Chemistry Page 1 of 9 Final Exam Review ‘What would be the same between 1 mole of lead and 1 mole of sodium? 1 mole of lead and | micle of Sodiom wovld bela Wart 602x107 adonns « Uw ‘What would be the different between I mole of lead and 1 mole of sodium? | mole of ead would Wave a mass of 207 9 auch Viole oF Sodivn would have @ mass of 235) 2. Determine the percent composition of; a. Calcium phosphate = CofPOq),_ Co- 3x You = o/s > 38.7% P- 2x 81.0 = U2Y310 2 | 20.0% O = Gx WO = 128/800 = | 4.3% b. KNO, Ke Lx 3d = Brides = fis} 1x 4.0 = 14.0 /851 N 2x 02m of: Tote 3. What isan empirical formula? Forenula showing Yn Simplest ratio of Whe elemints. Nok alway? oO aa Wee formule. ex: CLO What is a molecular formula? The trve formula of « molecule. This Con lee determintd by The molecular formula is not aluagy He smellesh rete ex Cully Oy, Can an empirical and molecular formula ever be the same? Explain. po, tra imalecvlor mass 18 efjunt to Hua empirical mass sain the rue Formula (mcleewlar Formule) IF egual to Ha Sweplest focenvia (eragireal forme) 4, What is the molecular formula of a compound with an empirical formula of CHQCI and molecular empirical mats ass of 129 2? Co tx too fl Pamecdar tareda Hey bo empirical mess: 12% 9 CpR,0, Clg, O- Ja OO = OHS epeeeaee Cle 355° 3 5. Determine the empirical formulas for each compound using the following information: a, 58% Rb, 9.50% N, 32.5% O Re 984/855 678/078 =I N 450g/i4.0 oes ? ZoNO;) O° susy)ie O4 7 208/.078 =3 © b. 49.62% C, 10.82% H, 39.56% O H 10,82) 1.04 ees O B4,S6/I.0 ys 247/217 = aa C 44.62/i2.05 = 4S /27 +168 (1%) x 3 FS s /' 10.82 /2.47 = 4.38 ata) x 3 * . Css Os x3 FChemistry Page 2 of 9 Final Exam Review Unit 12 — metry ~ 6. Flow do you determine the mole ratio of two compounds involved in a chemical reaction? ~ O look act the Coxflicients (iar numbers in front of formula) LL oF tne balanced eguation 7. What is the correct mole ratio of hydrogen to water in the following reaction (balance first 2m + 0; +2m07 Z mal Me Z mo\ 0! 8. What is a limiting reagent? : Tha reagent (qeactast) hak opts used vp fursks (4 atworp matin tess of & predect) 9, What is an excess reagent? eee een Preece lk overs \ The eeaqenk Ceenetast) that will i 5 Cin ie eng me os agate hal ded 10, Given (balance first): NH +70 = M +4ho Ifyou begin with 0.79 moles of NoH,, then how many grams of No are produced? +719 moles Naty | Lomo) Np 2604gN2 TSN qc Satta, ae . Ifyou end up with 3.5 L of No gas at STP, how many grams of HO must also be produced? Li molne-| 4 sole | 1604 V0 — — <\\\, WO ee alae [ates “a el 11. Given (balance first): Zre + 3H0 + FeO; + 3h 4. If21.0 grams of water react, how many grams of ifon oxide are produced? 405 2104-170] Vseol-He0 | | moolferOs | 159.l04 Fe2d, G2 Oy AZO [3 malatgO” | | mol Fesos b. When 41 grams of water react with 167 grams of Fe, which is the limiting reactant? =) = Tb mal FeO, ‘Bho, as lg Ba0'| \ mad-veO | | maal Fess 804 WO |3 mol Aro C Weg Fe | | mol Fe | 1 mol FeO, : : dee eee seaaeeeeeeegaat SSF | 2 mol Fe 203Chemistry Page 3 of 9 Final Exam Review Unit 13 Bonding and Forces =, 12. What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonds? Give an example of each type. ©r © Tonic ~ electrons ramsfered , matel with nonmetal , ext Kr; Ca(NOs)g Covalent - Electrons Shared, 2+ nowmetals ; ex: NO, 5 HO" CynOu 13, What is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds? Polar Covalent bond electrons Shared Uneguall ex: HHO pulled loser A onyyen Nongdlar covalent leond- electrons shored equally gy. a pulled