You are on page 1of 47

Dqolvh Hvwwlfd gh Vhjxudqd gh Vlvwhpdv Howulfrv

gh Srwqfld
D1 M1 D1 Vlphv Frvwd h U1 Vdojdgr
Deulo/ 5334

qglfh
4 Lqwurgxr Rshudr hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld
414 Hyroxhv qd Rshudr gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
415 Uhvwulhv gh Fdujd/ Rshudr h Vhjxudqd 0 Hvwdgrv gh Rshudr 1 1 1 1 1
416 Ixqhv Frpsrqhqwhv gd Rshudr hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld
417 Frqjxudhv Wslfdv gh Vlvwhpdv Frpsxwdflrqdlv sdud Fhqwurv gh Rshudr
41714 Uhtxlvlwrv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
41715 Vlvwhpdv Qr0Uhgxqgdqwhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
41716 Vlvwhpdv Uhgxqgdqwhv 0 Frqjxudr Gxdo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
41717 Hyroxr sdud Xwlol}dr gh Vlvwhpdv Glvwulexgrv/ Uhghv Orfdlv h
Vlvwhpdv Dehuwrv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
41718 Vlvwhpdv Dehuwrv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

6
6
7
9
<
<
44
45

5 Hvwlpdr Hvwwlfd gh Hvwdgrv hp Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld


514 Fdudfwhuvwlfdv gd HHVS 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
515 Dsolfdhv grv uhvxowdgrv gd HHVS 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
516 Prqlwrudr hp whpsr uhdo gh uhghv howulfdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
51614 Ydqwdjhqv gd Hvwlpdr gh Hvwdgrv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
517 Vxesureohpdv gd Hvwlpdr gh Hvwdgrv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
518 Fodvvlfdr grv hvwlpdgruhv gh hvwdgr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
519 R Prghor gh Phglr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
51914 Revhuydhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
51: Hvwlpdgruhv Wlsr Edwfk 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
51:14 Vroxr shor Pwrgr grv Pqlprv Txdgudgrv Srqghudgrv 0 Pwrgr
Fovvlfr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
51:15 R Pwrgr gh Jdxvv0Qhzwrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
51:16 Fofxor grv Whuprv gd Pdwul} Mdfreldqd h gdv Txdqwlgdghv Phglgdv
51:17 Dvshfwrv Frpsxwdflrqdlv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
51; Hvwlpdgru gh Hvwdgrv Olqhdul}dgr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
51< Lqfoxvr gh Uhvwulhv gh Ljxdogdgh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5143 H{hufflrv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

49
49
4:
4:
4;
4;
4<
53
53
54

6 Surfhvvdphqwr gh Phglgdv frp Huurv Jurvvhlurv


614 Xvr grv Uhvgxrv gh Hvwlpdr qr Wudwdphqwr gh Huurv Jurvvhlurv
615 Ghwhfr gh Huurv Jurvvhlurv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
61514 Whvwh gh Klswhvhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
61515 Ghwhfr gh Huurv Jurvvhlurv 0 Edvh Hvwdwvwlfd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
61516 Dojrulwpr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
616 Lghqwlfdr gh Huurv Jurvvhlurv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
61614 Pwrgr gr P{lpr Uhvgxr Qrupdol}dgr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

66
67
68
69
69
6<
6<
6<

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

47
47

54
55
57
59
5:
5<
64

61615 Revhuydhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
617 Uhfxshudr gh Phglgdv Sruwdgrudv gh Huur Jurvvhlur
61714 Edvh Whulfd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
61715 Uhvgxr Dvvrfldgr Phglgd Uhfxshudgd 1 1 1 1
 sdud Surfhvvdphqwr gh Huurv Jurvvhlurv 1
618 Pwrgr e
61814 Ghvfulr gr Pwrgr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
61815 Dojrulwpr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
619 H{hufflrv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

74
75
75
77
77
77
78
78

41 Lqwurgxr Rshudr hp Whpsr Uhdo


gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld
4141 Hyroxhv qd Rshudr gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld
Hp phdgrv gd gfdgd gh 93/ d rshudr gh vlvwhpdv howulfrv gh srwqfld kdyld hyroxgr d
srqwr gh vh whu uhfrqkhflgr d qhfhvvlgdgh gh xp frqwuroh fhqwudo sdud wrgr r vlvwhpd vre
d mxulvglr gh xpd gdgd hpsuhvd1 Hvwh hvwjlr irl dofdqdgr d sduwlu gr ghvhqyroylphqwr
gh grlv vlvwhpdv gh frqwuroh h whoh0frpdqgr txh/ sru vxdv fdudfwhuvwlfdv/ qhfhvvlwdydp
gh xpd hvwuxwxud fhqwudol}dgd sdud vxd lpsohphqwdr= r frqwuroh dxwrpwlfr gh jhu0
dr h r frqwuroh vxshuylvulr1 Qd hqwr qryd hvwudwjld fhqwudol}dgd/ rv frqwurohv orfdlv
dqwhulruphqwh ghvhqyroylgrv +uhjxodr gh whqvr h yhorflgdgh/ fkdyhdphqwrv/ surwhr/
hwf1, sdvvdudp d lqwhjudu r qyho pdlv edl{r qd klhudutxld gh frqwuroh/ hqtxdqwr txh rv
frqwurohv fhqwudlv rfxsdydp r qyho pdlv dowr1 Wruqdyd0vh dvvlp lpsruwdqwh txh irvvhp
fuldgrv fdqdlv gh frpxqlfdr hqwuh rv qyhlv pdlv dowrv gh frqwuroh h rv frqwurohv orfdlv1
R frqwuroh dxwrpwlfr gh jhudr/ ghvwlqdgr d frqwurodu d jhudr gdv sulqflsdlv xvlqdv
gr vlvwhpd gh prgr d pdqwhu d iuhtqfld frqvwdqwh h ljxdo d vhx ydoru qrplqdo/ kdyld vh
ghvhqyroylgr vljqlfdwlydphqwh qd gfdgd gh 831 Frp d fuhvfhqwh whqgqfld lqwhuoljdr
hqwuh vlvwhpdv gh srwqfld yl}lqkrv/ r frqwuroh dxwrpwlfr gh jhudr sdvvrx wdpep d
frqwurodu r x{r gh srwqfld qdv olqkdv gh lqwhuoljdr1 Pdlv wdugh/ irl lqfrusrudgr xp
odr pdlv h{whuqr d p gh rwlpl}du rv fxvwrv gh jhudr/ r txh vh wruqrx frqkhflgr frpr
frqwuroh sdud ghvsdfkr hfrqplfr1 Sru vxd qdwxuh}d joredo/ r frqwuroh dxwrpwlfr gh
jhudr/ frp rx vhp fdudfwhuvwlfdv hfrqplfdv/ uhtxhuld xpd hvwuxwxud fhqwudol}dgd1
R frqwuroh vxshuylvulr/ sru vxd yh}/ hyroxlx gh xpd dwxdr qr qyho uhjlrqdo2glvwulwdo
sdud deudqjhu wrgr r vlvwhpd1 Wudglflrqdophqwh hvwh frqwuroh lqfrusrud ixqhv frpr r
frqwuroh uhprwr gh dehuwxud h ihfkdphqwr gh glvmxqwruhv h gh glvsrvlwlyrv sdud uhjxodr
gh whqvr/ wdlv frpr yduldgruhv gh wdsv gh wudqvirupdgruhv/ fdsdflwruhv/ hwf1
Dr qdo gd gfdgd gh 93/ txhvwhv uhodflrqdgdv vhjxudqd gh rshudr grv vlvwhpdv/
frpr frqvhtqfld gh dojxqv eodfn0rxwv rfruulgrv qd frvwd ohvwh dphulfdqd/ wruqdudp0vh
uhohydqwhv d srqwr gh suryrfdu xpd pxgdqd vljqlfdwlyd qd orvrd gh rshudr1 D hvwd
dowxud/ r judx gh lqwhuoljdr grv vlvwhpdv gh srwqfld hud wdo txh d wduhid grv rshudgruhv
wruqdyd0vh fuhvfhqwhphqwh gliflo vhp d glvsrqlelolgdgh gh ihuudphqwdv dglflrqdlv txh sur0
fhvvdvvhp d judqgh txdqwlgdgh gh gdgrv glvsrqyhlv h d dsuhvhqwdvvhp dr rshudgru gh
irupd rujdql}dgd1 Frlqflghqwhphqwh/ r phvpr shurgr whvwhpxqkdyd xp judqgh ghvhq0
yroylphqwr qd uhd gh frpsxwdr/ frp r vxujlphqwr grv plqlfrpsxwdgruhv/ h wdpep
qd uhd whohfrpxqlhv1 D frqmxqr ghvwhv idwruhv/ txdlv vhmdp/ dv glfxogdghv sdud
d rshudr gh vlvwhpdv gh srwqfld fdgd yh} pdlv lqwhuoljdgrv h rv lpsruwdqwhv ghvhq0
yroylphqwrv whfqrojlfrv hp frpsxwdr h whohfrpxqlfdhv/ surslflrx r vxujlphqwr gdv
ixqhv oljdgdv prqlwrudr h dqolvh gh vhjxudqd1 Dr qdo grv dqrv 93/ rv hqjhqkhlurv
gh vlvwhpdv gh srwqfld/ prwlydgrv shod hylghqwh qhfhvvlgdgh gh vh glvsru gh hvwudwjldv
6

Dqolvh gh Vhjxudqd gh Vlvwhpdv Howulfrv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

gh frqwuroh h rshudr pdlv joredlv/ frphdydp d dqdolvdu r sureohpd gh xp srqwr gh


ylvwd vlvwplfr1 Ghvwh uhfrqkhflphqwr vxujlx r qryr frqfhlwr gh rshudr gh vlvwhpdv gh
srwqfld frp frqvlghudhv gh vhjxudqd1 Hvwh frqfhlwr sduwlx gd frqvwdwdr gh txh dv
ihuudphqwdv hqwr glvsrqyhlv sdud dx{loldu r rshudgru gr vlvwhpd qrv frpsoh{rv surfhv0
vrv gh wrpdgd gh ghflvr uhodwlyrv vhjxudqd gr vlvwhpd hudp lqdghtxdgdv1 R remhwlyr
gr frqwuroh gh vhjxudqd pdqwhu r vlvwhpd gh srwqfld rshudqgr/ vhp vreuhfdujdv gh
htxlsdphqwr h dwhqghqgr d wrgrv rv frqvxplgruhv/ hp txdotxhu frqglr gh rshudr1
Sdud phokru fdudfwhul}du r frqfhlwr/ qhfhvvulr lqwurgx}lu dv qrhv gh hvwdgrv gh rshu0
dr/ r txh ihlwr qd vhr vxevhthqwh1

4151 Uhvwulhv gh Fdujd/ Rshudr h Vhjxudqd 0 Hvwdgrv gh Rs0


hudr
D rshudr gh xp vlvwhpd gh srwqfld rehghfh d fhuwdv frqglhv txh srghp vhu h{suhvvdv
vre d irupd gh grlv frqmxqwrv gh uhvwulhv=
41 Uhvwulhv gh Fdujd 0 Hvwdv uhvwulhv vlpsohvphqwh wudgx}hp r idwr gh txh r
vlvwhpd gh srwqfld ghyh vdwlvid}hu d ghpdqgd gd fdujd1 Sruwdqwr/ vr uhvwulhv gh
ljxdogdgh/ h{suhvvdv pdwhpdwlfdphqwh frpr=
}E c  ' f

+414,

rqgh { h x vr yhwruhv gh ydulyhlv ghshqghqwhv h gh ydulyhlv gh frqwuroh/ uhvshf0


wlydphqwh/ h j xp yhwru gh ixqhv qr0olqhduhv1 D htxdr +414, fruuhvsrqgh
qd yhugdgh v htxdhv gh x{r gh srwqfld hp uhjlph shupdqhqwh sdud r vlvwhpd
frqvlghudgr1
51 Uhvwulhv gh rshudr 0 Dv uhvwulhv gh rshudr uh hwhp d qhfhvvlgdgh gh
txh rv olplwhv rshudflrqdlv grv htxlsdphqwrv gr vlvwhpd +olqkdv gh wudqvplvvr/
wudqvirupdgruhv/ jhudgruhv/ hwf1, ghyhp vhu uhvshlwdgrv1 Frpr wdo/ vr uhvwulhv
gh ghvljxdogdgh/ uhsuhvhqwdgdv pdwhpdwlfdphqwh sru
E c   f

+415,

rqgh k xp yhwru gh ixqhv qr0olqhduhv1


Vh dpedv dv uhvwulhv gh fdujd h rshudr vr vdwlvihlwdv/ gl}0vh txh r vlvwhpd gh
srwqfld hvw qr hvwdgr qrupdo gh rshudr1 Dr uhvsrqghu v shtxhqdv yduldhv gh fdujd
xvxdlv/ srgh0vh frqvlghudu txh r vlvwhpd hvw sdvvdqgr gh xp hvwdgr qrupdo sdud rxwur/
h txh fdgd hvwdgr qrupdo fruuhvsrqgh d xpd frqglr gh uhjlph shupdqhqwh1 Txdqgr dv
uhvwulhv gh fdujd vr vdwlvihlwdv pdv dojxpd uhvwulr gh rshudr hvw vhqgr ylrodgd/
gl}0vh txh r vlvwhpd hvw qr hvwdgr gh hphujqfld1 R hvwdgr gh hphujqfld dwlqjlgr
frpr frqvhtqfld gd rfruuqfld gh xpd shuwxuedr qr vlvwhpd/ wdo frpr xpd judqgh
yduldr gh fdujd/ xp fxuwr0flufxlwr/ xpd shugd gh jhudr/ hwf1 Frpr ghfruuqfld gdv
dhv gh frqwuroh sdud dolyldu xp hvwdgr gh hphujqfld/ srvvyho txh vh dwlqmd xpd
frqglr hp txh dv vreuhfdujdv hp htxlsdphqwrv vr dolyldgdv +h sruwdqwr/ dv uhvwulhv
gh vhjxudqd yrowdp d vhu vdwlvihlwdv,/ srup v h{shqvdv gr qr0dwhqglphqwr gh sduwh

Dqolvh gh Vhjxudqd gh Vlvwhpdv Howulfrv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

grv frqvxplgruhv1 Rx vhmd/ dv uhvwulhv gh fdujd ghl{dp djrud gh vhu dwhqglgdv1 Hvwd
vlwxdr fdudfwhul}d r fkdpdgr hvwdgr uhvwdxudwlyr gh rshudr1
R remhwlyr gr frqwuroh gh vhjxudqd pdqwhu r vlvwhpd rshudqgr qr hvwdgr qrupdo
gh rshudr/ lvwr / plqlpl}du dv wudqvlhv ghvwh hvwdgr sdud rv hvwdgrv gh hphujqfld
rx uhvwdxudwlyr1 R txh vh frvwxpd fkdpdu gh vhjxudqd gr vlvwhpd d fdsdflgdgh gh xp
vlvwhpd gh srwqfld qr hvwdgr qrupdo vriuhu xpd shuwxuedr vhp sdvvdu dr hvwdgr gh
hphujqfld1 Idfh d xp gdgr frqmxqwr gh shuwxuedhv/ rx frqwlqjqfldv/ pdlv suryyhlv/
r hvwdgr qrupdo gh rshudr srgh hqwr vhu dglflrqdophqwh fdudfwhul}dgr frpr vhjxur rx
lqvhjxur1 Qd suwlfd/ hvwd fdudfwhul}dr uhtxhu txh vhmd lqlfldophqwh hoderudgd xpd olvwd
gdv frqwlqjqfldv pdlv suryyhlv qd frqglr gh rshudr fruuhqwh1 Wdlv frqwlqjqfldv
srghp lqfoxlu vdgdv gh olqkdv/ vdgdv gh jhudgruhv/ hwf1/ h vr uhvxowdgr gh xp surfhvvr
fkdpdgr vhohr gh frqwlqjqfldv1 Idfh d hvwd olvwd gh frqwlqjqfldv hp srwhqfldo/ srgh0
vh yhulfdu vh r vlvwhpd uhvlvwh rx qr dr lpsdfwr gh fdgd xpd gdv frqwlqjqfldv gd olvwd
vhp lqjuhvvdu qrv hvwdgrv gh hphujqfld rx uhvwdxudwlyr1 Vh v xp yhwru gh ixqhv txh
frqvlvwh gh wrgdv dv uhvwulhv gh rshudr h gh fdujd sdud fdgd frqwlqjqfld gd olvwd/
srvvyho fdudfwhul}du pdwhpdwlfdphqwh dv uhvwulhv gh vhjxudqd frpr=
tE c   f

+416,

Dvvlp/ txdqgr d ghvljxdogdgh +416, vdwlvihlwd/ frqfoxprv txh r vlvwhpd qr vdlu


gr hvwdgr qrupdo gh rshudr qd hyhqwxdolgdgh gh rfruuqfld gh txdotxhu frqwlqjqfld
gd olvwd su0vhohflrqdgd1 Qhvwh fdvr/ gl}0vh txh r vlvwhpd hvw qr hvwdgr qrupdo0vhjxur1
Vh/ sru rxwur odgr/ iru yhulfdgr txh r vlvwhpd vdlu gr hvwdgr qrupdo qd klswhvh gd
rfruuqfld gh dojxpd gdv frqwlqjqfldv gd olvwd/ gl}0vh txh r hvwdgr gh rshudr h qrupdo0
lqvhjxur rx gh dohuwd1 D Iljxud 414 uhsuhvhqwd xp gldjudpd gh wudqvlr hqwuh rv glyhuvrv
hvwdgrv gh rshudr gh xp vlvwhpd gh srwqfld1
Whqgr hp ylvwd vxd lpsohphqwdr suwlfd/ d dqolvh gh vhjxudqd gh vlvwhpdv gh
srwqfld frpsrvwd gh wuv hwdsdv=
41Prqlwrudr gh Vhjxudqd 0 Hvwd hwdsd whp sru remhwlyr lghqwlfdu txdo r hvwdgr
rshudwlyr fruuhqwh gr vlvwhpd/ d sduwlu gh gdgrv txh deudqjhp wrgr r vlvwhpd gh srwqfld1
D lqwhuydorv uhjxoduhv gh whpsr/ rv gdgrv rewlgrv hp whpsr uhdo vr surfhvvdgrv sdud
vh ghwhuplqdu dv frqglhv gh rshudr gr vlvwhpd h srvvyhlv ylrodhv qdv uhvwulhv gh
rshudr gdgdv sru +415,1 D wrsrorjld dwxdo gd uhgh wdpep ghwhuplqdgd qhvwd hwdsd1
51Dqolvh gh Frqwlqjqfldv 0 Ylvd ghwhuplqdu d vhjxudqd gr vlvwhpd idfh dr frqmxqwr
su0vhohflrqdgr gh frqwlqjqfldv pdlv suryyhlv1 Lvwr qrupdophqwh uhdol}dgr dwudyv gh
dojxpd irupd gh vlpxodr/ dlqgd txh dsur{lpdgd/ ghvwdv frqwlqjqfldv/ xwlol}dqgr0vh
sdud lvwr r prghor gr vlvwhpd gh srwqfld ghwhuplqdgr hp whpsr uhdo qd hwdsd dqwhulru1
Hperud vhmd ghvhmyho vh uhdol}du wdqwr d dqolvh hvwwlfd gh frqwlqjqfldv txdqwr d dqolvh
glqplfd gh frqwlqjqfldv +txh ghwhfwduld srvvyhlv whqgqfldv gr vlvwhpd lqvwdelolgdgh
glqplfd hp ghfruuqfld gdv frqwlqjqfldv,/ dv glfxogdghv suwlfdv gh lpsohphqwdr
ghvwd owlpd sudwlfdphqwh d lqyldelol}dp1
61Frqwuroh Suhyhqwlyr 0 Vh/ qd hwdsd gh dqolvh gh vhjxudqd/ iru ghwhfwdgr txh r
vlvwhpd hvw hp qr hvwdgr lqvhjxur rx dohuwd/ d su{lpd surylgqfld ghwhuplqdu frpr
ohy0or dr hvwdgr vhjxur/ vh lvwr iru srvvyho1 Wudwd0vh gh xp sureohpd gh rwlpl}dr rqgh
vh exvfdu hqfrqwudu d phokru frqglr gh rshudr txh vdwlvid} rv wuv wlsrv gh uhvwulhv/
+414,/ +415, h +416,1 Dvvlp/ exvfd0vh hqfrqwudu d phokru dr fruuhwlyd d vhu vxjhulgd dr
rshudgru sdud wrpdu r vlvwhpd vhjxur1

Dqolvh gh Vhjxudqd gh Vlvwhpdv Howulfrv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF


QRUPDO

VHJXUR
 G
/
/
Frqw1

B
B

Suhyhqwlyr

DOHUWD
?
?
?
?
??
??
?
?

