Toan Mai Thcsdongthai

SKKN: ng dng ca gi tr tuyt i trong gii ton
PHN I: L DO NGHIN CU
I. C s l lun
Trong qu trnh pht trin, x hi lun ra nhng yu cu mi cho s
nghip o to con ngi. Chnh v vy m dy Ton khng ngng c b
sung v i mi p ng vi s ra i ca n v s i hi ca x hi. V vy
mi ngi gio vin ni chung phi lun lun tm ti, sng to, i mi phng
php dy hc p ng vi ch trng i mi ca ng v Nh nc t ra.
Trong chng trnh mn ton cc lp THCS kin thc v Gi tr tuyt
i khng nhiu song li rt quan trng, l nhng tin c bn hc sinh
tip tc hc ln cp THPT.
Khi gii ton c p dng Gi tr tuyt i i hi hc sinh phi nm vng
cc kin thc c bn v phng trnh, h phng trnh, cc php bin i i
s... Hc sinh bit vn dng linh hot, sng to cc kin thc, k nng t n
gin n phc tp.
ng dng ca Gi tr tuyt i trong gii ton gip hc sinh pht trin
t duy, pht huy tnh tch cc ch ng, sng to trong gii ton. ng thi gio
dc t tng, thc,thi , lng say m hc ton cho hc sinh.
II. C s thc tin
Gi tr tuyt i l loi ton m hc sinh THCS coi l loi ton kh, nhiu
hc sinh khng bit cch p dng Gi tr tuyt i gii ton nh th no? C
nhng phng php no? Mt khc, ni dung thi vo cp THPT c p dng Gi
tr tuyt i rt hn ch nn hc sinh li cng khng ch .
Cc bi ton v ng dng ca Gi tr tuyt i l mt dng ton hay v
kh, c nhiu trong cc thi hc sinh gii cc cp, thi vo lp 10 THPT. Tuy
nhin, cc ti liu vit v vn ny rt hn ch hoc cha h thng thnh cc
phng php nht nh gy nhiu kh khn trong vic hc tp ca hc sinh,
cng nh trong cng tc t bi dng ca gio vin.
GV: Tng Th Thanh Mai- Trng THCS ng Thi Ty H

Mt khc, vic tm hiu cc phng php gii c ng dng Gi tr tuyt
i hin nay cn t gio vin nghin cu.
V vy vic nghin cu cc phng php gii bi ton c ng dng Gi
tr tuyt i l rt thit thc, gip gio vin nm vng ni dung v xc nh
c phng php ging dy phn ny t hiu qu, gp phn nng cao cht
lng dy v hc, c bit l cht lng hc sinh gii v gio vin gii cc
trng THCS.
III. Mc ch nghin cu
+ Nghin cu v ng dng ca Gi tr tuyt i trong gii ton gip gio
vin nng cao nng lc t nghin cu, ng thi vn dng tng hp cc tri thc
hc, m rng, o su v hon thin hiu bit. T c phng php ging
dy phn ny c hiu qu.
+ Nghin cu vn ny nm c nhng thun li, kh khn khi dy hc
phn Gi tr tuyt i trong bi dng hc sinh kh gii, t nh hng nng
cao cht lng dy v hc mn ton.
+ Nghin cu vn ny cn gip gio vin c t liu tham kho v dy thnh
cng v Gi tr tuyt i.
IV. Nhim v nghin cu
1. Nghin cu v tnh hnh dy hc v hc vn ny nh trng.
2. H thng ho mt s phng php gii c ng dng Gi tr tuyt i.
3. Tm hiu mc v kt qu t c khi trin khai ti.
4. Phn tch rt ra bi hc kinh nghim.
V. Phm vi v i tng nghin cu
1. i tng nghin cu:
a. Cc ti liu
b. Gio vin, hc sinh kh gii trng THCS ng Thi.

2. Phm vi nghin cu:
Cc phng php ng dng ca Gi tr tuyt i trong gii ton thng
gp THCS.
VI. Phng php nghin cu
1. Phng php nghin cu ti liu.
2. Phng php iu tra, kho st.
3. Phng php th nghim.
4. Phng php tng kt kinh nghim.
VII. Gi thuyt khoa hc
Nng cao cht lng dy v hc trong v sau khi nghin cu p dng sng
kin kinh nghim, gip cho gio vin dy c hiu qu cao hn, hc sinh ham
thch hc dng ton ny hn.