evenly 14, What is electronegativity? : Gectronaqativitty 1s He ability of on fom fo pull eecrans off of another oom 15, What does an electronegativity difference between an atom with eN= 2.6 and one with an eN= 3.5 indicate about the polarity of a bond that would form between them? Electronagativity difference = 49 which means He bond will be o poor Covalent bord. Tha more eh ator will ce siiqutty, - (57) 16. Show the polar nature of a bond between (use 6+ or 6- where appropriate): b 17. For the following compounds: (1) Draw the Lewis Dot structure; (2) Determine the shape, according to the VSEPR theory; and (3) Label as polar or nonpolar molecules. a NH. © Headimtl ®rrigorad pyramidal oe t ® paler © ® Akroladral @ con-golar ® tinar @ Polar 18. What are the three types of intermolecular forces and their relative strengths? Hydeagan loonds ~ Shengest of the Hret iateymsleslow forces Dipae- digsie Roreee~ chronage Yan ED Frits bot sealer than Hobowdiag Forans. London-dispersion Forces~ weakust of Hae iakevinalecular Fores 19. Which of the three intermolecular forces would cause a material to have a higher boiling point or melting point? Which would cause the Lowest boiling point or melting point? = A substena wiln He PMSeree of Helbonds lriucan molecvles would nave Bae Wighest Wang and boiliag points. ‘ - A sultans wa LO Brats pekwtan molecules vsevld Weve lowest lositing felting, pole 20. How do London Dispersion forces occur? a Vohin monepolar molécoles become demporaily polar, Forming, m very Short-heed aigole 21. Name what kind of intermolecular force would occur between identical molecules for each of the following: Explain how you know for each. © a CChH b. 10 & CO, Dipole Expat A-Bonds \ \Lendon-diggesion\ > Because nie 1S > Become ir ~~ Reause Wis 1S ir maple ew\ Jar maatecsle rongdar yslec ue 1 polar molecwie oper meee O nongslor vi Yaak has yout we FM 2 © :Chemistry Page 4 of 9 Final Exam Review Unit.14~ Solutions eS 22. What is the difference between a heterogeneous and homogenous mixture? CS Womogewovt owxtes, are evenly ried : Heleroereovs wictwres art fuk” evenly miixeel 23. Classify a solution, colloid, and suspension as being either heterogeneous or homogeneous mixtures. Salviens are homocgreous Glloids + Svegensions are helerogtnaovs 24, Define: a Solution- A mivture -thak 1s evenly tized , oven whin viewed onder A Miroscort- b. Colloids Unertn wirctore Haak appears an, until leaking closer Lontie & vnieroscaps) © Suspension Uresen mintvre where you Gan clearly sue different parts, 25, What does the phrase “likes dissolve likes” mean? pote Polar guogtenas will disselve in polar Solvents. Grnic compovids art polar ) 16. What ene, Saesteanes at Sisal in nowpear fovaes tare electrolytes : make good electrolytes flechetce are solcnone ak Cam Condver electvicity ecense Hains hawt rorya pore Yat can move, Tenic Compomds ynaler Good alecire bytes. 27. How are the solubility conditions of gases different than the solubility conditions for solids? Gases dissolve butler Undiy high pressure, and in cold Solvents. Solids disealse Water whin broken into Smaller pustichsa, in Warn Solvents, if shrred a (Co 28, whatis the difference between a satureted, unsaturated, and supersaturated solution? © > Saturedid — SoWRONS. are fll’ witln Solve And Cannot dissolve more under | > unsaturated salvh@r - ore net Ral yr, and Can Continue to dissalve moe solvics Fo iupeceatmael solutions are volding wore Solute than normal ak dhe presink Condihors How does each appear? il ewe Con appear dear, Tht