DES GN' ORGANIZATION AND COl'TNUNICATION

:ntroduction

~ow does one 'describe a prorluc{ as complex as a car?

des c 2"' i. P t ion

;;,ust be sufficiently accurate to allow for re pea t e d ro:;~n'_::(actu.re of identiQal cars. It must be u.tt er-Ly unambig';"ous and musc ,:;.ep~l w i t h the very (l ifferent ways in which components may be made. A ::"8.nguage which

copes with this specialist communication problem. is the Langu a.ge Cf,

. '.' ~ ~ "

Dr~winss in practice

Drawing for a component should show

~ eniinee~irig aspe6t~ . and' _ manage~ent information.

Featv.;r.es·,9f,-a'._9-raWing: '", .

~ ·Th~ detail s'~"';;~'~h~' di~~nJ3iohs , .... -tolerahc~·~ '-, :nan~fac,t1'::':::{~lg:,·~8C;l.n-ique 8 andnll the other irn'pol:,thnt a.~pe.ot$ of manuffl:ctu~o '11-t'0: d':5',scx'ibed .tn ' & such ~ way that .. r epea te\i manuf'ac tur-e of acceptably s i[!:j_l ar compone_

• • < '. ' '. ~ ,"; : "", , :~'~'. ,." \. ':':.,.: "

n t s Can beguaran'te.Erd'.:.. .. , , '. ,

@ The b'ill ~·f·m~'t:e~i~s~ ;This :next importa~t item i~,:; t: -table 8hq~ing the' items :and .:th~j;Tn:whber.-6·,-thFit .go into the mr=J.k~ng or' T;>::.e component in qu e s t i.on ,

~ Drawing":~~9~r: .Must~·~niqu~. It helps :f':i,ling 1::.nd interpret~tion ir: th.e nt~b~i·~~s,ari:t:l.e,sa m.eaning Lnd i.c a t a.ng eome bh Lng r:l~)~)\:!t the COnlpo_ nerit-like ;.i:f:ni~·::i:~::machined ,bought in, . ~.elded, .. ::i;t:5'::..,c2_c::'::3 Jete.~T~tle,: ... :.;"A.·~.:ti tle,~·a.~8P~C i;fi():'?,;nd de8c.ript~ye=~a8·::po 38 :i.bl e 1 helps un-

~ .' . ....... .... . :' ~ . .. ',~ ._ , ,.'-'" .. .., - . '

d ersta,.nd·:-thci.:,;o;erali-funct'ion-:of~the· componerrt v- '. ~-

01) Ref~r~i6"~~~\~':':'At' the bott'~~,: th~ 1'oll~'~ing int·crm2.tion is p!-ovi-

.: ...• ":',' " f'~'o;:t'·!'"t:; .. /.}; .:.~.:;'':'~'':':' r-, ." ~. . • • -. I. • • l' :' _.' •

ded:.~~·ale~;::~*¢;-je9:t~qn .1;iYstem·, date~rco·f:;f.iTSi;Y'i8.s{ie) y f':Lle nam e , dr~-

1J.' h+s: ers6~a{r£~~?~}{61~i!~:6\~~~C~;~(fhfh t~u8~{L1F,i:\c.

--O~'-~·-. ~~J: ~E~~~~~Jt~s:: .::-Ai~;~~i;~;h;~~h~qfJ!"'~~>7;i'';f"~.

j t is _norm~t'9i:E.eference .. th08~'·i terns ,on'Whic~. th~",;:::o~.py~~~.i::t'.'~S~'U$~h·~::< I u-sed : on" inditiik;~"'th~nexti t~DFtipwardi:rl:·~:~::~fh~;·.1r~-~'l':~~~:i~~~S~~:~Kt.\4~ri\~~'~.

