sazogadoebrivi gamomcemloba sa.ga.

jibis wignis seria 7

media _ kultura _ sazogadoeba

Ziga vertovi (1896-1954), denis arkadieviC kauf

mani _ misi fsevdonimi momdinareobs polonu
ri Ziga-dan (Cikori, bzriala) da rusuli
-dan (brunva). vertovi swavlobda
samxedro musikalur skolaSi, fsiqonevrologiur institutsa da moskovis universitetSi. 1918
wlidan muSaobs kinoJurnal kino nedelias memontaJed; 1920 wlidan xdeba reJisor-dokumentalisti da kinoJurnal kinopravdas inicia
tori. 1923 wels aarsebs SemoqmedebiTi jgufs
kinokebi; 1929 wels iRebs films adamini
kinoaparatiT, romelic dResac dokumenturi
kinos orientirad rCeba. meore msoflio omis
dros xelmZRvanelobs gadaRebebs frontze;
aris avtori erT-erTi upirvelesi xmovani dokumenturi filmisa enTuziazmi: donbasis simfonia (1930). ukrainaSi gadasvlis Semdeg xel
mZRvanelobs kievis kinofabrikas vufku (19271930). stalinizmis periodSi vertovs sdevnian _
cenzura mis mravalricxovan kinoscenarebs ar
amtkicdebs, ris Sedegadac igi materialur da
SemoqmedebiT kriziss ganicdis. 1944 wlidan sicocxlis bolomde vertovi muSaobs kinoJurnalis dRis axali ambebi reJisor-memontaJed.
misi filmebis udidesi nawilis TanareJisori da
asistentia _ memontaJe elizaveta svilova, misi
meuRle. vertovis filmebia: kinoTvali (1924),
kinopravda (1925), msoflios erTi meeqvsedi (1926), meTerTmete (1928), sami simRera
leninze (1934), iavnana (1937) da sxva.

adamiani kinoaparatiT
manifesti, statiebi,
sascenaro variantebi
Ziga vertovi

Tbilisi, 2013

teqstebis saTaurebi dedanSi:

. , . ,
,
teqstebi ibeWdeba Semdegi gamocemebis mixedviT:
. . .
, 1966
. . 1.
,
. . , 2004
. . 2.
,
. . , 2008

- () proeqti xorcieldeba eizenSteinis saxelobis kinos kulturis
kvlevis centrisa (moskovi) da qalaq moskovis
kinomuzeumis Ziga vertovis saavtoro uflebaTa
mflobelTa Tavaziani nebarTviT
naxati garekanze: p. galajevis megobruli

SarJi Z. vertovze (1926)
Targmani rusulidan:
samecniero redaqtori:
redaqtori:
gamomcemeli:

konstantine dumbaZe
devi dumbaZe
rusudan asaTiani
soso dumbaZe

pirveli gamocema, 2013

ISBN 978-9941-0-5896-7
yvela ufleba daculia
sazogadoebrivi gamomcemloba sa.ga., 2013
www.sa-ga.org

sarCevi

winasityvaoba .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Cven. manifestis varianti (1922).. . . . . . . . 15
kinokebi. gadatrialeba (1923).. . . . . . . . . . 25
kinoTvalidan
radioTvalamde (1929). . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
adamiani kinoaparatiT (1928-1929).. . . . . 63
SeniSvnebi .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

winasityvaoba
rusuli kinos poetika sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirvel aTwleulSi gapirobebuli iyo
avangardis eqsperimentuli praqtikiT, romelic am xelovnebaSi modernizmis kvintesencias xedavda, saukuneTa mijnaze kulturuli
paradigmebis cvalebadobas rom usvamda xazs:
maradiuli _ wuTieri, originali _ asli, geniosi _ anonimuri koleqtiuroba, organuli
erTianoba _ qaosi, kompozicia _ fragmenti,
organizmi _ meqanizmi, morali _ amoraluroba, siRrme _ grZnobebis zedapirze Tavmoyra,
suli _ sxeuli. kino mayureblisgan dinamikisa da erTdroulobis aRsaqmelad axal Cve
vebs moiTxovda, rogorc modernizaciis sxva
siaxleebi (matarebeli, TviTmfrinavi, minis
arqiteqtura). adreuli kinos naratiuli anomaliebi _ motivaciis nakleboba, detalebis
qaosi, alogizmi, daumTavrebloba _ Tavisufali asociaciebis poetikis safuZvlad iqca.
kamera da mikrofoni gagebul iqna rogorc
arasrulyofili adamianuri organoebis gaum
jobesebis, maTi mgrZnobelobis amaRlebis xelis Semwyobi protezebi.
7