seturaktd soln mau Wart extn (visible) particles settled out oF Hu Solution. How would you test each? é cae To -KSt all Solyhono, ade_o- lie mers Seo ‘ ee I Gham, eas tater sen 74 was supersaturated REESE cst to come pour : TSU Tisch Su Ssownien was SAtvreted. a 29. What is tie molarity off a NaOH solution that has a volume of 320.0 mL and 24.2 gofNaQH? Use: S'=M 7820 24.2 Lincel NOX 6 Gisinel WAOlk Pee eee — > Nadli see oe ano Oe MON [faa meal 30. How would you prepare a 140 mL. solution of 0.80 M NaOH from a stock solution of 50M? Use, MN,= Ney. Ne ar % SO Ma Ve = 090M * WYO ml BE Se [aia oh SOM Stock sclvtion | is used ity [WSab oF water, © C51, what ate colligative properties? ee “The properties oF o SSWHION Hut differ From HAL progerties oF © Port Solvent. ‘What are the 2 major colligative properties we learned about? Beiting, point elevation and Freerieg prick Ceemssion,Chemistry Pages of 9 Final Exam Review Unit 15- Acids and Bases Advanced 32. What is the Bronsted-Lowry definition of an acid and a base? Reds ace HY donors Bases oe UT acceptors 33. What is the significance of the Bransted-Lowry definitions? “The Brpnskel-Lowry definition iS WOT limid to apueous Solvkm™S gad iH con bE used for Swestardes, shad Somahinas ect aS acids and sometinus as bases (amphoteric) 34, What is the pH for a solution that has [OH] = 6.0 x 10? Classify as strong/weak and acid/base. G oe Wate 2761074 eal tM) =(3.3 Meee 35. What is th€ pH for a solution that has |=3.3 x 10°? Classify as strong/weak and acid/base. eH= —loa(3.3 x 107K) = => weak oxid 36, What is the difference between a strong and weak acid in terms of ionization? A gyrong acd jerites more completely (8O%" Ionization) A weak ocid iomreg incomelerd (620% ionractien) 37, What are the products of an acid and base neutralization reaction? water adm Salt prodvet 38. Describe what a titration is: Addit of on acid or lease with @ Known Concentration (titrant) fo om unknown Concentration lmase or acid-containing an indicator, When Ye Ocid=torlease reaction rladnes se eppivalente porn Hae Indicador cl Color and Ura ealantid equation + doidniometny con Yor used 40 detctenind, Sia unknown — Concentration. What is the purpose of performing a titration? . ae To be able 70 determing Yu Contanivasdion (Molex) OF on unis acid of base, 39. What is the equivalence point? Point whan Gitj= Goud. 40 produce Hii water and. Salt products of the walanced! nivtralization reaction: 40. How to know when you have reached the equivalence point during a titration? e you cheose the Correct Tadicator, Hx indicator will change. Color at the “pvaence pointe 41, Sketch a titration curve for the following titrations: a. Strong acid-Strong Base b. Weak Acid-Strong Base c, Strong Acid-Weak Base "4 % " "| “ as fj a & yt . x 4s 1 Hiren volume oO Pitrant velome Cp traat volome 42. Use the Bransted-Lowry definitions of acids to identify each reactant as an acid, a base, conjugate acid, and conjugate base: ee yer 7 hee?” toen0r a KOH + HBr > KBr + H,O Baw Reid pete ai ae Sey se / ie a ugar b HCl + moO > rea ass 130° See Con tony eis Oo ‘onde io!Chemistry Page 6 of 9 Final Exam Review Unit 16 — Energy and Thermodynamics c 43. What does +AH and —AH indicate about a reaction? Ail is incase in foal exc (tidy) = endoharric} Ht & deze ft ene O 44. What does +AS and ~AS indicate abot a reaction? (oninadp4) = Exothar anit +S 15 Inertase in disorder (enf¥apy) | —0S is decrease. in disorder (seer )-beconue Morg oy 45. Draw a rough sketch of an energy diagraih for an exothermic reaction and one for an chdotherinic reaction. R Exothermic: x Endothermic: 5 le < 3 ~ & in PaXacse) 46. Using Hess’ Law, calculate the change of enthalpy for the following reactions. CHa NHS (s) 9 HCN ig) +3 Hae AH=? 