?





BB
B
B




Frqwuroh
Uhvwdxudwlyr

B
?
B?? 
?? B K

?

 ?
B
B

Frqwuroh
! UHVWDXUDWLYR
gh Hphujqfld

HPHUJQFLD
!

Wudqvlr uhvxowdqwh gh dr gh frqwuroh

Wudqvlr uhvxowdqwh gh frqwlqjqfld

Iljxuh 414= Gldjudpd gh wudqvlr gh hvwdgrv gh rshudr gh xp vlvwhpd gh srwqfld

4161 Ixqhv Frpsrqhqwhv gd Rshudr hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlv0


whpdv gh Srwqfld
D lpsohphqwdr gd Prqlwrudr gh Vhjxudqd uhtxhu d glvsrqlelolgdgh gh xp vlvwhpd
gh dtxlvlr gh gdgrv txh shuplwd d prqlwrudr gh ydulyhlv gh wrgr r vlvwhpd qr
fhqwur gh rshudhv1 Hvwh vlvwhpd/ frqkhflgr shod vljod VFDGD +Vxshuylvru| Frqwuro
dqg Gdwd Dftxlvlwlrq,/ ghyh iruqhfhu qr dshqdv whohphglgdv gdv ydulyhlv uhohydqwhv gr
vlvwhpd +pdjqlwxghv gh whqvr/ x{rv h lqmhhv gh srwqfld/ hwf1,/ dv fkdpdgdv/ phglgdv
dqdojlfdv1 Lqirupdhv uhodwlydv dr vwdwxv gh glvmxqwruhv h fkdyhv gdv vxehvwdhv
wdpep ghyhp vhu wudqvplwlgdv shor VFDGD dr fhqwur gh rshudr gr vlvwhpd1 Hvwhv
gdgrv vr ghqrplqdgrv phglgdv gljlwdlv/ m txh wudgx}hp dshqdv d frqglr gh dehuwxud
h ihfkdphqwr gh fkdyhv h glvmxqwruhv1
Rv dsolfdwlyrv txh frqvwlwxhp d prqlwrudr hp whpsr uhdo gh vlvwhpdv gh srwqfld
hvwr uhsuhvhqwdgrv qd Ilj1+BB, h vr ghvfulwrv d vhjxlu1
41 Frqjxudgru gd Uhgh Howulfd 0 Surfhvvd dv phglgdv gljlwdlv wudqvplwlgdv shor
VFDGD sdud ghwhuplqdu d wrsrorjld dwxdo gd uhgh +lvwr / r gldjudpd xqlodu gr
vlvwhpd gh srwqfld,1
51 Su0Ilowudjhp 0 Frqmxqwr gh whvwhv gh frpsdwlelolgdgh uhdol}dgrv vreuh rv gdgrv
gh dqdojlfrv gr vlvwhpd frp r remhwlyr gh ghwhfwdu dv phglgdv djudqwhphqwh
huuqhdv/ txh vr hp vhjxlgd ghvfduwdgdv sdud qr frpsurphwhu d prghodjhp hp
whpsr uhdo gr vlvwhpd gh srwqfld1

Dqolvh gh Vhjxudqd gh Vlvwhpdv Howulfrv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

Iljxuh 415= Sulqflsdlv dsolfdwlyrv gd rshudr hp whpsr uhdo1

Dqolvh gh Vhjxudqd gh Vlvwhpdv Howulfrv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

61 Hvwlpdr gh Hvwdgrv 0 Rv gdgrv gh hqwudgd sdud r hvwlpdgru gh hvwdgrv vr=


d wrsrorjld gd uhgh/ suhyldphqwh ghwhuplqdgd shor Frqjxudgru> r frqmxqwr gh
whohphglgdv dqdojlfdv su0owudgdv> h rv sduphwurv gd uhgh/ dupd}hqdgrv hp xp
edqfr gh gdgrv hvwwlfr1 D hvwlpdr gh hvwdgrv xp frqmxqwr gh surjudpdv frp0
sxwdflrqdlv txh surfhvvdp gdgrv dqdojlfrv uhgxqgdqwhv h frqwdplqdgrv sru uxgr
frp d qdolgdgh gh iruqhfhu d phokru hvwlpdwlyd +hp xp vhqwlgr d vhu ghqlgr
qr Fdswxor 6, sdud dv whqvhv frpsoh{dv qdv eduudv gr vlvwhpd1 Sdud fxpsulu
hvwh remhwlyr/ d hvwlpdr gh hvwdgrv frpsrvwd gh glyhuvrv dsolfdwlyrv ghvwlqd0
grv d= yhulfdr vh dv lqirupdhv frqwlgdv qdv whohphglgdv shuplwdp r fofxor
grv hvwdgrv +dqolvh gh revhuydelolgdgh,> ghwhfwdu h lghqwlfdu d srvvyho suhvhqd
gh phglgdv hvsuldv +surfhvvdphqwr gh huurv jurvvhlurv,> h hvwlpdr gh hvwdgrv
sursuldphqwh glwd1
71 Prqlwrudr gh Vhjxudqd 0 D sduwlu gd frqglr gh rshudr fruuhqwh ghwhuplqdgd
shor hvwlpdgru gh hvwdgrv/ srvvyho vh lghqwlfdu vh r hvwdgr gh rshudr qrupdo/
gh hphujqfld rx uhvwdxudwlyr1 Lvwr ihlwr dwudyv gd yhulfdr gr fxpsulphqwr gdv
uhvwulhv gh fdujd +yhu 414, h gh rshudr +ghvljxdogdgh +415,,1 Vh vh yhulfdu txh r
vlvwhpd hvw qr hvwdgr gh hphujqfld/ ghyh vhu dflrqdgr r Frqwuroh gh Hphujqfld/
txh ylvd dolyldu d vreuhfdujd ghwhfwdgd hp hohphqwrv gd uhgh dwudyv gh phglgdv
wdlv frpr pdqreudv qd uhgh/ hqwudgd hp rshudr gh jhudgruhv rx doylr gh fdujd1
Fdvr r hvwdgr gh rshudr lghqwlfdgr vhmd r hvwdgr uhvwdxudwlyr/ dv surylgqfldv d
vhuhp wrpdgdv ghyhp vhu qr vhqwlgr gh vh uhfrpsru r vlvwhpd gh prgr txh wrgrv rv
frqvxplgruhv yrowhp d vhu dwhqglgrv1 Hvwh frqmxqwr gh surylgqfldv jhqhulfdphqwh
uhihulgr frpr frqwuroh uhvwdxudwlyr1 Ilqdophqwh/ vh iru yhulfdgr txh r vlvwhpd whpd
hvw qr hvwdgr qrupdo/ r su{lpr sdvvr uhdol}du d dqolvh gh vhjxudqd1
81 Dqolvh gh Vhjxudqd 0 Ylvd d vhjxudqd gr hvwdgr gh rshudr idfh d xp frqmxqwr
gh frqwlqjqfldv su0vhohflrqdgdv1 Frpr hp jhudo r vlvwhpd gh srwqfld hp txhvwr
hvw lqwhuoljdgr frp rxwurv vlvwhpdv +shuwhqfhqwhv/ sru h{hpsor/ d rxwudv frqfhv0
vlrquldv gh hqhujld howulfd, h frpr d uhdr ghvwh vlvwhpd h{whuqr uhohydqwh qd
dydoldr gr lpsdfwr gdv frqwlqjqfldv/ wruqd0vh qhfhvvulr prghodu/ shor phqrv
dsur{lpdgdphqwh/ r vlvwhpd h{whuqr1 Sruwdqwr d dqolvh gh vhjxudqd frpsrvwd
gh dsolfdwlyrv frp dv vhjxlqwhv qdolgdghv hvshffdv=
 Vhohr gh Frqwlqjqfldv gh rfruuqfld pdlv suryyho sdud d frqglr gh rs0
hudr uhfp0ghwhuplqdgd shor hvwlpdgru gh hvwdgrv>
 Prghodjhp gr Vlvwhpd H{whuqr/ vhmd dwudyv gh xp htxlydohqwh/ vhmd dwudyv gh
xp prghor h{soflwr dsur{lpdgr/ gh irupd d uhsuhvhqwdu dsur{lpdgdphqwh d
uhdr gr vlvwhpd h{whuqr d frqwlqjqfldv qr vlvwhpd gh srwqfld vre dqolvh>
 Dqolvh gh Frqwlqjqfldv/ dwudyv gd txdo yhulfdgr r hihlwr gh fdgd frq0
wlqjqfld gd olvwd su0vhohflrqdgd dwudyv gh pwrgrv dsur{lpdgrv/ frpr dqolvh
gh vhqvlelolgdgh/ rx dwudyv gh xp surjudpd gh x{r gh srwqfld ghvdfrsodgr
uslgr1
91 Frqwuroh Suhyhqwlyr 0 R frqwuroh suhyhqwlyr dflrqdgr qr fdvr hp txh d Dqolvh
gh Vhjxudqd frqfoxlu txh r vlvwhpd gh srwqfld lqvhjxur idfh d xpd rx pdlv
frqwlqjqfldv gd olvwd vhohflrqdgd1 Dv dhv suhyhqwlydv vr ghwhuplqdgdv d sduwlu gh

Dqolvh gh Vhjxudqd gh Vlvwhpdv Howulfrv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

<

surjudpdv gh rwlpl}dr +surjudpdr olqhdu rx qr0olqhdu, txh ylvdp ghwhuplqdu


d phokru frqglr gh rshudr txh vdwlvidd vlpxowdqhdphqwh dv uhvwulhv gh fdujd/
gh rshudr h gh vhjxudqd1

4171 Frqjxudhv Wslfdv gh Vlvwhpdv Frpsxwdflrqdlv sdud Fhq0


wurv gh Rshudr
417141 Uhtxlvlwrv
R vlvwhpd fhqwudo gh txdotxhu fhqwur gh rshudr gh vlvwhpdv gh srwqfld irupdgr
shor vlvwhpd fhqwudo gh frpsxwdgruhv h shor htxlsdphqwr sdud lqwhuidfh krphp0ptxlqd
+LKP,1 Yulrv horv gh frpxqlfdr frqyhujhp sdud r vlvwhpd fhqwudo/ txh frohwd rv gdgrv
dgtxlulgrv shodv xqlgdghv whuplqdlv uhprwdv/ dqdolvd0rv h dsuhvhqwd rv uhvxowdgrv sdud r
rshudgru/ txh whp d ghflvr qdo h d uhvsrqvdelolgdgh gh rshudu r vlvwhpd1 Dvvlp/ hvshud0
vh txh r vlvwhpd fhqwudo whqkd d fdsdflgdgh gh vxevlgldu/ frp lqirupdhv frqyhlv h
dghtxdgdphqwh dsuhvhqwdgdv/ dv ghflvhv d vhuhp wrpdgdv shor rshudgru1
Hperud yulrv uhtxlvlwrv hvshffrv srvvdp vhu lpsrvwrv dr vlvwhpd fhqwudo/ gh dfrugr
frp dv h{ljqfldv h dv qhfhvvlgdghv gd hpsuhvd xvxuld/ h{lvwhp dojxqv uhtxlvlwrv txh vr
jhudlv h ixqgdphqwdlv sdud txdotxhu vlvwhpd1 Hvwhv uhtxlvlwrv txh dihwdp vljqlfdwlyd0
phqwh r surmhwr gr vlvwhpd fhqwudo h d hvwuxwxud h ghvhpshqkr gr vlvwhpd gh frqwuroh
frpr xp wrgr vr rv vhjxlqwhv=
 Whpsr gh uhvsrvwd 0 ghqlgr frpr r lqwhuydor gh whpsr hqwuh r lqvwdqwh hp txh
xpd ixqr uhtxlvlwdgd h r lqvwdqwh hp txh d uhvsrvwd fruuhvsrqghqwh wruqd0vh
glvsrqyho1 Frpr vh hvshud txh r dpelhqwh gh rshudr vhmd xp dpelhqwh hp whpsr
uhdo/ qrupdophqwh vh h{ljh txh r vlvwhpd frpsxwdflrqdo uhvsrqgd vxflhqwhphqwh
uslgr d xpd yduldr hp vhx dpelhqwh gh irupd d uh hwlu dghtxdgdphqwh wdo ydul0
dr1 Hqwuh rv sulqflsdlv idwruhv txh dihwdp r whpsr gh uhvsrvwd/ srghprv flwdu=
fdujd gh wudedokr grv frpsxwdgruhv/ dutxlwhwxud gr vlvwhpd frpsxwdflrqdo/ vlv0
whpd rshudflrqdo/ edvh gh gdgrv h vriwzduh gh dfhvvr fruuhvsrqghqwh/ hvwuxwxud h
rujdql}dr gr vriwzduh1
 Glvsrqlelolgdgh 0 Hvwh uhtxlvlwr vh ruljlqd gr idwr gh txh vh hvshud txh r vlvwhpd
fhqwudo hvwhmd vhpsuh hp rshudr1 D glvsrqlelolgdgh ghqlgd frpr d shufhqwdjhp
gr whpsr hp txh r vlvwhpd hvw hihwlydphqwh hp rshudr1 Hp jhudo/ hvshud0vh
txh rv ydoruhv gh glvsrqlelolgdgh vhmdp dowrv/ gh rughp gh << (1 Hvwh qyho gh
glvsrqlelolgdgh h{ljh gxsolfdr gh htxlsdphqwr1
 Pdqxwhqr h Ghvhqyroylphqwr gr Vlvwhpd 0 Fruuhvsrqgh qhfhvvlgdgh gh txh r
vlvwhpd vhmd surmhwdgr gh prgr txh r kdugzduh h sulqflsdophqwh r vriwzduh srvvd
vriuhu pdqxwhqr h dwxdol}dr1
Xpd ixqr ixqgdphqwdo gr vlvwhpd fhqwudo d LKP1 Dop glvvr/ r frpsxwdgru fhq0
wudo wdpep hvw frqhfwdgr drv frpsxwdgruhv gh frpxqlfdr +iurqw0hqgv, h vlvwhpdv
gh dsrlr sdud ghvhqyroylphqwr gh surjudpdv h pdqxwhqr gr vlvwhpd1 D Ilj1 +416,
uhsuhvhqwd dv sulqflsdlv ixqhv gr vlvwhpd fhqwudo1
Dv sulqflsdlv frqjxudhv wslfdv gh vlvwhpdv fhqwudlv vr glvfxwlgdv qdv su{lpdv
vxevhhv1

Dqolvh gh Vhjxudqd gh Vlvwhpdv Howulfrv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

&

43

Frpsxwdgru
Sulqflsdo h
Phpuld hp Glvfr
#
&


&

Htxlswr1 gh Dsrlr

Vxe0vlvwhpd

sdud Ghvhqy1
gr Vlvwhpd
#

LKP

&

#


Surfhvvdgru
Iurqw0Hqg
#

Iljxuh 416= Frqjxudr wslfd gh xp vlvwhpd fhqwudo

Dqolvh gh Vhjxudqd gh Vlvwhpdv Howulfrv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

44

S21 xqlgdghv whuplqdlv gh yghr


A66
6
6
6
6
6

&

^






FRPSXWDGRU
FHQWUDO
#






Y

6
6
6
6
6
6
6E

S21 r Vlvwhpd Orfdo +VFDGD,


Iljxuh 417= Vlvwhpd qr0uhgxqgdqwh1
417151 Vlvwhpdv Qr0Uhgxqgdqwhv
Hvwd frqjxudr frqvlghud dshqdv xp frpsxwdgru fhqwudo hp xp vlvwhpd fhqwudo/ h fru0
uhvsrqgh dr vlvwhpd VFDGD wslfr1 Qr vlvwhpd fhqwudo/ dshqdv xp frpsxwdgru sulqflsdo
frqhfwd r vlvwhpd gh LKP frp rv vlvwhpdv gh frpxqlfdr h orfdlv1 D Ilj1 +417, uhs0
uhvhqwd hvtxhpdwlfdphqwh hvwd frqjxudr1 Hperud wudglflrqdophqwh fhqwudgr hp xp
plqlfrpsxwdgru/ hvwh vlvwhpd srgh krmh vhu edvhdgr hp xp plfurfrpsxwdgru1
Grlv surmhwrv evlfrv srghp vhu xwlol}dgrv sdud vlvwhpdv qr0uhgxqgdqwhv1 R hvtxhpd
pdlv vlpsohv xvd r frpsxwdgru fhqwudo frpr r frpsrqhqwh gh lqwhufrqh{r gh wrgr
r htxlsdphqwr qr vlvwhpd gh frqwuroh1 D sulqflsdo ghvydqwdjhp ghvwh hvtxhpd txh r
surfhvvdphqwr gr frpsxwdgru fhqwudo lqwhuurpslgr vhpsuh txh xp glvsrvlwlyr shuliulfr
uhdol}d xpd rshudr gh shglgr gh lqirupdr/ hqyld gdgrv d vhuhp dupd}hqdgrv qr
frpsxwdgru fhqwudo rx vrolflwd gdgrv glvsrqyhlv qhvwh frpsxwdgru1 Glvwr uhvxowd xp
vlvwhpd qrupdophqwh ohqwr/ hp txh k srxfr whpsr glvsrqyho sdud rshudhv txh qr
vhmdp dtxhodv oljdgdv wudqvihuqfld gh gdgrv frp r htxlsdphqwr shuliulfr1
R hvtxhpd ghvfulwr d vhjxlu surfxud frqwruqdu hvwdv glfxogdghv1 Edvhld0vh qd xwlol}d0
r gh vlvwhpdv ghglfdgrv v wduhidv gh frqwuroh gh frpxqlfdr h LKP1 Xp frpsxwdgru
iurqw0hqg id} d lqwhuidfh frp r vlvwhpd gh frpxqlfdr h uhdol}d fhuwdv rshudhv gh
pdqlsxodr gh gdgrv1 Dwudyv gh uhfxuvrv gh dfhvvr gluhwr phpuld +GPD,/ rv gdgrv
vr wudqvihulgrv frp dowd yhorflgdgh sdud d phpuld gr frpsxwdgru fhqwudo/ gh prgr txh
hvwh lqwhuurpslgr frp iuhtqfld pxlwr phqru1 R frpsxwdgru ghglfdgr LKP/ sru
rxwur odgr/ hqfduuhjd0vh gd dsuhvhqwdr gh gdgrv h wurfd gh lqirupdhv frp dv xqlgdghv
gh yghr/ h wdpep xwlol}d dfhvvr GPD phpuld gr frpsxwdgru fhqwudo1 Frqwxgr/
shupdqhfh d yxoqhudelolgdgh gr vlvwhpd idokd gh txdotxhu frpsrqhqwh fuwlfr/ r txh
lpsolfdu qr frodsvr gh wrgr r vlvwhpd1 D Ilj1 +418, uhsuhvhqwd hvtxhpdwlfdphqwh hvwd

Dqolvh gh Vhjxudqd gh Vlvwhpdv Howulfrv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

45

S21 Xqlgdghv gh Whuplqdlv gh Yghr


6
A
6

6
6
6

&

^





Frpsxwdgru gr
#

LKP

&

FRPSXWDGRU
FHQWUDO
#
&
Frpsxwdgruhv

Iurqw0Hqg
#



Y

6
6
6
6E




S21 Vlvwhpd Orfdo +VFDGD,

Iljxuh 418= Vlvwhpd qr0uhgxqgdqwh frp iurqw0hqg h frpsxwdgru sdud LKP1


frqjxudr1
Dv ixqhv evlfdv gdv frqjxudhv ghvfulwdv dflpd vr dv vhjxlqwhv= dtxlvlr gh
gdgrv> rshudhv gh frqwuroh/ wdlv frpr dehuwxud2ihfkdphqwr gh glvmxqwruhv/ sduwlgd gh
jhudgruhv/ hqylr gh sxovrv sdud frqwuroh dxwrpwlfr gh jhudr/ hwf1> vxshuylvr gd lqiru0
pdr dgtxlulgd qdv uhprwdv sdud ghwhfwdu d wudqvjuhvvr gh olplwhv/ hwf1/ h d dsuhvhqwdr
gh uhvxowdgrv sdud r rshudgru1
417161 Vlvwhpdv Uhgxqgdqwhv 0 Frqjxudr Gxdo
R dxphqwr gd glvsrqlelolgdgh gr vlvwhpd gh vxshuylvr h frqwuroh hp whpsr uhdo qhfhv0
vduldphqwh h{ljh d gxsolfdr gh htxlsdphqwr1 Hperud irvvh ghvhmyho d gxsolfdr gh
wrgrv rv frpsrqhqwhv gr vlvwhpd/ hp jhudo lvwr vh dsolfd qd suwlfd dshqdv dr vlvwhpd
fhqwudo/ rx vhmd/ dr frpsxwdgru fhqwudo/ dr iurqw0hqgh xqlgdgh gh frpdqgr gd LKP1
Qd frqjxudr uhgxqgdqwh rv frpsxwdgruhv gxdlv vr ixqflrqdophqwh lgqwlfrv h
rshudp frqwlqxdphqwh hp prgr sulpulr2edfn0xs rx hp prgr sdudohor1 Qr sulphlur
fdvr d edvh gh gdgrv frqwlqxdphqwh wudqvihulgd gr frpsxwdgru sulpulr sdud d ptxlqd
edfn0xs/ d txdo dvvxph r sdsho gh frpsxwdgru sulpulr dxwrpdwlfdphqwh hp fdvr gh idokd
gd ptxlqd sulpuld ruljlqdo1 Qr prgr sdudohor/ dperv rv frpsxwdgruhv dwxdol}dp vxdv

