-n (
c b dy
rt nh c 10 mm), in trng E o lp
tip xc c tc dng ngn cn s khuch tn
cc ht mang in c bn nhng li gip sc
cho s chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in
khng c bn; dng in i qua
lp tip xc
rt nh, khng ng k. Khi E o t mt gi
tr no th s khuch tn ngng li.

b)Dng in i qua lp chuyn tip pn:

TH1: Cng in trng hng t p sang
n (Upn > 0):
C s dch chuyn cc ht mang in
c bn, kt qu l xut hin mt dng in
ng k qua khi bn dn t p sang n, gi
l dng in thun, hiu in th t vo
gi l hiu in th thun.

b)Dng in i qua lp chuyn tip p-n:

TH2: cng in trng hng t n
sang p (Upn < 0):
Ngn cn s dch chuyn
cc ht mang

in c bn, cng vi E o , khuyn khch

s di chuyn ca cc ht mang in
khng c bn; kt qu l xut hin mt
dng in rt nh, khng ng k qua
khi bn dn t n sang p; gi l dng
in ngc, hiu in th t vo gi l
hiu in th ngc.

c tuyn Volt-Ampere ca lp
chuyn tip p-n
I

Mt clip m t dng in i
qua lp chuyn tip P N
Click here
Mt clip m t s chuyn
ng ca cc electron
trong cht bn dn
And click here

V. Cc dng c bn dn:

u im ca cc dng c bn dn l kch thc

nh, tit kim c nng lng, ch cn ngun
c hiu in th thp, bn vng v mt c hc,
thi gian s dng c di, .
Mt s loi dng c bn dn thng c s
dng:
_ it bn dn
_ Trandito hay cn gi l triot bn dn.
_ Nhit in tr bn dn (rdisto)
_ Quang in tr bn dn (phtrdist)
_ Vi mch in t

a) it bn dn

L dng c bn dn c lp tip xc p-n nn c

tnh cht dn in ch yu theo mt chiu.
Dng chnh lu dng in xoay chiu thnh
dng in mt chiu, dng trong mch tch
sng.
n p
+

cato
t

ano
t

Kyhie
u
io
t ba
n da
n

Ch
nh lu n
a chu ky

Ch
nh lu hai n
a chu ky

Mt on clip gii thiu v

diot bn dn

Click here

b) Trandito bn dn

C hai loi Trandito

Loi p-n-p: phn gia l bn dn loi
L dng
n, hai c
bn bn
l bn dn
dn loi
p. to t
cu
Loi n-p-n: phn gia l bn dn loi
ba phn c tnh dn in khc
p, hai bn l bn dn loi n.
nhau
nn
c
hai
lp
tip
xc
p Cc cc ca Trandito:
n. Phn gia gi l cc gc hay cc
baz, k hiu B, c b dy rt nh (c
vi m) v c in tr sut ln.
Mt phn l cc pht hay met, k
hiu E.
Phn cn li l cc gp hay clect, k
hiu C.

C
p

B
E

Trandito loai p-n-p

B
C

B
Trandito loai n-p-n

Trandito loi NPN

Trandito loi PNP

Hot ng:
Mc ngun E1 vo 2 cc E v B v ngun E2 vo
B v C sao cho hiu in th lp tip xc E-B l
thun v hiu in th lp tip xc B-C l ngc.
Thng thng E2 ln hn E1 t 5 n 10 ln.
V d xt trng hp Trandito n-p-n:

Di tc dng ca E1 electron chuyn t E sang B, l

trng chuyn t B sang E to thnh dng met IE,
nhng do mt electron E ln hn rt nhiu so vi
mt l B, mt khc b dy ca B rt nh nn
electron t E s nhanh chng khuch tn n lp tip
xc B-C.
Di tc dng ca E2 (v in trng ti im tip
xc) khuyn khch nhng electron ny chy sang C
to thnh dng clect IC.
E

C
n

IE

R
IB

E1

E2

Hoat o
ng cu
a trandito n-p-n

IC

Ch mt s rt t electron khng i
qua lp tip xc B-C m kt hp vi
l trng B to nn dng bad IB.
Vy: IE = IC + IB , vi IB << IC
S electron t E chy sang B cng
nhiu (tc IE cng ln) th dng IC
cng ln. Do dng IE c tc dng
iu khin dng IC v IC IE (dng
IB rt nh c th b qua).

