Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

Chng 5

H THNG THNG TIN MOBILE

5.1. Gii thiu v h thng thng tin mobile
5.1.1. Lch s pht trin ca h thng thng tin mobile
Do s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut, nhu cu thng tin i hi ngy cng cao. T
ch thc hin c cc kt ni thng tin trn khong cch xa bng h thng ng dy
in thoi, nhu cu thng tin c t ra l kt ni mi ni, mi lc. Chnh t nhng
yu cu ny lm xut hin hnh thc thng tin di ng.
Mt trong cc hnh thc xut hin u tin ca thng tin di ng l cc k thut
my b m, loi thng tin ny c s dng trong qun i. l my b m vi k
thut ch yu l FDMA, nm 1980.
i vi cc h thng b m kh nng phc v kt ni thng tin b hn ch v;
khong cch ngn, cht lng thng tin km v dung lng nh. M nhu cu v thng tin
ngy cng m rng v i hi nhiu hn, nn cc h thng thng tin hin i hn ln
lt ra i.
Vn t ra l cc h thng thng tin khi ra i phi m bo c kh nng kt
ni ton cu, nn nm 1982 ti hi ngh bu chnh vin thng chu u CEPT (Conference
European for Post and Tele- communications) thnh lp mt t chc tiu chun ho
cc h thng thng tin di ng gi tt l GSM (Groupe Special Mobile) to ra mt h
thng thng tin di ng chung cho ton Chu u.
1988 vin tiu chun thng tin chu u a ra bn ghi chi tit k thut ca cng
ngh GSM v thay i tn y ca GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication).
1991 cng ngh vin thng GSM chnh thc c thng mi ho.
Tiu chun GSM c thit k c th kt hp vi ISDN (Integrated Services
Digital Network) v tng thch vi mi trng di ng.
H thng truyn thng di ng ton cu GSM l h thng in thoi mng li hon
ton s dng k thut s, khc vi h thng mng in thoi u tin ca M c xy
dng vo nm 1983, mng ny c dng kiu analog v s dng cng ngh FDMA
(Frequency Division Multiple Access) to cc knh lin lc, cn GSM ngoi s dng
FDMA cn s dng TDMA ( Time Division multiple Access) y l k thut khe thi
gian trn mi mobile trn mng c c cp pht mt khe thi gian ring bit di
chuyn d liu i. Hin nay k thut CDMA (Code Division multiple Access) - k thut

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tri ph rng trong d liu trong mt cuc m thoi khc, m ny gip mi (my)
ngi nhn truy cp n ng cc bit dnh cho h - ang c rng ri trn th gii.
Ngoi tnh lu ng quc t , tiu chun GSM cn cung cp mt s tnh nng nh
thng tin tc cao ,fax, data v dch v thng bo tin nhn SMS.
n ngy nay dn tr thnh thit b c nhn khng th thiu c n trong sinh hot
hng ngy, n cung cp cho chng ta cc dch v ngy cng tin ch hn, nh: nhn tin a
phng tin, internet, my nghe nhc v ci ch s l dch v video phone m cc nh
sn xut ang chy ua v cng ngh t c ci ch ny.
5.1.2. M hnh tng qut ca mng in thoi Mobile:

Hnh 5.1. M hnh tng qut ca mng in thoi Mobile

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5.2.

Tng i GSM

5.2.1. S khi ca h thng tng i GSM

Hnh 5.2. S khi ca h thng tng i GSM

OSS

: Phn h khai thc v h tr

BTS

: Trm v tuyn gc

AUC

: Trung tm nhn thc

MS

: Trm di ng

HLR

: B ghi nh v thng tr

ISDN

: Mng s lin kt a dch v

MSC

: Tng i di ng

PSTN (Public Switched Telephone

BSS

: Phn h trm gc

BSC

: B iu khin trm gc

PSPDN

: Trung tm khai thc v bo

CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data

dng

Network):

: Phn h chuyn mch

Mng s liu chuyn mch knh cng cng

OMC
SS

Network): Mng chuyn mch in thoi

cng cng

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: Mng chuyn mch gi cng

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Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

VLR

: B ghi nh v tm tr

PLMN

EIR

: Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b GMSC

: Mng di ng mt t cng cng

Gateway MSC

Mt h thng GSM c th c chia thnh nhiu phn h sau y:

- Trm di ng (MS: Mobile Station)
- Phn h trm gc (BSS: Base Station Subsystem)
- Phn h chuyn mch (SS: Switching Subsystem)
- Phn h khai thc (OSS: Operation Subsystem)
5.2.2. Trm di ng MS
Trm di ng l thit b duy nht m ngi s dng c th thng xuyn nhn thy
ca h thng. MS c th l: my cm tay, my xch tay hay my t trn t.
Ngoi vic cha cc chc nng v tuyn chung v x l cho giao din v tuyn MS
cn phi cung cp cc giao din vi ngi s dng (nh micr, loa, mn hin th, bn
phm qun l cuc gi) hoc giao din vi mt s cc thit b khc (nh giao din vi
my tnh c nhn, Fax). Hin nay, ngi ta ang c gng sn xut cc thit b u cui
gn nh u ni vi trm di ng. Ba chc nng chnh ca MS:
- Thit b u cui thc hin cc chc nng khng lin quan n mng GSM.
- Kt cui trm di ng thc hin cc chc nng lin quan n truyn n giao
din v tuyn.
- B thch ng u cui lm vic nh mt ca ni thng thit b u cui vi kt
cui di ng. My di ng MS gm hai phn: Module nhn dng thu bao SIM
(Subscriber Identity Module) v thit b di ng ME (Mobile Equipment).
ng k v qun l thu bao, mi thu bao phi c mt b phn gi l SIM. SIM
l mt module ring c tiu chun ho trong GSM. SIM thng c ch to bng mt
vi mch chuyn dng gn trn th gi l Sim-card. Sim-card c th rt ra hoc cm vo
MS.
SIM m nhim cc chc nng sau:
- Lu gi kho nhn thc thu bao cng vi s nhn dng trm di ng
quc t IMSI nhm thc hin cc th tc nhn thc v mt m ho thng tin.
- Khai thc v qun l s nhn dng c nhn PIN(Personal Identity
Number) bo v quyn s dng ca ngi s hu hp php. PIN l mt s gm t 4
n 8 ch s, c np bi nh khai thc khi ng k ln u.
Tt c cc b phn thu, pht, bo hiu to thnh thit b ME. ME khng cha cc
tham s lin quan n khch hng
5.2.3. Phn h trm gc (BSS - Base Station Subsystem)