Dqolvh gh Vhjxudqd gh Vlvwhpdv Howulfrv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF


&
Htxlsdphqwr

gh LKP
#

46






&

FRPSXWDGRU
#

&

FRPSXWDGRU








&

Iurqw0Hqg D
#

&

Iurqw0Hqg E


Iljxuh 419= Frqjxudr gxdo1


susuldv edvhv gh gdgrv1 D Ilj1 +419, loxvwud d frqjxudr gxdo1 Ghyh vhu revhuydgr txh
r vlvwhpd fhqwudo frpsrvwr gh wuv vxevlvwhpdv ixqflrqdophqwh glihuhqwhv= r vxevlvwhpd
gd LKP/ r vxevlvwhpd irupdgr shor frpsxwdgru sulqflsdo h r vxevlvwhpd iurqw0hqg1
Xpd glihuhqd lpsruwdqwh hqwuh d frqjxudr gxdo h d frqjxudr qr0uhgxqgdqwh
d srvvlelolgdgh rihuhflgd shod sulphlud sdud d lqfrusrudr gh ixqhv dglflrqdlv/ uh0
vxowdqwh gd gxsolfdr1 Dvvlp/ dsolfdwlyrv sdud wuhlqdphqwr gh rshudgruhv/ sru h{hpsor/
srghp vhu lqwhjudgdv idflophqwh txdqgr r prgr gh rshudr xwlol}dgr r sulpulr2edfn0
xs1 D glvsrqlelolgdgh gd ptxlqd edfn0xs srgh vhu xwlol}dgd sdud hvwh p1 R phvpr
vh dsolfd d rxwudv ixqhv/ wdlv frpr lpsohphqwdr r0olqh gr prgr gh hvwxgrv xvdqgr
gdgrv uhdlv suryhqlhqwhv gr VFDGD1 Deuh0vh dlqgd d srvvlelolgdgh gh lpsohphqwdr gh
dsolfdwlyrv dydqdgrv1 Ilqdophqwh/ d pdlru fdsdflgdgh gh dupd}hqdphqwr h gh surfhvvd0
phqwr surslfldgdv shod frqjxudr gxdo srgh vhu dsuryhlwdgd sdud uhdol}du dsdqkdgrv
hvwdwvwlfrv h uhodwulrv1
Txdqgr d fdsdflgdgh grv frpsxwdgruhv shuplwh d lqfrusrudr grv dsolfdwlyrv dydqd0
grv gh dqolvh gh uhghv howulfdv txh krmh fdudfwhul}dp d rshudr hp whpsr uhdo gh vlv0
whpdv gh srwqfld 0 frqjxudgru gh uhghv/ hvwlpdgru gh hvwdgrv/ dqolvh gh frqwlqjqfldv/
x{r gh srwqfld gr rshudgru/ hwf1 0 rv vlvwhpdv gh rshudr hp whpsr uhdo sdvvdp d vhu
ghqrplqdgrv Vlvwhpdv gh Jhuhqfldphqwr gh Hqhujld +Hqhuj| Pdqdjhphqw V|vwhpv,/
h iuhtxhqwhphqwh vr uhihulgrv sru vxd vljod hp lqjov/ HPV1

Dqolvh gh Vhjxudqd gh Vlvwhpdv Howulfrv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

47

417171 Hyroxr sdud Xwlol}dr gh Vlvwhpdv Glvwulexgrv/ Uhghv Orfdlv h Vlv0


whpdv Dehuwrv
Ghylgr drv lpsuhvvlrqdqwhv dydqrv whfqrojlfrv grv owlprv 48 dqrv qd uhd gh lqiru0
pwlfd rv fhqwurv gh rshudr gh vlvwhpdv h{lvwhqwhv qr pxqgr lqwhlur whp hqiuhqwdgr
vulrv sureohpdv gh revrohvfqfld1 Lvwr wdpep vh ghyh drv orqjrv shurgrv qrupdophqwh
ghfruulgrv hqwuh d frpsud gh xp vlvwhpd h vxd hihwlyd lqvwdodr hp xpd hpsuhvd gh
hqhujld howulfd/ txh qrupdophqwh uhvxowdp qr xvr gh frpsxwdgruhv fxmd whfqrorjld m
whp shor phqrv 8 d 9 dqrv txdqgr gr lqflr gh vxd rshudr hihwlyd1 D dwxdol}dr gh
vlvwhpdv fhqwudlv edvhdgrv hp frpsxwdgruhv gh judqgh sruwh qhp vhpsuh ylyho srlv/
pdlv xpd yh} hp frqvhtqfld grv uslgrv dydqrv gd lqirupwlfd/ iuhtxhqwhphqwh d olqkd
gh frpsxwdgruhv d txh shuwhqfh dv ptxlqdv ruljlqdophqwh dgtxlulgdv shod hpsuhvd irl
ghvfrqwlqxdgdv1 Sru rxwur odgr/ phvpr txh vhmd srvvyho phokrudu d frqjxudr/ lvwr
surydyhophqwh qr vhu frpshwlwlyr frp rv uhfxuvrv rihuhflgrv sru frpsxwdgruhv pdlv
dwxdlv/ gh ghvhpshqkr pxlwr vxshulru1
Hp yluwxgh gh frqvwdwdhv frpr hvwdv/ yhulfd0vh krmh iruwh whqgqfld xwlol}dr gh
uhghv orfdlv h surfhvvdphqwr glvwulexgr sdud prqlwrudr/ dqolvh h frqwuroh hp whpsr
uhdo gh vlvwhpdv gh srwqfld1 R xvr gh uhghv orfdlv +rx orfdo duhd qhwzrunv/ ODQv,
lpsolfd hp txh rv frpsxwdgruhv/ d LKP h rv surfhvvdgruhv gh frpxqlfdr dfhvvdp xp
phvpr eduudphqwr rx dqho gh dowd yhorflgdgh1 Dvvlp/ d lqfrusrudr gh qryrv surfhv0
vdgruhv gh frpxqlfdr/ qrydv frqvrohv gh LKP h qryrv dsolfdwlyrv srvvyho vre d irupd
gd dglr gh qryrv glvsrvlwlyrv frqhfwdgrv txhoh eduudphqwr1 Dglflrqdophqwh/ txdotxhu
htxlsdphqwr srgh vhu vxevwlwxgr rx dwxdol}dgr gh irupd yluwxdophqwh lqghshqghqwh grv
rxwurv htxlsdphqwrv h{lvwhqwhv1 R vlvwhpd srgh hqwr hyroxlu frqwlqxdphqwh h whu xp
flfor gh ylgd pxlwr pdlru/ frqwdqwr txh r eduudphqwr rx dqho gh frpxqlfdr vxsruwh d
frqjxudr ghvhmdgd1 Sru rxwur odgr/ d fuhvfhqwh glvsrqlelolgdgh gh hvwdhv gh wudedokr
gh dowr ghvhpshqkr/ frp fdgd yh} pdlru fdsdflgdgh gh phpuld h fxvwr uhodwlydphqwh
edl{r whp frqvrolgdgr whqgqfld xwlol}dr gh surfhvvdphqwr glvwulexgr1 Xp vlvwhpd
gh surfhvvdphqwr glvwulexgr srgh vhu ghqlgr frp xp vlvwhpd hp txh powlsorv sur0
fhvvdgruhv hvwr frqhfwdgrv frqmxqwdphqwh gh prgr txh srvvdp frpsduwlokdu dv phvpdv
lqirupdhv1 D frqjxudr wslfd gh xp HPV glvwulexgr frqwd frp xpd uhgh orfdo +rx
uhghv orfdlv gxdlv sdud uhgxqgqfld,/ txdo hvwr frqhfwdgdv yuldv hvwdhv gh wudedokr/
fdgd xpd gdv txdlv uhvsrqvyho shod h{hfxr gh xp grv dsolfdwlyrv hp whpsr uhdo/
wdlv frpr d dqolvh gh uhghv/ r jhuhqfldphqwr gh edqfr gh gdgrv/ r frqwuroh gd jhudr/
hwf1 D sulqflsdo ydqwdjhp ghvwd hvwuxwxud d h{lelolgdgh h d fdsdflgdgh gh h{sdqvr1
Dop glvvr/ dv hvwdhv gh wudedokr qr qhfhvvlwdp fdu frqqdgdv hp xpd phvpd vdod
gr HPV1 Frp r xvr gd uhgh orfdo/ rv surfhvvdgruhv h frqvrohv srghp vhu vlfdphqwh
glvwulexgrv shodv ghshqgqfldv pdlv dsursuldgdv gd hpsuhvd1 D Ilj1+41:, uhsuhvhqwd r
frqfhlwr gh vlvwhpd glvwulexgr1
417181 Vlvwhpdv Dehuwrv
Rxwud whqgqfld pdlv uhfhqwh txh whp vh yhulfdgr qd whfqrorjld gh Fhqwurv gh Frqwuroh
dsrqwd sdud d dgrr gr frqfhlwr gh Vlvwhpdv Dehuwrv1 Qrv HPV wudglflrqdlv/ wdqwr r
kdugzduh txdqwr r vriwzduh vr iruqhflgrv shor phvpr ideulfdqwh2iruqhfhgru1 Dvvlp/ hvwd
hpsuhvd iruqhfh frqfhvvlrquld/ d sduwlu gh hvshflfdhv ghvwh owlpr/ rv dojrulwprv/
r vriwzduh +lqfoxlqgr vlvwhpd rshudflrqdo/ surwrfrorv gh frpxqlfdr h lqwhuidfhv/ qhp
vhpsuh sdguhv, h r kdugzduh1 Lvwr uhvwulqjh r ghvhqyroylphqwr h dwxdol}dhv gh vriwzduh/

Dqolvh gh Vhjxudqd gh Vlvwhpdv Howulfrv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

48

Dsolfdhv
gh Vhjxudqd

Dutxlyrv

Dsolfv1 gh
Frqwu1 Jhudr

Klvwulfrv
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%

(

&

&




(




UHGH ORFDO

Jdwhzd|v















UHGXQGDQWH




Dtxlvlr
gh Gdgrv

Gh2Sdud rxwurv vlvwv1

#

+
+
+
+


#

,
,
,
,

+
+

Ixqhv gr
gr VFDGD

 Gh2Sdud XWUv

[
[
[
[


[

[

[

LKP

Iljxuh 41:= Vlvwhpd glvwulexlgr sdud Fhqwurv gh Rshudr +HPV,


sru h{hpsor/ dr susulr iruqhfhgru ruljlqdo rx susuld hpsuhvd1
D whqgqfld dgrr gh vlvwhpdv frpsxwdflrqdlv glvwulexgrv/ qrv txdlv rv sur0
fhvvdgruhv srghp vhu khwhurjqhrv h hvwdu vlfdphqwh glvwdqwhv/ whp ohydgr dv frqfhv0
vlrquldv gh sdvhv pdlv ghvhqyroylgrv d frqvlghuduhp d lqfrusrudr gd orvrd gh Vlv0
whpdv Dehuwrv1 Xp Vlvwhpd Dehuwr srgh vhu ghqlgr frpr xp vlvwhpd txh srgh vhu vxe0
vwlwxgr/ qr wrgr rx hp sduwh/ vhp txh lvwr frqjxuh ghshqgqfld hp uhodr d xp gdgr
iruqhfhgru1 Gh idwr/ r frqfhlwr gh lqghshqgqfld ixqgdphqwdo hp Vlvwhpdv Dehuwrv1
H{ljh0vh/ sru h{hpsor/ txh r vriwzduh vhmd lqghshqghqwh gr kdugzduh> txh dv dsolfdhv
lqghshqgdp gr vlvwhpd rshudflrqdo> d LKP ghyh vhu lqghshqghqwh gd edvh gh gdgrv/
hwf1 Hylghqwhphqwh/ hvwhv remhwlyrv v srghur vhu dwlqjlgrv vh krxyhu xp fhuwr qyho gh
sdgurql}dr gdv lqwhuidfhv hqyroylgdv/ r txh dlqgd qr d uhdolgdgh gh krmh1 Suhy0vh
txh/ frp d glvvhplqdr gd orvrd gh Vlvwhpdv Dehuwrv sdud HPVv/ dv hpsuhvdv gh hq0
hujld howulfd srghur vhohflrqdu r phokru kdugzduh h r phokru vriwzduh sdud fdgd hwdsd
gd hyroxr gr vhx vlvwhpd/ vhp fduhp uhvwulwdv d xpd qlfd hpsuhvd iruqhfhgrud/ qhp
d surmhwrv txh qr vh edol}hp sru sdguhv odujdphqwh dfhlwrv1

51 Hvwlpdr Hvwwlfd gh Hvwdgrv hp


Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld
Qdv owlpdv gfdgdv/ d orvrd sdud d rshudr gh vlvwhpdv gh srwqfld whp vh fdudf0
whul}dgr shod lqfrusrudr gh ixqhv txh ylvdp d dydoldr hp whpsr uhdo gd vhjxudqd
gr vlvwhpd1 D lpsohphqwdr h frrughqdr ghvwdv ixqhv vr uhdol}dgdv qrv prghuqrv
Fhqwurv gh Rshudr grv Vlvwhpdv +FRV,/ fxmr hpsuhjr sdud frqwurodu d rshudr hp
whpsr uhdo yhp vh wruqdqgr suwlfd frqvdjudgd qd pdlruld gdv frqfhvvlrquldv gh hqhujld
howulfd1
D dydoldr gd vhjxudqd gd rshudr gh vlvwhpdv gh srwqfld ihlwd edvlfdphqwh d
sduwlu gd h{hfxr gh gxdv ixqhv evlfdv/ txh vr Prqlwrudr gd Vhjxudqd h Dqolvh
gh Vhjxudqd1 R ghvhpshqkr ghvvdv ixqhv ghshqgh gd glvsrqlelolgdgh gh lqirupdhv
frqyhlv d uhvshlwr gr srqwr gh rshudr dwxdo gr vlvwhpd1 Hp rxwudv sdodyudv/ pxlwr
lpsruwdqwh txh vh glvsrqkd gh phlrv sdud dwxdol}du hp whpsr uhdo r edqfr gh gdgrv gr
vlvwhpd1 D ixqr hqfduuhjdgd gh ghvhpshqkdu hvwh sdsho d Hvwlpdr gh Hvwdgrv
hp Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld +HHVS,1
R Hvwlpdgru gh Hvwdgrv frqvlvwh hp xp frqmxqwr gh dojrulwprv sdud surfhvvdu
whohphglgdv uhdol}dgdv hp wrgr r vlvwhpd ^B`1 Hvvdv whohphglgdv vr hp jhudo uhgxq0
gdqwhv h fruurpslgdv sru huurv gh phglr/ huurv gh frqyhuvr dqdojlfr0gljlwdo h uxgrv
gh wudqvplvvr1 R hvwlpdgru surfhvvd hvvdv revhuydhv frp r remhwlyr gh iruqhfhu hvwl0
pdwlydv frqyhlv sdud rv hvwdgrv +ghqlgrv frpr dv dpsolwxghv h rv qjxorv gdv whqvhv
qdv eduudv, gd uhgh howulfd1 sduwlu grv hvwdgrv srvvyho ghwhuplqdu rxwudv ydulyhlv/
frpr r x{r gh srwqfld qdv olqkdv gh wudqvplvvr/ lqmhhv gh srwqfld qdv eduudv hwf1

5141 Fdudfwhuvwlfdv gd HHVS


Frqiruph phqflrqdgr dqwhulruphqwh/ d ixqr gd Hvwlpdr gh Hvwdgrv hp Vlvwhpdv gh
Srwqfld iruqhfhu xpd edvh gh gdgrv hp whpsr uhdo frqyho d sduwlu gh whohphglgdv
uhgxqgdqwhv h fruurpslgdv sru huurv gh yuldv hvsflhv1 Edvlfdphqwh/ r hvwlpdgru gh
hvwdgrv surfhvvd hvvdv phglgdv +jhudophqwh pdjqlwxgh gdv whqvhv/ lqmhhv gh srwqfld
dwlyd h uhdwlyd qdv eduudv/ x{rv gh srwqfld dwlyd h uhdwlyd qdv olqkdv gh wudqvplvvr/ h
h{fhsflrqdophqwh fruuhqwhv, gh irupd d hvwlpdu ydoruhv sdud d whqvr frpsoh{d hp wrgdv
dv eduudv/ r txh ghvfuhyh frpsohwdphqwh r hvwdgr gr vlvwhpd hp uhjlph shupdqhqwh1
Dop ghvvdv whohphglgdv/ rxwudv txdqwlgdghv qr phglgdv gluhwdphqwh/ pdv txh wdpep
frqwp lqirupdhv uhohydqwhv vreuh r hvwdgr gr vlvwhpd srghp vhu surfhvvdgdv shor
hvwlpdgru1 Hvvdv txdqwlgdghv/ ghylgr dr idwr gh txh vhxv ydoruhv srghp vhu hvwlpdgrv
vhp d xwlol}dr gh lqvwuxphqwrv gh phglr +lqmhhv gh srwqfld dwlyd h uhdwlyd hp
eduudv gh wudqvihuqfld/ sru h{hpsor,/ vr fkdpdgdv svhxgrphglgdv1

49

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

4:

5151 Dsolfdhv grv uhvxowdgrv gd HHVS


Ghqwuh dv sulqflsdlv dsolfdhv grv uhvxowdgrv iruqhflgrv shor hvwlpdgru gh hvwdgrv/ rv
vhjxlqwhv wuv vr gd pdlru uhohyqfld ^B`=
 Prqlwrudr gd Vhjxudqd/ fxmr remhwlyr revhuydu d frqglr fruuhqwh gh rshudr
gr vlvwhpd h yhulfdu vh hvwd qrupdo/ gh hphujqfld/ rx uhvwdxudwlyd>
 Dqolvh gd Vhjxudqd +Iox{r gh srwqfld rq0olqh/ dqolvh gh frqwlqjqfldv/ hwf1,/
fxmd ixqr ghwhuplqdu rv hihlwrv gh hyhqwxdlv frqwlqjqfldv qr vlvwhpd>
 Suhylvr gh fdujd sdud dv eduudv gr vlvwhpd1