Nu hiu in th t vo lp tip
xc E-B thay i th IE v do IC s
thay i.
Nu trong mch clect c mc
in tr R kh ln th hiu in th
hai u in tr ny l UR = IC.R ln
hn hiu in th UE-B t vo E-B
nhiu ln. Kt qu l s bin thin
ca hiu in th UE-B c khuch
i trong mch Trandito.
ng dng: dung trong cc mch
khuch i dao ng, trong cc my
pht dao ng, bin in,

Mt s loi trandito thng dng

hin nay

Video clip v c ch hot ng

ca Trandito
Click here

c)Nhit in tr bn dn: (rdisto)

L dng c bn dn da trn s ph thuc
mnh ca in tr bn dn vo nhit .
c ch to t cc cht bn dn khc
nhau nh Ge, Si, Se, mt s oxit kim
loi,
Dng trong cc thit b o nhit ,
khng ch nhit t xa, thit b bo
chy.

H thng bo chy c s dng

redisto

d) Quang in tr bn dn:

L dng c bn dn da trn s ph
thuc ca in tr mt s bn dn vo
cng nh sng chiu vo n: nh
nng lng nh sng mt s lin kt
trong tnh th b ph v to ra cc ht
mang in t do nn dn in ca bn
dn tng ln (hin tng quang in bn
trong).
c ch to t Ge, Si, Se v mt s bn
dn hp cht nh CdS, PbS,
Dng trong cc thit b kim tra v iu
khin t ng.

e) Vi mch in t:
L nhng vi mch c kch thc rt
nh nhng cha hng trm, hng
nghn chi tit khc nhau ( it,
tradito, in tr,) thay th cho
cc mch in t cng knh.

nh minh ha

f) u im ca cc dng c
bn dn :

Kch thc nh
Tit kim c nng lng
Ch cn ngun hiu in th
thp
Bn vng v mt c hc
Thi gian s dng c di

Video clip ni v vic lm 1 chip

bn dn ti Hoa K
Here

Cng c bi hc bng trc nghim

Cu no di y ni v cc ht ti
in trong cht bn dn l ng?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Cc ht ti in trong cht bn dn loi n

ch c electron t do
Cc ht ti in trong bn dn loi p ch c
l trng
Cc ht ti in trong bn dn lun bao
gm: l trng v electron t do
Cc ht ti in trong bn dn lun chuyn
ng ngc chiu vi in trng

Chn cu ng trong cc cu sau:

A.

B.

C.

D.

Trong cht bn dn, mt electron lun

bng mt l trng
Nhit cng cao, bn dn dn in cng
tt
Bn dn loi p tch in dng v mt l
trng ln hn mt electron
Bn dn c in tr sut cao hn kim loi,
v trong bn dn c 2 loi ht ti in tri
du.

Nhit o T21 > T1

Cht bn dn

mA
- Hay nhan xet khi Nhit o T2 > T1 th
dong ien qua ban dan tang hay giam ?
- ien tr suat thay oi nh the nao
khi nhiet o tang ?
- So sanh vi ien tr suat cua kim
loai .?

Thc hin bi:

L BO LONG
NGUYN TNG ANH
INH HONG PHC
Hc sinh lp 11 Chuyn L
Nm hc 2009-2010

Thc hin bi:

L BO LONG
NGUYN TNG ANH
INH HONG PHC
Hc sinh lp 11 Chuyn L
Nm hc 2009-2010