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BSS giao din trc tip vi cc trm di ng MS bng thit b BTS thng qua giao
din v tuyn. Mt khc BSS thc hin giao din vi cc tng i phn h chuyn mch
SS. Tm li, BSS thc hin u ni cc MS vi tng i v nh vy u ni nhng ngi
s dng cc trm di ng vi nhng ngi s dng vin thng khc. BSS cng phi c
iu khin, do n c u ni vi phn h vn hnh v bo dng OSS. Phn h trm
gc BSS bao gm:
BTS (Base Transceiver Station): Trm thu pht gc
TRAU (Transcoding and Rate Adapter Unit): B chuyn i m v phi hp tc .
BSC (Base Station Controler): B iu khin trm gc.
Khi BTS (Base Tranceiver Station)
Mt BTS bao gm cc thit b thu /pht tn hiu sng v tuyn, an ten v b phn m
ho v gii m giao tip vi BSC. BTS l thit b trung gian gia mng GSM v thit b
thu bao MS, trao i thng tin vi MS qua giao din v tuyn. Mi BTS to ra mt hay
mt s khu vc vng ph sng nht nh gi l t bo (cell).
Khi TRAU (Transcode/Rate Adapter Unit)
Khi thch ng v chuyn i m thc hin chuyn i m thng tin t cc knh v
tuyn (16 Kb/s) theo tiu chun GSM thnh cc knh thoi chun (64 Kb/s) trc khi
chuyn n tng i.
Tc 16 Kb/s c to thnh t 260 bit / segment 20ms ( Tc 13 Kb/s ) thm
vo 60 bit / segment 20ms ( cc bit dng b v h thng. Tc 3 Kb/s ) to thnh t
320 bit / segment 20ms ( Tc 16 Kb/s )
TRAU l thit b m qu trnh m ho v gii m ting c th ring cho GSM
c tin hnh, ti y cng thc hin thch ng tc trong trng hp truyn s liu.
TRAU l mt b phn ca BTS, nhng cng c th c t cch xa BTS v thm
ch cn t trong BSC v MSC.
Khi BSC (Base Station Controller)
BSC c nhim v qun l tt c giao din v tuyn thng qua cc lnh iu khin t
xa. Cc lnh ny ch yu l lnh n nh, gii phng knh v tuyn v chuyn giao. Mt
pha BSC c ni vi BTS, cn pha kia ni vi MSC ca phn h chuyn mch SS.
Giao din gia BSC v MSC l giao din A, cn giao din gia BTS v BSC l giao
din A bis.
Cc chc nng chnh ca BSC:
Qun l mng v tuyn: Vic qun l v tuyn chnh l qun l cc cell v cc knh
logic ca chng. Cc s liu qun l u c a v BSC o c v x l, chng
hn nh lu lng thng tin mt cell, mi trng v tuyn, s lng cuc gi b
mt, cc ln chuyn giao thnh cng v tht bi...

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Qun l trm v tuyn gc BTS: Trc khi a vo khai thc, BSC lp cu hnh ca
BTS ( s my thu/pht Transceiver TRX, tn s cho mi trm... ). Nh m BSC c
sn mt tp cc knh v tuyn dnh cho iu khin v ni thng cuc gi.
iu khin ni thng cc cuc gi: BSC chu trch nhim thit lp v gii phng cc
u ni ti my di ng MS. Trong qu trnh gi, s u ni c BSC gim st.
Cng tn hiu, cht lng cuc u ni c my di ng v TRX gi n BSC.
Da vo m BSC s quyt nh cng sut pht tt nht ca MS v TRX gim
nhiu v tng cht lng cuc u ni. BSC cng iu khin qu trnh chuyn giao
nh cc kt qu o k trn quyt nh chuyn giao MS sang cell khc, nhm t
c cht lng cuc gi tt hn. Trong trng hp chuyn giao sang cell ca mt
BSC khc th n phi nh s tr gip ca MSC. Bn cnh , BSC cng c th iu
khin chuyn giao gia cc knh trong mt cell hoc t cell ny sang knh ca cell
khc trong trng hp cell ny b nghn nhiu.
Qun l mng truyn dn: BSC c chc nng qun l cu hnh cc ng truyn dn
ti MSC v BTS m bo cht lng thng tin. Trong trng hp c s c mt
tuyn no , n s t ng iu khin ti mt tuyn d phng.
5.2.4. Phn h chuyn mch (SS - Switching Subsystem)
Phn h chuyn mch bao gm cc khi chc nng sau:
9 Trung tm chuyn mch nghip v di ng MSC
9 Thanh ghi nh v thng tr HLR
9 Thanh ghi nh v tm tr VLR
9 Trung tm nhn thc AuC
9 Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b EIR
Phn h chuyn mch (SS) bao gm cc chc nng chuyn mch chnh ca mng
GSM cng nh cc c s d liu cn thit cho s liu thu bao v qun l di ng ca
thu bao. Chc nng chnh ca SS l qun l thng tin gia nhng ngi s dng mng
GSM vi nhau v vi mng khc.
Trung tm chuyn mch di ng MSC
Tng i di ng MSC (Mobile services Switching Center) thng l mt tng i
ln iu khin v qun l mt s cc b iu khin trm gc BSC. MSC thc hin cc
chc nng chuyn mch chnh, nhim v chnh ca MSC l to kt ni v x l cuc gi
n nhng thu bao ca GSM, mt mt MSC giao tip vi phn h BSS v mt khc giao
tip vi mng ngoi qua tng i cng GMSC (Gateway MSC).
Chc nng chnh ca tng i MSC:
9 X l cuc gi (Call Processing)
9 iu khin chuyn giao (Handover Control)

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9 Qun l di ng (Mobility Management)

9 Tng tc mng IWF(Interworking Function): qua GMSC

Hnh 5.3. Chc nng x l cuc gi ca MSC

(1): Khi ch gi quay s thu bao di ng b gi, s mng dch v s lin kt ca
thu bao di ng, s c hai trng hp xy ra :
9 (1.a) Nu cuc gi khi u t mng c nh PSTN th tng i sau khi
phn tch s thoi s bit y l cuc gi cho mt thu bao di ng. Cuc
gi s c nh tuyn n tng i cng GMSC gn nht.
9 (1.b) Nu cuc gi khi u t trm di ng, MSC ph trch m trm di
ng trc thuc s nhn c bn tin thit lp cuc gi t MS thng qua
BTS c cha s thoi ca thu bao di ng b gi.
(2): MSC (hay GMSC) s phn tch s MSISDN (The Mobile Station ISDN) ca
thu bao b gi tm ra HLR ni MS ng k.
(3): MSC (hay GMSC) s hi HLR thng tin c th nh tuyn n MSC/VLR
qun l MS.
(4): HLR s tr li, khi MSC (hay GMSC) ny c th nh tuyn li cuc gi
n MSC cn thit. Khi cuc gi n MSC ny, VLR s bit chi tit hn v v tr ca MS.
Nh vy c th ni thng mt cuc gi mng GSM, l chc nng x l cuc gi ca
MSC.
kt ni MSC vi mt s mng khc cn phi thch ng cc c im truyn dn
ca mng GSM vi cc mng ny. Cc thch ng ny gi l chc nng tng tc IWF
(Inter Networking Function). IWF bao gm mt thit b thch ng giao thc v truyn
dn. IWF c th thc hin trong cng chc nng MSC hay c th thit b ring,
trng hp hai giao tip gia MSC v IWF c m.

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B ghi nh v thng tr (HLR - Home Location Register)

HLR l c s d liu tham chiu lu gi lu di cc thng tin v thu bao, cc thng
tin lin quan ti vic cung cp cc dch v vin thng. HLR khng ph thuc vo v tr
hin thi ca thu bao v cha cc thng tin v v tr hin thi ca thu bao.
HLR bao gm:
9 Cc s nhn dng: IMSI, MSISDN.
9 Cc thng tin v thu bao
9 Danh sch cc dch v m MS c s dng v b hn ch
9 S hiu VLR ang phc v MS
B ghi nh v tm tr (VLR - Visitor Location Register)
VLR l c s d liu v thu bao th 2 trong GSM. N c ni vi mt hay nhiu
MSC v c nhim v lu d tm thi s liu hin ti ca cc thu bao ang nm trong
vng phc v ca MSC, bao gm; v tr cell, s thu bao ang kt ni, thi gian ang m
thoi, dch v s dng..D liu ca VLR dng thc hin vic tnh cc cuc gi.
VLR l mt c s d liu cha thng tin v tt c cc MS hin ang vng phc v
ca MSC. Mi MSC c mt VLR, thng thit k VLR ngay trong MSC. Ngay c khi
MS lu ng vo mt vng MSC mi. VLR lin kt vi MSC s yu cu s liu v MS t
HLR. ng thi HLR s c thng bo rng MS ang vng MSC no. Nu sau MS
mun thc hin mt cuc gi, VLR s c tt c cc thng tin cn thit thit lp mt
cuc gi m khng cn hi HLR, c th coi VLR nh mt HLR phn b. VLR cha
thng tin chnh xc hn v v tr MS vng MSC. Nhng khi thu bao tt my hay ri
khi vng phc v ca MSC th cc s liu lin quan ti n cng ht gi tr.
Hay ni cch khc, VLR l c s d liu trung gian lu tr tm thi thng tin v
thu bao trong vng phc v MSC/VLR c tham chiu t c s d liu HLR.
VLR bao gm:
9 Cc s nhn dng: IMSI, MSISDN, TMSI.
9 S hiu nhn dng vng nh v ang phc v MS
9 Danh sch cc dch v m MS c v b hn ch s dng
9 Trng thi ca MS ( bn: busy; ri: idle)
Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b (EIR - Equipment Identity Register)
EIR c chc nng kim tra tnh hp l ca ME thng qua s liu nhn dng di ng
quc t (IMEI-International Mobile Equipment Identity) v cha cc s liu v phn cng
ca thit b. Mt ME s c s IMEI thuc mt trong ba danh sch sau:
1. Nu ME thuc danh sch trng ( White List ) th n c quyn truy nhp v
s dng cc dch v ng k.