7 Endotharmic Run Given: al Lali Naw + 3 Hy > 2NHx ' a = |Fie Cw + 2H > CH 3 AEH Baa t2C«y+ Naw > 2HCNe q 7 roa Ae ¢| Nhs Fea Bray | fos” Sh 415.9 ey 3 Chg Liar LO etal b> THA ET \ dasiced = Prsbs Wg NOWey sous Meer ey Mii Sie Rcdes 47. Using Hess! Law, calculate the change of enthalpy for the 2Al@ + 3Ch@ > 2AIC o AH=? Given: Exoteueme Ben) HJ— LAL t 6HCheg> 2 AICI ga + 3H I HCl > HCl 3 3 Hay + Ck > 2HCkg, & a AlClyy > _AlChuy 3 BAlay * LaBeragy > BBs + Sty AH = “1044, KT é key rf “Hdd ET Big? 3U pyr _bbthey 5535, KT Ren Polonia _Blegas> 2A BRET GH AT ZA\ay + BClaey —> ZAlCsey Ab 6387 KS) oe [2b 38ut KT) 48, In order forte resent be guaranteed spomtaneows, wham De Te tons of etbaly and entopy? -bH, + AS ‘What about for a guaranteed nonpsontaneous reaction? +n, -AS 49, Describe Gibb's Free energy ina reaction, if spontaneous AG2{-DG) Ifnonspontancous AG? Gibbs Free energy is Ye Change in energy Goailable 4 do work. 1 BG is ragative tha means free energy i's being relédsec? and can be used to contiaue thy rn 50, A reaction has AH=-355 kJ and AS= -36JACand ocurs at 25°C: Calculate the AG. Is the reaction SBOrtaneous? Seoaveye eat BEsHeti us Ten 5 G+ ~ 355 WT ~ (28% WX, 08 wep) = [— 344 KT, Spomtar 51, A reaction has AH= -220 kJ and AS= -38-4K and occurs at 77*C. Calculate the AG. Is the reaction spontaneous? 5 Stote or nee _ ee @= -220 wf (350. K « ~.o38 ka) =[=207 KT) Spontanens ren] 52, Which state of matter has the highest entropy? (Ges Lowest entropy? {Solid isonChemistry Page 7 of 9 Final Exam Review Unity tes and Ki um 53. At equilibrium, how does the rate of the forward reaction compare to the reverse reaction? Ab eppilitorivn Hat fonoard ord reverse Cat ore egal How do the concentrations of the reactants compare to the products? The Concentrations or omovats of yeacteats to products may lee mort, less, o¢ equal 40 each ober, 54, What does it mean if the Keq is greater than 1? Prodvets art Favored aver reactos$S, rn is 'sorrensous. Keqis equal to.1? Newer reacts, nor predvcts are favored more, Rave same Hauorability. Keqis less than 1? Penctants art Favored over products; rxn iS nonspontansous ‘ilibrit we ne woles, ducts frou legions 55. How is the equilibrium constant calculated? _ Craduet Px CPredvet TY Meee ys Oe 2. Ceedet Sn Cerodv ct” “ 1s of reactoads fom lanlancedl “ [emcroh TR uactant Ts tg ceaebent tp ‘What types of compounds affect the equilibrium constant? Gases anal agueous Compounds aflect the epuilibrivm constant. Tarure © 56. What is Le Chatelier’s Principle? Principle nad Stakes that IF stress is applied too Systern An dynamic eguillorvmn, Hae systern will Shift in HAR direction that hes Welieve par added” sires, 57. Which direction is favored if the following characteristics are increased during a reaction: a. Pressure - toward Side wit b, Temperature ~ touard side _¢. Concentration of the reactants - tassel oO WSS wales of o gas. cava From heat enerqyiia) — Ye products, amen from reacts (C 55. Ata temperature of 25°C, the concentrations (M) of the reactants and products for the reaction involving carbonic acid and water are: [H,CO,}= 035 M (H,0'}=.00054M — [HCO,]=.00036 M yinared ——, The reaction is + HCO sy HO > HO + HCOso9 aT ee lige What is the K,, value for the reaction at equilibrium in a dilute aqueous solution? _ (e228 +) (0008 6) ET ig gy, Trxcoa (oss? a) Keg <1 so reactants ot 59. Whatis activation energy? Gosored and is nowspontunios Aecoont of entigy needid ts eo reaction stared i : ele. Gnd Form Yat atfivation com alee) 60, Draw a rough sketch of an energy diagram for a reaction and label the activation’energy. Then, draw a dotted line to show what a catalyst does to the activation energy. Label the change in enthalpy for the reaction. Endothermic reaction: Exothermic reaction: =e eal Cast xLacos} Pootalyst Tomes Hak aetivaston Eran in a) realdins RO —— ea © 61. List the five mais factbrs that affect the rate of reaction, Explain haw each (of the 5) effects reaction rates, Contantratton"Pcontrtradion IncrekS wakes by increasing # of porles seartfort wore callSinds Temperature ~ 1 Temperatont Ineeenine rake Wa) Spuadinn JP particles, YuereFore men celles, Pressure mT pressure increases rake EQS in reaches ky inertisien * oF Cellsiong Poctecle Site particle siea increases Surface arte WA'On wacant "mort Chainer for ColUsions.Chemistry Page 8 of 9 Final Exam Review ‘ Oo eletradumical Reaction when electrons are being gained (GER) OQ 63. What is oxidation? Electrechemieal halP-reaction where electrons cane being lost (Leo) 64, Describe where both oxidation and reduction take place in an electrochemical cell? i ) Oxidation falees place at he anode ‘Ail Cats go Gee as An Ode to leo Reduction takes place ot Hu Cathode ¢ oe ee — 65. The more positive the electrode potential (voltage) value means the electrode is more likely a cathode ot anode? Cathode 66. What is another term for a galvanic cell? a ‘bodter 57. Draw a galvanic cell setup. Labbl allof the pats e- ore always mov! From Fru Omede. YoWard Yat Caddna de orn dhecerolyre Solve Half -celh Hat -ceit 68. Assign oxidation numbers: ie a. MnO, b. NHS KEIO, 69. What is the standard cell voltage for: Cy + 2 Ag* uy > CO yay +2 ABws . Given: Ag’ yt & > Ass CH eqt2e > Cay user 70. Balance the two.reqox reactions using the half-reaction method: a ASS 1) +NO(@) eared ox 23359 Zaw * DE GD) ware egRut + INO}, G7 NOs ~ BO Dip FAW + ZNO — > Tye + ZNO * ZthOH eae G2) ox » 26 20 : G3) eB + 3P CLs Plo 7 C 2Ce + 3PB* > 2Cr* = 3h \ © BRTChemistry ; Page 9 of 9 Final Exam Review Unit 19 — Nuclear Cher 71, What does the top number in a nuclear symbol represent? 6 Mass of Hu nuclevs Cotonie mass) str 72, What does the bottom number in a nuclear symbol represent? # of protons in nucleus (atomic number) 73, List each type of decay and write the particle symbol. Beta_decay — bein partels (10) is veleased as product Algha. decay = Alpha particle (fk) is released) as product fasion emission positron pertils (G2) is released as prodvet Electron Caplre- electron particle Gas captured as reactant high energy Gamma ray (y) is released as prodvet 74, Write the nuclear decay equation for the following reactions. a. alpha decay of Radium-228. 228 Wee 224 gake je + Ry tt decay of Chine, 40 °, 4o — ntl fe + A, ‘75, What is a half-life? Fine it tds for hall of Hee ynaterioll te dicany, 76, How many half-lives are required for half (1/2) of a sample of an isotope to decay? (n=) YZ remaini % Seca (78)? Me remaining (nz 3) Three quarters (9/4)? Yay remainian (a= 2) 77. An antifact is found to have 25% of carbon-14 what an object is found to have today. If the half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years, how old is the object? mr ot 7 25% ea Ye Wy r28% I 4 ee, 67 WYO years i 18, What is the half-life of an isotope if 25g of @ 100 g remains after 5 years? St. 94 Yan Less) eae 25 ype S yesO ©