5161 Prqlwrudr hp whpsr uhdo gh uhghv howulfdv


Glihuhqwhv dowhuqdwlydv irudp sursrvwdv qr sdvvdgr sdud surfhvvdu gdgrv hp whpsr uhdo
d p gh prqlwrudu r vlvwhpd gh srwqfld1 Dojxpdv ghvvdv derugdjhqv vr ghvfulwdv d
vhjxlu ^B`1
 Vlvwhpd gh vxshuylvr edvhdgr qd phglr gh txdqwlgdghv txh shuplwdp d prql0
wrudr gh ydulyhlv frqvlghudgdv evlfdv gh uhgh howulfd/ dvvrfldgdv d fhuwdv lqvwdodhv0
fkdyh gr vlvwhpd1 Hvwd suwlfd gh prqlwrudr reyldphqwh frqvlghudgd lqfrp0
sohwd/ dop gh hqwudu hp frq lwr frp r sodqhmdphqwr gr vlvwhpd gh srwqfld1 Hp
rxwudv sdodyudv/ qrv hvwxgrv gh sodqhmdphqwr txdotxhu lqvwdodr srgh vh wruqdu
fkdyh/ ghshqghqgr gd frrughqdr gd rshudr1
 Xwlol}dr gluhwd grv gdgrv rulxqgrv gr vlvwhpd VFDGD +Vlvwhpd Vxshuylvulr h
gh Dtxlvlr gh Gdgrv,1 Hvwh surfhglphqwr wdpep frqvlghudgr lqfrpsohwr hp
yluwxgh gdv vhjxlqwhv fdudfwhuvwlfdv=
41 Rv uhvxowdgrv dsuhvhqwdgrv dr rshudgru vr phglgdv euxwdv>
51 Qr vr iruqhflgdv lqirupdhv vreuh ydulyhlv qr0prqlwrudgdv>
61 D ghwhfr h d lghqwlfdr grv hyhqwxdlv huurv jurvvhlurv vr suhmxglfdgdv1
 Iox{r gh srwqfld rq0olqh/ xvdqgr frpr phglgdv dshqdv lqmhhv gh srwqfld dwlyd
 h uhdwlyd '1 Dshvdu gh vxshulru drv grlv surfhglphqwrv dqwhulruphqwh phqflrqd0
grv/ hvwh pwrgr dsuhvhqwd glyhuvdv olplwdhv txdqgr frpsdudgr dv phwrgrorjldv
txh xwlol}dp r hvwlpdgru gh hvwdgrv frpr ihuudphqwd frpsxwdflrqdo gh dqolvh1
Hvvdv olplwdhv dgyp grv vhjxlqwhv idwrv=
41 D wfqlfd uhvwulqjh rv wlsrv gh phglgdv txh srghp vhu xwlol}dgdv1 Lvwr / ghvgh
txh r dojrulwpr frpsxwdflrqdo evlfr d vroxr gr x{r gh srwqfld/ rv gdgrv
gh hqwudgd vr olplwdgrv dv lqmhhv gh srwqfld dwlyd h uhdwlyd qdv eduudv gh
fdujd +ST,/ h lqmhhv gh srwqfld dwlyd h pdjqlwxghv gd whqvr qdv eduudv
SY1
51 D shugd gh xpd phglgd gh lqmhr gh srwqfld dwlyd rx gh srwqfld uhdwlyd/
rx gh pdjqlwxgh gd whqvr lpsolfd qd lpsrvvlelolgdgh gh vroxr/ m txh dv
htxdhv xwlol}dgdv qd vroxr gr x{r gh srwqfld vr lqghshqghqwhv>

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

4;

61 Xpd phglgd gh lqmhr lqfruuhwd lpsolfd qd rewhqr gh uhvxowdgrv lqfruuhwrv>


71 Qr srvvyho vh ghwhuplqdu r qyho gh frqdqd grv uhvxowdgrv hp yluwxgh gd
idowd gh uhgxqgqfld qrv gdgrv gh hqwudgd1
516141 Ydqwdjhqv gd Hvwlpdr gh Hvwdgrv
Txdqwr v wfqlfdv gh hvwlpdr gh hvwdgrv/ rv vhjxlqwhv dvshfwrv srvlwlyrv srghp vhu
ylvxdol}dgrv hp uhodr v phwrgrorjldv sdud frqwuroh hp whpsr uhdo uhihulgdv dqwhulru0
phqwh ^B`=


41 Uhfrqkhflphqwr gd h{lvwqfld gh huurv lqhuhqwhv qdv phglgdv>


51 Srvvlelolgdgh gh surfhvvdphqwr gh glyhuvrv wlsrv gh phglgdv>
61 H{sorudr gd uhgxqgqfld hqwuh dv txdqwlgdghv phglgdv1 Frpr vh wudedokd
frp phglgdv uhgxqgdqwhv/ srvvyho=
 rewhu hvwlpdwlydv sdud rv hvwdgrv phvpr txdqgr dojxpdv phglgdv vr
shuglgdv>
 ghwhfwdu d suhvhqd gh huurv jurvvhlurv h lghqwlfdu vxd orfdol}dr>
71 Srvvlelolgdgh gh vh dydoldu r qyho gh frqdqd grv uhvxowdgrv>
81 Srvvlelolgdgh gh vh ghwhuplqdu txdqwlgdghv txh qr irudp prqlwrudgdv +ghqlr
gh hvwdgr,1

5171 Vxesureohpdv gd Hvwlpdr gh Hvwdgrv


Rv vhjxlqwhv vxesureohpdv hvwr dvvrfldgrv dr sureohpd gh Hvwlpdr gh Hvwdgrv hp
Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld=
 Revhuydelolgdgh= vxesureohpd txh frqvlvwh hp yhulfdu vh r qphur h d orfdol}dr
gdv phglgdv d vhuhp surfhvvdgdv shor hvwlpdgru shuplwh d ghwhuplqdr gr hvwdgr
gr vlvwhpd>
 Hvwlpdr gh hvwdgrv= surfhvvr txh frqvlvwh qr fpsxwr gd hvwlpdwlyd grv hvwdgrv
d sduwlu gr frqkhflphqwr gd hvwuxwxud h grv gdgrv gr vlvwhpd h gh whohphglgdv
wrpdgdv dr orqjr gr phvpr>
 Ghwhfr gh huurv jurvvhlurv= vxesureohpd txh wudwd gd yhulfdr gd h{lvwqfld gh
huurv hvwuxwxudlv h2rx phglgdv hvsuldv +lvwr / dtxhodv txh vr pdlv lpsuhflvdv gr
txh vxsrvwr qr prghor gh phglr,>
 Lghqwlfdr gh huurv jurvvhlurv= surfhglphqwr sdud vh ghwhuplqdu txdlv vr dv ph0
glgdv sruwdgrudv gh huurv jurvvhlurv/ rx txh sduwh gd hvwuxwxud qr hvw fruuhwdphqwh
prghodgd>
 Uhfxshudr gh phglgdv sruwdgrudv gh huurv jurvvhlurv= surfhvvr frqvlvwlqgr qr
wudwdphqwr gh phglgdv hvsuldv/ wdo txh hodv srvvdp vhu xwlol}dgdv qd hvwlpdr gh
hvwdgrv1

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

4<

Dop ghvwhv/ rxwurv sureohpdv oljdgrv prghodjhp hp whpsr uhdo gh vlvwhpdv gh


srwqfld vr d Su0owudjhp gh phglgdv h r Frqjxudgru gd uhgh howulfd=
 Su0owudjhp= frqvlvwh qxp su0surfhvvdphqwr qr txdo dv phglgdv vr vxephwlgdv
d xpd vhohr wdo txh dtxhodv pdlv fodudphqwh sruwdgrudv gh huurv jurvvhlurv vr
ghvfduwdgdv>
 Frqjxudgru= ghwhuplqd xp prghor eduud0udpr sdud d uhgh howulfd d sduwlu gr
surfhvvdphqwr gdv srvlhv + vwdwxv , gh glvmxqwruhv h fkdyhv gh vxehvwdhv1

5181 Fodvvlfdr grv hvwlpdgruhv gh hvwdgr


Txdqwr dr prgr gh surfhvvdu rv gdgrv/ rv hvwlpdgruhv gh hvwdgr srghp vhu fodvvlfdgrv
hp=
 Hvwlpdgruhv wlsr edwfk/ qr txdo wrgdv dv phglgdv glvsrqyhlv vr surfhvvdgdv vl0
pxowdqhdphqwh>
 Hvwlpdgruhv wlsr vhthqfldlv/ qr txdo dv txdqwlgdghv phglgdv vr surfhvvdgdv xpd
sru yh}1
Rv hvwlpdgruhv txh surfhvvdp r frqmxqwr gh phglgdv vlpxowdqhdphqwh +wlsr edwfk
srghp dlqgd vhu fodvvlfdgrv vre r srqwr gh ylvwd gh irupxodr/ r txh uhvxowd qrv
vhjxlqwhv wlsrv gh hvwlpdgruhv=
 Hvwlpdgru xvdqgr r pwrgr grv pqlprv txdgudgrv srqghudgrv>
 Hvwlpdgruhv edvhdgrv qr dojrulwpr gh pqlpr ydoru devroxwr>
 Rxwurv pwrgrv1
Txdqwr dr pwrgr gh vroxr/ rv hvwlpdgruhv wlsr Pqlprv Txdgudgrv srghp vhu
fodvvlfdgrv hp=
 Vroxr yld Htxdr Qrupdo +pwrgr fovvlfr,>
 Vroxr yld Pwrgrv Ruwrjrqdlv +Uh h{hv gh Jroxe/ Urwdhv gh Jlyhqv,>
 Vroxr yld Pwrgrv Keulgrv +idwrudr ruwrjrqdo/ vroxr gr vlvwhpd olqhdu qr0
ruwrjrqdo,>
 Vroxr yld Pwrgr gd Pdwul} Dxphqwdgd +rx Wdeohdx hvsduvr,>
 Vroxr h{sorudqgr r ghvdfrsodphqwr  B  'T +Hvwlpdgruhv ghvdfrsodgrv,1
Rv Hvwlpdgruhv Vhthqfldlv/ sru vxd yh}/ vr edvhdgrv qr pwrgr grv pqlprv
txdgudgrv uhfxuvlyrv h srghp vhu edvlfdphqwh gh grlv wlsrv=
 Pwrgr edvhdgr qr Ilowur gh Ndopdq>
 Pwrgrv Ruwrjrqdlv +owur gh lqirupdr gr wlsr udl} txdgudgd 0 yld urwdhv gh
Jlyhqv,1

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

53

5191 R Prghor gh Phglr


Frqvlghuh xp vlvwhpd gh srwqfld frp  eduudv/ qr txdo 6 txdqwlgdghv vr phglgdv1
Vxsrqkd dlqgd/ txh d wrsrorjld h rv sduphwurv gd uhgh howulfd vr frqkhflgrv1 Vre hvwdv
frqglhv/ srvvyho ghwhuplqdu rv x{rv gh srwqfld hp txdotxhu olqkd gh wudqvplvvr
h2rx d lqmhr gh srwqfld hp txdotxhu eduud/ d sduwlu gr frqkhflphqwr gdv whqvhv
frpsoh{dv qdv eduudv gr vlvwhpd1 Hvwd d ud}r shod txdo dv whqvhv frpsoh{dv qdv
eduudv vr fkdpdgdv ydulyhlv gh hvwdgr gr vlvwhpd gh srwqfld1
R frqmxqwr gh phglgdv wrpdgdv dr orqjr gd uhgh howulfd/ dv ydulyhlv gh hvwdgr gr
vlvwhpd h rv huurv gh phglr hvwr uhodflrqdgrv dwudyv gr vhjxlqwh prghor gh phglr
^B`=
+514,
3 ' 3f n 
rqgh/
3= yhwru gdv txdqwlgdghv phglgdv +lvwr / pdjqlwxgh gd whqvr qdv eduudv/ lqmhhv gh
srwqfld dwlyd h uhdwlyd/ x{rv gh srwqfld dwlyd h uhdwlyd/ fruuhqwh hwf1,/ gh rughp E6>
3f= yhwru frp rv ydoruhv yhugdghlurv gdv txdqwlgdghv phglgdv/ r txdo ixqr gr hvwdgr
yhugdghlur/ gh rughp E6  >
= yhwru dohdwulr txh prghod rv huurv gh phglr +lvwr / lpsuhflvr gh phglgruhv/ huurv
gh wudqvirupdgruhv gh lqvwuxphqwrv/ hihlwrv gh frqyhuvr dqdojlfr0gljlwdo D0G/ hwf1,/ gh
rughp E6  1
vxsrvwr txh  whp pgld }hur h txh rv huurv gh phglr vr qr0fruuhodflrqdgrv/
lvwr / d pdwul} gh frydulqfld grv huurv gh phglr + vxsrvwd gldjrqdo1 Lvwr h{suhvvr
frp dx{olr gd vhjxlqwh htxdr=
.E A ' + E _@}J?@,

.E ' f(

+515,

Dv judqgh}dv phglgdv srghp vhu h{suhvvdv frpr ixqhv qr0olqhduhv grv hvwdgrv/
uhvxowdqwhv gd dsolfdr gdv ohlv gh Nlufkkr h Rkp/ lvwr /
3f ' E 

+516,

gh prgr txh d htxdr 514 srgh vhu hvfulwd frpr=


3 ' E  n 
wdo txh/

.E ' f(

.EA  ' +

+517,
+518,

519141 Revhuydhv
41 Iox{rv gh fruuhqwh qdv olqkdv gh wudqvplvvr/ dvvlp frpr lqmhhv gh fruuhqwh qdv
eduudv/ srghp vhu wdpep prqlwrudgrv1 Hqwuhwdqwr hvwd suwlfd qr d xvxdophqwh
dgrwdgd1
51 Dop gdv phglgdv hihwlydv txh frpshp r frqmxqwr gh phglgdv wrpdgdv dr orqjr
gr vlvwhpd/ dojxqv frpsrqhqwhv gr yhwru gdv txdqwlgdghv phglgdv 3 srghp vhu
svhxgr0phglgdv/ rewlgdv sru xp rxwur surfhvvr glihuhqwh gh whohphglr +hvwxgrv
gh suhylvr gh fdujd/ sru h{hpsor,1

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

54

61 R judx gh uhgxqgqfld joredo hqwuh dv phglgdv wrpdgdv qd uhgh howulfd ghqlgr


frpr
6
6
-e_?_
@?S@ G 4 '
'
?
2 
71 Gd ghqlr dqwhulru/ srvvyho revhuydu txh xpd frqglr qhfhvvuld sdud txh
r sureohpd gh hvwlpdr gh hvwdgrv whqkd vroxr txh= 6  ?/ rx 4  c f>
qdwxudophqwh/ wdpep qhfhvvulr txh d orfdol}dr gdv txdqwlgdghv phglgdv vhmd
hvwdehohflgd gh irupd d surslfldu qr dshqdv txh r hvwdgr gr vlvwhpd gh srwqfld
srvvd vhu hvwlpdgr +hvwxgrv gh revhuydelolgdgh, frpr wdpep txh dv phglgdv hyhq0
wxdophqwh frqwdplqdgdv frp huur jurvvhlur srvvdp vhu ghwhfwdgdv h lghqwlfdgdv>
81 R yhwru gh ixqhv qr olqhduhv E / gd htxdr 517 uhsuhvhqwd d uhodr hqwuh
rv hvwdgrv h dv txdqwlgdghv phglgdv/ h rewlgr dwudyv gd dsolfdr gdv ohlv gh
Rkp h Nlufkkr1 Uljrurvdphqwh hvwh yhwru ghyhuld vhu ghqrwdgr frpr xpd ixqr
qr dshqdv grv hvwdgrv frpr wdpep grv sduphwurv gd uhgh howulfd1 Wrgdyld/
frqiruph phqflrqdgr dqwhulruphqwh/ sdud qv gh Hvwlpdr gh Hvwdgrv vxsrvwr
txh wdqwr d wrsrorjld frpr rv sduphwurv gr vlvwhpd gh srwqfld vr frqkhflgrv
frp suhflvr/ wdo txh r xvr gd qrwdr vlpsolfdgd mxvwlfdgd>
91 Rv huurv gh phglr vr uhsuhvhqwdgrv qr prghor gh phglr shor yhwru 1 Hvwhv
huurv vr suryhqlhqwhv gh xpd ydulhgdgh gh irqwhv wdlv frpr= lpsuhflvr grv phgl0
gruhv/ huurv gh wudqvirupdgruhv frpr lqvwuxphqwrv/ huurv gh frpxqlfdr/ hihlwrv gh
frqyhuvr dqdojlfr0gljlwdo/ hwf1 Rv huurv vr vxsrvwrv vhuhp qr0fruuhodflrqdgrv/
wdo txh d pdwul} gh frydulqfld +/ gd htxdr 518/ dvvxplgd vhu gldjrqdo1 Rv
hohphqwrv qr0qxorv ghvvd pdwul} vr dv ydulqfldv grv huurv gh phglr/ rv txdlv
srghp vhu h{suhvvrv frpr xpd ixqr gr ydoru gr ixqgr gh hvfdod grv lqvwuxphqwrv
gh phglr>
:1 Vh svhxgr0phglgdv vr xwlol}dgdv/ vxdv ydulqfldv ghyhp uh hwlu r judx gh lqfhuwh}d
dvvrfldgd d fruuhvsrqghqwh txdqwlgdgh1 Hvvh judx gh lqfhuwh}d / vre flufxqvwqfldv
qrupdlv/ pdlru gr txh dtxhoh dvvrfldgr dv phglgdv qrupdlv1 D ydulqfld gdv svhxgr0
phglgdv sruwdqwr pdlru gr txh d gdv txdqwlgdghv whohphglgdv1

51:1 Hvwlpdgruhv Wlsr Edwfk


51:141 Vroxr shor Pwrgr grv Pqlprv Txdgudgrv Srqghudgrv 0 Pwrgr
Fovvlfr
Qr pwrgr grv Pqlprv Txdgudgrv Srqghudgrv +PTS, r hvwdgr fdofxodgr gh irupd
d plqlpl}du d ixqr fxvwr uhihuhqwh dr prghor gdv htxdhv 517 h 5181 R sureohpd d vhu
uhvroylgr frqvlvwh sruwdqwr qd plqlpl}dr gd ixqr gh fxvwr
aE  ' d3  E oA +3 d3  E o

+519,

frp uhodr dr yhwru gh hvwdgrv 1 Rx vhmd/ ghvhmd0vh plqlpl}du r qglfh uhsuhvhqwdgr shod
vrpdwuld grv txdgudgrv grv uhvgxrv srqghudgd shor lqyhuvr gdv ydulqfldv grv huurv gh
phglr1 D xwlol}dr gd pdwul} gh srqghudr + lpsolfd hp txh phglgdv vxsrvwdphqwh
pdlv suhflvdv uhfhehp pdlru shvr gr txh dtxhodv qdv txdlv vh hvshud pdlru lpsuhflvr1

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

55

Dshvdu gh txh d plqlpl}dr gd ixqr gh fxvwr prvwudgd qd htxdr 519 qr hq0


yroyh uhvwulhv/ r surfhvvr gh exvfd gr fxvwr wlpr lpsolfd qxp sureohpd qr0olqhdu/ gh
gliflo vroxr1 Sru rxwur odgr/ r qglfh d vhu rwlpl}dgr uhsuhvhqwdgr sru xpd ixqr
txdguwlfd/ d txdo sru vxd yh}/ h{suhvvd hp whuprv gr yhwru gh htxdhv qr0olqhduhv
E 1 Yulrv pwrgrv srghuldp vhu dsolfdgrv qd uhvroxr gh xp sureohpd ghvwh wlsr1
Hqwuhwdqwr/ dv fdudfwhuvwlfdv phqflrqdgdv dqwhulruphqwh +qdwxuh}d txdguwlfd gd ixqr
remhwlyr h dxvqfld gh uhvwulhv,/ wruqdp hvwh sureohpd gh rwlpl}dr edvwdqwh dsursul0
dgr sdud d vroxr shor pwrgr gh Qhzwrq1 Hvwd wfqlfd frqvlvwh hp rewhu d vroxr gr
sureohpd qr0olqhdu frp ixqr remhwlyr txdguwlfd dwudyv gh xp dojrulwpr lwhudwlyr/
frp fruuhhv qr yhwru gh hvwdgrv gdgd sru
&n ' & n {

+51:,

51:151 R Pwrgr gh Jdxvv0Qhzwrq


R pwrgr gh Jdxvv0Qhzwrq/ sdud d vroxr gr sureohpd qr0olqhdu gh pqlprv txdgud0
grv/ frqvlvwh hp ghwhuplqdu d fruuhr { / gd htxdr 51:/ sulphlur h{sdqglqgr aE 
gd htxdr 519 hp vulh gh Wd|oru hp wruqr gr srqwr & / dr orqjr gd gluhr { / dw r
whupr gh vhjxqgd rughp/ lvwr


YaE A 


{ A
{
n
aE & n {  ' aE &  n
Y % ' %&
2
rx vhmd/

Y 2aE 
Y 2

$





%
'
%&

aE & n {  * aE &  n }E & A { n { A E & {


2

rqgh/

E &  '

Y 2aE 
Y%
2

$





' &

d pdwul} gh vhjxqgdv ghulydgdv gh aE  frp uhodr d & / fkdpdgd pdwul} Khvvldqd gh


aE / h

YaE A 

}E &  '
Y  ' &
r yhwru gd sulphlud ghulydgd gh aE  frp uhodr d & / fkdpdgr yhwru judglhqwh gh
aE 1
R pqlpr gd ixqr aE n {  frp uhodr d { rewlgr glihuhqfldqgr0vh aE hp
uhodr d { h ljxdodqgr r uhvxowdgr d }hur/
Ya
'f
YE{ 
Lvwr uhvxowd hp
}E &  n
h sruwdqwr hp