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2. Nu ME thuc danh sch xm ( Gray List ), tc l c nghi vn v cn kim tra.

Danh sch xm bao gm nhng ME c li (li phn mm hay li sn xut thit b) nhng
khng nghim trng ti mc loi tr khi h thng
3. Nu ME thuc danh sch en ( Black List ), tc l b cm khng cho truy nhp
vo h thng, nhng ME thng bo mt my.
Khi trung tm nhn thc AuC (Authentication Center)
Khi ny c chc nng gii m thng tin thu bao thng qua kho bo mt ca nh
sn xut, nhm hai mc ch: bo mt thng tin thu bao v nh cung cp dch v
D liu thu bao nm hon ton trong SIM card. mi khch hng khi ng k s
c cp mt thng s bo mt, c sao chp v lu tr trong Sim card v ci cn li
c lu tr ti AuC. Khi bt ln u kt ni AuC s to ra mt dy s ngu nhin v gi
n mobile. C mobile v AuC s dng dy s ngu nhin trong cc hot ng sau
ny.
AuC c ni n HLR, chc nng ca AuC l cung cp cho HLR cc tn s nhn
thc v cc kho mt m s dng cho bo mt. ng v tuyn cng c AuC cung
cp m bo mt chng nghe trm, m ny c thay i ring bit cho tng thu bao.
C s d liu ca AuC cn ghi nhiu thng tin cn thit khc khi thu bao ng k nhp
mng v c s dng kim tra khi thu bao yu cu cung cp dch v, trnh vic truy
nhp mng mt cch tri php.
Cng MSC ( GMSC- Gate Mobile services switching center)
thit lp mt cuc gi t ngoi vo, hay t trong ra ngoi ca h thng GSM
trong ni vng ca MSC, trc ht cuc gi phi c nh tuyn n mt tng i cng
c gi l GMSC m khng cn bit hin thi thu bao ang u.
Cc tng i cng c nhim v ly thng tin v v tr ca thu bao v nh tuyn
cuc gi n tng i ang qun l thu bao thi im hin thi ( MSC tm tr )
vy, trc ht cc tng i cng phi da trn s thoi danh b ca thu bao
tm ng HLR cn thit v hi HLR ny. Tng i cng c mt giao din vi cc mng
bn ngoi thng qua giao din ny n lm nhim v cng kt ni cc mng bn ngoi
vi mng GSM
Ngoi ra tng i ny cng c giao din bo hiu s 7 ( CCS No 7 ) c th kt ni
giao tip vi cc thng tin khc h; PTN , PLMN,V phng din kinh t khng phi
bao gi tng i cng cng ng ring m thng c kt ni vi MSC
5.2.5. Phn h khai thc v bo dng (OSS)
Khai thc v bo dng:
Khai thc:
L hot ng cho php nh khai thc mng theo di hnh vi ca mng nh ti ca
h thng, mc chn, s lng chuyn giao gia hai cell.v.v.. Nh vy nh khai thc c

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th gim st c ton b cht lng dch v m h cung cp cho khch hng v kp thi
nng cp. Khai thc cn bao gm vic thay i cu hnh gim nhng vn xut hin
thi im hin thi, chun b tng lu lng trong tng lai v m rng vng ph
sng. h thng vin thng hin i, khai thc c thc hin bng my tnh v c tp
trung mt trm.
Bo dng:
C nhim v pht hin, nh v v sa cha cc s c v hng hc, n c mt s
quan h vi khai thc. Cc thit b h thng vin thng hin i c kh nng t pht
hin mt s cc s c hay d bo s c thng qua kim tra.
H thng khai thc v bo dng c th c xy dng trn nguyn l ca TMN
(Telecommunication Management Network - Mng qun l vin thng). Lc ny, mt
mt h thng khai thc v bo dng c ni n cc phn t ca mng vin thng
(MSC, HLR, VLR, BSC, v cc phn t mng khc tr BTS). Mt khc h thng khai
thc v bo dng c ni ti my tnh ch ng vai tr giao tip ngi - my. Theo
tiu chun GSM h thng ny c gi l trung tm vn hnh v bo dng (OMC Operation and Maintenance Center).
Qun l thu bao
Bao gm cc hot ng qun l ng k thu bao. Nhim v u tin l nhp v
xo thu bao khi mng. ng k thu bao cng c th rt phc tp, bao gm nhiu dch
v v cc tnh nng b sung. Nh khai thc c th thm nhp c cc thng s ni trn.
Mt nhim v quan trng khc ca khai thc l tnh cc cc cuc gi ri gi n thu
bao. Khi HLR, SIM-Card ng vai tr nh mt b phn qun l thu bao.
Qun l thit b di ng
Qun l thit b di ng c b ng k nhn dng thit b EIR thc hin. EIR
lu tr ton b d liu lin quan n trm di ng MS. EIR c ni n MSC qua ng
bo hiu kim tra tnh hp l ca thit b.

5.3. Cc thng s tiu chun ca h thng GSM:

Uplink : 890 MHz 915MHz

Bng thng h thng: Downlink : 935MHz 960 MHz
Khong cch gia cc sng mang 200KHz
iu ch nn d liu thoi dng k thut GMSK
Tc truyn dn d liu gia cc mobile/carrier v mng 270K bit/s
Phng thc truy xut d liu dng k thut TDMA v FDMA

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M ho thoi dng k thut RPE-LTP(Regular Pulse Excitation-Long Term

Prediction-Linear Prediction Coder)
5.4. Truyn dn sng v tuyn
5.4.1. Giao din v tuyn (Radio interface):
Trong GSM, giao din radio s dng tng hp c hai phng thc phn knh theo
tn s v thi gian: FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) v TDMA (Time
Division Multiple Access).
Trong GSM s dng bng tn ti 900 MHz (gi l GSM 900) v 1800 MHz (gi l
GSM 1800). y ta ch cp n GSM 900. Mi knh c c trng bi mt tn s
(sng mang) gi l knh tn s RFCH (Radio Frequency Chanel) cho mi hng thu pht,
cc tn s ny cch nhau 200 Khz.
Trong GSM 900, tn hiu t MS n trm thu pht l 890-915 Mhz l dy tn
uplink, cn dy tn downlink t trm thu pht n MS l 935-960 Mhz . C hai u c
rng bng l 25 Mhz, vi 125 knh truyn dn.
Khung TDMA
tng thm hiu sut s dng ph tn s, trong GSM dng k thut TDMA
chia mi knh tn s 200 kHz thnh 8 khe thi gian, nh s 0 7. Mi khe s c cp
pht cho ngi dng. Tt c cc ngi dng mt tn s u chung mt khung 8 khe
6

TDMA Frame 4,615ms

Hnh 5.4. Khung TDMA

Nu MS c cp pht khe 1, th n ch pht trong khe ny, v tt my pht 7
khe cn li trong 1 khung. S ng ngt u n theo chu k khung ca my pht gi l
burst (cm). Mt khe thi gian (tng ng mt brust) di 577s, mt khung TDMA di 8
* 577s = 4.615ms.
Vy MS pht mt burst vi chu k khung 4.615ms, tc l vi tn s pht l 1/4.615
= 216Hz, s gy nhiu cho thit b, dng c in t tn s audio. Do MS hot
ng tt th bn thn n phi c kh nng chng nhiu cao.
S pht x xung