PHN II: NI DUNG
A. L thuyt gi tr tuyt i.
1. nh ngha: Khong cch t im a n im 0 trn trc s l gi tr
tuyt i ca mt s a (a l s thc).
* Gi tr tuyt i ca s khng m l chnh n, gi tr tuyt i ca s m
l s i ca n.
Tng qut: Nu
Nu
a0 a a
a 0 a a
Nu x-a 0=> = x-a

Nu x-a 0=> = a-x
2. Tnh cht
* Gi tr tuyt i ca mi s u khng m
* Tng qut:
a 0
vi mi a R
* C th:
=0 <=> a=0
0 <=> a 0
* Hai s bng nhau hoc i nhau th c gi tr tuyt i bng nhau, v
ngc li hai s c gi tr tuyt i bng nhau th chng l hai s bng nhau
hoc i nhau.
ab
a b
Tng qut: a b
* Mi s u ln hn hoc bng i ca gi tr tuyt i ca n v ng

thi nh hn hoc bng gi tr tuyt i ca n.
Tng qut:
a a a
a a a 0; a a a 0
* Trong hai s m s no nh hn th c gi tr tuyt i ln hn.

Tng qut: Nu
ab0 a b

* Trong hai s dng s no nh hn th c gi tr tuyt i nh hn
Tng qut: Nu
0ab a b
* Gi tr tuyt i ca mt tch bng tch cc gi tr tuyt i.

Tng qut:
a.b a . b
* Gi tr tuyt i ca mt thng bng thng hai gi tr tuyt i.

a
a
b
b
Tng qut:
* Bnh phng ca gi tr tuyt i ca mt s bng bnh phng s .

Tng qut:
a2
* Tng hai gi tr tuyt i ca hai s lun ln hn hoc bng gi tr tuyt

i ca hai s, du bng xy ra khi v ch khi hai s cng du.
Tng qut:
a b ab
a b a b a.b 0
B. Cc dng ton :
I. Tm gi tr ca x tho mn ng thc c cha du gi tr tuyt i.
1. Dng 1:
A(x) k
(Trong A(x) l biu thc cha x, k l mt s cho trc)

* Cch gii:
- Nu k < 0 th khng c gi tr no ca x tho mn ng thc (V gi tr tuyt
i ca mi s u khng m).
- Nu k = 0 th ta c
A( x ) 0 A( x ) 0
A( x) k
A( x) k
- Nu k > 0 th ta c: A( x) k
Bi 1.1: Tm x, bit:
a)
2x 5 4
b)
1
5
1
2x
3
4
4
c)
1
1
1
x
2
5
3
d)
3
7
2x 1
4
8

Gii:
a)
2x 5 4
2x 5 = 4
* 2x 5 = 4
* 2x 5 = 4
2x = 9
2x = 5 4
x = 4,5
2x = 1
x = 0,5
Vy:
x = 4,5 ; x =0,5
b)
1
5
1
2x
3
4
4
5
1 1 1
2x
4
3 4 12
1
5
4 2 x 12
2x

5 2x 1
2x
4
12
5 1 14

4 12 12
5 1 14
4 12 12
7
12
8
x
12
x
Vy: x
7
8
;
12 12
Bi 1.2: Tm x, bit:
a)
2 2x 3
1
2
b)
c)
7,5 3 5 2 x 4,5
4
3,75 2,15
15
Bi 1.3: Tm x, bit:
a)
2 3x 1 1 5
b)
x
1 3
2
2 1
3,5
5
2
c)
b)
d)
4,5
b)
11 3
1
7
: 4x
4
2
5
2
d)
1
1
2
3
5
Bi 1.4: Tm x, bit:
1 3
5%
4 4
a)
c)
3 4
3
7
x
2 5
4
4
3
1
5
x
2
4
4
3 1
5
5
x
4 2
3
6
Bi 1.5: Tm x, bit:
a)
6,5
9
1
: x 2
4
3

c)
15
3
1
2,5 : x
3
4
4
2
2. Dng 2:
d)
A(x) B(x)
21
x 2
3:
6
5
4 3
(Trong A(x) v B(x) l hai biu thc cha x)
* Cch gii:
ab
a b
Vn dng tnh cht: a b
A( x) B( x)
A( x) B( x)
Ta c: A( x) B( x)
Bi 2.1: Tm x, bit:
a)
5x 4 x 2
c)
2 3x 4 x 3
b)
2 x 3 3x 2 0
d)
7 x 1 5x 6 0
Gii:
a)
5x 4 x 2
* 5x 4 = x + 2
* 5x 4 = x 2
5x x = 2 + 4
5x + x = 2 + 4
4x = 6
6x = 2
x =1,5
x=
Vy: x= 1,5 ; x=
Bi 2.2: Tm x, bit:
a)
3
1
x
4x 1
2
2
c)
7
2
4
1
x
x
5
3
3
4
3. Dng 3:
A(x) B(x)
b)
5
7
5
3
x x
0
4
2
8
5
d)
7
5
1
x x5 0
8
6
2
(Trong A(x) v B(x) l hai biu thc cha x)
* Cch 1: Ta thy nu B(x) < 0 th khng c gi tr no ca x tho mn

v gi tr tuyt i ca mi s u khng m. Do vy ta gii nh sau:
A( x ) B ( x )
(1)
iu kin: B(x) 0 (*)
A( x) B( x)
A( x) B( x)
(1) Tr thnh A( x) B( x)
(i chiu gi tri x tm c vi iu kin (*))