ern -,diose bill o·k· mate-rials call fQJr. th:i~~ drawing:., '?r.od~c:~:~,:_ -indica t-

e s 'tfcI~~.:~*J:P.k~;~~;J!;~,~tion ... 9.~./~:h,~ 'c~~P~~§~':::~~;0:~;! . r\-.~T?d;~_C:t:~_~.,~r·,

course " a c'omponent':may _be used .on more than;:one~J. tern a,nd_there may' .

be a list in the, 'Used on' box. Thes,e two .. pieces of information are of par-t Lcua'l r use when engineers a.re qisc~ssing possibie) ~odificatic_ n s to drawings s Lnc e they can see at a glance how many ot he r compone_ nts or pr oduc t.s are affected.

Q Support documentntion: In the prcparatio~ of product~ many 4ocu~ents ~ther than drawings Bre required. rhese might be assembly instrue t ions, test ins true t ions , specification do cume n t S I packagirlg instructions rnanua.l s , quality control documents, safe±J procedures.

, . . . , , .

All these documents are Impor t.arrt and : must be obeyed t c ensur-e fa')l t-

free production.

. ': .. ~. - . ;'; .

Drawings ... ar~e - needed by: (1) The purchase dept. -to purc ha s e raw

. 0 n

mat er ials. (2)· frhe . manuf ac tur i.ng dept. '-- to, mac h i n e al'':Q produc e the

. " .

. component; (3), The inspectioif',ciept. - to Lne pec tvt.he components againt

'. " , ,. " I \. s . I·!' :1

:the drawings. (4), .The tEist dept'.,:,: to test. and optimize 2_'product. (5 Y

. . .,," '. ,.

,Often the.re '.will be a packaging d:tfawing showlng how to car-r-y out the

,packaging and what to include in .Lt ,

TEdHNICAL REPORTS

Excellent design studies receive proper attention only wh e n the work 'is r e por-t ed in a· very careful and systematic manner. \~ri-ct(m reports

, • ' .' ',', t', .... ,. • ..... I :

c'arry 8., me s aage ' farther and 1 eave' a more permanent imy:c0ssion on the

reA-der's mind.

A formal t echn Lca'l report is }1Su~llY; written at the end of apr-o j ec t .

. ~\.1-i .. ,I , />' r.' "" .. r .... .

Gl?nerally, it is A. c omp Le t e , stand-rdone "docUIDp.nt a i rue d at pe r ao n s

. , ,

having. wid ely o.i ver,se· bn.ckgrounds. Therefore , it, CRr)" i8 S P. 8'"r8 A. t deal

of detail. The outline of a typical formal report migh~ be:

. Covering letter. (containing bRc~ground 'cu~sion(ofresuits) Tables . 'F'igures

Surnmary(contning conclusions) Introduction

of the Ylo:r~) ExperimentFl.l pr-o c e d'ur-e Dis.

Conclusions . ,Bferen~es

MEMORANDUM REPORTS

Menlor.a:ndum reports are short writings on results, disCLL'38ion, an d conclusions about expetimental details and'critical analysis o~d~t~, The pur po se is to provide a con.cise~ report to' ~i1terested pB.-:r·:ties as quiCKly as possible. Very often a mored(3tailed report f'o L'Lo ve ,c::_ merno r andum re-·

port. ~t

. ~

ORAL PRESENTATION

rep~tations.' A.r('3 creRted. mor e : quickly, by aud Lenc e r.eac-·

Imprese'.ions and I .

tion to' an oral pres~nrati~n. , ': '" ' ~

. , , . , ...... ,', ". . .' " t to ~ boss f or ma l s i. tting with a.

~;:, '. Progress. reports of tq,.e ... ,PTo,)ec "",;'<.r~~.' ,

requirements regFl.rding the cost ana quality of so

customer ~bout his 1 + ~Fl.gement

Lee sell ing an i.dea or a pr cpo e e c o a rn ..