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dB

34dBm

148 bits
10s

8s 10s

10s

542,8s

8s

10s

Hnh 5.5. Mc cng sut pht bin thin theo thi gian
(nu mc pht chun 0 dB l 34 dBm,
th mc ngh -70dB, s ng vi -36dBm)
V MS ch pht trong 1 khe thi gian v ch trong 7 khe thi gian cn li ca 1
khung, nn yu cu ng ngt nng lng tn s v tuyn rt cht ch. Nu MS khng
tun th nghim ngt yu cu , th n s gy nhiu i vi cc MS khc (cng tc khe
thi gian lin k, tn s lin k). Thi gian ng v thi gian ngt ch trong 28s, ngha
l mc cng sut nhy 70dB trong 28s, mt khc khng cho php mc ngt ln hn
36dBm. Sau khi kt thc thi gian qu ln mc pht, MS c 542.8s truyn tin.
S sm nh thi v iu khin cng sut
Trong mt cell, MS c c ly n BTS khc nhau. Nn thi gian tr v suy hao truyn
sng ca MS s khc nhau. K thut TDMA da vo s nh thi thch ng i vi s
pht burst m trnh xung t, trnh trng ln nhau gia cc burst lin k khe thi gian.

96

Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

B
A

TSn TSn+1

Tr ngn suy
hao nh
BTS
Tr di
suy hao ln

B (c cp TS n+1
A c cp TS

Hnh 5.6. S sm nh thi v iu khin cng sut

BTS o thi gian tr truyn sng ca mi MS v pht lnh cho tng MS pht cng
sm nu c ly ca n n BTS cng xa sao cho tn hiu m BTS thu nhn c t cc MS
trong cell ng khe thi gian. Vic nh thi thch ng vi tr c ly ni trn c gi l
sm nh thi (Timing advance).
ng thi vi iu khin s sm nh thi, BTS ra lnh cho MS phi pht cng sut
v tuyn mc thch suy hao sao cho mc tn hiu t n my thu BTS t cc MS khc
nhau trong cell l xp x bng nhau. Bc iu chnh mc pht l 2 dB.
Ta bit rng, MS o cht lng truyn dn v mc cng sut pht xung. Nu BTS
pht hin thng tin hng xung gim cht lng th BTS iu chnh cng sut pht mt
cch ph hp tng khe thi gian (c tnh ny c tu chn BTS).
5.4.2.T chc knh
Knh vt l
Knh vt l t chc theo quan nim truyn dn. i vi TDMA GSM, knh vt l
l mt khe thi gian ca mt tn s sng mang carrier v tuyn c ch nh.
9 GSM 900 nguyn thu
Di tn s: 890 915 MHz cho ng ln uplink (t MS n BTS).
935 960 MHz cho ng xung downlink (t BTS n MS).
Di thng tn ca mt knh vt l l 200 KHz. Di tn bo v bin cng rng
200 KHz.

97

Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

Ful (n) = 890,0 MHz + (0,2 MHz) * n

Fdl (n) = Ful (n) + 45 MHz
Vi 1 n 124
Cc knh t 1 124 c gi l cc knh tn s v tuyn tuyt i ARFCN
(Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number). Knh 0 l di phng v.
Vy GSM 900 c 124 tn s bt u t 890,2 MHz. Mi di thng tn l mt
khung TDMA c 8 khe thi gian. Nh vy, s knh vt l GSM 900 l s 992 knh.
9 EGSM (GSM m rng E : extended)
H thng GSM nguyn thu c m rng mi bng tn thm 10 MHz (tng
ng 50 knh tn s) th c gi l EGSM:
Di tn s: 880 915 MHz uplink.
925 960 MHz downlink.
Ful (n) = 880 MHz +(0,2 MHz)*n
Fdl (n) = Ful (n) + 45 MHz.
Vi n = ARFCN , 1 n 174 . Knh 0 l di phng v.
9 DCS 1800:
DCS 1800 c s knh tn s tng gp 3 ln so vi GSM 900
Di tn s: 1710 1785 MHz uplink.
1805 1880 MHz downlink.
Ful (n) = 1710MHz + (0,2 MHz)*(n - 511)
Fdl (n) = Ful (n) + 95 MHz
Vi 512 n 885.
Khi nim v Burst
Cc tin tc pht i ng vi 1 khe thi gian c dng theo tng cm ( burst ).
C 5 dng burst (156,25 bits cho 1 Burst di 577 us )
NB ( Normal Burst) cha knh TCH
FB (Frequency Correction Burst ) ) cha knh FCCH
SB ( Synchronization Burst ) ) cha knh SCH
AB ( Access Burst ) ) cha knh TCH v RACH
DB ( Dummy Burst ) khng mang thng tin

98

Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

Knh logic
Knh logic c t chc theo quan im ni dung tin tc, cc knh ny c t
vo cc knh vt l. Cc knh logic c c trng bi thng tin truyn gia BTS v MS.
C th chia knh logic thnh hai loi tng qut: cc knh lu lng TCH v cc
knh bo hiu iu khin CCH.

Hnh 5.7. Phn loi knh logic

Knh lu lng TCH:
C hai loi knh lu lng:
Bm hay knh lu lng ton tc (TCH/F), knh ny mang thng tin ting hay s
liu tc 22,8 kbit/s.
Lm hay knh lu lng bn tc (TCH/H), knh ny mang thng tin tc
11,4 kbit/s
Knh iu khin CCH (k hiu l Dm): bao gm:
Knh qung b BCH (Broadcast Channel).
Knh iu khin chung CCCH (Common Control Channel).

99

Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

Knh iu khin ring DCCH (Dedicate Control Channel).

Knh qung b BCH (Broadcast Channel - downlink)
BCH = BCCH + FCCH + SCH.
9 FCCH (Frequency Correction Channel downlink - thuc FB ) Knh hiu
chnh tn s cung cp tn s tham chiu ca h thng cho trm MS. FCCH ch
c dng cho ng xung.
9 SCH (Synchronous Channel- downlink- thuc SB ): Knh ng b khung
cho MS.
9 BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel- downlink- thuc NB ): Knh iu
khin qung b cung cp cc tin tc sau: M vng nh v LAC (Location Area
Code), m mng di ng MNC (Mobile Network Code), tin tc v tn s ca cc
cell ln cn, thng s di qut ca cell v cc thng s phc v truy cp.
Knh iu khin chung CCCH (Common Control Channel).
CCCH l knh thit lp s truyn thng gia BTS v MS.
N bao gm: CCCH = RACH + PCH + AGCH.
9 RACH (Random Access Channel - uplink- thuc AB ), knh truy nhp ngu
nhin. l knh hng ln MS a yu cu knh dnh ring, yu cu ny
th hin trong bn tin u ca MS gi n BTS trong qu trnh mt cuc lin
lc.
9 PCH (Paging Channel, knh tm gi - downlink) c BTS truyn xung gi
MS.
9 AGCH (Access Grant Channel - downlink): Knh cho php truy nhp AGCH,
mang tin tc phc p ca BTS i vi bn tin yu cu knh ca MS thc
hin mt knh lu lng TCH v knh DCCH cho thu bao.
Knh iu khin ring DCCH(Dedicate Control Channel)
DCCH l knh dng c hng ln v hng xung, dng trao i bn tin
bo hiu, phc v cp nht v tr, ng k v thit lp cuc gi, phc v bo dng
knh. DCCH gm c:
9 Knh iu khin dnh ring ng mt mnh SDCCH ( Standalone Dedicated
Control Channel - l knh iu khin dnh ring ng mt mnh) phc v
chuyn giao bo hiu gia MS vi BTS , dng cp nht v tr , chuyn giao
v thit lp cuc gi.
9 Knh iu khin lin kt chm SACCH (Slow Associated Control Channel) l
mt knh hot ng lin tc trong sut cuc lin lc truyn cc s liu o
lng v kim sot cng sut.. Downlink: BTS cung cp cc thng s h thng
MS cp nht v tr, cc thng s iu khin MS v s sm nh thi v v

100

Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

mc pht cng sut v tuyn. uplink: BTS bo co kt qu o v cc cell k

cn (lm c s cho quyt nh chuyn giao ca mng), v cc thng s sm
nh thi v mc cng sut pht v tuyn m MS ang dng.
9 Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh FACCH, n lin kt vi mt knh TCH v hot
ng bng cch ly ln mt khung FACCH c dng chuyn giao cell.
N mang cng loi tin tc nh SDCCH. FACCH khc SDCCH ch SDCCH
tn ti sn, cn FACCH ch thit lp theo kiu trng dng (ly ln) TCH.
FACCH cn cho cc bn tin khn v vi phc v chuyn giao. FACCH chim
ch ca TCH trong burst v ch bo vic bng c ly ln.