* Cch 2: Chia khong xt iu kin b du gi tr tuyt i:
Nu
a0 a a
Nu
a 0 a a
Ta gii nh sau:
A( x ) B ( x )
(1)
Nu A(x) 0 th (1) tr thnh: A(x) = B(x) ( i chiu gi tr x tm c

vi iu kin )
Nu A (x ) < 0 th (1) tr thnh: - A(x) = B(x) ( i chiu gi tr x tm
c vi iu kin )
V d: Tm x Q bit =2x
2
(TMK)
5
* Xt x+ 0 , ta c x +
= 2x x
*Xt x+ < 0 , ta c x +
= 2x x
Vy : x
2
(Khng TMK)
15
2
5
Bi 3.1: Tm x, bit:
a)
1
x 3 2x
2
b)
x 1 3x 2
c)
5 x x 12
d)
7 x 5x 1
Bi 3.2: Tm x, bit:
a)
b)
9 x 2x
5 x 3x 2
c)
x 6 9 2x
d)
2 x 3 x 21
Bi 3.3: Tm x, bit:
a)
4 2 x 4 x
b)
3x 1 2 x
c)
x 15 1 3 x
d)
2x 5 x 2
3x 2 1 x
c)
3x 7 2 x 1
d)
2x 1 1 x
Bi 3.4: Tm x, bit:
a)
2x 5 x 1
b)
Bi 3.5: Tm x, bit:

a)
b)
x5 5 x
c)
x7 x 7
3x 4 4 3x
d)
7 2x 7 2x
4. Dng 4: ng thc cha nhiu du gi tr tuyt i.

* Cch gii: Lp bng xt iu kin b du gi tr tuyt i:
A( x ) B ( x ) C ( x ) m
Cn c bng trn xt tng khong gii bi ton (i chiu iu kin tng ng).
V d1 : Tm x bit rng
x 1 x 3 2x 1 (1)
Nhn xt: Nh trn chng ta bin i c biu thc cha du gi tr tuyt

i thnh cc biu thc khng cha du gi tr tuyt i. Vy ta s bin i biu
thc v tri ca ng thc trn. T s tm c x
Gii:
Xt
x 1 = 0 x = 1; x 1 < 0 x < 1; x 1 > 0 x > 1

x 3 = 0 x = 3; x 3 < 0 x < 3; x 3 > 0 x > 3
Ta c bng xt du cc a thc x 1 v x 3 di y:
x
x1
x3
1
0
3
+
+
+
Xt khong x < 1 ta c:
(1) (1 x ) + ( 3 x ) = 2x 1
2x + 4
x=
= 2x 1
5
(gi tr ny khng thuc khong ang xt)
4
Xt khong 1 x 3 ta c:
(1) (x 1 ) + ( 3 x ) = 2x 1
2
x =
= 2x 1
3
( gi tr ny thuc khong ang xt)
2
Xt khong x > 3 ta c: (1) (x 1 ) + (x 3 ) = 2x 1


0.x = 3 ( Phng trnh v nghim)
Kt lun: Vy x =
3
.
2
V d 2 : Tm x, bit + =0
Nhn xt : x+1 = 0 => x = 1
x 1 = 0 => x =1
Ta lp bng xt du
x
1
x+1
0
+
x1
Cn c vo bng xt du ta c ba trng hp
1
0
+
+
Nu x< 1, ta c PT : x 1 x + 1 = 0 x = 0 (khng TMK)

Nu 1 x 1, ta c PT : x + 1 x + 1 = 0 0.x = 2 (PT v nghim)
Nu x >1, ta c PT : x + 1 + x 1 = 0 x = 0 (khng TMK)
Vy khng c gi tr ca x tha mn bi.
Bi 4.1: Tm x, bit:
a)
4 3 x 1 x 2 x 5 7 x 3 12
c)
1
1
1
x x 8 1,2
5
5
5
b)
3 x 4 2x 1 5 x 3 x 9 5
d)
2x3
c)
x 2 x 3 x4 2
1
1
1
x 3 2 x
2
2
5
Bi 4.2: Tm x, bit:
a)
2x 6 x 3 8
d)
x 1 x 2 x 3 6
b)
x5 x 3 9
e)
2 x 2 4 x 11
Bi 4.3: Tm x, bit:
a)
x 2 x 3 2x 8 9
b)
c)
x 1 3 x 3 2 x 2 4
d)
e)
x 2x 3 x 1
f)
x 1 x x x 3
3 x x 1 2 x x 2 12
x 5 1 2x x
Bi 4.4: Tm x, bit:
a)
x2 x5 3
b)
x3 x5 8
c)
2x 1 2x 5 4
d)
x 3 3x 4 2 x 1
10