. me product or serv~C , ' " ,.. , , d

. ..... t t' ons Ln which o r ar communlca'G~on a s use .

committee ane common s i ua l

,i r

'.~ . .,

In the fuore'technical·and ~r~sent a talk at a local F': nati;~ai .. technical meeting.

A desigrier_is ~ostly ~sked to

modern Fl..1'ea, n· •

technical society or present a paper at a

~:

' ..

H,

CODING AND CLASSIFIU.s.TION OF PARTS

lP.ART FA~nLlES

GY4JUP technology relies for its success on the formation of part families. A part family is a collection of pans that are similar either because of geometric shape and size or because similar processing steps are required in their manufacture, The parts within a family are different, but their similarities are close enough 1:.~.); merit their inclusion ass members of the part family,

There are three general methods for grouping the parts into families. All three are time consuming and nwolve the analysis of much data by properly trained. personnel The three methods are: (1) visual inspection, (2) parts classificationandcoding, (3) production flowanalysis.

The.viSual·in$pection method is theleastsophistieatedandleast expensive method, It-involvesthe 'dassHication 'Of parts~into families'bylOOki.ngateitberthephysicaIpartsar theirphott;graphs and arranging £hem:llrto;groups·:bavHtgsmlilarleatures;

. .. ..' ." ~ri '... . ·a::.'!L!ri~'Yimro·

.fi-ART'CLASSIF'J:~:i'\>fI9N ·ro~:u·~Vv%;i.~

··11llsis·ihe··mosttim~;eons~.ofthe'three:meihOOs;Inparts,dassification~and'eoding,similaFitiesamong pa.Tts'are\ldentifted, an(Fthes~ shnilaiUiesare-rclatedin ca 'COdingsyst€m. Two-categories·6fpart similarities

.can "be.,distinguished:(1)aes;git,a«FlOOtes~.,wrucltareC6ncemed\¥ith;part,cbar.acteristics:sueb:as.geolnetry~ s:izeatid':nratenal'arid(2)·:mmmfofJtiitittS{littflbutes. ·which-considei·the··i.ipr.Wence~f~tooe~sing:.gre~

'''. ., : .. / ... ",' '. ", . ."... _:'}. ~~' . .t', . y-

required-to make a part. \¥hile the design and m.anufacturing attributes are usaallycorrelated, the relation is

less than perfect. Accordingly; classificationand·codin,g systems are devised to include both a. part'sdesign attributes and its manufacturing attributes. Reasensfer using acedmgseaerse include:

. eDesignFeJrievttl.When designillg.a:newpart;adesignercan simply retrieve a sirailardesign-ifone exists-aad-malee it few simple. changes..

"'A.lI.tomateJiprocess;p.lanning. The part code fera.new .pancanbeused tosearch forpzocessplans for existiagparts-withidentiealersimilar 'codes,

.• Machine,celltfesign. The.part:codes:canheusedto.designmacmne ~.ellscapab!e ocpro.ducingal1

'members ofaparticular part family, usingthe composite part concept

1'0 accomplish parts classification andcodingrequiresexaminationandanaJysis .of the design and/of manufacturinga.ttributes of each part, The-examiearion issometimes done. hy Iookiag.ia tables to match the £ubjectpart3;gainst.the features .described.aaddiagrammed ill the tables. An alternative. anti more .prodaetive ~preach involves interaction-witha 'c-omputerizedclassificationandcoding system, in which the User responds 'to questions askedby fhe computer. On the 'basis of the responses, the computer assigns the code nmnbertothepart. Whicheeermethedis used, the .classificeaon results in a code number that uniquely identifies the part' s· attributes

:FABLE .1.Design.an~.Manufacturing,Attrlhutes Typicailylnduded.in.aGroup -TecImoIogy Classification ·and·COdin~fSystem

Part Design Attributes

Part MamdacturingAltributes

Basic external shape

. Basic internal shape

Rotational or rectcmgular shape \ltengtb-.to.".d~ameter ,ratio (rotational parts) ffi..si=""2ct ratio (rectangular parts)