5.4.3. Truyn dn thoi

M ho nn (speech coding) 104 Kbit/s 13 Kbit/s
Tn hiu ting MS c a qua b lc thng thp (0 4 kHz), c iu ch
PCM 13 bit vi tn s ly mu 8 kHz c lung d liu 104 Kbit/s.
Vn t ra l nu ch truyn d liu thoi tc ny th khng hiu qu. Do
vy ngi ta nhn thy rng ch cn truyn ni dung d liu thoi trong tng khi
segment tng ng 20ms, trong thi gian 20ms ny ta dng cc k thut m ho nn
gim bt dung thng tin d tha th ni dung thoi vn c m bo. bng vic s dng
nhiu k thut nn khc nhau cho cht lng d liu tt v tc d liu ng ra m bo
c tnh kinh t l 260 bit data speech/20ms/segment. vy tc d liu thoi sau khi
c m ho thoi l 260x50 = 13kbit/s.

M ho sa li

13 Kbit/s 22,8 Kbit/s

Hnh 5.8 minh ho m ho knh

101

Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

D liu sau khi c m ho thoi cho ra 260bit/segment, 20ms trong c 50 bit

c cho l rt quan trng quyt nh m sc ca tn hiu thoi, 132 bit quan trng v
cn li 78 c cho l khng quan trng. cc thng tin tu theo mc quan trng m
c m ho 2 ln, 1 ln hay khng cn m ho gim bt s phc tp ca h thng
v tng tc truyn.
Vy tc d liu thoi sau khi c m ho thoi l 456x50 = 22,8 Kbit/s.
M ho xen k ( interleaving)
Trong mi trng thc t cc li bit thng xut hin trong cc Burst do nh
hng ca hin tng fading sng. Khi chui bit li qu di lm cho kh nng sa li ca
h thng khng cn chnh xc na. gim bt hin tng li Burst ngi ta dng
phng php m ho xen k, vi k thut ny 456 bits d liu c chia thnh 8 frames,
mi frame c 57 bit v c m ho xen knh 2 mc.
Mc1: xen k trong cng mt Segment
1
9
17
25
-

2
10
-

3
11
-

4
12
-

5
13
-

6
14
-

7
15
-

8
16
-

57 bits

8 frames

Hnh 5.9 minh ho m ho xen k

Mc 2 xen k khc segment
Nhn xt: trong mt burst d liu truyn th cha 2 frame d liu thoi v cn li 26
bit dnh cho thng tin h thng.
3

57

26

57

Hnh 5.10 minh ho mt burst NB

Tng cng c 3+57+1+26+1+57+3+8,25 = 156,25 bits cho 1Burst / 577 us

102

Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

Do vy nu truyn lin tc 1 Segment ta phi truyn trong 4 burst lin tip. lm

gim nh hn kh nng li burst v thm ch li trong chui burst lin tip, ngi ta dng
phng php m ho xen k cc frames trong cc segment
3

A/8

A/8

A/8

A/8

B/8

A/8

B/8

A/8

B/8

A/8

B/8

A/8

C/8

B/8

C/8

B/8

C/8

B/8

C/8

B/8

Hnh 5.11. minh ho xen k frame trong cc segment

iu ch s
GSM dng phng php iu ch s GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying).
GMSK l iu ch s dch tn (shift keying) vi iu bin k sinh ti thiu (minimum )
c pha v tc bin i khng t bin nh b lc Gauss .
Trong 1 Burst 0,577ms 156,25 bit, nn trong 1000ms 270,833 Kbit/s, do
tc d liu v tuyn trc iu ch s ca GSM l 270,833 Kbit/s, ( tc bit l v bit
chn l 135,4 khz. ) .

103

Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

iu ch s GMSK tng hiu sut s dng ph so vi MSK, do gim b rng ph

chnh v suy gim nhanh hn ngoi vng ph chnh
iu ch s MSK tng hiu sut s dng ph so vi QPSK, c b rng ph chnh =
3Tb /4 ( Tb thi gian 1 bit ), rng gp ri ph QPSK, nhng suy gim nhanh hn ngoi
vng ph chnh
5.4.4. Chuyn giao (handover)
L qu trnh chuyn giao vic kt ni thng tin t mt my mobile trm BTS ny
n mt trm BTS khc khi my mobile di chuyn.
Nguyn nhn do
9 Tn hiu suy gim
9 Nhiu tng ln
9 Lu lng Cell hin hnh tng n ngng bo ho
C 2 loi chuyn giao:
1. Chuyn giao bn trong (intracell hand over) khi hai MS hai BTS khc
nhau trong cng thuc mt BSC .
2. Chuyn giao gia cc ( intercell hand over) chuyn giao gia cc thuc
2 BSC khc nhau, chuyn giao ny lin quan n cc tng i MSC qun l
hai BTS.
3. Chuyn giao gia 2 thuc 2 tng i MSC khc nhau, chuyn giao ny
lin quan n c hai tng i ph trch cc ni trn. Trong trng hp
chuyn giao nhiu ln gia 2 thuc 2 MSC khc nhau, tng i MSC u
tin ph trch MS c gi l tng i qu giang v cuc gi lun lun
c chuyn mch qua tng i ny. ln chuyn giao gia 2 thuc 2 tng
i khc nhau th nht c gi l chuyn giao gia cc thuc 2 tng i
ln u, cn cc ln sau c gi l chuyn giao gia cc thuc 2 tng i
tip theo.
Chuyn giao gia 2 thuc cng mt BSC
Trong qu trnh gi MS lun lun o cng trng, cht lng knh TCH ca
mnh v cng ca cc ln cn. MS nh gi gi tr trung bnh ca kt qu o. Hai
ln trong mt giy n gi bo co kt qu o (1) n BTS cng vi kt qu o ca cc
ln cn tt nht, trn knh SACCH.
BTS b sung thm kt qu o c chnh knh TCH v gi bo co v BSC (2).
BSC chc nng nh v c tch cc quyt nh xem c cn chuyn giao cuc
gi n khc do cht lng xu hoc nhiu ln ang phc v hay khng. trng hp
cn chuyn giao BSC s lnh chn BTS mi c cho tch cc mt knh TCH (3) v

104

Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

lnh cho BTS ny gi bn tin n MS thng bo v tn s v khe thi gian cn chuyn

n (4).
MS iu chnh n tn s mi v gi bn tin thm nhp chuyn giao (HO) khe thi
gian tng ng(5). MS khng s dng bt c thng tin no v nh thi trc cho n khi
BTS pht hin ra cm HO . MS cng nhn thng tin v cng sut cn s dng (6) knh
FACCH ly cp t knh ting ( c lp cp trong tng trng hp ny gn = 1).
BSC s nhn c thng tin t BTS l chuyn giao thnh cng sau khi MS gi bn
tin hon thnh chuyn giao (7). ng ting trong chuyn mch nhm thay i v BTS c
a ra lnh tho g TCH c cng vi lnh lin kt SACCH (8).
chuyn giao bn trong BSC ny chnh BSC x l mi vic khng c s can thip
ca MSC, MSC ch c thng bo v vic thc hin chuyn giao.