5. Dng 5: Xt iu kin b du gi tr tuyt i hng lot.
A(x) B(x) C(x) D(x
)
iu kin: D(x) 0 ko theo
(1)
A( x ) 0; B ( x ) 0; C ( x ) 0
Do vy (1) tr thnh: A(x) + B(x) + C(x) = D(x)

Bi 5.1: Tm x, bit:
a)
x 1 x 2 x 3 4x
c)
x2 x
b)
x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 5x 1
3
1
x 4x
5
2
d)
x 1,1 x 1,2 x 1,3 x 1,4 5 x
Bi 5.2: Tm x, bit:
a)
1
2
3
100
x
x
... x
101x
101
101
101
101
b)
1
1
1
1
x
x
... x
100 x
1.2
2.3
3.4
99.100
c)
1
1
1
1
x
x
... x
50 x
1.3
3.5
5.7
97.99
d)
1
1
1
1
x
x
... x
101x
1 .5
5 .9
9.13
397.401
6. Dng 6: Dng hn hp.

Bi 6.1: Tm x, bit:
a)
2x 1
1
4
2
5
1
x2 2
2
b)
x2 2 x
b)
1
3
2
x 1
2
4
5
c)
x2 x
3
x2
4
c)
x x2
3
x
4
Bi 6.2: Tm x, bit:
a)
2x 1
1
1
2
5
Bi 6.3: Tm x, bit:
a)
x x2
3
x
4
b)
1
3
3
2x
2x
2
4
4
c)
1
3
3
2x
2x
2
4
4
Bi 6.4: Tm x, bit:
a)
2x 3 x 1 4x 1
b)
x 1 1 2
c)
3x 1 5 2
11

7. Dng 7:
A B 0
Vn dng tnh cht khng m ca gi tr tuyt i dn n phng php

bt ng thc.
* Nhn xt: Tng ca cc s khng m l mt s khng m v tng bng 0
khi v ch khi cc s hng ca tng ng thi bng 0.
* Cch gii chung:
Bc1: nh gi:
A B 0
A 0
A B 0
B 0
Bc 2: Khng nh:
A B 0
A0
B0
Bi 7.1: Tm x, y tho mn:

a)
3x 4 3 y 5 0
b)
x y y
9
0
25
c)
3 2x 4 y 5 0

3
2
x
y 3 0
4
7
a)
b)
2 1 3
11 23
x 1,5
y 0
3 2 4
17 13
Ch 1: Bi ton c th cho di dng
c)
x 2007 y 2008 0
A B 0
nhng kt qu khng thay
i
* Cch gii:
A B 0
(1)
A 0
A B 0 (2)
B 0
T (1) v (2)
A B 0
A0
B0

12

a)
b)
5x 1 6 y 8 0
x 2y 4y 3 0
c)
x y 2 2y 1 0
3x 2 y 4 y 1 0
c)
x y 7 xy 10 0

a)
12 x 8 11 y 5 0
b)
Ch 2: Do tnh cht khng m ca gi tr tuyt i tng t nh tnh cht

khng m ca lu tha bc chn nn c th kt hp hai kin thc ta cng c cc
bi tng t.
Bi 7.5: Tm x, y tho mn ng thc:
a)
b)
x y2 y3 0
c) x y
2006
x 3y
2007
2008
x y 5 2007 y 3
d)
2007 y 1 0
y4
2008
Bi 7.6: Tm x, y tho mn :
a) x 1 2 y 3 2
c)
3 x 2 y
2004
b) 2 x 5
4y
1
0
2
52y 7
d)
x 3y 1 2 y
2
b)
3x y
2000

a)
x 2007 y 2008 0
c)
1 3
1
x
2 4
2
8. Dng 8:
2006
2007 4
6
y
0
2008 5
25
d)
10 y
2
3
2007 2 x y
2008
2008 y 4
2007
A B A B
* Cch gii: S dng tnh cht:

T ta c:
a b ab
a b a b a.b 0
Bi 8.1: Tm x, bit:
a)
x 5 3 x 8
b)
x2 x5 3
c)
d)
2 x 3 2 x 5 11
e)
x 1 2 x 3 3x 2
3x 5 3x 1 6
f)
x3 5 x 2x4 2
Bi 8.2: Tm x, bit:
13

a)
x4 x6 2
b)
x 1 x 5 4
c)
e)
x 2 3x 1 x 1 3
3 x 7 3 2 x 13
d)
5 x 1 3 2 x 4 3x
f)
x2 x7 4
II. Tm cp gi tr ( x; y ) nguyn tho mn ng thc cha du gi tr tuyt

i.
1. Dng 1:
A B m
vi m 0
* Cch gii:
Nu m = 0 th ta c
A B 0
A0
B0
Nu m > 0 ta gii nh sau:

A B m
Do
A 0
(1)
nn t (1) ta c:
0 B m
t tm gi tr ca
tng
ng.
V d : Tm cp s nguyn ( x, y ) tho mn: |x y 2| + |y + 3| = 0
Gii:
|x y 2| + |y + 3| = 0
x y 2 0 x 1
y3 0
y 3
Bi 1.1: Tm cp s nguyn ( x, y) tho mn:

a)
x 2007 x 2008 0
b)
x y2 y3 0
c) x y
2 y 1 0
Bi 1.2: Tm cp s nguyn ( x, y) tho mn:

a)
x 3y
y4 0
b)
x y 5 y 3
c)
x 3y 1 3 y 2 0
Bi 1.3: Tm cp s nguyn (x, y ) tho mn:

a)
x4 y2 3
b)
2x 1 y 1 4
c)
3x y 5 5
d)
5x 2 y 3 7
Bi 1.4: Tm cp s nguyn ( x, y ) tho mn:

a) 3 x 5 y 4 5
b) x 6 4 2 y 1 12
14

c)
d)
2 3 x y 3 10
3 4 x y 3 21
Bi 1.5: Tm cc cp s nguyn ( x, y ) tho mn:

a)
y 2 3 2x 3
b)
y2 5 x 1
c)
2y2 3 x 4
d)
3 y 2 12 x 2
2. Dng 2:
A Bm
(vi m > 0)
* Cch gii: nh gi
A B m
(1)
A 0
A B 0 (2)
B 0
T (1) v (2)
0 A B m
t gii bi ton
A B k
nh dng 1 vi
0k m

a)
x y 3
b)
c)
2x 1 y 4 3
x5 y2 4
d)
3x y 5 4

a)
5 x 1 y 2 7
b)
4 2x 5 y 3 5
c)
3 x 5 2 y 1 3
d)
3 2x 1 4 2 y 1 7
3. Dng 3: S dng bt ng thc:
a b ab
xt khong gi tr ca n
s.
Bi 3.1: Tm cc s nguyn x tho mn:
a)
x 1 4 x 3
b)
x2 x3 5
c)
x 1 x 6 7
d)
2x 5 2x 3 8
Bi 3.2: Tm cc cp s nguyn ( x, y) tho mn ng thi cc iu kin sau.

a) x + y = 4 v
c) x y = 3 v
x2 y 6
x y 3
b) x +y = 4 v
2x 1 y x 5
d) x 2y = 5 v
x 2y 1 6
Bi 3.3: Tm cc cp s nguyn ( x, y ) tho mn ng thi:

15

a) x + y = 5 v
x 1 y 2 4
b) x y = 3 v
c) x y = 2 v
2x 1 2 y 1 4
d) 2x + y = 3 v
x 6 y 1 4
2x 3 y 2 8
4. Dng 4: Kt hp tnh cht khng m ca gi tr tuyt i v du ca mt

tch.
* Cch gii :
nh gi:
A( x ).B ( x ) A( y )
A( y ) 0 A( x ).B ( x ) 0 n x m
tm c gi tr ca x.
Bi 4.1: Tm cc s nguyn x tho mn:

a) x 2 x 3 0
b) 2 x 1 2 x 5 0
c) 3 2 x x 2 0
d) 3x 1 5 2 x 0

a) 2 x x 1
x 2 5 x
b) x 31 x
y 1
c)
2y 1 2

a) x 1 3 x 2 y
b) x 2 5 x
y 1 1
c) x 3 x 5
y2 0
5. Dng 5: S dng phng php i lp hai v ca ng thc.

* Cch gii: Tm x, y tho mn ng thc: A = B
nh gi: A m
(1)
nh gi: B m
(2)
Am
T (1) v (2) ta c: A B
Bm
a)
x 2 x 1 3 y 2
c)
y3 5
10
2 x 6
b)
x 5 1 x
d)
12
y 1 3
x 1 3 x
6
y3 3

16

a)
2x 3 2x 1
c)
3x 1 3x 5
2 y 5 2
2
12
y 3
16
y2 y2
b)
x 3 x 1
d)
x 2y 1 5
10
y4 2

2
a) x y 2 7
14
y 1 y 3
20
2
b) x 2 4 3 y 2 5
2 x 2007 3
6
y 2008 2
d)
c)
x y2 5
30
3y5 6
III . Rt gn biu thc cha du gi tr tuyt i.