Materiai type

. ~rtfunction

Majer dimensions

Minor dimensions

TOlerances

Surface finish

Major processes Minor.·operations Operation sequence Majc~dimen5ion .surface finish Machine tool Production cydetime Batch size

Annual :producCon Fixtures requis-:-e-::i Cutting tools

ef:;t chart. The processes used for each pack are then displayed in a PFA chart, a sirnp!iified example of which is illustrated in Table L The chart is a tabulation of the process or machine code numbers for all of the part packs. In recent GT literature

the PFA chart has been referred to as part-machine incidence matrix. In this rna::rix, the entries have a value xij = 1 or 0: a value of xij = 1 indicates that the corresponding part i requires processing on machine j, and Xi; ;:; 0 indicates that no pl'ocessing of component ; is uccompllshcd on machine j. For clnrlty of prcSclllill)1, the matrix, the O's are often indicated as blank (empty) entries, as in our table. €$uster analysis. From the pattern of data in the PFA chart, related groupings arc identified and rearranged into a new pattern that brings together packs with similar machine sequences. One possible rearrangement of the original PFA chart is shown ill Table 2". where different machine groupings are indicated within blocks. The blocks might be considered as possible machine cells. It is oftenthe case (but not in Table 2. ) that some packs do not fit into logical groupirigs. These parts might be analyzed to see if a revised process sequence can be developed that fits into one of the groups. If not, these parts must continue to be fabricatcd through a conventional process layout. )

TABLE 1

Machines

Machines

PFA Chan, Also Known as a Part-Machine Incidence Matrix

Parts

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

2

1

3

4

1

1

5

6

7

Rearranged PFA Chart, Indicating Possible Machine Groupings

Parts

C

E

A

o

H

F

G

B

3

1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1
11 1 1
I 11 1
._",_ 2

6

1

AUTOMATED ST~RAGE/RETRIEV AL SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTON

The function of a material storage system is to store materials for a period of time and to permit access to those materials when required. Materials stored by manufacturing firms include a variety of types like: 1. Raw materials 2. Purchased parts 3, work-in-Process 4. Finished product 5. Rework and scrap 6. Refuse 7. Tooling 8. Spare parts 9. Office supplies 10. Plant records. The different categories of materials require different storage methods and controls.

Storage System Performance

The performance of a storage system in accomplishing its function must be sufficient to justify its investment and operating expense. Various measures used to assess the performance of a storage system include: (1) storage capacity, (2) density, (3) accessibility, and (4) throughput. In addition, standard measures used for mechanized and automated systems include (5) utilization and (6) reliability.

CONVENTIONAL STORAGE METHODS AND EQUIPMENT

A variety of storage methods and equipment are available to store the various materials mentioned under introduction. The choice of equipment and method depends largely on the material to be stored, the operating philosophy of the personnel managing the storage facility, and budgetary limitations:

Conventional methods and equipment include: (1) Bulk storage, (2) rack systems, (3) Shelves and bins, and (4) Drawer storage. These methods require a human worker to access the items in storage. The storage system itself is static. Many production plants use such manual methods for storing and retrieving items. The storage function is often accomplished inefficiently, in terms of human resources, factory floor space, and material control. Automated methods are available to improve efficiency of the storage function.

AUTOMATED STORAGE SYTEMS

Mechanized and automated storage systems are available that reduce or eliminate the amount of human intervention required to operate the system. The level of automation varies. In less automated systems, a human operator is required in each storage/retrieval transaction. In highly automated systems, loads are entered or retrieved under computer control, with no human participation except to input data to the computer.