(2)
(1)

(4)
(4)

BTS
(8)
BSC

MS

(5)
(6)
(7)

(7)
BTS

(3)

Hnh 5.12. Chuyen giao cuoc goi gia cac BSC

105

Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

Chuyn giao gia 2 thuc 2 BSC khc nhau nhng cng MSC.
BSC c da trn cc bo co v kt qu o quyt nh chuyn giao n mi trc
thuc mt BSC khc. BSC c ( ang phc v ) gi bn tin yu cu chuyn giao cng
vi nhn dng mi (1) n MSC.
MSC bit BTS iu khin mi, n gi yu cu chuyn giao n BSC mi (2).
BSC lnh cho BTS mi kch hot mt knh TCH nu cn knh ri (3). Khi BTS mi
kch hot knh TCH, BSC mi gi thng tin v khe thi gian v tn s n MSC(4).
MSC chuyn thng tin ny n BSC c (5).
MSC c ra lnh chuyn n BTS mi (6). MS gi i cm thm nhp chuyn giao
(HO) n BTS mi (7).
Ngay sau khi pht hin cm HO, BTS mi gi thng tin vt l cha nh trc thin
gian v cng sut ra n MS(8).
BSC mi nhn c thng tin rng BTS nhn c cm HO (9)n thng bo iu
ny qua MSC (10) n BSC c (11).
BTS gii phng TCH v SACCH c (12) MS nhn thng tin v mi SACCH
lin kt vi TCH mi.

(6)

(6)

BTS
(12)

BSC
c

(5)
(1)
(11)

MS

(7)

MSC

(10)

(8)

(2)

(9)

BSC
m i

BTS
(3)

Hnh 5.13.Chuyen giao cuoc goi gia cac BSC

106

(4)

Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

Chuyn giao thuc cc thuc tng i khc nhau.

(1)
(8)

BSC

BTS

MSC

(8)

(8)
(2)

MS

PSTN

(6)
(7)

(10)

(9)
(10)

BSC

BTS

(11)

(5)

(4)

MSC

HLR

(3)

Hnh 5.14.Chuyen giao cuoc goi gia hai MSC

BSC ang phc v gi yu cu chuyn giao n MSC ging nh trng hp
trn (1)
MSC yu cu MSC chuyn giao (MSC ch) (2)gip . MSC cp pht mt s
chuyn giao ( s in thoi thng thng) nh tuyn li cuc gi.
Yu cu chuyn giao c gi n BSC mi (3)
Nu c knh TCH ri, BSC yu cu BTS kch hot mt TCH (4)
MSC nhn c thng tin v knh TCH mi (5) v chuyn thng tin ny tr li
MSC c cng vi s chuyn giao (6)
ng truyn c thit lp n MSC mi (7)
Lnh chuyn giao c MS cng vi thng tin v tn s v khe thi gian s c s
dng mi (8).
MS pht i cm HO ( chuyn giao) TCH mi (9),(10).

107

Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

Mt ng mi c thit lp chuyn mch nhm v cuc gi c chuyn mch

(11) TCH v SACCH c c gii phng.
Tng i MSC gc vn duy tr s kim tra chnh cuc gi cho n khi n c xo.
MSC ny c gi l MSC neo.
Khi chuyn vo vng nh v mi th sau khi gii phng cuc gi, n phi thc hin
cp nht v tr sau khi cuc gi c gii phng. HLR s c cp nht v gi bn tin n
VLR c, MSC ny phi xo tt c cc thng tin lin quan n thu bao.
5.5 Qui hoch mng in thoi di ng
5.5.1 M hnh phn phi mng GSM
Mi mt h thng GSM c ti a 125 cp tn s sng mang, do tng th mt
h thng ch c th thc hin c 125x8 = 2000 knh thng tin. m rng dung lng
knh thng tin ngi ta s dng phng php qui hoch t ong v dng phng php ti
s dng tn s sng mang.
Dng b tr c bn l ti mt gc ca Cell ta t mt trm BTS ( Base
Transceiver Station ) vi iu kin cc trm BTS khc xung quanh n khng c trng
sng mang vi n. Do ta c th ti s dng li tn s cc Cell khc khng tip
gip vi n, hay cn gi l phng php ti s dng tn s.
2

2
1

1
3

2
1

2
1

Hnh 5.15. M hnh mng t ong c bn

V d nh bng cch phn chia mt vng trung tm thnh 100 vng nh hn (cc
t bo), mi cell vi kh nng cung cp 12 knh thoi . Khi nng lc ca h thng v
l thuyt c th tng t 12 ln n 12x100=1200 knh thoi . Nh vy l dung lng h
thng tng ln rt nhiu.
5.5.2. Kch thc Cell
9 Cell ln: Bn knh ph sng khong: 1 km 32 km

108

Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

V tr thit k cc Cell ln:

Sng v tuyn t b che khut (vng nng thn, ven bin )
Mt thu bao thp.
Yu cu cng sut pht ln.
9 Cell nh: Bn knh ph sng khong: 100 m1 km)
V tr thit k cc Cell nh:
Sng v tuyn b che khut (vng th ln).
Mt thu bao cao.
Yu cu cng sut pht nh.
C tt c bn kch thc cell trong mng GSM l macro, micro, pico v
umbrella. Vng ph sng ca mi cell ph thuc nhiu vo mi trng.
Macro cell c lp trn ct cao hoc trn cc to nh cao tng.
Micro cell li c lp cc khu thnh th, khu dn c.
Pico cell th tm ph sng ch khong vi chc mt tr li n thng c lp
tip sng trong nh.
Umbrella lp b sung vo cc vng b che khut hay cc vng trng gia cc cell.
Bn knh ph sng ca mt cell tu thuc vo cao ca an ten li an ten,
thng th n c th t vi trm mt ti vi chc km. Trong thc t th kh nng ph sng
xa nht ca mt trm GSM l 32 km (22 dm).
Mt s khu vc trong nh m cc an ten ngoi tri khng th ph sng ti nh nh
ga, sn bay, siu th... th ngi ta s dng cc trm pico chuyn tip sng t cc an ten
ngoi tri vo.

109

Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

5.5.3. Phng thc ph sng

Hnh dng ca cell trong mi mt s chun ph thuc vo kiu an ten v cng
sut ra ca mi mt BTS. C hai loi an ten thng c s dng: an ten v hng
(omni) l an ten pht ng hng, v an tenc hng l an ten bc x nng lng tp
trung trong mt r qut (sector).
Khi nim Site: Site c nh ngha l v tr t trm BTS.
Pht sng v hng Omni directional Cell (3600)
An tenv hng hay 3600 bc x nng lng u theo mi hng.
Vi An tenv hng: 1 Site = 1 Cell 3600

Hnh 1.16 Site dng anten Omni (3600)

Pht sng nh hng Sectorization:
Li ch ca sectorization (sector ha):
9 Ci thin cht lng tn hiu (Gim can nhiu knh chung).
9 Tng dung lng thu bao.
Vi Anten nh hng 1200: 1 Site = 3 Cell 1200

Hnh 2.16 Site dng anten Sector (1200)

c im: Khi sng truyn trong khng gian s gp mt s im nh sau:

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Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

9 Phn x khi gp vt cn.

9 Nhiu x t cc sng cng tn s hay gn tn s.
9 Tn x khi gp chng ngi vt trn ng truyn.
9 Suy hao trong qu trnh truyn sng, ph thuc vo khong cch ti i
pht.
5.5.4. Chia Cell (Cells Splitting)
Khi h thng bt u c s dng s thu bao cn thp, ti u th kch thc
cell phi ln. Nhng khi dung lng h thng tng th kch thc cell cng phi gim i
p ng vi dung lng mi. Phng php ny gi l chia cell.
Cc nh quy hoch s dng khi nim cells splitting phn chia mt khu vc c
mt thu bao cao, lu lng ln thnh nhiu vng nh hn cung cp tt hn cc
dch v mng. V d cc thnh ph ln c phn chia thnh cc vng a l nh hn vi
cc cell c mc ph sng hp nhm cung cp cht lng dch v cng nh lu lng
s dng cao, trong khi khu vc nng thn nn s dng cc cell c vng ph sng ln,
tng ng vi n s lng cell s s dng t hn p ng cho lu lng thp v s
ngi dng vi mt thp hn.