* Cch gii chung: Xt iu kin b du gi tr tuyt i ri thu gn.
Bi 1: Rt gn biu thc sau vi
a)
3,5 x 4,1
b)
A x 3,5 4,1 x
B x 3,5 x 4,1
Bi 2: Rt gn biu thc sau khi x < 1,3:

a)
A x 1,3 x 2,5
b)
B x 1,3 x 2,5
b)
B x
Bi 3: Rt gn biu thc:
a)
A x 2,5 x 1,7
Bi 4: Rt gn biu thc khi

a)
A x
1
3 4
x
7
5 5
b)
1
2
x
5
5
c)
C x 1 x 3
3
1
x
5
7
B x
1
3 2
x
7
5 6
Bi 5: Rt gn biu thc:
a)
A x 0,8 x 2,5 1,9
b)
B x 4,1 x
c)
C 2
d)
D x3
2
9
3
1
1
1
x x 8
5
5
5
1
1
x 3
2
2
vi x < - 0,8
vi
2
x 4,1
3
vi
1
1
x2
5
5
vi x > 0
IV. Tnh gi tr biu thc.

17

Bi 1: Tnh gi tr ca biu thc:
a) M = a + 2ab b
b) N =
a 2
2 b
vi
a 1,5; b 0,75
vi
a 1,5; b 0,75
Bi 2: Tnh gi tr ca biu thc:

3
4
A 2 x 2 xy y
vi
x 2,5; y
b) B 3a 3ab b
vi
1
; b 0,25
3
vi
1
; b 0,25
3
vi
1
2
a)
c)
5a 3
3
b
d) D 3x 2 2 x 1
Bi 3: Tnh gi tr ca cc biu thc:

x
A 6 x 3 3x 2 2 x 4
b)
B 2x 3y
vi
c)
C 2 x 2 31 x
vi x = 4
d)
5x 2 7 x 1
3x 1
vi
2
3
a)
vi
1
; y 3
2
1
2
V. Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca mt biu thc cha du gi tr tuyt

i.
1. Dng 1: S dng tnh cht khng m ca gi tr tuyt i.
* Cch gii ch yu l t tnh cht khng m ca gi tr tuyt i vn
dng tnh cht ca bt ng thc nh gi gi tr ca biu thc.
Bi 1.1: Tm gi tr ln nht ca cc biu thc:
a)
A 0,5 x 3,5
d)
2x 3
3 x 1
b)
e)
c)
B 1,4 x 2
E 5,5 2 x 1,5
f)
3x 2
4x 5
F 10,2 3 x 14
18

g)
h)
G 4 5 x 2 3 y 12
5,8
2,5 x 5,8
i)
I 2,5 x 5,8
k)
l)
K 10 4 x 2
m)
1
x2 3
n)
L 5 2x 1
N 2
12
3x5 4
Bi 1.2: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

a)
A 1,7 3,4 x
b)
B x 2,8 3,5
c)
C 3,7 4,3 x
d)
D 3 x 8,4 14,2
e)
E 4 x 3 5 y 7,5 17,5
f)
F 2,5 x 5,8
g)
G 4,9 x 2,8
h)
H x
i)
I 1,5 1,9 x
k)
K 2 3x 1 4
l)
2 3
5 7
m)
L 2 3x 2 1
M 51 4 x 1
Bi 1.3: Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:

15
4 3x 7 3
a)
A 5
c)
4
20
5 3x 5 4 y 5 8
e)
2
21
3 x 3 y 2 5 x 5 14
1
21
3
8 15 x 21 7
b)
d)
D 6
24
2 x 2 y 3 2x 1 6

a)
2 7 x 5 11
b)
7x 5 4
2 y 7 13
c)
2 2y 7 6
15 x 1 32
6 x 1 8

a)
A 5
8
4 5 x 7 24
b)
6
14
5 5 6 y 8 35
c)
15
28
12 3 x 3 y 2 x 1 35

a)
21 4 x 6 33
3 4x 6 5
b)
6 y 5 14
2 y 5 14
c)
15 x 7 68
3 x 7 12
2. Dng 2: Xt iu kin b du gi tr tuyt i xc nh khong gi tr ca

biu thc:
19

a)
A x5 2 x
b)
B 2x 1 2x 6
c) C 3x 5 8 3x
d)
D 4x 3 4x 5
e)
E 5x 6 3 5x
f)
F 2x 7 5 2x

a)
A 2 x 3 2x 5
b)
c)
B 3 x 1 4 3x
C 4 x 5 4x 1

a)
A x5 x 4
b)
B 2x 3 2x 4
c)
C 3x 1 7 3x
c)
C 5 5 x 5 x 7
c)
C 2x 4 2x 1
c)
C 3 x 2 3x 1
c)
C 4 x 3 4 x 5 12

a)
A 2 x 5 2 x 6
b)
B 3 x 4 8 3 x

a)
A x 1 x 5
b)
B x2 x6 5
3. Dng 3: S dng bt ng thc
a b ab

a)
A x2 x3
b)
B 2x 4 2x 5

a)
A x 5 x 1 4
b)
B 3x 7 3x 2 8

a)
A x 3 2x 5 x 7
b)
B x 1 3x 4 x 1 5
c)
C x 2 4 2x 5 x 3
d)
D x 3 5 6x 1 x 1 3
Bi 3.4: Cho x + y = 5 .Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