Benefits of Automating Storage Operations

Possible objectives in automating storage operations are: I. To increase storage capacity, density, and throughput; II. To improve security and reduce pilferage, safety in the storage function, control over inventories, stock rotation, and customer service; III. To recoverfactory floor space presently used for storing work-in-process; IV. To reduce labour cost and/or increase labour productivity in storage

operations." "

Automated storage/retrieval systems

An automated storage/retrieval system (AS/RS) can be defined as a storage system that performs storage and retrieval operations with speed and accuracy under a defined degree of automation. A wide range of automation is found in commercially available AS/R systems. At the most sophisticated level, the operations are totally automated, computer controlled, and fully integrated with factory and/or warehouse operations; at the other extreme, human workers control the equipment and

perform the storage/retrieval transactions. '

The Basic AS/ RS

An AS/RS consists of one or more Storage aisles that have storage racks for holding the 'stored materials. Each aisle is serviced by a storage/retrieval machine whose motions are linear (x-y-z motions). These storage/retrieval (S/R) machines are used to deliver materials to the storage racks and

of the AS/RS to be integrated with the supporting information and record keeping system. Storage transactions can be entered in real time, inventory records can be accurately maintained, system performance can be monitored, and communications can be facilitated with other factory computer systems. These automatic controls can be superseded or supplemented by manual controls when required under emergency conditions or for man-on-board operation of the machine.

AS/RS Types and Applications

• Unit load AS/RS. Shown in Figure SS-1, this is the generiC AS/RS, a large automated system designed to handle unit loads stored on pallets or in other standard containers. It is computer controlled, and the SIR machines are automated and designed to handle unit load containers.

• Deep-lane AS/RS. It is a high-density unit load system that is appropriate when stock quantities are large but their types is relatively small. The deep-lane system stores ten or more loads in a single rack, one load behind the next, the racks being designed for "flow-through", with input on one side and output on the other side. Two SIR type machines handle input and retrieval from opposite ends of the rack.

• Mini/oad AS/RS. Meant for small loads that are contained in bins or drawers. The SIR machine is designed to retrieve the bin and deliver it to a P&D station, from where individual items are withdrawn, usually by a human worker. The bin or drawer is then returned to its location. This AS/RS is generally smaller than the unit load system and is often enclosed fro

security of the items stored. •

• Man-on-board AS/RS. In this system, a human operator. rides on the carriage of the SIR machine and individual items can be picked directly at their storage locations. The system throughput is increased.

• Automated item retrieval system. These are also designed for retrieval of individual items or small product cartons; however, the items are stored in lanes rather than bins or drawers. For retrieval, an item is pushed from its lane and dropped on to a conveyor for delivery to the pickup station. Items in each lane are periodically replenished, usually from the rear of the system so that there is flow-through of items, thus permitting first-in/first-out inventory rotation.

• Vertical lift storage modules (VLSM). These are also called vertical lift automated storage/retrieval systems (VL-AS/RS). The access to the stored items is from a center aisle, except that the aisle is not horizontal but vertical. Sometimes reaching heights of 10 m or more, they are capable of holding large inventories while saving valuable floor space in the factory. Most applications of AS/RS technology have been associated with warehousing and distribution

operations. An AS/RS can also be used to store raw materials and work-in-process in manufacturing. Three application areas can be distinguished from automated storage/retrieval systems: (1) unit load storage and handling, (2) order picking, and (3) work-in-process sj:orage systems. Unit load storage and retrieval applications are represented by the unit load AS/RS and deep-lane storage systems. These kinds of applications are commonly found in warehousing for finished goods in a distribution center, rarely in manufacturing. Deep-lane systems are used in the food ·industry. Order picking involves retrieving materials in less than unit load quantities. Mini'-Ioad, man-en-board, and item retrieval systems are used for this application area. Work-in-process is a more recent application of automated storage technology. While it is desirable to minimize the amount of WIP, it is also important to effectively manage WIP that unavoidably exist in a factory. Automated storage systems represent an efficient way of storing materials between processing steps, particularly in batch and job shop production.