 2  E & { ' f
2

E & { ' }E & 

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

56

D rewhqr gr yhwru judglhqwh }E &  hp whuprv dqdowlfrv pdlv idflophqwh frpsuhhq0


glgd h{suhvvdqgr0vh lqlfldophqwh d ixqr gh fxvwr frpr
aE  ' h  +3  h
rqgh h ' 3  E 1
D ghulydgd sulphlud ghvwd ixqr hp uhodr d gdgd sru


YaE  
 ' }E &  '
Y 

Yh
Y

$A

YaE 
Yh

$





%
'

&

rx/ hp whuprv gdv judqgh}dv hqyroylgdv qd uhsuhvhqwdr gd ixqr ruljlqdo


#

YE 
'
Y
rx vhmd/

$A

 2+3  E3  E  m ' &

}E &  ' 2OA E &   -3  {3

Dsolfdqgr0vh r phvpr surfhglphqwr sdud r fofxor gd pdwul} gh vhjxqgdv ghulydgdv


gh aE  rewp0vh
5

Y 2aE & 
Y 7
YE 
E &  '
m ' & '

2
Y%

Y
Y

$A

 2+3  E3  E 8
' &

Vxsrqgr0vh txh/ qdv sur{lplgdghv gd vroxr/


YE 
 S|e ' OE & 
Y
h

E !   2OA E &   -3  OE & 


' 2OA E & -3OE & 

hqwr srvvyho hvfuhyhu


lvwr /
h qdophqwh

E &   { ' }E &  ,

2  OA E &   +3  OE &   { ' 2  OA E &   +3  {3


OA E
%&   +3  OE
%&   { ' OA E
%&   +3  {3

+51;,

D htxdr 51; frqkhflgd frpr Htxdr Qrupdo gh Jdxvv1 R yhwru { rewlgr


uhvroyhqgr0vh d htxdr 51;1 Hqwr/ xpd hvwlpdwlyd phokrudgd sdud r hvwdgr rewlgd
dwudyv gd uhodr lwhudwlyd
&n ' & n {
+51<,
R surfhvvr lwhudwlyr lqlfldgr d sduwlu xpd hvwlpdwlyd lqlfldo f1 D fdgd lwhudr rv
lqfuhphqwrv qdv ydulyhlv gh hvwdgr { vr rewlgrv dwudyv gd htxdr
{ ' dOA E
%&   +3  OE
%& o3  OA E
%&   +3  {3

+5143,

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

57

dw txh r fulwulr gh sdudgd uhsuhvhqwdgr shod htxdr 5144 vhmd vdwlvihlwr1


6@% m {
% m "

+5144,

rqgh " xpd wrohuqfld su0hvwdehohflgd1 Rx vhmd/ r surfhvvr hqfhuudgr txdqgr d


pdjqlwxgh grv dmxvwhv qdv ydulyhlv gh hvwdgr iru ghvsuh}yho1
Dojxpdv fdudfwhuvwlfdv gd htxdr qrupdo vr ghvfulwdv d vhjxlu1
 D pdwul} dOA +3 Oo/ ghqrplqdgd Pdwul} Jdqkr rx Pdwul} vh Lqirupdr/
dsur{lpdgdphqwh 2 yh}hv pdlv ghqvd gr txh d pdwul} O/ vh d pdwul} - gldjrqdo1
Rx vhmd/ ghvgh txh d pdwul} O hvsduvd/ d pdwul} gh lqirupdr srvvxl wdpep
xp qphur uhgx}lgr gh hohphqwrv qr0qxorv/ r txh srvvlelolwd r xvr gh wfqlfdv gh
frpsdfwdr h hvsduvlgdgh qd vroxr gr vlvwhpd olqhdu gd htxdr 51;>
 Revhuyd0vh wdpep txh d pdwul} dOA  +3  Oo vlpwulfd hp hvwuxwxud h ydoruhv
qxpulfrv/ r txh idflolwd d vxd idwrudr ^B`1 Dglflrqdophqwh/ srvvyho jdudqwlu txh
hvwd pdwul} srvlwlyd vhplghqlgd1 Qr fdvr sduwlfxodu gh Hvwlpdr gh Hvwdgrv hp
Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld/ hqwuhwdqwr/ r sodqr gh phglr ghyh vhu wdo txh r qphur h d
frqjxudr gdv txdqwlgdghv phglgdv dvvhjxuhp d qr0vlqjxodulgdgh gd pdwul} gh
lqirupdr +qhvwh fdvr r vlvwhpd glwr revhuyyho,1
 Rv hohphqwrv gd pdwul} Mdfreldqd OE &  vr rewlgrv ghulydqgr0vh dv h{suhvvhv
gh E  +dv txdlv vr dv frqkhflgdv htxdhv grv x{rv gh srwqfld qdv olqkdv gh
wudqvplvvr/ lqmhhv gh srwqfld dwlyd h uhdwlyd qdv eduudv/ pdjqlwxgh gdv whqvhv/
hwf1, hp uhodr dr yhwru gh hvwdgrv +pdjqlwxgh h qjxor gd whqvr qdv eduudv
gr vlvwhpd,1 Dshvdu gd vlpsolflgdgh frp txh vh srgh h{suhvvdu hvvdv ghulydgdv
dqdolwlfdphqwh/ d vxd ghwhuplqdr hp whuprv qxpulfrv uhtxhu frqvlghuyho hv0
irur frpsxwdflrqdo1 D vhr vxevhthqwh prvwud xpd irupd gh frpsxwdu hvwhv
hohphqwrv/ d txdo uhgx} vljqlfdwlydphqwh rv uhtxlvlwrv gh fofxor sdud d rewhqr
grv phvprv1
51:161 Fofxor grv Whuprv gd Pdwul} Mdfreldqd h gdv Txdqwlgdghv Phglgdv
Dshvdu gh txh dv htxdhv txh ghvfuhyhp d htxdr qrupdo hp whuprv gh ydulyhlv gr
vlvwhpd howulfr vr h{suhvvdv qd irupd srodu/ rv whuprv gd pdwul} Mdfreldqd h dv txdq0
wlgdghv phglgdv vr frpsxwdgdv xwlol}dqgr0vh d irupd frpsoh{d uhwdqjxodu gdv ydulyhlv
hqyroylgdv qr fofxor1 Ghvgh txh r fpsxwr h{soflwr gdv ixqhv wuljrqrpwulfdv hyl0
wdgr/ hvwh surfhglphqwr uhvxowd hp frqvlghuyho hfrqrpld gh fofxor1
D whqvr frpsoh{d qd eduud / hp frrughqdgdv uhwdqjxoduhv/ h{suhvvd frpr
T ' e n s

+5145,

h d dgplwqfld vulh gd olqkd gh wudqvplvvr frqhfwdqgr dv eduudv  h & ghqrwdgd sru


C& n &
rqgh Cf& n f& uhsuhvhqwd d phwdgh gd dgplwqfld wrwdo vkxqw1
Ghqlqgr dv ydulyhlv lqwhuphgluldv
C ' C& n Cf&

+5146,

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

58

 ' & n f&

+5147,

@& ' e& C&  s& &

+5148,

K& ' e& & n s& C&

+5149,

S& ' e @&  s K&

+514:,

_& ' e K&  s @&

+514;,

Dv txdqwlgdghv phglgdv vr d pdjqlwxgh gdv whqvhv/  / rv x{rv gh srwqfld dwlyd


h uhdwlyd qdv olqkdv gh wudqvplvvr/ |& h & / h dv lqmhhv gh srwqfld dwlyd h uhdwlyd
qdv eduudv/ R h ^ / uhvshfwlydphqwh1 Xvdqgr dv htxdhv 5145 d 514;/ hvvdv txdqwlgdghv
srghp vhu h{suhvvdv frpr
t
+514<,
 ' e2 n s2
|& ' 2C n S&

+5153,

& ' 2 n _&

+5154,

R '
^ '

[
&"l

[
&"l

|&

+5155,

&

+5156,

rqgh l ghqrwd r frqmxqwr gh eduudv gluhwdphqwh frqhfwdgdv d eduud 1


D pdwul} Mdfreldqd xwlol}dgd qr prghor gh phglr olqhdul}dgr sdud d Hvwlpdr gh
Hvwdgr hp Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld srgh vhu sduwlflrqdgd frpr
5

99
9
99
O'9
97

Y|
YYh
YYTh
YY^h
Yh

Y
YY|
YY
YYT
YY ^
Y

6
::
::
::
:8

+5157,

rqgh/  r yhwru gd pdjqlwxgh gdv whqvhv qdv eduudv>  h r yhwru gr qjxor gdv whqvhv
qdv eduudv> | h  vr rv yhwruhv gdv phglgdv gh x{rv gh srwqfld dwlyd h uhdwlyd qdv
olqkdv gh wudqvplvvr/ uhvshfwlydphqwh> h T h ^ vr rv yhwruhv gdv phglgdv gh lqmhhv gh
srwqfld dwlyd h uhdwlyd qdv olqkdv gh wudqvplvvr/ uhvshfwlydphqwh1
Frqvlghudqgr txh frpsxwdflrqdophqwh ydqwdmrvr glylglu dv fruuhhv qd pdjqlwxgh
gdv whqvhv qr prghor olqhdul}dgr +{ , sru  / rv hohphqwrv gd pdwul} Mdfreldqd prvwud0
grv qd htxdr 5157 srghp vhu h{suhvvrv/ hp whuprv gdv txdqwlgdghv uhsuhvhqwdgdv qdv
htxdhv 5145 d 5156/ frpr
Y
'f
c
& 9' 
Y&
Y

' 
Y
Y|&
' _&
c
& 9' 
YB &
Y|&
&
' S&
c
&'
9 
Y&
&

+5158,
+5159,
+515:,
+515;,

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF


Y&
' S&
YB &
Y&
&
' _&
Y&

& 9' 

+515<,

& 9' 

+5163,

Y|&
' &  2 
c
& 9' 
YB 
Y|&

' |& n 2C
c
& 9' 
Y
Y&
' |&  2 C
c
& 9' 
YB 
Y&

' &  2 
c
& 9' 
Y
YR
' _& c & 9'  e &"l
YB &
YR&
' S&
c
& 9'  e &"l
&
Y&
Y^
' S&
c
& 9'  e &"l
YB &
Y^
&
' _&
c
& 9'  &"l
Y&
[ 2
YR
' ^ 
 
c
& 9' 
YB 
&"l


59

[ 2
YR
' R n
 C
Y
&"l

+5164,
+5165,
+5166,
+5167,
+5168,
+5169,
+516:,
+516;,
+516<,

& 9' 

+5173,

[ 2
Y^
' R& 
 C
YB 
&"l

& 9' 

+5174,



& 9' 

+5175,

[ 2
Y^
' ^ 
 
Y
&"l

Hvwdv htxdhv prvwudp txh rv hohphqwrv gd pdwul} Mdfreldqd srghp vhu rewlgrv
xvdqgr dv phvpdv ydulyhlv xwlol}dgdv qr fofxor gdv txdqwlgdghv phglgdv/ r txh shu0
plwh frqvlghuyho hfrqrpld qrv uhtxlvlwrv frpsxwdflrqdlv sdud d ghwhuplqdr ghvwdv
txdqwlgdghv1
51:171 Dvshfwrv Frpsxwdflrqdlv
 Dv fdudfwhuvwlfdv gd htxdr qrupdo ghvfulwdv dqwhulruphqwh shuplwhp d rewhqr
gd vroxr gr vlvwhpd olqhdu gd htxdr 51; shor pwrgr gh Fkrohvn| xwlol}dqgr/
sdud d rughqdr gd pdwul} gh lqirupdr/ 2f pwrgr gh Wlqqh| +wdpep uhihulgr
frpr Dojrulwpr gd Ydoqfld Pqlpd, ^B`>
 D htxdr qrupdo uhvroylgd h{hfxwdqgr0vh rv vhjxlqwhv sdvvrv ^B`=

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

5:

41 Ghfrpsrvlr gd pdwul} gh lqirupdr  ' dOA  +3  Oo +vxsrvwd vlpwulfd


h srvlwlyd0ghqlgd,/ yld pwrgr gh Fkrohvn|/ hp
 ' wA  w

+5176,

51 Vxevwlwxlr lqyhuvd qr vlvwhpd


wA  ) ' M
sdud d rewhqr gh |> rqgh M ' OA  +3  {3>
61 Vxevwlwxlr gluhwd qr vlvwhpd
w{ ')
sdud d rewhqr gh { >
 Ghvgh txh d hvwuxwxud gd pdwul} gh lqirupdr qr prglfdgd gxudqwh r surfhvvr
lwhudwlyr/ d rughqdr h d hvwuxwxud gd pdwul} w srghp vhu ghwhuplqdgdv dshqdv
xpd yh}/ r txh lpsolfd hp phokruld gd lpsohphqwdr/ m txh r pwrgr lwhudwlyr
h uhtxhu yuldv vroxhv gd htxdr qrupdo>
 Yhulfd0vh dlqgd/ txh qdv owlpdv lwhudhv gr surfhvvr dv yduldhv qrv ydoruhv
qxpulfrv gd pdwul} O vr sudwlfdphqwh ghvsuh}yhlv/ r txh shuplwh pdqwhu hvwd
pdwul} frqvwdqwh gxudqwh dojxpdv lwhudhv h dvvlp uhgx}lu r hvirur frpsxwdflrqdo
qhfhvvulr sdud d hvwlpdr gr yhwru gh hvwdgrv1

51;1 Hvwlpdgru gh Hvwdgrv Olqhdul}dgr


Hperud gh hvfdvvr lqwhuhvvh sdud dsolfdr suwlfd/ r hvwlpdgru gh hvwdgrv olqhdul}dgr
lpsruwdqwh frpr ihuudphqwd dx{loldu qr dsuhqgl}dgr grv pwrgrv h wfqlfdv oljdgrv
hvwlpdr gh hvwdgrv hp vlvwhpdv gh srwqfld1 Dv klswhvhv vlpsolfdgrud hp txh vh
edvhld/ hperud olplwhp edvwdqwh d deudqjqfld h ydolgdgh gh vhxv uhvxowdgrv/ shuplwhp d
vlpsolfdr gr sureohpd sdud xpd irupd qr0lwhudwlyd txh idflolwd r hqwhqglphqwr grv
glyhuvrv pwrgrv gh vroxr gd hvwlpdr gh hvwdgrv1 Dop glvvr/ r hvwlpdgru olqhdul}dgr
wlo qd lqwhusuhwdr gh wfqlfdv gh surfhvvdphqwr gh huurv jurvvhlurv/ gh dqolvh gh
revhuydelolgdgh/ hwf11
R hvwlpdgru gh hvwdgrv olqhdul}dgr edvhld0vh qdv phvpdv klswhvhv vlpsolfdgrudv
xwlol}dgdv sdud r fkdpdgr  x{r gh srwqfld gf/ rx vhmd=
41 Dv pdjqlwxghv gh whqvr qdv eduudv gr vlvwhpd gh srwqfld vr wrgdv frqvlghudgdv
ljxdlv>
51 Dv uhvlvwqfldv h dgplwqfldv wudqvyhuvdlv gdv olqkdv gh wudqvplvvr vr vxsrvwdv
ghvsuh}yhlv>
61 Dv dehuwxudv dqjxoduhv gdv olqkdv vr vxsrvwdv shtxhqdv r vxflhqwh sdud mxvwlfdu
d dsur{lpdr=
re?EB   B    EB   B   o@_r

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

5;

Frqvlghudqgr0vh hvwdv klswhvhv/ dv uhodhv hqwuh rv x{rv h lqmhhv gh srwqfld dwlyd


frp rv qjxorv gdv whqvhv qdv eduudv vr gdgdv sru=
| '   EB   B  
h

R '

&Ml

rqgh
  '

|&

+5177,
+5178,

%

d fdsdflgdgh gh wudqvplvvr gd olqkd    h l r frqmxqwr gh eduudv dgmdfhqwhv


eduud 1
Ghvgh txh dv pdjqlwxghv gdv whqvhv qdv eduudv vr vxsrvwdv frqvwdqwhv/ dv qlfdv
ydulyhlv d vhuhp hvwlpdgdv vr rv qjxorv gdv whqvhv/ rx vhmd/ r yhwru gh hvwdgrv uhgx}0vh
dr yhwru 1 Shor phvpr prwlyr/ r yhwru gh phglgdv 3 hqyroyh dshqdv phglgdv gh x{r h
gh lqmhr gh srwqfld dwlyd1 Dvvlp/ wrpdqgr0vh d eduud frpr eduud gh uhihuqfld=

 ' dB 2 c    c B  oA

+5179,

1
3 ' d3| 11 3 oA

+517:,

rqgh  r qphur gh eduudv gr vlvwhpd/ 3| r yhwru gh phglgdv gh x{r gh srwqfld


dwlyd h 3R r yhwru gh phglgdv gh lqmhr gh srwqfld dwlyd1 Dvvlp/ r prghor gh phglr
sdud r hvwlpdgru gh hvwdgrv olqhdul}dgr gdgr sru=
3 ' O n 
.ij ' f
.iA j ' + ' _@}ij2 c    c j26 j

+517;,
+517<,
+5183,

rqgh 6 r qphur wrwdo gh phglgdv1 lpsruwdqwh vh revhuydu txh/ vhjxqgr dv htxdhv


+5177, h +5178,/ dv uhodhv hqwuh dv txdqwlgdghv phglgdv h rv hvwdgrv vr olqhduhv1 Frq0
vhthqwhphqwh d pdwul} gh revhuydr O gr prghor gh phglr +5183, frqvwdqwh1 Dop
glvvr/ dlqgd d sduwlu gdv htxdhv +5177, h +5178,/ yhulfd0vh txh rv hohphqwrv gh O
vr frpelqdhv olqhduhv gdv fdsdflgdghv gdv olqkdv1 Hvwdv fdudfwhuvwlfdv gr prghor
gh phglr vlpsolfdgr shuplwhp txh dv hvwlpdwlydv
 sdud rv hvwdgrv vhmdp rewlgdv
gh irupd qr0lwhudwlyd1 Xwlol}dqgr0vh/ sru h{hpsor/ r pwrgr gd htxdr qrupdo/ dv
hvwlpdwlydv sdud rv hvwdgrv srghp vhu fdofxodgdv uhvroyhqgr0vh r vlvwhpd olqhdu=
EOA+3 O
 ' O+3 3

+5184,

H{hpsor 0 Frqvlghuh r vlvwhpd gh 7 eduudv h r sodqr gh phglr uhsuhvhqwdgrv qd Ilj1


+514,1 R prghor gh phglr olqhdu fruuhvsrqghqwh gdgr sru=

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

5
99
99
99
99
99
97

6 5
 2
f
:: 99
 2
f
:: 99
f

:: 99
f
 e
:: ' 99
:: 99


:8 97  n  2n  
2
2
2e
2

5|2
5|2
5|
5|e
5R
5R2
5Re

 2e

 e

f
f
f
 e
f
 2e
 e n  2e

6
5
::
99
::
99
::
9
::  n 999
::
99
:8
97

 |2
 |2
 |
 |e
 T
 T2
 Te

5<

6
::
::
::
::
::
:8

D pdwul} gh frydulqfld grv huurv gh hvwlpdr gdgd sru=


+ ' _@}ij2|2 c j2|2 c j2| c j2|e c j2R c j2R2 c j2Re j
rqgh rv j2| vr dv ydulqfldv gdv phglgdv gh x{r gh srwqfld dwlyd h rv j2R& vr dv
ydulqfldv gdv phglgdv gh lqmhr gh srwqfld dwlyd1