Hnh 5.17 Phn chia Cell

ng trn quan im kinh t, vic hoch nh cell phi bo m lu lng h
thng khi s thu bao tng ln, ng thi chi ph phi l thp nht. Thc hin c iu
ny th yu cu phi tn dng c c s h tng ca i trm c.

111

Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

5.5.5. Ti s dng li tn s
Mt h thng t ong l da trn vic s dng li tn s. Theo nh ngha s dng
li tn s l vic s dng cc knh v tuyn cng mt tn s mang ph sng cho cc
vng a l khc nhau. Cc vng ny phi cch nhau mt c ly ln mi nhiu giao
thoa ng knh (c th xy ra) chp nhn c. T s sng mang trn nhiu C/I ph thuc
vo v tr tc thi ca thu bao di ng ,do a hnh khng ng nht, s lng v kiu tn
x.
Cluster
L mt nhm cc cell. Cc knh khng c ti s dng tn s trong mt cluster.
Nh khai thc mng c giy php s dng mt s c hn cc tn s v tuyn.
Vic quy hoch tn s, ta phi sp xp thch hp cc tn s v tuyn vo mt Cluster sao
cho cc Cluster s dng li tn s m khng b nhiu qu mc.

Hnh 5.18 M t cch ph sng bng Cluster gm 7 cell n gin.

112

Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

C ly dng li tn s
Ta bit rng s dng li tn s cc cell khc nhau th b gii hn bi nhiu ng
knh C/I gia cc cell nn C/I s l mt vn chnh cn c quan tm.
D dng thy rng, vi mt kch thc cell nht nh, khong cch s dng li tn
s ph thuc vo s N cells dng trong mt Cluster. Nu N cng ln, khong cch s
dng li tn s cng ln v ngc li.
Ta c cng thc tnh khong cch s dng li tn s D ( D cn gi l khong cch
gia cc trm ng knh hay gia cc cell cng tn s )
D = R*

3* N

(trong : R l bn knh cell)

Hnh 5.19 Khong cch ti s dng tn s

Cc mu ti s dng tn s
K hiu tng qut ca mu s dng li tn s cho mi Cluster l M /N
9 M = tng s sites trong Cluster
9 N = tng s cells trong Cluster
Ba kiu mu s dng li tn s thng dng l: 3/9, 4/12 v 7/21.
Mu ti s dng tn s 3/9
Mu ti s dng li tn s 3/9 c ngha cc tn s s dng c chia thnh 9 nhm
tn s n nh trong 3 v tr trm gc (Site). Mu ny c khong cch gia cc trm ng
knh l D = 5,2R.
Cc tn s mu 3/9 (gi thit c 41 tn s t cc knh 84 n 124 - l s tn s s
dng trong mng GSM900 ca VMS)

n nh tn s

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Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

A1

B1

C1

A2

B2

C2

A3

B3

C3

BCCH

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

TCH1

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

TCH2

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

TCH3

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

TCH4

120

121

122

123

124

Ta thy mi cell c th phn b cc i n 5 sng mang.

Nh vy, vi khi nim v knh nh ni phn trc th phi dnh mt khe
thi gian cho BCH, mt khe thi gian cho SDCCH. Vy s khe thi gian dnh cho knh
lu lng ca mi cell cn (5 x 8 2) = 38 TCH.

Hnh 5.20 Mu ti s dng li tn s 3/9

Theo l thuyt, cu trc mng 9 cells c t s C/I > 9 dB m bo GSM lm vic
bnh thng.Tuy nhin, trong h thng 3/9 cc cell cnh nhau v mt a l nh A1 & C3,
C1 & A2, C2 & A3 li s dng cc sng mang lin nhau
Mu ti s dng tn s 4/12:
Mu s dng li tn s 4/12 c ngha l cc tn s s dng c chia thnh 12
nhm tn s n nh trong 4 v tr trm gc. Khong cch gia cc trm ng knh khi
l D = 6R.

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Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

Cc tn s mu 4/12:
n nh tn s
A1

B1

C1

D1

A2

B2

C2

D2

A3

B3

C3

D3

BCCH

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

TCH1

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

TCH2

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

TCH3

120

121

122

123

124

Ta thy mi cell c th phn b cc i l 4 sng mang.

Nh vy, vi khi nim v knh nh ni phn trc, mt khe thi gian dnh
cho knh BCH, mt khe thi gian dnh cho knh SDCCH ( Standalone Dedicated Control
Channel - l knh iu khin dnh ring ng mt mnh) . Vy s khe thi gian dnh cho
knh lu lng ca mi cell cn (4 x 8 2) = 30 TCH.

Hnh 5.21 Mu ti s dng li tn s 4/12

Trong mu 4/12 s lng cc cell D sp xp theo cc cch khc nhau nhm
phc v cho cc cell A,B,C. Hiu qu ca vic iu chnh ny l m bo hai cell cnh
nhau khng s dng hai sng mang lin nhau (khc vi mu 3/9). Vi mu ny, khong
cch ti s dng tn s l ln hn.
V l thuyt, cm 12 cells c t s C/I > 12 dB. y l t s thch hp cho php h
thng GSM hot ng tt. Tuy nhin, mu 4/12 so vi mu 3/9 c tnh cht sau

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Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

a) S lng sng mang trn mi cell t hn (mi cell c 1/12 tng s sng mang
thay v 1/9).
b) H s s dng li tn s thp hn (ng ngha vi khong cch s dng li l
ln hn).
Mu ti s dng tn s 7/21
Mu 7/21 c ngha l cc tn s s dng c chia thnh 21 nhm n nh trong 7
trm gc. Khong cch gia cc trm ng knh l D = 7,9R.
Cc tn s mu 7/21:

n nh tn s
A1
B1
C1
D1
E1
F1
G1
A2
B2
C2
D2
E2
F2
G2
A3
B3
C3
D3
E3
F3
G3

BCCH
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104

TCH
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124

116

Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

Hnh 5.22 Mu ti s dng li tn s7/21

Ta thy mi cell ch c phn b ti a 2 sng mang.
Nh vy vi khi nim v knh nh ni phn trc. Phi c mt khe thi gian
dnh cho BCH v c t nht mt khe thi gian dnh cho SDCCH, s khe thi gian dnh
cho knh lu lng ca mi cell cn (2 x 8 2) = 14 TCH
N l s nhm tn s ( N l s cell trong 1 Cluster ).
l tng s knh vt l c th dng cho mi Cluster.
Nhn xt:
Khi s nhm tn s N gim (21, 12, 9), ngha l s knh tn s c th dng cho
mi cell ( /N) tng th khong cch gia cc trm ng knh D s gim 7,9R; 6R; 5,2R.
iu ny ngha l s thu bao c phc v s tng ln, nhng ng thi nhiu trong h
thng cng tng ln.
Nh vy, vic la chn mu s dng li tn s phi da trn cc c im a l
vng ph sng, mt thu bao ca vng ph v tng s knh ca mng.
Mu 3/9: s knh trong mt cell l ln, tuy nhin kh nng nhiu cao. M hnh ny
thng c p dng cho nhng vng c mt my di ng cao.
Mu 4/12: s dng cho nhng vng c mt lu lng trung bnh.
Mu 7/21: s dng cho nhng khu vc mt thp.