,

I~ •. irroduction

«

GROUP TECHNOtOGY

Batch production, linked to functional or process layout, is advantageous when Quantity producedlProduct variety {QIP) ratio is small and a lot of flexibility is needed On the other hand, when QIP ratio is high, flow production linked to product layout is a better option. Thus, these two methods can be thought of extremes in terms of flexibility. The group approach, sometimes referred to as Group Technology (GT) or cellular manufacturing, can be thought of as an attempt to capitalize on the benefits of both batch and flow, especially when QIP ration is moderate.

Basic Philosophy or Principle of Group Technology

cD~_?~~_!In_Q~gy is a manufacturing philosophy in w~h si~jlar p~s ~~.~entifi~ and ~!!J2~!L~2~~~~! to take aAY_ap~ of their similarities ~_~~~~gn ~dp~.p..iJt~milar products are arranged into J!!!rl famililffs where each Dart family possesses similar design and /ofmantifacturirig characteristics. For example, a plant pr&tucm,!f 10,000 duferent part numbers maybe able to group 'the-vast majority of these parts into 30"40 distinct familieS?tfis---' reasonable to believe that t.~ ,processing of each member of a given family is similar, anOllUs should resrilt in .manu~acturing etllc!@1cies",~e~ertci~~!lrel&ePera1~y a~hi_eved~y .~~ep~ducti~%<1ui.RrtI~in:to

macbinegroups, or cel!s,to facilitate workflow ~oupmg 'theproduCt10n'eqU1RlIl~!mto mathln~ tells, where each

~en specIalizes iii1lie production of a f>art~fanuly~ is called cellular ~aIjMliCtl!:~ ,-- -- ..

. 3jThe ~.fQLthe produc~J!1enenters ~~ ce!L flows throug!J. it the :tpem~!s of.the [~y not n~essarily taking the samE~ute, ~(t leaves. ~e only mOfllto'rmg necessary !rof1!.9uts,i4g.tlU,?j;!dlIs to observe thc;,Jg!!~~....91. entry and exit. The group leader_Qr the group itself provides the c,ontrol of flow wi~ the cell internally.

_ ......... b_ • __ _~_.~~.~~ ....... _, ........ _ _ ~ '"'_~_ ... _..,.~___ _ ... ~.~-=--=---~. ~_

Steps Involved

1. Formation of families. The key to successful use of GT is the identification of families of products/components. So, the chief thrust in group technology is to somehow identify those jobs/~l_!l~~~~~cts that need's~il~ !!L@'_lJf~~mring.,.RI~~from a large vari~~~-=and form them intojim;ri1iis~Jiown in Figure GT-1 This can be done by some widely accepted methods that shall be discussed.later.

~ductA I

!

Product B

Assembnes

Parts

Part Families

Flgure GT-l Formo.tion of Part Faryidies

Choice of familv The composition of taskslproducts that is allocated to a group is largely determined b~ the resources available within the organization: Too large a family Will require a ~arge amount of re~?urces ,m the group; too small afan~J!y- may result in dl!p-li~ati.oru>i~~gJ.m2ment ,Four aspects of the group likely to result from 2l;

family should be examined: -

.• .. ~"It .... '-- _ .£".~':'1." 1Y~A'C"'9tp?

"

C;}i<i'JG"act:-eristicsof a Group or Ceil It has been suggested by those with extensive experience in the field that an t:rHective group ha.~ seven characteristics. These are:

1. The Team. Groups contain a team of workers who work-solely-or generally in the group. 2.Prod~Jl~k*j.}rQUpSpTOduce aspecified'fami1y' or set; of products or tasks. InassembJy department,

these prooucts Wlllbeassemblies. .

3. FaCl1ities. 'Groupsar~~ammaspecifiedsetor~~~~~andlor q!hereguipment, which are used solely or generally in the group

4~ G1'OUp Layout. The~are laid.out together in one area reserved for thegr_~.