51<1 Lqfoxvr gh Uhvwulhv gh Ljxdogdgh


Vlvwhpdv gh srwqfld wslfrv jhudophqwh frqwp xp qphur gh eduudv/ ghqrplqdgdv eduudv
gh wudqvihuqfld/ fxmdv lqmhhv gh srwqfld dwlyd h uhdwlyd vr qxodv1 Qhvvdv eduudv/
lqirupdhv suhflvdv vreuh r ydoru gdv lqmhhv gh srwqfld vr glvsrqyhlv/ vhp r fxvwr
gd whohphglr/ uxgr rx huur dvvrfldgr v phglgdv frqyhqflrqdlv1 Hvvh wlsr gh eduud/
iruqhfh sruwdqwr xp frqmxqwr gh phglgdv dglflrqdlv d vhu h{sorudgr qd prqlwrudr gr
hvwdgr gr vlvwhpd1
Dv eduudv gh wudqvihuqfld srghp vhu prghodgdv gh gxdv irupdv=
 frqvlghudqgr dv lqmhhv qxodv frpr svhxgrphglgdv gh lqmhr gh srwqfld gh dowd
suhflvr1 Lvwr lpsolfd qd dwulexlr gh srqghudr hohydgd sdud hvwdv phglgdv
qd vroxr gr sureohpd gh pqlprv txdgudgrv1 Hqwuhwdqwr/ r xvr gh idwruhv gh
srqghudr gh glihuhqwhv pdjqlwxghv sdud dv phglgdv srgh rfdvlrqdu sureohpdv
qxpulfrv qr surfhvvr lwhudwlyr/ h dvvlp suhmxglfdu d frqyhujqfld gr dojrulwpr1
R
4

22
:

| 
6

|2

|2

R2
D
3D


















|e

G//
/ Re

Iljxuh 514= Vlvwhpd0h{hpsor sdud frqvwuxr gr prghor gh phglr olqhdu1

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

63

 frqvlghudqgr dv lqmhhv qxodv frpr uhvwulhv gh ljxdogdgh d vhuhp lqfoxgdv qr


sureohpd gh rwlpl}dr gh pqlprv txdgudgrv1 Qhvwh fdvr/ d hvwlpdwlyd grv hvwdgrv
rewlgd plqlpl}dqgr0vh d ixqr gh fxvwr

aE  ' d3  E oA +3d3  E o


2
frp uhodr dr yhwru gh hvwdgrv / wdo txh dv uhvwulhv
}E  ' f
txh uhsuhvhqwdp dv lqmhhv gh srwqfld qxodv/ vhmdp vdwlvihlwdv1 Hvwh surfhglphqwr
dowhuqdwlyr sdud prghodu dv eduudv gh wudqvihuqfld/ srvvxl dv ydqwdjhqv gh phokr0
udu d frqyhujqfld gr surfhvvr lwhudwlyr dop gh hylwdu sureohpdv gh lqvwdelolgdgh
qxpulfd1
D vroxr gr sureohpd gh pqlprv txdgudgrv frp uhvwulhv gh ljxdogdgh dwudyv gr
pwrgr gd htxdr qrupdo srgh vhu vxpdul}dgd qrv vhjxlqwhv sdvvrv=
 irupdr gd ixqr Odjudqjhdqd

mE c  ' d3  E oA +3d3  E o n A }E 


2
rqgh  r yhwru grv pxowlsolfdgruhv gh Odjudqjh fruuhvsrqghqwhv v uhvwulhv gh
ljxdogdgh>
 dsolfdr gdv frqglhv gh rwlpdolgdgh gh sulphlud rughp/ d txdo uhvxowd qr frqmxqwr
gh htxdhv qr olqhduhv
YmE c 
' OA E +3 d3  E o n BA E  ' f
Y
YmE c 
' }E  ' f
Y
rqgh/
YE 
' OE 
Y
Y}E 
' BE 
Y
 vroxr gdv htxdhv qr olqhduhv dwudyv gr pwrgr gh Qhzwrq1 Lvwr uhtxhu d
vroxr gr vlvwhpd olqhdu
OA E +3d3  E   OE { o n BA E  ' f
}E   BE { ' f
r txdo hvfulwr qd irupd pdwulfldo frpr
% A
&%
& % A
&
O E +3OE  BA E 
{
O E +3 d3  E o
'
BE 
f

}E 
D pdwul} gh frhflhqwhv ghvwh vlvwhpd olqhdu qr srvlwlyd ghqlgd/ r txh uhtxhu qd
idwrudr r xvr gh slyv 2  2/ sdud suhvhuydu d vlphwuld1 Hvwd pdwul} ghfrpsrvwd frpr
 ' uA (u/ rqgh u xpd pdwul} eorfr wuldqjxodu lqihulru h ( xpd pdwul} eorfr
gldjrqdo1

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

64

51431 H{hufflrv
41 Sdud r vlvwhpd gd Ilj1 +515,/ frp r sodqr gh phglr dol lqglfdgr=
41 Hvfuhyd r prghor gh phglr olqhdu +GF ,/ frqvlghudqgr d eduud frpr eduud
gh irojd h=
3 ' d|2c |2e c | 2c |e c RoA
' dfc S( fc e( fc ( fc fS( fc H2oA
Frqvlghuh wdpep txh d pdwul} gh frydulqfld grv huurv gh phglr + '
fc ff  W1
' M/ rqgh J xpd pdwul} qr0vlqjxodu/ hv0
51 Prqwh xp vlvwhpd gr wlsr B
shflfdqgr ydoruhv qxpulfrv sdud rv hohphqwrv gh J h e/ wdo txh d vroxr

gr vlvwhpd shuplwd rewhu r yhwru gh hvwlpdwlydv sdud rv hvwdgrv/ 1

22

2:

% ' f2









%2 ' fe

% e ' f2D




%2 ' fD





%2e ' fD

Iljxuh 515= Uhgh howulfd sdud H{hufflr


51 Dv ohlwxudv grv phglgruhv lqglfdgrv qr vlvwhpd gd Ilj1 +5, vr dv vhjxlqwhv +hp
R,=
|2 ' fc D2 |2 ' fc 2.
| 2 ' fc 2S
 ' fc DD  ' fc D

Dv ydulqfldv sdud  h |2 vr gh   f3e s1x1/ h sdud dv ghpdlv phglgdv vr gh


2  f3e s1x11
| 2
% ' f f

 

 R

|2



% ' ff
2

|2

% ' f f

Iljxuh 516= Uhgh howulfd sdud H{hufflr 2


Frqvlghudqgr d eduud frpr uhihuqfld dqjxodu/ hvwlph rv ghpdlv hvwdgrv h dv
txdqwlgdghv phglgdv1

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

65

61 Sdud r vlvwhpd gd Ilj1 +517,/ frqvlghuh txh rv ghvylrv0sdgur grv phglgruhv vr rv


vhjxlqwhv=
jR ' jR2 ' j|2 2 '

D  f32

j| 2 ' j| 2 ' 2c f  f32


c

h dv ohlwxudv grv phglgruhv +hp R, vr=


 ' c bS
|c2 ' 2c H
|c2 ' 2c e2
2 ' ec fD |2c2 ' c DH
Xvdqgr xp prghor gh phglr olqhdu/ hqfrqwuh d phokru hvwlpdwlyd qr vhqwlgr grv
pqlprv txdgudgrv srqghudgrv sdud / / 2/ |c2/ |c2 h |2c2/ wrpdqgr w frpr
uhihuqfld dqjxodu1





R

% ' f2f
olqkd 4

%2 ' f f
olqkd 5





Iljxuh 517= Uhgh howulfd sdud H{hufflr

R2

61 Surfhvvdphqwr gh Phglgdv frp Huurv


Jurvvhlurv
Qr frqwh{wr gd Hvwlpdr gh Hvwdgrv hp Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld/ phglgdv sruwdgrudv gh
huurv jurvvhlurv vr dtxhodv frp judx gh lpsuhflvr pxlwr pdlru gr txh vxsrvwr qr
prghor gh phglr1 Qrv fdvrv suwlfrv/ dv phglgdv hvsuldv vr uhvxowdqwhv gh xpd
ydulhgdgh gh fdxvdv/ wdlv frpr huur qrv fdqdlv gh frpxqlfdr/ lqvwuxphqwrv gh phglr
ghihlwxrvrv/ huur qd prghodjhp gdv svhxgr0phglgdv/ hwf1
Rv gdgrv pdlv djudqwhphqwh huuqhrv vr uhmhlwdgrv gxudqwh r surfhvvr gh su0
owudjhp gdv phglgdv1 Hvwh surfhglphqwr frqvlvwh hp yhulfdu vh dv txdqwlgdghv phglgdv
hvwr ghqwur gh fhuwrv olplwhv/ hihwxdqgr whvwhv edvhdgrv qd frpsdudr gh phglgdv uh0
gxqgdqwhv1 Ghqwuh rv yulrv whvwhv txh vr hihwxdgrv qr hvwjlr gr su0surfhvvdphqwr/ rv
vhjxlqwhv srghp vhu flwdgrv=
 frpsdudr gr ydoru phglgr frp r ydoru qrplqdo gd txdqwlgdgh>
 frpsdudr gr ydoru phglgr qxpd frohwd gh gdgrv frp r ydoru phglgr qd frohwd
suhfhghqwh>
 whvwh gh frqvlvwqfld edvhdgr qdv ohlv gh Nlufkkr/ frpsdudr hqwuh rv ydoruhv phgl0
grv qdv gxdv h{wuhplgdghv gh xp flufxlwr/ yhulfdr gr hvwdgr gdv fkdyhv2glvmxqwruhv
gr flufxlwr rqgh dv phglgdv vr hihwxdgdv/ hwf1
Dshvdu gh txh hvwh surfhvvr idflolwd wdqwr d hvwlpdr gr yhwru gh hvwdgrv frpr d
ghwhfr h lghqwlfdr gdv phglgdv hvsuldv/ rv whvwhv gh su0owudjhp qr vr fdsd}hv gh
ghwhfwdu rv huurv jurvvhlurv gh pdlru pdjqlwxgh1 R surfhvvdphqwr gh huurv gh pdjqlwxgh
hqwuh h f ghvylrv0sdgur qrupdophqwh uhtxhuhp wfqlfdv pdlv hoderudgdv/ frpr dv txh
vhur derugdgdv qhvwh fdswxor1
D suhvhqd gh huurv jurvvhlurv qr frqmxqwr gh phglgdv surfhvvdgdv shor hvwlpdgru
gh hvwdgrv reyldphqwh suhmxglfldo dr ghvhpshqkr gr hvwlpdgru/ ghylgr d ghwhulrudr
fdxvdgd qr hvwdgr hvwlpdgr1 Hvwd ghwhulrudr dfrqwhfh srutxh r hvwlpdgru edvhdgr qr
Pwrgr grv Pqlprv Txdgudgrv plqlpl}d d vrpd srqghudgd gr txdgudgr grv uhvgxrv/ h
sruwdqwr/ rv uhvgxrv frp judqghv pdjqlwxghv dvvrfldgrv dv phglgdv sruwdgrudv gh huurv
jurvvhlurv whur xp judqgh hihlwr vreuh r uhvxowdgr qdo gd hvwlpdr1
qhfhvvulr/ sruwdqwr/ ghvhqyroyhu surfhglphqwrv wdqwr sdud ghwhfwdu d h{lvwqfld gh
phglgdv hvsuldv qr frqmxqwr gh phglgdv frpr sdud lghqwlfdu hvvdv phglgdv/ wdo txh
hodv srvvdp vhu uhprylgdv rx vxevwlwxgdv sru svhxgr0phglgdv1

66

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

67

6141 Xvr grv Uhvgxrv gh Hvwlpdr qr Wudwdphqwr gh Huurv


Jurvvhlurv
Dv wfqlfdv gh ghwhfr h lghqwlfdr gh huurv jurvvhlurv dsuhvhqwdgdv qhvwd vhr/ vr
edvhdgdv qd dqolvh grv uhvgxrv gh hvwlpdr rx qxpd ixqr grv phvprv1 D ud}r sdud
hvwh surfhglphqwr txh rv uhvgxrv iruqhfhp lqirupdhv whlv vreuh hyhqwxdlv ylrodhv
gdv vxsrvlhv ihlwdv hp uhodr dr prghor gh phglr1
Vhmd xp frqmxqwr gh 6 phglgdv wrpdgdv dr orqjr gh xp vlvwhpd gh srwqfld gh 
eduudv1 R yhwru 6  grv uhvgxrv gh phglr ghqlgr frpr
h ' 3
3

+614,

rqgh/ 3 r yhwru gdv txdqwlgdghv phglgdv h


3 r yhwru grv ydoruhv hvwlpdgrv sdud dv
txdqwlgdghv phglgdv1
D dqolvh gd htxdr 614 prvwud txh rv uhvgxrv uhsuhvhqwdp dv glihuhqdv hqwuh dv ph0
glgdv uhdlv h rv ydoruhv hvwlpdgruhv sdud dv txdqwlgdghv phglgdv1 Hvwdv glihuhqdv srghp
vhu ylvwdv frpr rv ydoruhv txh r prghor gh phglr qr srgh h{solfdu1 Frqvlghudqgr0vh
txh=
 D wrsrorjld gd uhgh frqkhflgd shuihlwdphqwh/ h
 Rv sduphwurv gd uhgh vr frqkhflgrv/
hqwr h srgh vhu frqvlghudgr frpr xpd hvwlpdwlyd sdud r yhwru grv huurv gh phglr1
Txdqgr vh irupxod r prghor gh phglr/ id}hp0vh fhuwdv vxsrvlhv d uhvshlwr gh vxdv
pgldv h ydulqfldv1 Qd dxvqfld gh huurv jurvvhlurv/ rv uhvgxrv/ rx fhuwdv ixqhv grv
uhvgxrv/ whqghur d frqupdu hvwdv vxsrvlhv1 Sru rxwur odgr/ vh rv uhvgxrv ylroduhp
wdlv vxsrvlhv/ srgh0vh lqihulu txh phglgdv frp huurv jurvvhlurv irudp surfhvvdgdv1 Dop
glvvr/ r h{dph lqglylgxdo grv uhvgxrv ghyh srvvlelolwdu d lghqwlfdr gd phglgd hvsuld1
Sdud txh vh srvvd xwlol}du rv pwrgrv gh ghwhfr h lghqwlfdr gh huurv jurvvhlurv
d vhuhp dsuhvhqwdgrv/ qhfhvvulr txh vh hpsuhjxh rv ydoruhv grv uhvgxrv h gd pd0
wul} Mdfreldqd gd owlpd lwhudr dqwhv gd frqyhujqfld1 Lvwr srgh vhu frpsuhhqglgr
frqvlghudqgr0vh lqlfldophqwh r prghor gh phglr
3 ' E  n 
.E ' f

.EA  ' +

H{sdqglqgr0vh E  hp vulh gh Wd|oru dw r whupr gh sulphlud rughp/ hp wruqr gr


srqwr & h dr orqjr gd gluhr { '  & / rewp0vh


YE  

E & n {  ' E &  n
Y  '

{

+615,

&

D vxevwlwxlr gd uhfruuqfld 615 qd htxdr gr prghor gh phglr uhvxowd hp


{3 ' OE &   { n 
.E ' f

.EA  ' +

+616,

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

68

rqgh/

{3 ' 3  E & 
h d pdwul} mdfreldqd +gh sulphlud ghulydgd,


YE  
 &
OE &  '
Y 
D owlpd htxdr uhsuhvhqwd r prghor gh phglr olqhdul}dgr1 Vxsrqgr txh & hvw
su{lpr d vroxr/ lvwr / txh { shtxhqr/ srgh0vh dupdu txh d htxdr 616 xpd
dsur{lpdr edvwdqwh ud}ryho gr prghor gh phglr qr0olqhdu1
Hp whuprv gr prghor gh phglr olqhdul}dgr/ d ixqr gh fxvwr plqlpl}dgd yld
Pwrgr grv Pqlprv Txdgudgrv gdgd sru
aE{  ' d{3  6{ oA  +3  d{3  6{ o

+617,

Hvwd htxdr prvwud txh aE  d vrpd srqghudgd gr txdgudgr grv uhvgxrv fruuh0
vsrqghqwh dr prghor gh phglr olqhdul}dgr1

6151 Ghwhfr gh Huurv Jurvvhlurv


Sdud hvwdehohfhu r surfhglphqwr sdud d ghwhfr gh huurv jurvvhlurv/ dop gdv frqvlgh0
udhv ihlwdv frp uhodr dr prghor gh phglr vxsrqkd wdpep txh r yhwru gh fr0
ydulqfld grv huurv gh phglr srvvxl glvwulexlr qrupdo/ frp pgld }hur h pdwul} gh
frydulqfld ljxdo d U1
Whqgr fdudfwhul}dgr frpsohwdphqwh r yhwru grv huurv gh phglr qd dxvqfld gh huurv
jurvvhlurv/ srvvyho ghvhqyroyhu xp surfhglphqwr sdud d ghwhfr gh phglgdv hvsuldv
edvhdgr qr ydoru grv uhvgxrv gh phglr1 R fdqglgdwr qdwxudo d xp surfhvvr ghvwh wlsr
vhuld xp whvwh lqglylgxdo qr ydoru grv uhvgxrv gh irupd d yhulfdu vh dojxp ghohv ylrod
dv vxsrvlhv ihlwdv hp uhodr dr prghor gh phglr1 Hvwd wfqlfd/ hqwuhwdqwr/ uhtxhu d
xwlol}dr gd pdwul} gh frydulqfld grv uhvgxrv/ fxmd ghwhuplqdr frpsxwdflrqdophqwh
glvshqglrvd1 Frqvlghudqgr r idwr gh txh r surfhvvr gh ghwhfr h{hfxwdgr rq olqh
dsv fdgd hvwlpdr gh hvwdgrv/ frqfoxl0vh txh r h{dph lqglylgxdo grv uhvgxrv qr vhuld
xpd wfqlfd frpsxwdflrqdophqwh hflhqwh sdud d vlpsohv ghwhfr gh phglgdv sruwdgrudv
gh huurv jurvvhlurv1 Dlqgd dvvlp/ vh d suhvhqd ghvwdv phglgdv ghwhfwdgd/ xpd srvvyho
phwrgrorjld gh lghqwlfdr grv huurv jurvvhlurv edvhdgd qd pdwul} gh frydulqfld/ frpr
vhu srvwhulruphqwh prvwudgr1
Dv glfxogdghv frpsxwdflrqdlv dvvrfldgdv d dqolvh lqglylgxdo grv uhvgxrv gh phglr
frqgx}hp d exvfd gh xp whvwh edvhdgr qxpd ixqr revhuyyho grv uhvgxrv/ fxmr frp0
sruwdphqwr qd suhvhqd h qd dxvqfld gh huurv jurvvhlurv vhmd fodudphqwh glvwlqwr1 D
vrpd srqghudgd gr txdgudgr grv uhvgxrv aE / uhsuhvhqwdgd shod htxdr 617 xpd
ixqr txh vdwlvid} hvwd frqglr1 Lvwr / vh h{lvwhp phglgdv hvsuldv qr frqmxqwr gh ph0
glgdv aE  whqgh d dvvxplu ydoruhv pdlruhv gr txh txdqgr wdlv phglgdv hvwr dxvhqwhv1
Dop glvvr/ r fofxor gd vrpd srqghudgd gr txdgudgr grv uhvgxrv ylyho phvpr sdud
dsolfdhv rq olqh1
Dvvlp/ wrpdqgr frpr edvh r ydoru gh aE  srvvyho frqfoxlu vreuh d suhvhqd gh huurv
jurvvhlurv1 Ghvgh txh/ wdqwr rv uhvgxrv frpr d vrpd srqghudgd gr txdgudgr grv uhvgxrv
vr ydulyhlv dohdwuldv ud}ryho ghvhqyroyhu xp wlsr gh whvwh gh ghwhfr edvhdgr qdv
sursulhgdghv hvwdwvwlfdv ghvvdv ydulyhlv1 R ixqgdphqwr dqdowlfr gr surfhvvr gh ghwhfr
gh huurv jurvvhlurv frpsuhhqgh r Whvwh Hvwdwvwlfr gh Klswhvhv ghvfulwr d vhjxlu1