A x 1 y 2
Bi 3.5: Cho x y = 3. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

B x 6 y 1
Bi 3.6: Cho x y = 2. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

20

C 2x 1 2 y 1
Bi 3.7: Cho 2x+y = 3. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

D 2x 3 y 2 2
21
PHN III : KT QU T C
Ni dung v gi tr tuyt i c a vo chnh kha trong thi gian
cui ca hc k II lp 8, tuy l kin thc kh, hc sinh rt d nhm ln khi gii
ton nhng lng thi gian dnh cho vn ny rt t nn hu nh gio vin u
lng trnh ni dung ny trong phn n tp v kim tra hc k II. Chnh v vy,
hc sinh khi gp ni dung ny trong thi thng ngh ngay l bi kh v ngi
lm. khc phc tnh trng ny, trong thi gian n tp h hng nm ti u
dnh ba bui hc c ni dung v ng dng ca gi tr tuyt i trong gii
ton dy cho hc sinh, gip hc sinh ln lp 9 nm chc kin thc ca
chng trnh. Ty theo cht lng hc sinh hang nm ti iu chnh lng kin
thc ph hp cc em hiu v hng th trong hc tp. Qua ba nm trin khai
cho hc sinh t lp 8 ln lp 9 ti thy hiu qu t c rt tch cc, cc em
khng cn ngi lm nhng bi c gi tr tuyt i, thm ch rt thch v bi ton
c nhiu tnh hung.
Sau y l nhng kt qu bc u khi ti thc hin ti ng dng
ca gi tr tuyt i trong gii ton cho hc sinh lp 8 ln lp 9.
hiu
Nm hc
2009 2010
2010 2011
2011 - 2012
Lp 8
8E
8C
8A
Lp 9
20%
40%
50%
9C
9C
9A
60%
70%
80%
22
PHN IV : KT LUN
I. Bi hc kinh nghim
ng dng ca Gi tr tuyt i l mt dng ton khng th thiu c
trong chng trnh bi dng hc sinh gii THCS. Nu ch dng li yu cu
trong sch gio khoa th cha , v vy i hi gio vin phi tch cc t hc,
t nghin cu, tm ti sng to thng xuyn b xung kin thc v tch lu kinh
nghim v vn ny.
* dy cho hc sinh hiu v vn dng tt cc ng dng ca Gi tr
tuyt i th bn thn mi gio vin phi hiu v nm vng v Gi tr tuyt i :
cc dng ca Gi tr tuyt i , phn bit s khc nhau gia cc dng, ng thi
phi nm vng cc phng php gii ca cc dng ton c ng dng Gi tr
tuyt i
* Qua vic nghin cu bn cnh vic gip cho bn thn nng cao kin
thc nng cao nghip v, bi dng hc sinh gii c hiu qu, ngoi ra cn gip
bn thn nng cao phng php t hc, t nghin cu c th tip tc nghin
cu cc vn khc tt hn trong sut qu trnh dy hc ca mnh.
II-Kt lun chung:
thc hin tt cng vic ging dy, c bit l cng tc bi dng hc
sinh gii ngi thy phi thng xuyn hc, hc tp, nghin cu.
Trong qu trnh ging dy, hc sinh hc tp, hc sinh bi dng, c ti
liu tham kho..., ti rt ra mt s kinh nghim nu trn. Hy vng ti
ng dng ca Gi tr tuyt i trong gii ton l mt kinh nghim ca mnh
gip hc sinh tip thu vn ny, phn no nng cao nng lc t duy, s sng
to v rn k nng gii cc bi ton c ng dng Gi tr tuyt i cho hc sinh.
Trong qu trnh nghin cu khng th trnh khi sai st, hn ch rt mong
c s gip , gp ca ng nghip.
ng Thi, ngy 15 thng 4 nm 2013
Ngi vit
Tng Th Thanh Mai
23
MC LC
PHN I: L DO NGHIN CU
I. C s l lun
II. C s thc tin
III. Mc ch nghin cu
IV. Nhim v nghin cu
V. Phm vi v i tng nghin cu
VI. Phng php nghin cu
VII. Gi thuyt khoa hc
PHN II: NI DUNG
A. L thuyt
B. Cc dng ton.
I.Tm gi tr ca x tho mn ng thc c cha du gi tr tuyt i.
II. Tm cp gi tr ( x; y ) nguyn tho mn ng thc cha du gi

tr tuyt i.
14
III. Rt gn biu thc cha du gi tr tuyt i.
17
IV.Tnh gi tr biu thc.
18
V. Tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca mt biu thc cha du gi tr

tuyt i.
19
PHN III. KT QU T C
22
PHN IV. KT LUN
23
24
LI CAM OAN
Ti xin cam oan rng y l sng kin kinh nghim ca ti. Cc ni dung nghin cu
v kt qu trong ti ny l trung thc v cha tng c ai cng b trong bt c sng kin
kinh nghim no trc y. Nu pht hin c bt k s gian ln no ti xin hon ton chu
trch nhim trc Hi ng, cng nh kt qu sng kin kinh nghim ca mnh.
ng Thi, ngy 15 thng 4 nm