5. .Target. The workers.in the group snare cornmonproduct/task output target. This target output or 'list order' ·isgiventothe~~atthebegituri.ng QJ'eachperiod 'forcomple~ooby the~d of that period.

6. _!!Jd?pellJlenc~ The groups should, as~. be mdependentof each other. 1hey-Sh-=-.-oU1-""d=-_~beable to "I,~ th~r workJ>a~?..:g-ihey so-wish, dnring.aperiod, ·Ott&~ey]uiVe:teceivedIrtaterialsandtasks, their

_ ~~!~~t.5k~d notd~on.the ~ceso.f..£c~ gr~!3P.s. .

7. - Size.. Groups.of:6-:t).w~!i~~JIavejleen wide1yrecomrnended. Largergro.!!l!sl:!fJJ:P._!2, 35 ~~~Ss maybe necessary for teCnnological reasons in some cases. SucltIaig~l';tO'!Jl.ls~~b§en found to work ef!lcientlYc in

.practice. - -~~.-.---- 0_ .. __ .. '_ _- - . -==-~-

&'tdw-.antages of'Group'tedmology

Tl1e various advantages ofG'T :maybe classified under the following broadcategorj§~

.,-

1. Reduction in:set up or changeover timeresultingin lowermanufacturin.g .lead timesandmorereli:ab~ __

--'~ .-~ .. -~~--~."...---- _-

deil~

2. M;;ree~ti,:,!:~~ofequipm~and.space.

3. Simplifies 'andquickensmaterialflow throughthe system, compared to functional layout See Fig;GT .... 3.

4. 'Uf~timL~~~ri~i!!~~_ - --;

S..PusSib1e to use:robots for material handling. _

6.~ler~~ty,and$!~2~~_2n~f~ools, jigs,JUl~xtEresres,!!tTng in ,~~ig~~~l!!Y_Qf~or~;_. '7. -1rt~provedre'§Qill'£~~t(Jili~!_leads tQJ~r~!~ .. Q!ttt?gL_

8. Allin all, non .... valueadded ·activities ate drastically reduced.

S(*r...'ial/elttpWyee;";;rienfetJ ~

1. A small group of workers working as a team and en..ioying considerable autonomy, leads to "Hum&'l.izationi' of work, better so~"ion.ships,creating industrial eff~.

2. Sitripjificati~Stantlatdization,cotipled'WithfreedbID to choo'se"tlieir 6wnmethods and tempo, ~ncourag~ the workers to improve their learning. This promotes faster:wo~ss:i.~g and work~~effi~~.5Y·

3. job enrichment opportunities, better COIIl1!!mYW!!QIL~1}h:mce moraleandjob satiSfaction.

}~>f(magerial . .. _ ..... '_ ... 0",,'"'_._ •• __ ., .. __ • --:- ~ - .• ~~~-,. .. ".... ..~~---~ .. - ..... '--~-."' .. =

1. Planning is limited to workflow into~d out of the cell, and not through each resource in the ell.

2. Monitoring cell performanceeff~x~lY..m..Qnitors £erfo.IW:anc.e of al~s .. Processplanning and

'Proauctio!1_.$.l;.h~dUI.ing;arigreatly simplified. ---'. ~~-.- ... -~-. --\.._

3. Work .... jn::ELocess is.minimized, __

4. s~b~ia..;tia1reduct:ions in material haudling?,.transporta~on,_faster processing and better quality help managers

satisfy customergin a more as,sured nlanner.:_ ..... ~~ .. --- r----. ---

__ ---- -

~:ffi~clvantage.s ef Group Technology

"ll'1ese can better be termed as ob~tacl~.s...il!Jhe way of GT application: .~. The ~<l..1!ll~2f~ti~~v~~!;,

2. Problems associated with the ~.E~the ph~~~~uip~t 3~ The ~e amount of dev~!:1!~~:orkin.Y~.

~. Resistance to change.

--~-_.w_--=--=----.,.,.,.