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

69

615141 Whvwh gh Klswhvhv


Sdud hvwdehohfhu xp surfhglphqwr gh ghwhfr edvhdgr hp whvwhv hvwdwvwlfrv/ frqvlghuh
dv vhjxlqwhv ghqlhv=
 Klswhvh Hvwdwvwlfd= frqmhfwxud d fhufd gd glvwulexlr gh xpd rx pdlv ydulyhlv
dohdwuldv>
 Klswhvh Evlfd +Qxoo k|srwkhvlv,/ Mf = klswhvh sulqflsdo>
 Klswhvh Dowhuqdwlyd/ M = frpsohphqwr gd klswhvh evlfd Mf/ lvwr / txdqgr Mf
idovd/ M yhugdghlud/ h ylfh0yhuvd>
 Whvwh gh Klswhvh= surfhglphqwr sdud ghflglu vh d klswhvh Mf ghyh vhu dfhlwd rx
uhmhlwdgd1
D whruld gr Whvwh gh Klswhvhv ghqh grlv wlsrv gh huurv=
 Huur gr wlsr L = uhmhlr gd klswhvh evlfd Mf txdqgr hod yhugdghlud>
 Huur gr wlsr LL= dfhlwdr gd klswhvh evlfd Mf txdqgr hod idovd1
D Suredelolgdgh gh Idovr Doduph/ k= suredelolgdgh gh txh rfruud xp huur gr wlsr L
+k@ qyho gh vljqlfqfld,1 Gh irupd vhphokdqwh/ q ghqlgd frpr d suredelolgdgh gh
txh rfruud xp huur gr wlsr LL1
D txdqwlgdgh  q uhsuhvhqwd d suredelolgdgh txh d klswhvh evlfd Mf vhmd uhmhlwdgd
txdqgr hod idovd1 Hvwd txdqwlgdgh fkdpdgd ixqr srwqfld gr whvwh1
Qr whvwh gh klswhvhv d suhrfxsdr sulqflsdo vh id}hu wdqwr d suredelolgdgh gh
idovr doduph k txdqwr d ixqr gh srwqfld gr whvwh q wr shtxhqdv txdqwr srvvyho1 R
surfhglphqwr xvxdo vh {du k hp xp ydoru edl{r +hqwuh ff h f/ sru h{hpsor, h hqwr
dfkdu xp whvwh txh pd{lpl}h d ixqr gh srwqfld E  q xqliruphphqwh vreuh wrgdv dv
klswhvhv dowhuqdwlydv +whvwhv xqliruphphqwh pdlv srghurvrv,1
R surfhglphqwr suwlfr sdud d dsolfdr gr whvwh gh klswhvhv frqvlvwh hp dfkdu xpd
ixqr revhuyyho gdv ydulyhlv dohdwuldv hp hvwxgr/ txh vh frpsruwh glihuhqwhphqwh
vre dv frqglhv gdv gxdv klswhvhv1 Hvwd glihuhqd hp frpsruwdphqwr xvdgd sdud vh
surmhwdu r whvwh1
Sru h{hpsor/ vxsrqkd txh 7 d hvwdwvwlfd txh whqgh d dvvxplu ydoruhv phqruhv txdqgr
d klswhvh evlfd Mf yhugdghlud gr txh txdqgr Mf idovd1 Hqwr/ d suredelolgdgh gh
idovr doduph srgh vhu {dgd hp xp ydoru shtxhqr kf1 D sduwlu gh kf h gd ixqr ghqvlgdgh
gh suredelolgdgh gdv ydulyhlv hp hvwxgr srvvyho vh ghqlu xp olpldu g/ wdo txh r whvwh
vhu uhmhlwdgr vh 7 : g h dfhlwr hp fdvr frqwuulr1 Gl}0vh hqwr txh rv uhvxowdgrv gr
whvwh hvwr d xp qyho gh vljqlfqfld gh Eff  kf I1
615151 Ghwhfr gh Huurv Jurvvhlurv 0 Edvh Hvwdwvwlfd
D dsolfdr gr whvwh gh klswhvhv ghvfulwr qd vhr dqwhulru uhdol}dgd id}hqgr0vh dv
vhjxlqwhv vxsrvlhv=
 R yhwru grv huurv gh phglr  glvwulexgr frpr Efc -/ lvwr / srvvxl glvwulexlr
qrupdo frp pgld }hur h pdwul} gh frydulqfld U>

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

6:

 D hvwuxwxud h rv sduphwurv gd uhgh vr frqkhflgrv>


 R prghor gh phglr olqhdul}dgr qxp srqwr su{lpr d vroxr1
Hqwr/ vre hvwdv frqglhv/ aE  whp d glvwulexlr gr txl0txdgudgr +ghqrwdgd sru

2, frp 6  ? judxv gd olehugdgh/ rqgh 6 h ? vr/ frqiruph ghqlgr dqwhulruphqwh/ r

qphur gh txdqwlgdghv phglgdv dr orqjr gr vlvwhpd gh srwqfld h r qphur gh hvwdgrv/


uhvshfwlydphqwh1 Sru rxwur odgr/ qd suhvhqd gh huurv jurvvhlurv aE  qr dsuhvhqwd d
glvwulexlr gr 20txdgudgr1
Dvvlp/ srgh0vh xvdu r vhjxlqwh whvwh gh klswhvhv=
 Klswhvh evlfd Mf = d vrpd srqghudgd gr txdgudgr grv uhvgxrv aE  srvvxl d
glvwulexlr gr 2>
 Klswhvh frpsohphqwdu M = d klswhvh evlfd idovd1
Vhmd kf r ydoru {r gd suredelolgdgh gh idovr doduph +wlslfdphqwh hqwuh fc f h fc ,1
Gd ghqlr gh suredelolgdgh gh idovr doduph/ srvvyho ghwhuplqdu xp qyho g/ qr txdo
edvhdgr r surfhvvr gh ghwhfr gr huur jurvvhlur/ wdo txh
 EaE  : g m aE  e 2 ' kf
rqgh  E@ : KmS uhsuhvhqwd d suredelolgdgh gh txh @ vhmd pdlru gr txh K vxsrqgr txh S
yhugdghlur1
R qyho g srgh vhu hvshflfdgr frpr
g ' 263? ( kf

rqgh 263? ( kf ghqrwd r shufhqwlo E  kf  gd glvwulexlr gr 2 0txdgudgr frp E6  ?


judxv gh olehugdgh1
Sruwdqwr/ r whvwh gh ghwhfr gh huurv jurvvhlurv edvhdgr qd vrpd srqghudgd gr
txdgudgr grv uhvgxrv frqvlvwh hp frpsdudu r ydoru gh aE  frp r ydoru g/ rewlgr
gd glvwulexlr fxpxodwlyd gr 2 frp E6  ? judxv gh olehugdgh h frp suredelolgdgh
gh idovr doduph ljxdo d kf 1 Vh aE  : g/ hqwr k hylgqfld gh txh h{lvwhp phglgdv
sruwdgrudv gh huurv jurvvhlurv qr frqmxqwr gh phglgdv1
Rv shufhqwv gd glvwulexlr gr 2 frp ? judxv gh olehugdgh hqfrqwudp0vh wdehodgrv
qd Wdehod 6141
Revhuydr= Txdqgr r qphur gh judxv gh olehugdgh vh wruqd hohydgr +qd suwlfd/
pdlru gr txh f,/ r txh rfruuh iuhtxhqwhphqwh qr fdvr gd Hvwlpdr gh Hvwdgr hp
Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld/ d glvwulexlr gr 2 whqgh d vh frpsruwdu frpr xpd glvwulexlr
Jdxvvldqd frp pgld E6  ? h ydulqfld 2E6  ?1 Qhvwh fdvr/ d txdqwlgdgh
aE   E6  ?
t

2  E6  ?

whp glvwulexlr qrupdo h srgh vxevwlwxlu d glvwulexlr gr 2 qd hvshflfdr gr qyho


g1 Hp whuprv dqdowlfrv g h{suhvvr frpr
3

g  E6  ?

D '  k
x Ct
f
2  E6  ?

rqgh xE d glvwulexlr qrupdo fxpxodwlyd sdgur1

+618,

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

6;

Wdeoh 614= Ydoruhv Shufhqwlv sdud d Glvwulexlr Txl0Txdgudgd


?
4
5
6
7

2bbD
:/;;
43/9
45/;
47/<

2bbf
9/96
</54
44/6
46/6

2b.D
8/35
:/6;
</68
44/4

2bDf
6/;7
8/<<
:/;4
</7<

2bff
5/:4
7/94
9/58
:/:;

2.Df
4/65
5/::
7/44
8/6<

2Dff
3/788
4/6<
5/6:
6/69

22Df
3/435
3/8:8
4/54
4/<5

2ff
3/348;
3/544
3/8;7
4/39

2fDf
3/336<
3/436
3/685
3/:44

8
9
:
;
<

49/:
4;/8
53/6
55/3
56/9

48/4
49/;
4;/8
53/4
54/:

45/;
47/7
49/3
4:/8
4</3

44/4
45/9
47/4
48/8
49/<

</57
43/9
45/3
46/7
47/:

9/96
:/;7
</37
43/5
44/7

7/68
8/68
9/68
:/67
;/67

5/9:
6/78
7/58
8/3:
8/<3

4/94
5/53
5/;6
6/7<
7/4:

4/48
4/97
5/4:
5/:6
6/66

43
44
45
46
47

58/5
59/;
5;/6
5</;
64/6

56/5
57/:
59/5
5:/:
5</4

53/8
54/<
56/6
57/:
59/4

4;/6
4</:
54/3
55/7
56/:

49/3
4:/6
4;/8
4</;
54/4

45/8
46/:
47/;
49/3
4:/4

</67
43/6
44/6
45/6
46/6

9/:7
:/8;
;/77
</63
43/5

7/;:
8/8;
9/63
:/37
:/:<

6/<7
7/8:
8/56
8/;<
9/8:

48
49
4:
4;
4<

65/;
67/6
68/:
6:/5
6;/9

63/9
65/3
66/7
67/;
69/5

5:/8
5;/;
63/5
64/8
65/<

58/3
59/6
5:/9
5;/<
63/4

55/6
56/8
57/;
59/3
5:/5

4;/5
4</7
53/8
54/9
55/:

47/6
48/6
49/6
4:/6
4;/6

44/3
44/<
45/;
46/:
47/9

;/88
</64
43/4
43/<
44/:

:/59
:/<9
;/9:
</6<
43/4

53
54
55
56
57

73/3
74/7
75/;
77/5
78/9

6:/9
6;/<
73/6
74/9
76/3

67/5
68/8
69/;
6;/4
6</7

64/7
65/:
66/<
68/5
69/7

5;/7
5</9
63/<
65/3
66/5

56/;
57/<
59/3
5:/4
5;/5

4</6
53/6
54/6
55/6
56/6

48/8
49/6
4:/5
4;/4
4</3

45/7
46/5
47/3
47/;
48/:

43/<
44/9
45/6
46/4
46/;

58
59
5:
5;
5<

79/<
7;/6
7</9
84/3
85/6

77/6
78/9
7:/3
7;/6
7</9

73/9
74/<
76/5
77/8
78/:

6:/:
6;/<
73/4
74/6
75/9

67/7
68/9
69/:
6:/<
6</4

5</6
63/7
64/8
65/9
66/:

57/6
58/6
59/6
5:/6
5;/6

4</<
53/;
54/:
55/:
56/9

49/8
4:/6
4;/4
4;/<
4</;

47/9
48/7
49/5
49/<
4:/:

63
73
83
93

86/:
99/;
:</8
<5/3

83/<
96/:
:9/5
;;/7

7:/3
8</6
:4/7
;6/6

76/;
88/;
9:/8
:</4

73/6
84/;
96/5
:7/7

67/;
78/9
89/6
9:/3

5</6
6</6
7</6
8</6

57/8
66/:
75/<
85/6

53/9
5</4
6:/:
79/8

4;/8
59/8
67/;
76/5

:3
;3
<3
433

437/5
449/6
45;/6
473/5

433/7
445/6
457/4
468/;

<8/3
439/9
44;/4
45</9

<3/8
434/<
446/4
457/6

;8/8
<9/9
43:/9
44;/8

::/9 9</6
;;/4 :</6
<;/9 ;</6
43</4 <</6

94/:
:4/4
;3/9
<3/4

88/6
97/6
:6/6
;5/7

84/:
93/7
9</4
::/<

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

6<

615161 Dojrulwpr
R whvwh gh ghwhfr gh phglgdv sruwdgrudv gh huur jurvvhlur srgh/ sruwdqwr/ vhu uhvxplgr
qrv vhjxlqwhv sdvvrv=
 Fofxor gd vrpd srqghudgd gr txdgudgr grv uhvgxrv aE  dsv fdgd hvwlpdwlyd gr
yhwru gh hvwdgrv>
 Frpsdudr gr ydoru gh aE  frp r ydoru g/ rewlgr +d, gd glvwulexlr gr 2 frp
E6  ? judxv gh olehugdgh h suredelolgdgh gh idovr doduph kf rx/ vh E6  ? : f/
dwudyv gd htxdr 618>
 Vh aE  : g/ frqfoxl0vh txh k phglgdv hvsuldv qr frqmxqwr gh phglgdv>
 Vh aE   g/ frqfoxl0vh txh dv txdqwlgdghv phglgdv qr hvwr frqwdplqdgdv frp
huurv jurvvhlurv1

6161 Lghqwlfdr gh Huurv Jurvvhlurv


616141 Pwrgr gr P{lpr Uhvgxr Qrupdol}dgr
Dv wfqlfdv pdlv odujdphqwh xwlol}dgdv sdud lghqwlfdr gh huurv jurvvhlurv +HJv, qd
HHVS hpsuhjdp rv fkdpdgrv uhvgxrv qrupdol}dgrv1 R yhwru gh uhvgxrv qrupdol}dgrv
ghqlgr frpr=

+619,
h ' #3 2 h
rqgh ( xpd pdwul} gldjrqdo fxmrv hohphqwrv vr dv ydulqfldv uhvgxrv/ gdgdv sru
_ ' E5+

+61:,

h d pdwul} 5 d pdwul} gh vhqvlelolgdgh grv uhvgxrv/ gdgd sru ^B`=


5 ' W  OdOA +3Oo3OA +3

+61;,

Rv uhvgxrv qrupdol}dgrv jr}dp gh fhuwdv sursulhgdghv txh wruqdp r vhx xvr ghvhmyho
sdud d lghqwlfdr gh huurv jurvvhlurv1 Txdqgr/ qr hqwdqwr/ dv hvwlpdwlydv sdud rv hvwdgrv
iruhp fdofxodgdv whqgr sru edvh r pwrgr gd pdwul} dxphqwdgd dsuhvhqwdgr qd Vhr
BB/ rv idwruhv wuldqjxoduhv gd pdwul} dOA +3Oo qr hvwr glvsrqyhlv1 Wruqd0vh dvvlp
lpsudwlfyho r fofxor gh h 1 Hp frqwudsduwlgd/ rv uhvgxrv srqghudgrv gh hvwlpdr vr
gluhwdphqwh rewlgrv frpr vxe0surgxwr gr pwrgr/ dr vh uhvroyhu d Ht1 BB1
srvvyho/ sruwdqwr/ rswdu0vh shod xwlol}dr grv uhvgxrv srqghudgrv qdv wfqlfdv gh
surfhvvdphqwr gh huurv jurvvhlurv dvvrfldgrv dr Pwrgr gd Pdwul} Dxphqwdgd1 Sdud xpd
euhyh dqolvh gd shugd gh vhqvlelolgdgh qr whvwh gh lghqwlfdr ghfruuhqwh gr xvr gh h/
srgh0vh hvfuhyhu/ d sduwlu gdv Htv1 BB h 619=
s
o` ' r  o
+61<,
rqgh r r   er6J hohphqwr gldjrqdo gd pdwul} 5 ghqlgd shod Ht1 61;1 Srgh0vh
prvwudu txh f r / vhqgr txh r ' f txdqgr 6 ' ? h r $ txdqgr 6
? ^B`1
Sruwdqwr/ o o h o` $ o txdqgr d uhgxqgqfld gr vlvwhpd gh phglr hohydgd1
Frqvhthqwhphqwh/ sdud xp phvpr olpldu/ xp whvwh gh lghqwlfdr edvhdgr hp o`

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

73

whqgh d vhu phqrv vhqvyho txh r whvwh h sdud ydoruhv lqwhuphglulrv gh uhgxqgqfld1 Sdud
ydoruhv dowrv ydoruhv gh uhgxqgqfld/ srup/ rv frpsruwdphqwrv grv whvwhv vh dsur{lpdp1
Frp edvh qr uhvxowdgr gr whvwh gh ghwhfr gh phglgdv hvsuldv/ gxdv dowhuqdwlydv
srghp vhu wrpdgdv1 Vh r whvwh lqglfdu d qr h{lvwqfld ghvvdv phglgdv/ r surfhvvr gh
hvwlpdr hqfhuudgr1 Fdvr frqwuulr/ dv phglgdv sruwdgrudv gh huur jurvvhlur ghyhp vhu
orfdol}dgdv/ r txh uhtxhu r h{dph lqglylgxdo grv uhvgxrv gd hvwlpdr1 Vh dshqdv xpd
qlfd phglgd hvw frqwdplqdgd frp huur jurvvhlur/ xpd srvvyho hvwudwjld gh lghqwlfdr
srghuld vhu ghwhuplqdu r p{lpr uhvgxr/ frp d h{shfwdwlyd gh txh hvwh fruuhvsrqghvvh
d phglgd hvsuld1 Hqwuhwdqwr/ lvwr qr qhfhvvduldphqwh yhugdgh/ ghylgr drv vhjxlqwhv
idwrv=
 Phglgruhv gh glihuhqwhv wlsrv gh txdqwlgdghv srvvxhp glihuhqwhv suhflvhv/ wdo txh
dv ydulqfldv gdv txdqwlgdghv phglgdv srghp vhu vljqlfdwlydphqwh dihwdgdv>
 Hp jhudo/ rv uhvgxrv vr fruuhodflrqdgrv hqwuh vl/ wdo txh r hihlwr gh xp huur
jurvvhlur dvvrfldgr d xpd phglgd srgh vh hvsdokdu vreuh rv uhvgxrv gh rxwudv
txdqwlgdghv1
Sdud frpsuhhqghu phokru hvwh owlpr dujxphqwr/ frqvlghuh r prghor gh phglr
olqhdul}dgr uhsuhvhqwdgr shod htxdr 6161 Xwlol}dqgr d htxdr qrupdo/ r yhwru grv
uhvgxrv gh phglr gdgr sru
h ' {3  {
3
rx

h ' {3  O  {

h/ wrpdqgr { iruqhflgr shod vroxr gd htxdr qrupdo/


h ' dW  O  EOA +3 63  OA +3 o  {3
Ghqlqgr0vh d pdwul}

` ' +  6    OA

+6143,
+6144,

rqgh  / d pdwul} gh frydulqfld grv huurv gh hvwlpdr/ gdgd sru


 ' EOA  +3  O3

+6145,

r yhwru grv uhvgxrv gh hvwlpdr srgh hqwr vhu h{suhvvr frpr


h ' E`  +3  {3 ' 5  {3

+6146,

rqgh d pdwul} gh vhqvlelolgdgh grv uhvgxrv


5 ' `  +3

+6147,

gh glphqvhv E6  6/ lghpsrwhqwh h vlqjxodu +RJr|J E5 ' 6  ?,1 D   er6@ froxqd
ghvwd pdwul} prvwud frpr r hihlwr gh xpd phglgd sruwdgrud gh huur jurvvhlur vh hvsdokd
hqwuh rxwudv phglgdv1
Gd htxdr 6146/ d pdwul} gh frydulqfld grv uhvgxrv gh hvwlpdr gdgd sru=
h ' .EhhA  ' .dE5{3E5{3A o ' 5  .dE{
3E{
3Ao  5A ' 5 + 5A ' ` +6148,