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Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

5.5.6. Bi ton v qui hoch mng:

o Mc tiu: Nng dung lng phc v ca cc cell, m bo tnh kinh t ca h thng
v kh nng p ng c tc pht trin ca x hi trong mt khong thi gian
nht nh.
o Yu cu: thc hin vic qui hoch mng, ta cn phi nm c cc thng s thng
k sau y.
9 Mt dn s (s ngi /1km2)
9 T l ngi dng in thoi (vng th v nng thn)
9 T l s ngi dng in thoi gi cao im
9 Tc pht trin dn s
9 Tc pht trin thu bao
9 Cht lng sng theo vng a l
9 S tn s sng mang ca h thng
o Cc yu t cn xc nh khi qui hoch mng:
9 Loi an tenca BTS l Omni hay Sector
9 Cu trc mng t ong
9 S CF trn mt sector
9 Bn knh ca mt Cell, cng sut thu pht ca BTS
9 Dung lng knh thng tin ca mt Cell
o V d: Hy thit k qui hoch mng mobile p ng c vi tc pht trin 1 nm
ca h thng. Cho vng a l c cc c im sau:
9 Mt dn s: 500 ngi/1km2)
9 T l ngi dng in thoi: 3/10
9 T l s ngi dng in thoi gi cao im: 4/10
9 Tc pht trin dn s: 1,2 %
9 Tc pht trin thu bao: 200% / nm
9 Cht lng sng theo vng a l: khong cch ti thiu 2 Km so vi trm BTS
9 H thng GSM c 45 tn s sng mang

Tnh ton

118

Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

1. Loi an tenca BTS: Do vng a l c mt dn cao nn h thng phi c

dung lng Cell ln, do chn loi an ten sector cho BTS. Mt BTS c 3
sector.
2. Cu trc mng t ong: chn cu trc mng t ong dng 3/9 Cell.
3. S CF trn mt sector: S CF trn mt sector l 5
4. Dung lng knh thng tin ca 1 cell: 5x8 TS=40
5. Bn knh ca mt Cell, cng sut thu pht ca BTS
o Gi R l bn knh ca Cell
o Din tch ca cell:
o S ngi/cell =

S = R 2 = 3.14 R 2 ( Km 2 )

500 3.14 R 2

ngi/cell

o S ngi dng in thoi/cell = 500 3.14 R

2

3
10

o S ngi gi in thoi/cell, gi cao im:

= 500 3.14 R 2

3 4

10 10

o S ngi gi in thoi/cell, gi cao im sau 1 nm

l = 500 3.14 R
2

3 4 100 + 1.2 200

= 381.3R 2
10 10
100
100

o Mt khc dung lng ti a ca 1 Cell l: 40

o Vy:

381.3R 2 = 40

R = 0.3Km

o T ta chn mc cng sut thu pht cho BTS ph hp vi khong

cch 300m

119

Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

DANH SCH T VIT TT

***
A
ACCH

Associated Control Channel

Knh iu khin lin kt

AGCH

Access Grant Channel

Knh cho php truy nhp

ARFCH

Absolute Radio Frequency

Knh tn s tuyt i

Channel
AUC
AVDR

Authentication Center

Trung tm nhn thc

Average Drop Call Rate

T l rt cuc gi trung bnh

B
BCCH

Broadcast Control Channel

Knh iu khin qung b

BCH

Broadcast Channel

Knh qung b

BER

Bit Error Rate

T l li bt

Bm

Full Rate TCH

TCH ton tc

BS

Base Station

Trm gc

BSC

Base Station Controller

B iu khin trm gc

BSIC

Base Station Identity Code

M nhn dng trm gc

BSS

Base Station Subsystem

Phn h trm gc

BTS

Base Transceiver Station

Trm thu pht gc

C

C/A

Carrier to Adjacent

T s sng mang/nhiu knh ln

cn

CCBR

SDCCH Blocking Rate

T l nghn mch trn SDCCH

CCCH

Common Control Channel

Knh iu khin chung

CCDR

SDCCH Drop Rate

T l rt mch trn SDCCH

CCH

Control Channel

Knh iu khin

120

Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

CCS7
CCITT

Common Channel Signalling No7 Bo hiu knh chung s 7

International Telegraph and

U ban t vn quc t v

in thoi v
Telephone Consultative Committee

in bo

CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access

a truy nhp phn chia theo m

Cell

Cellular

(t bo)

CI

Cell Identity

Nhn dng ( xc nh vng LA )

C/I

Carrier to Interference

C/R

Carrier to Reflection

CSPDN

Circuit Switch Public

Mng s liu cng cng chuyn

Data Network

gi

T s sng mang/nhiu ng knh

T s sng mang/sng phn x

mch
CSSR

Call Successful Rate

T l cuc gi thnh cng

D

DCCH

Dedicated Control Channel

Knh iu khin dnh ring

E
EIR

Equipment Identification

B ghi nhn dng thit b

Register
ETSI

European Telecommunications

Vin tiu chun vin thng

Standard Institute

Chu u
F

FDMA

Frequency Division Multiple

a truy nhp phn chia

theo tn s
Access
FACCH

Fast Associated

Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh

121

Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

Control Channel
FCCH

Frequency Correction Channel

Knh hiu chnh tn s

G
GMSC

Gateway MSC

Tng i di ng cng

GoS

Grade of Service

Cp phc v

GSM

Global System for Mobile

Thng tin di ng ton cu

Communication
H
HLR

Home Location Register

B ng k nh v thng tr

HON

Handover Number

S chuyn giao
I

IHOSR

Incoming HO Successful Rate

T l thnh cng Handover n

IMSI

International Mobile

S nhn dng thu bao di ng

Subscriber Identity

quc t

Integrated Service Digital

Mng s a dch v

ISDN

Network
L
LA

Location Area

Vng nh v

LAC

Location Area Code

M vng nh v

LAI

Location Area Identifier

S nhn dng vng nh v

LAPD

Link Access Procedures

Cc th tc truy cp ng

on D channel

truyn trn knh D

Link Access Procedures

Cc th tc truy cp ng

on Dm channel

truyn trn knh Dm

LAPDm

122

Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

Lm

Haft Rate TCH

TCH bn tc
M

MCC

Mobile Country Code

M quc gia ca mng di ng

MNC

Mobile Network Code

M mng thng tin di ng

MS

Mobile station

Trm di ng

MSC

Mobile Service

Tng i di ng

Switching Center
MSIN

Mobile station Identification

S nhn dng trm di ng

Number
MSISDN

Mobile station ISDN Number

S ISDN ca trm di ng

MSRN

MS Roaming Number

S vng lai ca thu bao di ng

N

NMC

Network Management Center

Trung tm qun l mng

NMT

Nordic Mobile Telephone

in thoi di ng Bc u
O

OHOSR

Outgoing HO Successful Rate

T l thnh cng Handover ra

OSI

Open System Interconnection

Lin kt h thng m

OSS

Operation and Support

Phn h khai thc v h tr

Subsystem
OMS

Operation & Maintenace

Phn h khai thc v bo dng.

Subsystem
P
PAGCH

Paging and Access Grant

Knh chp nhn truy cp

Channel

v nhn tin

123

Chng 5: H thng thng tin di dng

PCH

Paging Channel

Knh tm gi

PLMN

Public Land Mobile Network

Mng di ng mt t cng cng

PSPDN

Packet Switch Public

Mng s liu cng cng

Data Network

chuyn mch gi

Public Switched Telephone

Mng chuyn mch in thoi cng

Network

cng

PSTN

R
RACH

Random Access Channel

Knh truy cp ngu nhin

Rx

Receiver

My thu
S

SACCH

Slow Associated

Knh iu khin lin kt chm

Control Channel
SDCCH

Stand Alone Dedicated

Knh iu khin dnh ring

Control Channel

ng mt mnh (c lp)

SIM

Subscriber Identity Modul

M un nhn dng thu bao

SN

Subscriber Number

S thu bao
T

TACH

Traffic and Associated Channel

Knh lu lng v lin kt

TCBR

TCH Blocking Rate

T l nghn mch TCH

TCDR

TCH Drop Rate

T l rt mch trn TCH

TCH

Traffic Channel

Knh lu lng

TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access

a truy nhp phn chia theo

thi gian

TRAU

Transcoder/Rate Adapter Unit

B thch ng tc v chuyn m

TRX

Tranceiver

B thu pht

124