vertovi `dinamikuri geometriis~ da `kinoTvalis~ programebs aviTarebs. isini mimarTulni arian iqiTken, rom sruli uari eTqvas
mimetur, fsiqologiur an eqscentrul `Te
atrs kinoSi~, dafiqsirdes imanenturi Tavis
ufleba kamerisa, romelic aRWurvilia unariT
dainaxos is, rasac ver xedavs adamianis Tvali.
aseve Tavisufalia Cveulebrivi logikisgan
reJisori, romelic am axali xedvis (teleskopuris, mikroskopulis, kinematografiulis) da
axleburi smenis segmentebs Soris gansakuT
rebul kavSirebs amyarebs; igi Tavisuflad
epyroba siCqares, dros, sivrcesa da mizezob
riobas. Tavis samontaJo eqsperimentebSi kuleSovi amtkicebs, rom mayurebeli avtomaturad amyarebs droiT-sivrcobriv da mizez
Sedegobriv kavSirebs kinofragmentebs Soris.
erT kadrSi _ pistoleti, romlidanac isvrian,
meoreSi _ dacemuli adamiani; mayurebeli aerTianebs erTmaneTTan daukavSirebel suraTebs
erT qmedebad da mas mniSvnelobas aniWebs: moax
vedra, Suri iZia, daiRupa, gadarCa da sxva. acnobierebs ra aRqmis am kanonzomierebas, sergei
eizenSteini radikalur daskvnas akeTebs: kinoSi kadrebs Soris asemantikuri kavSirebi ar
arsebobs, montaJi _ kinos ambebis moyolisgan,
sivrcis xatovani agebisgan, TamaSis Teatraluri saSualebebisgan da azrovnebis tradiciuli wesebisgan gaTavisuflebis winapirobaa.
8

filmi gagebulia rogorc axali kulturis

safuZveli, da igi Tavisufalia xazobrivi logikisgan. igi sivrcis fragmentirebis kubisturi ferweris gamocdilebas futuristebis enisa
da Txrobis mimarT eqsperimentebTan aerTianebs; agreTve, moZraobis axali skolebis miRwevebTan, romlebic mimbaZvelobisgan Tavisufali
sxeulebrivi gamomsaxvelobis gaxsnazea orientirebuli. kinoreJisorebi gaTvlas mayureb
lis fsiqikis Sokismomgvreli xatebis nakadiT,
eqscentrikiTa da sisastikiT agresiul damuSavebaze akeTeben. niSnebi da kadrebi wminda
formalur gadabmaTa safuZvelze SeiZleba
gaerTiandnen _ ritmis an nebismieri bgeris safuZvelze. es gadabmebi sivrcisa da sxeulebis
segmentebs erT mTlianobaSi aerTianeben, mayureblis mimetur unarebs _ Seicnon formebi an
mibaZon Jestebs, avarjiSeben. xedvisa da smenis
axali xerxebis, axali sivrcobrivi da droiTi
kategoriebis, sxeulis enis, Cvevebisa da azrov
nebis gamomuSaveba realobis globaluri gadasxvaferebis konteqstSi iyo moqceuli. axali
anTropologiuri tipis Seqmna da mTeli mosaxleobis grZnobaTa organoebisa da kulturis
cvalebadoba, politikosebisa da mxatvrebis
azriT, SesaZlebelia ganxorcielebuliyo am
`moxtunave suraTebis~ wyalobiT.
vertovis kinoprograma, romelic Cveulebriv erT sityvaze _ `kinoTvali~ _ daiyvane9

boda, mimetur asaxvaze uaris Tqmas niSnavda

da kameris, misi perspeqtivisa da montaJis,
imanentur Tavisuflebas acxadebda. `kinoTvalis~ mTavari Tviseba iyo, daenaxa is, rasac
ver xedavs adamianis Tvali; da filmi warmoaCenda realobas, grZnobis teqnikuri organoTi transformirebuls, romelic adamianis
aRqmis imitacias ar axdenda.1 realoba ekranze am medialuri xedvis segmentebisgan ikribeboda (epistemologiuris, teleskopuris,
mikroskopulis, rentgenulis, kinematografiulis); isini vertovis warmodgenaSi analizis operaciebTan da SemecnebasTan2 da maT Soris arsebul kavSirebTan, romelsac reJisori
1 amas yuradRebas aqcevdnen Teoretikosebi 1920ian ww. da ufro gvianac. liusi fiSerma vertovis
programas mecnieruli eqsperimenti (scientific endeavor) uwoda da `kinopravdas~ iazrebda rogorc mecnierebisa da kinos kombinacias: Fisher L. Enthusiasm:
From Kino-Eye to Radio-Eye // Film Quarterly. 1977/78. Vol.
31. #2. gv. 25-34. igi anet maiklsons mihyveboda,
romelmac vertovi epistemologad warmoadgina:
Michelson A. From Magician to Epistemologist: The Man
With the Movie Camera // Artforum. 1972. Vol. X, #7. gv.
60-72. Jil deliozma kinoTvals zeadamianuri Tvisebebi miawera, rac mis Teorias, naturalursa da
kinematografiul aRqmas Soris sxvaobis Sesaxeb,
amyarebda; ix.: Deleuze Gilles. Op. cit.
2 vertovi Z., statiebi. dRiurebi. Canafiqrebi.
gv. 56-57.

10

11

nergavda, iyvnen wilnayarni. am kavSirebis,

montaJis kanonebi damyarebuli iyo ara yofiT
logikaze, aramed poeturze, anu medialur
gramatikaze, poeziis futuristul WkuamiRmur enasTan rom iyo axlos. vertovma swored
masSi mosinja Tavi, sanam kinoSi movidoda. es
ena azris SaravandedebTan muSaobda, romelTac bgerebi (an suraTebi) moecvaT. Zvram mxedvelobis epistemologiur SesaZleblobebsa
da montaJis WkuamiRmur gadabmebs Soris aseTive Zvrebis dublireba moaxdina vertovis
biografiaSi. absoluturi kinoenis da `dinamikuri geometriis~ maZiebeli futuristi
SemTxvevis ZaliT politikuri kinoqronikis
saTaveSi aRmoCnda, ramac garkveuli konfliq
tebi gamoiwvia `kinousagnobasa~ da konkretul socialur dakveTas Soris3, agreTve,
dasabami misca vertovis, rogorc `crudoku3 `politikuri gadaRebac da ekonomikuri pirobebis zegavleniT gadaRebac angariSs ar uwevs
siuJetis kinematografiulobas, amas ki gardauvalad mohyveba statikuri momentebis dinamikurTan erTad fiqsireba, rac moZraobis poeziaSi
dauSvebelia~ (vertovi Z., statiebi. dRiurebi.
Canafiqrebi. gv. 49). vertovis pirveli manifesti
`Cven~ absoluturi, abstraqtuli filmis prog
ramas warmoadgens, romlis masala _ moZraoba,
`dinamikuri geometria, wertilebis, xazebis,
sibrtyeebis, moculobebis garbenebia~, xolo
Caweris forma _ kimogama~ (iqve).

12

mentalistis~, kritikas marcxnidan da marjvnidan; warmoSva mudmivi gaugebrobebi termin

`kinopravda~-s ganmartebebSi; am terminTan
dakavSirebiT xSirad iviwyeben, rom laparakia
kinos simarTleze, anu medialur realobaze.
`mTeli misi [vertovis] muSaoba montaJis
ritmuli bunebis kvlevisken iyo mimarTuli.
<...> firis naWrebisgan Semdgari sxvadasxva
ritmul wyobaTa sinjebisaTvis saWiro iyo iseTi masala, romelsac igi makratliT ise daWrida, rogorc surda. aseTi Sesaferisi masala
iyo `cxovreba, rogoric is aris~ _ SemTxveviTi naWrebi, romlebSic araferia awyobili da
romlebsac sxvadasxva adamiani sxvadasxva adgilas iRebs. es masala didwilad warmoadgenda
gadaRebul Tanabar, ganmeorebiT procesebs:
adamianTa muSaoba, manqanebis muSaoba, masebis
moZraoba da sxv. <...> manqanebi Tavisi ucvleli,
perioduli svliT ritmuli montaJisTvis idealur masalas iZleodnen~. sruli uazrobaa vertovi `dokumentalistad~ miviCnioT, aRniSnavda
vertovis kolega vsevolod pudovkini.4
oqsana bulgakova

4 pudovkini v. Txz. krebuli 3 tomad. .: ,

1974. t.1. gv. 145.

13

Cven.
manifestis varianti

Cven Cvens Tavs k i n o k e b s vuwodebT, gansxvavebiT kinematografistebisagan _ meZvelmaneTa jogisgan, arc Tu urigod rom vaW
roben Tavisi ZonZebiT.
Cven ver vxedavT kavSirs eSmakobas, vaW
rukanaTa angariSianobasa da namdvil k i n oC est v o s Soris.
uazrobad miviCnevT fsiqologiur rusulgermanul kinodramas, romelic bavSvobis periodis xilvebiTa da mogonebebiTaa damZimebuli.
avantiuris amerikul films, films moCvenebiTi dinamizmiT, amerikuli pinkertonovSCinis1
inscenirebebs _ kinokis madloba gamosaxulebebis cvalebadobis siCqarisa da axlo xedebisaTvis. kargia, Tumca erTob uwesrigo, araa dafuZnebuli moZraobis zust Seswavlaze. erTi safexuriT maRlaa fsiqologiur dramaze, magram
mainc ufundamentoa. Sablonia, aslis _ asli.
Cven vacxadebT Zvel kinosuraTebs _ romansistuls, Teatralizebuls da sxv. _ keTrovnebad.
_ nu mixvalT axlos!
_ nu SeexebiT TvalebiT!
_ saxifaToa sicocxlisaTvis!
_ gadamdebia.
Cven vamtkicebT kinoxelovnebis momavals
misi awmyos uaryofiT.

kinematografiis sikvdili aucilebe17

lia kinoxelovnebis sicocxlisaTvis. _ Cven

mogiwodebT, davaCqaroT misi sikvdili.
Cven vaprotestebT xelovnebaTa a R r e v a s ,
rasac bevri sinTezs uwodebs. cudi saRebavebis aRreva, Tundac idealurad SerCeuli
speqtris ferTa mixedviT, mogvcems ara TeTr
fers, aramed WuWys.
sinTezisaken
_ xelovnebis

TiToeuli

sa
xeobis miRwevaTa z e n itS i da ara uadres amisa.
Cven vwmendT
kinoCestvos

yovelive

mit
masnilisgan _ musikisgan, literaturisgan da
Teatrisgan
,
veZebT

Cvens

arsaiTgan

ar

moparul riTms da vpoulobT kidevac mas saganTa

moZraobebSi.
Cven gepatiJebiT:
_ m oS ordi T _
romansTan tkbil Caxutebebs,
fsiqologiuri romanis sawamlavs,
sayvarlis Teatris klanWebs,
zurgi SeaqcieT musikas,
_ m oS ordi T _
trial mindorSi, oTxganzomilebian siv
rceSi (3 + dro), sakuTari masalis ZiebaSi _ sakuTari metrisa da riTmisa.
fsiqologiuri momentebi xels uSlis
adamians iyos wamzomiviT zusti da ewinaaRmdegeba mis ltolvas daunaTesavdes manqanas.
usafuZvloa moZraobis xelovnebaSi mTavari yuradReba dRevandel adamians mivaqcioT.
18

kinokebi. gadatrialeba

me mindoda mxolod damedgina, rom is,

rac ki Cven aqamde kinomatografiaSi
gvikeTebia, 100 %-iT cTomilebaa
da zustad imis sapirispiroa,
rac unda gvekeTebina...
Ziga vertovi1
1922 wlis damdegis mowodebidan2
...Tqven _ kinematografistebi xarT:
reJisorebi da mxatvrebi saqmis gareSe,
dabneuli kinooperatorebi
da msoflioSi gabneuli scenarTa avtorebi,
Tqven _ kinoTeatrebis momTmeni publika xarT joris gamZleobiT, morTmeul gancdaTa tvirTis qveS,
Tqven _ jer kidev gaukontrolebeli kinematografistebis mouTmeneli mflobelebi xarT, xarbad rom etanebiT germanuli,
ufro xSirad ki amerikuli magidis narCenebs _
Tqven elodebiT,
mogonebebisgan qancgawyvetilni, ocnebamoreulni oxravT axali eqvsaqtiani dadgmebis mTvaris danaxvaze (nerviulebs vTxovT,
daxuWon Tvalebi),
Tqven elodebiT imas, rac ar iqneba
da risi lodinic ar egebis.
megobrulad gafrTxilebT:
27

Jurnali lef-i 1923, #3

nu malavT Tavebs siraqlemebiviT.

aRixileT Tvalebi,
mimoixedeT _
ai!
me vxedav
da yoveli bavSvis Tvali xedavs:
Signeuli gadmocvenazea,
gadmoyrazea gancdaTa nawlavebi
kinematografiis muclidan,
revoluciis rifiT rom aris gamofatruli.
ai maT miaTreven,
da isini sisxlian kvals toveben miwaze,
romelic TrTis saSinelebisa da zizRisgan,
yvelaferi damTavrda3.
Ziga vertovi
stenogramidan:
samTa sabWos _ Ziga vertovi
... kinosuraTs, iqneba is fsiqologiuri, deteqtiuri, satiruli, Tu saxviTi _ sulerTia
rogori _ Tu amovaWriT yvela siuJets da davtovebT mxolod warwerebs, miviRebT suraTis
literaturul ConCxs. am literaturuli ConCxisTvis Cven SegviZlia damatebiT gadaviRoT
sxva kinosiuJetebi _ realisturi, simboluri,
eqspresionistuli _ rogoric gnebavT. saqmis
29

sa.ga.s wignis qurdi _ qurdi ar ariso!

hans beleri _ kinomontaJis aspeqtebi

dasavleTSi farTod gavrcelebuli, Sesavali
xasiaTis mqone kinosamontaJo saxelmZRvanelo
teqsti, sadac gaanalizebulia aqtualuri samontaJo modelebi, cnebebi da reJisorTa spe
ci
fikuri stilebi: eizenSteini, bunueli, hiC
ko
ki, godari, tarkovski, kubriki, jarmuSi da sxva.
gamocemas axlavs kino
samontaJo cneb
ebis ganmartebiTi leqs
ikoni;
kadris sidideTa maCvenebeli da 180 gradusis
principis amsaxveli sqemebi.

rezo kveselava _ mogonebebi

kinematografistebze

qarTvel

qarTveli kinodramaturgis rezo kveselavas

samemuaro werilebis krebulSi mogonebebi qa
rTvel kinematografistebze avtori ixsenebs:
Tengiz abulaZes, akaki baqraZes, suliko JRents,
mixeil kveselavas, mixeil kobaxiZes, kote miqaberiZes, aleqsandre rexviaSvils, sergo farajanovs,
oTar ioselians, dore xinTibiZesa da sxvebs.
gamocemaSi warmodgenelia qarTvel ki
n em a t o g r a f i s t T a
unikaluri
foto
ebi avtoris pira
di
arqividan da ki
nostudia qarTuli filmis orasamde Ta
namSromlis
mokle
biografiuli mona
cemebi.

valter beniamini _ xelovnebis nawarmoebi

misi teqnikuri reproducirebadobis epoqaSi | istoriis cnebis Sesaxeb
mkiTxvels pirvelad eZleva saSualeba gaecnos qarTul enaze cnobili ebrauli warmoSobis germaneli
filosofosisa da kulturis mkvlevris, valter
beniaminis (1892-1940), or umniSvnelovanes naSroms:
xelovnebis nawarmoebi misi teqnikuri reproducirebadobis epoqaSi (1935-1936) da istoriis
cnebis Sesaxeb (1940).
pirveli werili xelovnebis nimuSis auris dakargvis axsnas gvTavazobs da am movlenas teqnikuri reproducirebis pirobebiT gansazRvravs.
am teqstma gansakuTrebuli aqtualuroba SeiZina
1960-ian wlebSi da is
faqtobrivad iqca mo
wodebad
xelovneba
gamoeyenebinaT
ara
faSisturi, aramed socialur-politikuri
emansipaciis mizniT.
Tezisebi istoriis
cnebis Sesaxeb Tavi
seburad ajamebs msje
lobas
istoriuli
materializmis daniSnulebaze imdroindeli araorTodoqsuli
marqsizmis farglebSi.

maqs horkhaimeri da Teodor v. adorno _

ganmanaTleblobis dialeqtika. filosofiuri fragmentebi
ganmanaTleblobis dialeqtika (1944/47-1969)
frank
furtis skolis kritikuli Teoriis yve
laze didi gavlenis mqone naSromia. wignSi mocemulia Tanamedrove sazogadoebis Zireuli kritika.
civilizaciis ganviTarebis fundamenturi analizis safuZvelze gamokvleulia miTosidan ganmanaTleblobis warmoSoba da ganmanaTleblobis
miTosiskenve Semobruneba. naSromi warmoadgens
Tanamedrove subieqtis, misi TviTis, formirebis
filosofiur Tavdapirvel istorias da ganixilavs
zneobriobisa da uzneobis Tanxvedras Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. am wignSi ganxilulia kulturis industriis meSveobiT adamianTa masobrivi
motyuebis meqanizmebi.
aseve, gaanalizebulia
ganmanaTleblobis saz
Rvrebi, romlebsac, na
cionalsocializmSi
ganxorcielebuli ka
tastrofis Sedegad,
antisemitizmis
elementebi warmoadgenen.
pirvel qarTul Targmans Tan axlavs devi
dumbaZis narkvevi imis
axsnis mcdelobiT, Tu
ratom rCeba ganmanaT
leblobis dialeqtika
dResac aqtualuri.

fsiqiatriasTan gamocdilebis mqone pirTa germanuli asociacia _ rCevebi da xerxebi _ rogor

vmarToT SeSlil-oba?
megzuri gankuTvnilia fsiqiatriasTan ga
mo
cdilebis mqone adamianebisa da maTi axloblebisaTvis, romlebic krizisis dros da mis Semdeg
mxarSi udganan am pirovnebebs. aq mocemuli rCevebi saSualebas gvaZlevs individualurad da Sinaurulad movekidoT am mdgomareobas; gvexmareba,
SeZlebisdagvarad fsiqotropuli wamlebis gareSe,
organizmisadmi zianis
miyenebis gverdis a vliT, movlenebis marTvasa da myudr
oebisa
da stabilurobis mo
povebaSi.
teqsts axlavs fsi
qiatr Temur iosebaZis bolosityvaoba da
damxmare
organiza
ciaTa sakontaqto informacia.

aka morCilaZe _ kagdata in jorjia

calke gamocemis saxiT pirvelad ibeWdeba Tanamed

rove qarTveli mwerlis, aka morCilaZis, eseisturi
teqstebi: kagdata in jorjia (2008) da piradi
enciklopedia (2007).

sa.ga.s wignis qurdi _ qurdi ar ariso!

sa.ga.s wignis qurdi _ qurdi ar ariso!