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

74

D owlpd sdvvdjhp gd htxdr 6148 srgh vhu idflophqwh yhulfdgd xvdqgr0vh dv htxdhv
6147/ 6144 h 61451
Sruwdqwr/ r hvsdokdphqwr gr hihlwr grv huurv jurvvhlurv vreuh rv uhvgxrv gh hvwlpdr
srgh vhu lqyhvwljdgr revhuydqgr0vh d froxqd gd pdwul} gh vhqvlelolgdgh grv uhvgxrv fruuhv0
srqghqwh d phglgd hvsuld1 Xpd fdudfwhuvwlfd ghvhmyho qd pdwul} 5 txh rv hohphqwrv
gldjrqdlv vhmdp vljqlfdwlydphqwh pdlruhv gr txh rv hohphqwrv irud gd gldjrqdo1 Lvwr
uhvxowd hp txh rv hihlwrv gdv phglgdv sruwdgrudv gh huur jurvvhlur vh uh lwdp suhgrpl0
qdqwhphqwh qr uhvgxr fruuhvsrqghqwh1 srvvyho surydu/ txh vh krxyhu uhgxqgqfld vx0
flhqwh hqwuh dv txdqwlgdghv phglgdv rv whuprv gldjrqdlv gd pdwul} 7 vhur grplqdqwhv/
lvwr
r
rc R@o@  9' 
r txh surslfldu xpd phokru lghqwlfdr gdv hyhqwxdlv phglgdv hvsuldv1 Wrgdyld/
ghvgh txh jhudophqwh dv frydulqfldv grv uhvgxrv vr glihuhqwhv/ ghyh0vh sduwlfxodul}du r
frqfhlwr gh uhgxqgqfld sdud uh hwlu d frqglr lqglylgxdo gdv eduudv frpsrqhqwhv gr
vlvwhpd1 Ghqh0vh uhgxqgqfld orfdo gh xpd eduud frqvlghudqgr0vh dshqdv dv ydulyhlv
gh hvwdgr h dv phglgdv uhodflrqdgdv d eduud hp txhvwr h dv eduudv txh frpshp d vxd
yl}lqkdqd gh vhjxqgd rughp1 Uhvxowdgrv suwlfrv gd Hvwlpdr gh Hvwdgrv hp Vlvwhpdv
gh Srwqfld whp lqglfdgr txh d uhgxqgqfld orfdo xp idwru ghflvlyr qr surfhvvr gh
lghqwlfdr grv huurv jurvvhlurv1
Rxwur idwr txh ghyh vhu ohydgr hp frqvlghudr qr surfhglphqwr gh lghqwlfdr
gh phglgdv hvsuldv txh glihuhqwhv wlsrv gh phglgruhv srvvxhp/ hp jhudo/ ydulqfldv
glvwlqwdv/ wdo txh xp ydoru gh uhvgxr glvfuhsdqwh sdud xpd phglgd srgh vhu shuihlwdphqwh
dfhlwyho sdud rxwud phglgd1 qhfhvvulr/ sruwdqwr/ qrupdol}du rv uhvgxrv gh hvwlpdr
gh irupd d shuplwlu xpd frpsdudr grv phvprv vre xpd phvpd edvh1 Ghvgh txh
rv huurv gh phglr vr vxsrvwrv whu glvwulexlr qrupdo frp pgld }hur h pdwul} gh
frydulqfld +/ srgh0vh lqihulu/ frp r dx{olr gd htxdhv 6143 h 6148/ txh rv uhvgxrv gh
hvwlpdr wdpep srvvxhp xpd glvwulexlr qrupdo frp pgld }hur/ srup frp pdwul}
gh frydulqfld ljxdo d `1
Xpd irupd frqyhqlhqwh h ud}ryho gh frpsdudu rv uhvgxrv gh hvwlpdr frqvlvwh hp
revhuydu rv ydoruhv ghvwdv txdqwlgdghv/ qrupdol}dgrv frp uhodr drv ghvylrv sdguhv
fruuhvsrqghqwhv1 Rv ghvylrv sdguhv grv uhvgxrv vr ljxdlv d udl} txdgudgd grv whuprv
gldjrqdlv gd pdwul} `1 Vh d h{lvwqfld gh phglgdv hvsuldv iru ghwhfwdgd/ d phglgd
fruuhvsrqghqwh dr p{lpr uhvgxr qrupdol}dgr pxlwr surydyhophqwh dtxhod sruwdgrud
gh huur jurvvhlur1
616151 Revhuydhv
 Xpd gdv glfxogdghv lqhuhqwhv dr surfhvvr gh lghqwlfdr gh huurv jurvvhlurv
edvhdgr qd exvfd gr p{lpr uhvgxr qrupdol}dgr r hvirur frpsxwdflrqdo uh0
txhulgr qr fofxor gd ydulqfld grv uhvgxrv1 Dshvdu gh txh dshqdv rv hohphqwrv
gldjrqdlv gd pdwul} ` vr qhfhvvulrv/ lqglvshqvyho txh vh h{hfxwh d lqyhuvr
h{soflwd gh xpd pdwul}/ frqiruph prvwudgr qd htxdr 61451 Yulrv pwrgrv whp
vlgr sursrvwrv qd olwhudwxud sdud uhgx}lu r qphur gh rshudhv uhtxhulgdv/ ghq0
wuh rv txdlv xp grv pdlv xwlol}dgrv r dojrulwpr sdud d ghwhuplqdr gd pdwul}
hvsduvd0lqyhuvd ^B`/ qr txdo dshqdv rv hohphqwrv gd pdwul} gh frydulqfld grv huurv
gh hvwlpdr  txh fruuhvsrqghp drv qr0}hurv gh EO6A  suhflvdp vhu fdofxodgrv>

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

75

 Dop gd glfxogdgh ghvfulwd qr lwhp dqwhulru/ d pdwul} EOA +3 6 whp dfhqwxdgd


whqgqfld d sureohpdv gh frqglflrqdphqwr qxpulfr/ r txh srgh uhvxowdu hp ydoruhv
qhjdwlyrv sdud dv ydulqfldv h/ sruwdqwr/ hp xpd lpsrvvlelolgdgh whulfd1
 Qr fdvr gh huurv jurvvhlurv powlsorv qr0lqwhudwlyrv/ r surfhglphqwr gh lghqwl0
fdr ghvfulwr dqwhulruphqwh ghyh vhu hvwhqglgr sdud lqfoxlu d frqglr qd txdo
dv frydulqfldv hqwuh txdlvtxhu grlv sduhv gh uhvgxrv fruuhvsrqghqwhv d phglgdv
hvsuldv whp ydoruhv edl{rv hp uhodr dv uhvshfwlydv ydulqfldv1 Hvvd h{whqvr frq0
vlvwh rughqdu/ dsv fdgd hvwlpdr hp txh r whvwh gh ghwhfr lqglfdu d suhvhqd gh
phglgdv hvsuldv/ rv uhvgxrv qrupdol}dgrv hp rughp ghfuhvfhqwh gh pdjqlwxgh h
holplqdu d phglgd fruuhvsrqghqwh dr p{lpr uhvgxr qrupdol}dgr1

6171 Uhfxshudr gh Phglgdv Sruwdgrudv gh Huur Jurvvhlur


D uhfxshudr gh phglgdv sruwdgrudv gh huurv jurvvhlurv hp Hvwlpdr gh Hvwdgrv hp
Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld +HHVS, frqvlvwh ixqgdphqwdophqwh hp vh hvwlpdu d dpsolwxgh gr
huur jurvvhlur/ h dvvlp jhudu xpd svhxgrphglgd txh vh dsur{lph gr ydoru fruuhwr gd
txdqwlgdgh phglgd1
Qhvwd vhr/ dsuhvhqwd0vh r ghvhqyroylphqwr whulfr gh xpd wfqlfd gh uhfxshudr ^B`
h vxd dvvrfldr frp r pwrgr gh vroxr edvhdgr qd htxdr qrupdo1 Prvwud0vh frpr
srghp vhu ydqwdmrvdphqwh h{sorudgdv dv fdudfwhuvwlfdv gr hvwlpdgru fovvlfr/ gh irupd
d shuplwlu txh wrgdv dv hwdsdv gr wudwdphqwr 0 ghwhfr/ lghqwlfdr h uhfxshudr 0 gd
phglgd lqfruuhwd vhmdp h{hfxwdgdv dsv r surfhvvr lwhudwlyr txh iruqhfh dv hvwlpdwlydv1
617141 Edvh Whulfd
Frqvlghuh d h{lvwqfld gh dshqdv xpd phglgd frp huur jurvvhlur qxp frqmxqwr gh phgl0
gdv1 Wdo phglgd srgh vhu h{suhvvd frpr
5&e ' 5& n q

+6149,

rqgh 5&e r ydoru gd phglgd hvsuld> 5& r ydoru gd phglgd vhp huur jurvvhlur> h q
uhsuhvhqwd d dpsolwxgh gr huur jurvvhlur1
R yhwru fruuhvsrqghqwh dr prghor olqhdul}dgr gh phglgdv sruwdgrudv h qr sruwdgrudv
gh huur jurvvhlur/ prvwudgr qdv vhhv dqwhulruhv/ qxpd gdgd lwhudr/ hvfulwr frpr
{3e ' {3 n qi&

+614:,

rqgh i& xp yhwru 6  / frp wrgrv rv hohphqwrv qxorv h{fhwr r &  er6J hohphqwr/ txh
xqlwulr1 Rv yhwruhv {3e h {3 vr fdofxodgrv frp dx{olr gr yhwru gh hvwdgrv hvwlpdgr
qd lwhudr fruuhqwh/ r txdo hvw vre hihlwr gd suhvhqd gr huur jurvvhlur1
Vxevwlwxlqgr d htxdr 614: qd htxdr 6146/ r yhwru grv uhvgxrv h{suhvvr frpr
he ' 5  {3 n qt&
rqgh t! d &  er6@ froxqd gd pdwul} gh vhqvlelolgdgh grv uhvgxrv 51
D uhfxshudr gd phglgd hvsuld frqvlvwh hp vh hvwlpdu d dpsolwxgh gr huur jurvvhlur
q h jhudu xpd svhxgr0phglgd vxewudlqgr hvwh ydoru gd phglgd lqfruuhwd1 srvvyho
ghwhuplqdu q dwudyv gd hvwudwjld prvwudgd d vhjxlu1

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

76

Vhmd q d hvwlpdwlyd sdud dpsolwxgh gr huur jurvvhlur txh plqlpl}d d ixqr remhwlyr
aEq ' Ehe  qt! A  +3 Ehe  qt& 
Gd frqglr qhfhvvuld sdud pqlpr gd ixqr aEq/ lvwr
YaEq
'f
Yq
uhvxowd

EtA& +3 t! q ' tA& +3he

gh wdo irupd txh

tA +3 he
q ' A& 3
+614;,
Et& + t& 
D dqolvh gd htxdr 614; prvwud txh r ghqrplqdgru gr vhjxqgr whupr srgh vhu
hvfulwr frpr
+614<,
EtA& +3t&  ' d5A  +3  5o&&
R surgxwr pdwulfldo d5A  +3  5o h{suhvvr hp whuprv gd htxdr 6146 iruqhfh

5A  +3  5 ' E`  +3A  +3  E`  +3  ' +3 E`  +3  `  +3 +6153,


Ghvgh txh d pdwul} +3  ` lghpsrwhqwh/
`  +3  ` ' `
h d htxdr 6153 uhhvfulwd frpr
5A  +3  5 ' +3  `  +3

+6154,

Vxevwlwxlqgr0vh d htxdr 6154 qd htxdr 614</ rewp0vh


EtA& +3t&  ' d+3  `  +3o&& ' j32  `&&

+6155,

Frp edvh qd ghqlr gh t& h xwlol}dqgr dv htxdhv 6146 h 6154/ r qxphudgru gd


htxdr 614; srgh vhu h{suhvvr frpr
tA& +3he ' j32  o&e

+6156,

D vxevwlwxlr gdv htxdhv 6155 h 6156 qd htxdr 614; iruqhfh


j2
q '
 o&e
`&&

+6157,

D htxdr 6157 shuplwh r fofxor gd dpsolwxgh gr huur jurvvhlur hp ixqr gdv frydu0
lqfldv gr huur gh phglr +j& , h gr uhvgxr gh hvwlpdr +`&& ,/ h gr uhvgxr dvvrfldgr
d phglgd &1 D phglgd uhfxshudgd ghwhuplqdgd frp r dx{olr gdv htxdhv 6149 h 6157
h h{suhvvd frpr
j2
oeS
e
5& ' 5& 
 o&e
+6158,
`&&
rx/ hp whuprv gr uhvgxr qrupdol}dgr/
j2
e
5&oeS ' 5&e  s
 o&
`&&

rqgh 5&oeS r ydoru gd phglgd uhfxshudgd1

+6159,

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

77

617151 Uhvgxr Dvvrfldgr Phglgd Uhfxshudgd


Vxsrqkd txh r surfhglphqwr prvwudgr qd vhr suyld dsolfdgr qxpd gdgd lwhudr
sdud uhfxshudu r &  er6J hohphqwr gr yhwru lqfuhphqwdo gdv txdqwlgdghv phglgdv {3e /
r txdo fruuhvsrqgh d phglgd sruwdgrud gh huur jurvvhlur1 D dsolfdr gd htxdr 6158
uhvxowd hp
j2
{5&oeS ' {5&e 
 o&e
+615:,
`&&
R yhwru grv uhvgxrv/ dsv d uhfxshudr gd phglgd hvsuld/ gdgr sru
hoeS ' 5  {3oeS ' `  +3  {3oeS

+615;,

rqgh rv hohphqwrv gr yhwru {3oeS vr rv phvprv frpsrqhqwhv gr yhwru {3e h{fhwr shor
&  er6J hohphqwr/ r txdo gdgr shod htxdr 615:1 Sruwdqwr/ r &  er6J uhvgxr srgh
vhu hvfulwr frpr
6
hoeS '

'c '&

rx/ xvdqgr d htxdr 615:

e
32 oeS
`& j32
 {5 n `&& j& {5&

hoeS '

[6 `&j32 {5e n o&e


'

Hqwuhwdqwr/ d dqolvh ghvwd owlpd htxdr shuplwh revhuydu txh r whupr fruuhvsrq0
ghqwh d vrpdwuld r susulr uhvgxr gd &
er6@ phglgd/ fdofxodgr dqwhv gd uhfxshudr1
Hvwd htxdr srgh hqwr vhu hvfulwd frpr

[6 `&j32 {5e ' o&e


'

h/ sruwdqwr

hoeS ' f

+615<,

Frqfoxl0vh/ sruwdqwr/ txh d jhudr gh xpd svhxgrphglgd shod vxewudr gr huur


jurvvhlur gd phglgd hvsuld dihwd d vrpd srqghudgd gr txdgudgr grv uhvgxrv qr vhqwlgr
gh holplqdu ghvwd txdqwlgdgh d frqwulexlr gd phglgd ruljlqdophqwh lqfruuhwd1

 sdud Surfhvvdphqwr gh Huurv Jurvvhlurv


6181 Pwrgr e
618141 Ghvfulr gr Pwrgr
 sdud ghwhfr h lghqwlfdr gh huurv jurvvhlurv irl ruljlqdophqwh
R fkdpdgr Pwrgr e
sursrvwr frpr xpd dowhuqdwlyd sdud r whvwh aE  frqyhqflrqdophqwh xvdgr qr hvwjlr gh
ghwhfr1 R pwrgr edvhld0vh qd frqvlghudr gh txh d ydulyho q gdgd shod Ht1 6157
srgh vhu lqwhusuhwdgd frpr xpd hvwlpdwlyd gr huur dvvrfldgr phglgd/ lvwr / gh txdqwr
d phglgd glvfuhsdqwh gdv ghpdlv1 Frpsdudqgr0vh d pdjqlwxgh ghvwd glvfuhsqfld frp
xp olpldu bj/ rqgh j r ghvylr0sdgur gd phglgd frqvlghudgd h b xp lqwhlur xvxdophqwh
frqvlghudgr ljxdo d e/ srvvyho vh frqfoxlu vh r huur hvw rx qr irud gd idl{d hvshudgd
gh j1
Uhfrqvlghuh d Ht1 6157/ uh0hvfuhyhqgr0d qd irupd=
j2
q & ' s &  o&
`&&

+6163,

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

78

rqgh r qglfh & lqglfd txdqwlgdghv dvvrfldgdv phglgd &1 D pdjqlwxgh gr huur/ h{suhvvd
hp qphurv gh ghvylrv0sdgur/ hqwr gdgd sru=

K& ' m q & m ' sj&  m o& m
j&
`&&

+6164,

D sduwlu gdv frqvlghudhv dflpd/ srvvyho sursru r vhjxlqwh dojrulwpr/ txh qd


uhdolgdgh vh suhvwd wdqwr ghwhfr txdqwr lghqwlfdr gh huurv jurvvhlurv1
618151 Dojrulwpr
41 Hvwlpdu rv hvwdgrv h fdofxodu rv uhvgxrv qrupdol}dgrv o& sdud wrgdv dv phglgdv
fruuhqwhphqwh glvsrqyhlv dr hvwlpdgru>
51 Vhmd  d phglgd frp d pdlru pdjqlwxgh gh uhvgxr qrupdol}dgr1 Fdofxodu K / d
sduwlu gd Ht1 6159>
61 Vh K  b/ d phglgd & frqvlghudgd yolgd/ frqfoxlqgr0vh hp frqvhtqfld txh qr
k huur jurvvhlur hqwuh dv phgldv frqvlghudgdv qr sdvvr 41 Vh K : b/ d phglgd 
frqvlghudgd sruwdgrud gh huur jurvvhlur1 Survvhjxlu frp d hwdsd 71
71 Holplqdu d phglgd  gr sodqr gh phglr h uhwruqdu dr sdvvr 41

6191 H{hufflrv
41 Vhmd r vlvwhpd gh srwqfld gd Ilj1 +614,1 Dv ohlwxud grv phglgruhv vr dv vhjxlqwhv
+hp s1x1,=
|2c2 ' c SD |2c2 ' c .2
 ' 2c b.
2 ' 2c be |c2 ' c b
Dv ydulqfldv grv phglgruhv su{lprv eduud vr ljxdlv d fc f2 s1x1/ hqtxdqwr
txh dv gdtxhohv su{lprv eduud 5 vr gh fc fe s1x11
41

41 Xvh r pwrgr grv pqlprv txdgudgrv srqghudgrv sdud hvwlpdu B 2 h dv txdq0


wlgdghv phglgdv/ wrpdqgr r qjxor gd eduud frpr uhihuqfld>
51 Xvh r whvwh aE  frp suredelolgdgh gh idovr doduph gh fI sdud lqyhvwljdu d
suhvhqd gh huurv jurvvhlurv>




% ' fDf

 ' f fJ


R


R2


olqkd 4

%2 ' fef

2 ' f B 2

olqkd 5

Iljxuh 614= Vlvwhpd sdud H{hufflr 41

Prghodjhp hp Whpsr Uhdo gh Vlvwhpdv gh Srwqfld 0 JVS2HHO2XIVF

79

Wdeoh 615= Wdehod gh gdgrv sdud H{hufflr 6


Phglgd
ydoru gh 5
o
  fS


2
|2
|2
2
2
ff
ff2
DfD
Df2 2fS 
fff.D ff22 f2 fD f2bf fDD
Dff
eHf
SbD
SbD
eSD Df2

61 Vdehqgr0vh txh rv hohphqwrv gldjrqdlv gd pdwul} gh vhqvlelolgdgh grv uhvgxrv


vr gdgrv sru=
_@}E5 ' ifc bD2 fc HDf fc b2D fc DD fc .D.j
rqgh d phvpd rughqdr gdv ohlwxudv grv phglgruhv xwlol}dgd/ hqfrqwuh r
yhwru gh uhvgxrv qrupdol}dgrv>
71 Vh r whvwh qr lwhp +414, irl srvlwlyr=
41 Lghqwltxh d phglgd sruwdgrud gh huur jurvvhlur>
51 Uhfxshuh0d1
51 Sdud r H{hufflr 5 gr Fdswxor 5/ dsoltxh xp whvwh aE  frp suredelolgdgh gh idovr
doduph gh DI sdud ghwhfwdu d suhvhqd gh huurv jurvvhlurv/ h lghqwltxh dv phglgdv
huuqhdv vh d ghwhfr iru srvlwlyd1
61 Dsv d hvwlpdr gh hvwdgrv sdud xp vlvwhpd gh gxdv eduudv h sodqr gh phglr
frpsrvwr sru vhlv phglgdv/ irudp revhuydgrv rv ydoruhv frqvwdqwhv gd Wdehod 6151
Dv ydulqfldv gdv phglgdv vr ljxdlv d E*b  f3e sdud dv phglgdv gh whqvr h
E*b  f32 sdud dv ghpdlv phglgdv1
 sdud ghwhfwdu h lghqwlfdu xpd srvvyho phglgd sruwdgrud gh
41 Dsoltxh r whvwh0e
huur jurvvhlur>
51 Qd klswhvh gh dshqdv xpd phglgd vhu jurvvhlud/ uhfxshuh0d1
71 Sdud r vlvwhpd gr H{hufflr 6 gr Fdswxor 5=
41 Fdofxoh aE w h idd r whvwh gh ghwhfr frp suredelolgdgh gh idovr doduph gh
4 (1 Vh krxyhu huur jurvvhlur/ lghqwltxh0r/ xvdqgr r pwrgr grv uhvgxrv
srqghudgrv>
51 Dsoltxh r whvwh0 K sdud frqupdu r uhvxowdgr dsrqwdgr shod vroxr gr lwhp 4141
Hp fdvr gh vh frqfoxlu shod suhvhqd gh huur jurvvhlur/ lghqwltxh h uhfxshuh
d phglgd frqwdplqdgd shor phvpr1
81 Prvwuh txh d vrpd srqghudgd grv txdgudgrv grv uhvgxrv qr pwrgr gd htxdr
qrupdo srgh vhu h{suhvvd frpr=
A
A
a ' {3A +3{3 n w B w  2 w M

rqgh B d pdwul} jdqkr h M ' OA +3{31

You might also like