2013
XC NHN CA TH TRNG N V
Ngi vit
Tng Th Thanh Mai
25

Toan Mai Thcsdongthai

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SKKN: ng dng ca gi tr tuyt i trong gii ton

SKKN: ng dng ca gi tr tuyt i trong gii ton

SKKN: ng dng ca gi tr tuyt i trong gii ton

GV: Tng Th Thanh Mai- Trng THCS ng Thi Ty H

SKKN: ng dng ca gi tr tuyt i trong gii ton

Nu x-a 0=> = x-a

* Mi s u ln hn hoc bng i ca gi tr tuyt i ca n v ng

* Trong hai s m s no nh hn th c gi tr tuyt i ln hn.

GV: Tng Th Thanh Mai- Trng THCS ng Thi Ty H

SKKN: ng dng ca gi tr tuyt i trong gii ton

* Gi tr tuyt i ca mt tch bng tch cc gi tr tuyt i.

* Gi tr tuyt i ca mt thng bng thng hai gi tr tuyt i.

* Bnh phng ca gi tr tuyt i ca mt s bng bnh phng s .

* Tng hai gi tr tuyt i ca hai s lun ln hn hoc bng gi tr tuyt

(Trong A(x) l biu thc cha x, k l mt s cho trc)

GV: Tng Th Thanh Mai- Trng THCS ng Thi Ty H

SKKN: ng dng ca gi tr tuyt i trong gii ton

GV: Tng Th Thanh Mai- Trng THCS ng Thi Ty H

SKKN: ng dng ca gi tr tuyt i trong gii ton

(Trong A(x) v B(x) l hai biu thc cha x)

Vn dng tnh cht: a b

(Trong A(x) v B(x) l hai biu thc cha x)

* Cch 1: Ta thy nu B(x) < 0 th khng c gi tr no ca x tho mn

iu kin: B(x) 0 (*)

GV: Tng Th Thanh Mai- Trng THCS ng Thi Ty H

SKKN: ng dng ca gi tr tuyt i trong gii ton

(i chiu gi tri x tm c vi iu kin (*))

Nu A(x) 0 th (1) tr thnh: A(x) = B(x) ( i chiu gi tr x tm c

SKKN: ng dng ca gi tr tuyt i trong gii ton

4. Dng 4: ng thc cha nhiu du gi tr tuyt i.

Nhn xt: Nh trn chng ta bin i c biu thc cha du gi tr tuyt

x 1 = 0 x = 1; x 1 < 0 x < 1; x 1 > 0 x > 1

Xt khong x > 3 ta c: (1) (x 1 ) + (x 3 ) = 2x 1

SKKN: ng dng ca gi tr tuyt i trong gii ton

Nu x< 1, ta c PT : x 1 x + 1 = 0 x = 0 (khng TMK)

GV: Tng Th Thanh Mai- Trng THCS ng Thi Ty H

SKKN: ng dng ca gi tr tuyt i trong gii ton

iu kin: D(x) 0 ko theo

Do vy (1) tr thnh: A(x) + B(x) + C(x) = D(x)

x 1,1 x 1,2 x 1,3 x 1,4 5 x

6. Dng 6: Dng hn hp.

GV: Tng Th Thanh Mai- Trng THCS ng Thi Ty H

SKKN: ng dng ca gi tr tuyt i trong gii ton

Vn dng tnh cht khng m ca gi tr tuyt i dn n phng php

Bi 7.1: Tm x, y tho mn:

Bi 7.2: Tm x, y tho mn:

Ch 1: Bi ton c th cho di dng

nhng kt qu khng thay

Bi 7.3: Tm x, y tho mn:

SKKN: ng dng ca gi tr tuyt i trong gii ton

Bi 7.4: Tm x, y tho mn:

Ch 2: Do tnh cht khng m ca gi tr tuyt i tng t nh tnh cht

Bi 7.7: Tm x, y tho mn:

* Cch gii: S dng tnh cht:

SKKN: ng dng ca gi tr tuyt i trong gii ton

II. Tm cp gi tr ( x; y ) nguyn tho mn ng thc cha du gi tr tuyt

Nu m > 0 ta gii nh sau:

Bi 1.1: Tm cp s nguyn ( x, y) tho mn:

Bi 1.2: Tm cp s nguyn ( x, y) tho mn:

Bi 1.3: Tm cp s nguyn (x, y ) tho mn:

Bi 1.4: Tm cp s nguyn ( x, y ) tho mn:

SKKN: ng dng ca gi tr tuyt i trong gii ton

Bi 1.5: Tm cc cp s nguyn ( x, y ) tho mn: