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Eth 27334 02 PDF
Eth 27334 02 PDF
15603
degree
of
presented by
Pietro Pedrozzi
Dipl. Bau-Ing.
ETH
accepted
on
Dr.
sc.
sc.
TI
the recommendation of
Pregassona
Anderheggen,
techn. Mario
techn. Mike
Fontana,
Schlaich,
2004
examiner
co-examiner
co-examiner
11
Abstract
Of the
newly-built bridges, cable-stayed bridges are today very common worldwide for
spans ranging between 200 and 900 meters. Being mostly built by the cantilever method,
cable-stayed bridges have to be analyzed separately in every construction stage, taking
In addition, the forces in the cable stays have to be
into account many load cases.
determined and possibly changed during construction so as to obtain the desired deck
and mast deflections during service. Some non-linear and execution-dependent effects
such as concrete creep, shrinkage and locked-in bending in composite steel-concrete
decks
have to be considered in the case of longer spans.
Conventional structural analysis software cannot automatically handle these specific
problems, which today in many cases require the program user to manually process data.
The goal of this project is the development of a specially tailored program for the struc
tural analysis of cable-stayed bridges, which automatically handles the aforementioned
problems. The program has been designed to be used in all stages of planning and
construction: preliminary design, detail planning, construction process and retrofitting.
The program BRIDE is characterized by some newly introduced concepts allowing one
to take the aforementioned non-linear effects into account: the chronologically ordered
list of model objects accurately representing the complete construction process, which
has to be defined in the input by the user, and the stage-by-stage iteration in which all
construction stages are simulated in chronological order.
The program's functionality can be summarized as follows: the user first writes a text
input file according to the program's input syntax, which allows programming language
like constructs such as variable declarations, for-loops, if-tests, and expression evalua
-
tions for
(this
can
file
culations
user
also be
can
then
model and the results for any desired construction stage appear
dimensional
on
the
screen
in three-
graphics
or
text form.
be stored in
changes made to it. All the way from preliminary design to the
construction phase the bridge designer works on the same input file and, as the planning
gets more detailed, refines it either manually or automatically.
As discussed in the conclusions at the end of this thesis the program BRIDE, at least
original
one
and the
in its
present form, is
not to be viewed
non-trivial
IV
practical problem.
was
to
as
commercial software
product.
to
an
In
fact,
the
important and
Zusammenfassung
Unter den
neu
gebauten
Brcken sind
gebaut
Schrgseilbrcken
Spann
Kabelvorspannkrfte
wer
gendert werden,
um
vom
Entwurf bis
zum
mit der
wenn
die
Planung
detaillierter
wird,
verfeinert
er
sie
vi
Contents
1.
2.
1.1.
The
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
special
1.5.
commercial software
1.6.
analysis
vs.
software
features
3
4
4
description through
displacements
Conditional loads
2.3.
Chronological objects
2.4.
The
set of initial
list:
composite
full
an
description
automatic
analysis
...
of each construction
15
beam elements
kj0
16
19
displacements
displacements
in concrete cast
on
an
Composite
an
5.
19
displacements
in concrete cast
on
20
21
Creep
creep behaviour of concrete
5.1.
Hereditary
5.2.
Approximation
in the
computation of
21
varying
strain
6.
Concrete
6.1.
11
12
Locked-in
10
stage-by-stage iteration:
stage in chronological order
Steel-concrete
4.1.
Element
2.2.
3.1.
4.
3.
Introduction
25
27
shrinkage
Initial
displacements
ash
shrinkage
into account
28
vn
Contents
7.
Conditional loads
29
7.1.
7.2.
The need to
algorithm
perform the stage-by-stage
31
iteration
repeatedly
to find the
conditional loads
7.3.
8.
Conclusions
Cable
regarding
9.2.
an
input
33
34
35
37
37
Analysis strategy
Monitoring the bridge
by keeping
up-to-date
....
42
49
A. How to define
53
Syntax
A. 1.1.
55
A. 1.3.
Stage object
Restart object
Remove object
A.1.4.
Nodes
56
A. 1.5.
Elements
57
A. 1.6.
Sections
58
A.l.7.
Materials
59
A.1.8.
Joints
60
A. 1.9.
Supports
61
A. 1.2.
A.1.10. Load
A.1.11. The
A.2.
39
40
erection
10. Conclusions
A.l.
33
33
dimensioning
dimensioning algorithm
Example of
9.1.
vni
Automatic cable
8.1.
9.
7.3.3.
7.4.
32
cases
objects
55
55
56
load-history
load
case
62
63
A.l.12.Node loads
63
64
A. 1.14. Conditions
65
A.1.15. Cable
67
dimensioning object
A.l.16. Notes
67
Text-preprocessor
67
A.2.1.
Variables
67
A.2.2.
Expressions
68
A.2.3.
A.2.4.
[expression] integer
For-loop
A.2.5.
If.
A.2.6.
Include statement
.Else.
evaluation
construct
69
69
70
71
Contents
B.
A.2.7.
Comments
71
A.2.8.
Finish
71
Graphie
user
73
B.l.
Definition of
74
B.2.
Menu bar
75
B.3.
B.4.
Elements
common
panel
75
to all three
analysis panels
of the 3D output definition
76
B.6.
B.7.
Html tool-bar
80
B.8.
Syntax highlighting
80
B.5.
panels
B.5.1.
C. Information
D.
Input
files discussed in
D.I. Main
D.2.
technology
tools used to
78
78
79
79
80
develop
chapter 9
83
85
input file
85
in the main
input file
88
IX
Contents
1.
Introduction
1.1.
The
In
cable-stayed bridges
which
are
cable-stayed bridges
the cables
on one
supported
at
less
are
side
more or
on
the
other side.
1.1.: A
Figure
The main
of
cable-stayed bridges
are
that
goal
of
adjusting
the
post-tensioning force
planned geometry.
bers
can
Even
mounting
pre-
tion.
1. Introduction
the cables
are
post-tensioned
temporary supports
Figure
1.2.:
Bridge
the
Once statical
erection
cover
by
free
cantilevering (analogous
analysis
on
for several construction stages and for the final service state
might
still be needed
erection in combination
during
alignment
and to
errors
keep
the rather
1.2.
bridge
page).
unpredictable
to the Uddevalla
analysis
software
Insertion of fictitious
mast is not
as
to avoid axial
force,
displace
Use of supports instead of cables to obtain the post-tensioning forces from the
support reactions.
mulation of
as
many
allowing
Determination of the
an
compatibility
one
conditions
to find the
actually
as
in
an
external
unitary shortenings
needed cable
unitary shortening of
shortenings
program) representing
and
and
pre-camber values,
pre-camber
values
1.3.
(this
is the method
adopted
1.3.
our
performed
either
very
implemented
in
totally
way).
automatic
grams,
in
manually or using
the investigation of
project
variants.
The
way.
limited.
This opens up
lowing
new
research
paths
which
structural
1.4.
were
in
even
an
analysis.
analysis
of
special features
cable-stayed bridges
and the
growing
provide
assess
designer
institute to
our
in the
following
of cable-
give
or
"BRIDE",
as
an
seed
on
technically newly
development for
stayed bridges
this topic: this
accessible
new
fields,
commercial
acronym for
programs romantic
tasks:
consistent way,
allow the
easily
analysis
post-tensioning forces for the cables and all pre-camber values for
analysis
knowledge base
commercially available
products.
can
fully
geometry measured
in situ
by changing
1. Introduction
design
it from
distinguish
others programs:
As the
displacements
stayed bridges
are
finite element
plus
set of "initial"
can
Post-tensioning
by the program
tudes
are
found
The erection of
described
fully
displacements.
be added to
corresponding segment
forces
can
can
or
or
In order to take
since cable-
structure modelled
physics
depend
on
the
just
as
the
as
initial element
automatically
displacements whose magni
conditions to be fulfilled.
cable-stayed bridge
chronological
in
an
the
is
an
system
acceptable
by
Such
be added
be formulated
through
a
which is
pre-camber
or
small,
be
can
structure
the structure,
assumed to be
stiff,
very
with
global
are
evolutionary
a
list of the
simplest
changes occurring in the
order.
1.5.
bridge
construction
sufficiently user-friendly to
industry and for teaching purposes.
User friendliness:
With programs
to concentrate
interface.
developed
For this
the
reason
the
applicable
both in
commercial software
vs.
research context in
implementation of
project, however, the goal
more on
In this
friendliness.
in
BRIDE
be
computational
mechanics it is usual
computational
core
was
set to achieve
than of the
user
acceptable userdevelopment of a
an
1.6.
Chapter
explains
gives
an
displacements
Chapters 4,
S-miUai
Chapter
con
1.6.
creep
(chapter 5)
and
2.2). Chap
explains the way cable stays are automatically dimensioned. In chapter 9 a practical
example is given. Chapter 10 presents the conclusions. The appendices contain the user
manual of the program BRIDE: in appendix A the input syntax is defined, in appendix B
the graphic user interface is explained, appendix C presents the information technology
with the computation of the intensities of conditional loads
(see
7 deals
subsection
ter 8
tools used to
implement
chapter
are
appendix
D the
complete input
files
on.
1. Introduction
2.
The
was
to avoid inconsistencies.
This lead to
them.
2.1.
Element
description through
matrix and
set
of initial
displacements
Cable-stayed bridges are modelled in the program BRIDE as space frames where 6
displacement parameters (3 displacements and 3 rotations) are introduced in each node.
The geometry of the model is described through the Cartesian coordinates of its nodes
and through the element's incidence nodes. In addition, every element requires section
and material properties. Once the coordinates of the incidence nodes, the material and
the section of the element are defined, its elastic response can be formulated by means
of
If
were
to consider
take
an
concrete
cutter,
cut out
Figure
a
single
2.1.:
Step
1. Choose
finite element
one
in
segment of the
thought experiment
simulation program
an
existing bridge,
we
element.
correspond
to the
Figure
In
2.2.:
Step
node) containing
geometry
can
12(3
segment corresponding
be formulated
as
segment's
<*h
"-c
as a
(2.1)
ash
follows:
"initial
displacements,
"conditional
structure
segment
cut out
Figure
2.3.:
Step
3. The
geometry of the
subjecting
set of
by
the initial
displacements
amrfmi.
2.1.
Element
producing
description through
the initial
displacements
by
2.4.:
Step
4.
assumes
same
be
f,
found
displacements
by multiplying
the
as
to the initial
subjected
as
(2.2)
ainitial
self-equilibrating
force f
global
being
matrix k
to
geometry
are
set of initial
S-mitiai'-
Figure
The forces f
amttm|.
assembled in the
global
stiffness matrix.
Being initial,
i.e.
corresponding
deformed but stress-free state, the contribution from f to the section forces has to
i.e.
have to be subtracted from the section forces found from the nodal
by f in the element
displacements of the
global solution. The subtraction does not affect the equilibrium of the structure because
f is self-equilibrating: this is a property of local stiffness matrices which, being singular,
always deliver a self-equilibrating forces group if multiplied by any nodal displacement
vector.
cast concrete A
ca'
It
ca
Iz
ca'
G
ca
ca'
eca
Dz
centroid of the combined section
efo
formwork
Figure
Initial
displacements
the
one
4.2).
section
For
kco
a-
displacements
kca and
kca
(a
computed
a)
as
follows:
k/o (a
a)
(2.3)
a and q{ are
during the casting stage,
the stiffness matrices of the cast concrete part and of the formwork
k/0
beam, respectively,
are
displacements
is found
with
no
and
&
are
(it
is
the initial
justified
to
displacements
shrinkage
might be the case in pre-cast concrete). All these forces, stiffness matrices and
displacements are expressed relative to the centroid of the combined section. The element
is then excentrically connected to its nodes.
this
taking bonding into account for kca and kj0 is a obvious simplification
acceptable because the self-equilibrating load f is applied to the undisplaced
composite element (whose stiffness takes bonding into account) hence differences between
the initial displacements of the cast concrete a^ + a^ and those of the formwork a^ + a^
only lead to differences in the section forces but not to bond-producing discontinuities in
which is
together).
compensate any initial strain because in the finite element model the element is
2.2.
(the
undisplaced shape
global equilibrium
conditions.
Conditional loads
pre-camber
by
of mast
regular
loads
are
model
objects
to be inserted in the
chronological objects
only
regular loads
(see section 2.3).
the load intensity is explicitly defined while in conditional loads it is defined through a
condition to be fulfilled, and that conditional loads always belong to the standard load
case load-history (see section 2.4). Their required intensities are found automatically by
the program BRIDE by fulfilling appropriate conditions specified by the program user
(e.g. "post-tension a cable with a force such that its anchoring point on the deck exhibits
no vertical displacement in the final construction stage, taking into account the dead
load and all other conditional loads", see figure 2.6).
list
10
The
differences is that in
2.3.
list:
Chronological objects
full
description
*-4Figure
2.6.: Deflected
of the cables.
2.3.
Chronological objects
list:
full
description of
the
erection process
After
model of
object.
model
enough
objects
The stage
objects
user
list of data
to define
objects representing
objects
bridge
To
stage whenever
where
analysis
by
is
possible.
it.
program
sends to each
through
objects starting
beginning,
1
signal to assemble itself to the actual model and stops when it encoun
data object corresponding to the desired construction stage (see figure 2.7).
object
ters the
construction
list defined
data
a new
specify
the
evolving
cable-stayed bridge during construction is a list of all the model's objects
(nodes, elements, supports, forces, ...) ordered in the same chronological order in which
their real counterparts are added to the bridge being constructed. The object "stage" has
some
the
analyze
given load
case
proceeds
in
an
analo
as
for the
The fact of
oriented
viewing units of data as active "objects" rather than passive units distinguishes the object
programming paradigm supported by programming languages like Java and C++ from the
traditional
are
as
Fortran,
Pascal and
C,
in which
Go to the next
object
yes
on
yes
Assemble it
Figure
2.4.
The
on
2.7.: Flow
diagram
of the
stage-by-stage
assembling
iteration:
of
an
construction
stage.
automatic
chronological
analysis
order
construction
to allow the
user
12
2.4.
The
stage-by-stage
iteration:
an
automatic
analysis
chronological
Go to the next
object
Is this
case or
yes
-
specifiecTinteractively by the
user
yes
Figure
in
the
analysis
2.8.: Flow
into
the load
objects
Are there
more
objects
in
the list?
yes
][
Go to the next
Is this
object
"construction
stage" object?
yes
"load_history"
Find for every element all initial
displacements
displacements
stage object just found
Figure
in
the
2.9.: Flow
diagram
of
one
stage-by-stage
iteration.
13
order
14
3.
Steel-concrete
beam
composite
elements
beam elements have been
Composite
displacement
generally
is
plain
This is
into account.
generally
cast decks
specially developed
more
rigid taking
lower than the stiffness of the temporary formworks used for the
profiles
plain cast
segments.
The main difference between
the steel
work, i.g.
profile,
is
never
composite deck
on
usually
allowed for
adopted,
rigidly
which is based
the behaviour of
bridges
resulting
object)
and
from the
merging of the
assigned
to the
are
automatically
(AE)co
AfoEfo
AcaEca
efo
eca
(lyE)co
(lyjo
(IZE)co
ca
in the
by
composite beam
are
calculated
(3.1)
Dz
(3-2)
-Dz- efo
_
Af0efo)Ef0
(IytCa
hjoEfo
Iz,caEca
follows:
AcaEca
ItJoGfo
as
HE-
AfoEfo -Dz
{AE)co
(ItG)co
section,
found
where the
(defined
(3.4)
It,caGca
+
(3.3)
Acaeca)Eca
(3.5)
(3.6)
subscript
co
of the centroid of either cast concrete and formwork section from the centroid of the
combined section, E the
Young-modulus,
G the
shear-modulus, It
15
3. Steel-concrete
rigidity, Iy
figure 2.5).
and Iz
are
by superposing
four components
during
the
axes
(see
section is
unstressed because the concrete is still wet and the formwork beam has its elastic
normal stress
the elastic normal stresses of the combined beam from the actual
global
solution
shrinkage.
normal stress
the
during
casting stage
Figure
3.1.:
Superposition
concrete-steel
composite beam.
3.1.
displacements
self-equilibrating
hypothetical
beam
16
i.e.
excentrically (see
eq.
centroid,
km and kf0
2.3).
having
kj0,
expressed
both
as
if there
was
as
section
no
bond
3.1.
kca
be derived
can
as
follows:
assuming
rigid
be
expressed
as a
(3.7)
a
or
the nodal forces from the centroid of the cast concrete section qca
to q, the
same
can
be transformed
applied
r1
^ca
(3.8)
nca
With 3
T is the
where
in the
following
kj,
as
rotations with
at each
node,
follows:
dz
-dy
dz
dx
dy
dx
kca)Ceratc
of the
of
excentricity
beam
having
vector
by inserting
resulting
section
V""^/
"
ca
**-ca,centric
^^ca
following
"
relation
applies:
(3.10)
stiffness matrix is the excentric stiffness matrix for the cast concrete
kca:
K-ca
kf0
'
eq. 3.7 in eq. 3.9 and eq. 3.9 in eq. 3.8 the
The
**-ca,centric
can
be derived in
^ca
'
K-ca,centric
completely analogous
'
^ca
V"
way.
17
3. Steel-concrete
18
4.
Locked-in
Any
displacements
deflections,
those with
cially
construction
an
the
lead to
systematic accumulation of
displacements
two different
causing
concrete
4.1.
error
a
having no
having a rigid shear connection with a steel profile which
role of non-removable formwork (see chapter 3). In the program BRIDE the
is modelled by a regular beam element.
formwork
can
plays
To simulate locked-in
mented:
of
it hardens.
by free-cantilevering
important
case
as
in
displacements
connection
In
cast beam
element,
instead of
representing
defining
value Dz
user
defines
the distance between the cast beam and the formwork beam centroids. The cast beam
element retrieves its incidence nodes and orientation from the formwork element and the
initial
hardening displacements the formwork beam had during the casting stage the
stage coming before the one in which the new cast beam is added to the chronological ob
jects list accordingly transformed, contribute to each cast beam's initial displacements
-
"initial
The
a
user
defines
are
treated
user
beam element
The
numerically:
object
right
and
after the
casting stage.
19
4. Locked-in
displacements
(see
4.2.
Composite
assuming
eq.
2.1).
displacements
in concrete cast
on
an
elastic
displacements
cast beams up to
having
stiffness),
point:
The
hardening displacements
way
k/0
analogous
as
for
(see
eq.
2.3):
during
the
casting
analogously as in eq. 3.7 for the centroid of the
transformed hardening displacements are denoted by a.
to be transformed
The nodal forces q/0 applied by the formwork beam to its incidence nodes
the casting stage as a result of its elastic deformation are found as follows:
where
is the formwork's
to eq.
and denoted
3.8, q/0
(centric)
kfo
ah
during
(4.1)
stiffness matrix.
by qf0.
the initial
in the
fh>co
20
formwork,
same
q/o
be found in the
its stiffness is
can
stage have
kco
a-
qc/0
(4.2)
Creep
5.
According
stayed bridges.
0.4/cm1,
<
[CEB/FIP,
to
only
ageing (i.e. changing
is the maximum
4>oo
shown in
figure
(p^
to
time)
the
ignored2.
(pit) which
has been
by
<p>(t)
is
approximated by
("5))
the
(5.1)
is the number of
is reached. Both
object (see
(p^
subsection
days
in which
and 2 have to be
specified
A.1.7).
The
graph
for
<p>(t)
is
day
under stress.
comes
[Wittmann, IV.9]
and
[Shaw
aTCtan
in the material
Hereditary
According
In
eei
5.1.
described
0oo tanh(t
stresses, i.e.
5.1.
(poo
over
input parameters
cable-
function:
4>(t)
where
usually
component
following hyperbolic
wide-span
an
of material characteristics
as
of
46]
p.
analysis
as
and
Whiteman,
concrete
can
be
can
p.
185] hereditary
applied,
creep be
by assuming
related
ait)
1
fem
is the
mean
value of the
D{t) e(t0)
(5.2)
of concrete
fc
at
an
age of 28
days,
is
2This
is
adoption
of Boltzmann's
in
sec
tion 5.1.
21
Creep
5.
^(t)=^.tanh(t-arctyh(a5);
.12
time
where
time
decreasing
a
constant
Let
of
us
a new
bled. If
dependence
e(t)
e(t0)
is known
as
denote
by an increasing
element, starting with i
we
between
<p>(t)
5.1.: Function
Figure
assume
one
which is
smooth
monotonically
decreasing of D(t) with
stress relaxation.
0 for the
e(t)
assembling
stage
displacements
D(t)
over
in the element
can
remain constant
be
assem
approximated by
e(t):
e{t)
e{U)
in[ti,ti+i[fori
(5.3)
0,1,2,...,
Ae(i+i)
induces
stress increment
according
Aa(U, tj)
where
Aa(ti,t0)
and
D(U
being
assembled.
the time
e(ti+i)
e(U)
(5.4)
to Hooke's law:
Ae(0) represent
tj) Ae(tj)
for0<j
being
assembled
(a
of
D(t).
state)
to
according
to
dependence
(5.5)
<i
now
given by superposition:
(5.6)
3=0
In
material
subject
components of strain
eei(t)
and
e(to)
22
j=0
ecr(t)
=
e(t0)
the
ei(t)
cr(t)
sum
equal e(t0):
constant
(5.7)
5.1.
since
(p(t)
e(to)
the elastic strain
Young's
eei(t)
can
eei(t)
ecr(t), ecr(t)
and
eei(t)
Hereditary
(1
be formulated
<f>(t))
as a
formulated
as
follows for t
>
(5.9)
place,
(to)
can
be
(5.10)
a(t)
and
(to)
E
=
e(tp)
YTW)
D(t)
be written
as
TTW)
help
can
e(t0)
5.6
and the
0:
a{t)
Eq.
a(t)
follows:
a(t0)
With
(5.8)
constant
hence for to, when the relaxation has not yet taken
as
modulus E:
Sel{t)
and
can
D(t)
can
be determined
as
follows:
E-ip(t)
(5.13)
Y,E-4>(tt-tJ)Ae(tJ)
(5.14)
follows:
i
a(tt)
3=0
Ignoring
eq. 5.14
can
be
generalized
1 and
displacements Aa(tJ)
of
the
relationship of
proportional to the
Ae(t3)
two subsequent stages numbered
load,
is
j:
i
q(tt)
^2k-iP(tt-t3)-Aa(t3)
(5.15)
3=0
Aa(t,)
is found
as
follows:
Aa(ij)
where
a(t)
(a(t3)
a.sh(t3)
auser(t3))
(a(i,_i)
displacements
ash(t3-i)
from the
auser(t3-i))
(5.16)
is the
displacements
due to
23
5.
Creep
AI
o(0)(l-v(t))
0(00)
time
5.2.: Relaxation in
Figure
Aa(tj)
is
computed
as
Aq(tj)
bar
the structure
found
be
expressed
we
as
corresponds
to
an
initial
can
is
superposition of all
global
displacements
(5.17)
Aa(t3)
magnitude
of
Aq(t,)
due to
(1
tP(tt
tj))
displacement
acr
(1
iP(U
2.2 and
Y,^acr(U,Aq(t3))
3=0
24
Aa(t3)
(see eq.
Aacr(ti, Aq(t,)):
displacement
acr(tt)
by solving
the
Aacr(tt, Aq(t3))
the total initial
follows:
Aqcr(t3)
which
t0.
follows:
at the time
Aq(t3)
relaxation
lengthened by A/
2.3)
Y, Aafe)
3=0
(5.18)
tj)) Aa(t3)
(1
"
4>{U
tj))
(5.19)
Approximation
5.2.
5.2.
in the
computation of
computation of
in the
Approximation
structures with a
varying
varying
strain
creep in
strain
for system
stages.
The increase of the
extreme
at
once
case
for
displacements
due to creep in
at the time to
can
iteration
can
statically
displacements
found by
implicitly
(p(ti)
vector
be formulated
as
determinate model
The factor
single
4>b(U)
a7ta\
(the
applied
where
is
a.
during
the
stage-by-stage
follows:
(p(ti)
YSl'a
(5.20)
-ipih -t0)
(5.21)
'
~~
va=0
where:
Si.O
Sl,l
i-2
y^ Si-2,a
(1
1p(U
U-i)
(5.22)
a=0
"3,3
"^
This
complicated formulation,
by-stage iteration,
"
^(t3
which
*,-l)
exactly
(i
V(*.
(5.23)
*j-i)
expresses what
can
table:
3=0
S*,J
l-V(*i-*o)
l-V(*2-*0)
(i-V(*i--t0))(l-V'(i2--tl))
((1-^2 _to))
l-V(*3-*0)
(i-V(*i--t0))(l-ip(t3--h))
error
r(tt)
which
occurs
(p(t)
r(ti)
can
be
4>b(U)
expressed
-
<KU)
4>(U)
(l_ ^(*i
*0))(l-^(*2-*l))-(l--V(tito))
The relative
-i
U-V>te-t2))
(p(t) adopted
as
to
approximate
follows:
(5.24)
25
5.
Creep
days
100
200
400
300
500
600
700
800
..00*08^"
-0 1
<>
-0 2
<>
o *
[]
x
o
-0 3
-0 4
<>
o o o
[]
"'
032
slages
D16 slages
A8
slages
X4 slages
02 slages
i i
>;
1 slage
-0 5
-0 6
);
C)
-0 7
Figure
5.3.: Relative
and for
error
between
material
(pB(t)
having
and
(p^
(p(tt)
2 and
100
days.
26
magnitude
can
be controlled
6.
Concrete
Concrete
shrinkage is
cable-stayed bridges.
the model in a simple
shrinkage
difficult to
predict
exploiting
one
the
our
to introduce
sh(t)
shoo
tanh(t
values in
purposes this
initial strain
empirical
to
each
time-dependent
arctanh(0.5)
time
Figure
6.1.: Function
esh(t)
shrinkage.
27
Concrete
6.
6.1.
shrinkage
Initial
displacements
into account
shrinkage
In contrast to locked-in
stage
iteration to be
cast. In the
of the
case
casting
displacements and creep, shrinkage does not need the stage-bycomputed because it depends only on the time 0 the concrete was
stage, otherwise it
(a
model
corresponds
object
as
to the
any
day
other)
corresponds
to the
day
number
However,
it is
necessary to take
because it
affects the
creep and
conditional loads.
The initial
are
it
displacements
was
ash is
fully clamped
a
ash
needed to take
only
non-zero
d.sh,tx,2
move
component
.sh(t
to)
28
in the second.
is the
For this
reason
component
analysis
7.
Conditional loads
major role
in
conditions:
The initial
condition is
the
whose
appended
anchoring
the load
should have
specified
in the load
equals
zero
The initial
condition is
shape
of the cable
displacement
in the load
stage, under
object
to which the
equal
at the
formwork beam's
the load
whose
case
acting
on
appended
modelling
construction
load
case
intensity
"loacLhistory"
are
can
object
to which
day),
displace
in
given
under the
taking
in the load
specified
displacements
are
not the
only
conditions
be formulated. The program BRIDE also allows relative and "same factor as"
conditions
(see
1This condition
explained
in
section A. 1.14).
can
bending
in
composite decks,
as
[Schlaich]
29
7.
Conditional loads
typical case in which a "same factor as" condition should be used is the one in
which two symmetric cables, both anchored to the ground on the same anchor block
but one on the right and the other on the left of the carriageway, and both reaching the
top of the same mast, have to be post-tensioned to avoid a longitudinal displacement
of the mast's top. This should be formulated using an absolute condition for one cable
(i.e. "post-tension the first cable in such a way that the top of the mast does not move
longitudinally") and a same factor condition for the second cable (i.e. "post-tension the
second cable
so as
to have the
same
conditional factor
as
cable").
is needed:
following
A load
object whose correct intensity is not yet known and thus still arbitrary:
the arbitrary intensity load object. During the stage-by-stage iteration the correct
intensity is automatically found by the program BRIDE in the form of a conditional
factor with which the load represented by the arbitrary intensity load object is
multiplied. Actually after such multiplication the arbitrary intensity load object
does not deserve the adjective "arbitrary
anymore, because its intensity has been
computed; however we keep calling them an arbitrary intensity load object because
this computed intensity is used to perform the influence matrix algorithm (see
section 7.1) in the following stage-by-stage iterations in the same way it was used
in the first stage-by-stage iteration, when it really was arbitrary.
"
arbitrary intensity
object (see
load
the condition
subsection
A.1.14):
specifying
condition value
rameter has to
condition parameter
assume
(see
appended
condition
the absolute
force has to
or
assume
stage
an
(reducing
during,
but not
load
fixed
the load
the
30
same
after,
arbitrary intensity
are
and allows
activated before
or
case
loads
formulated)
active
load-history excluding
condition stage.
during
those whose
intensity
is
belonging
being computed
to
in
7.1.
7.1.
The
section forces:
one can
displacements
and
knowing the displacements and the section forces caused by given loads
displacements and the section forces caused by any linear combination
just by combining the respective displacements and section forces with
find the
of those loads
the
algorithm
linearity
algorithm
same
Conversely, knowing the displacements and the section forces caused by n loads of ar
bitrary intensity and having n conditions to fulfil in the form of prescribed displacements
and section forces, one may find the linear factors needed for a conditions-fulfilling load
combination. These linear factors are called conditional factors and they are found au
tomatically by the program during the stage-by-stage iteration with the influence matrix
algorithm developed in this project.
This is how the influence matrix algorithm works if all condition values are absolute:
1.
2.
the
conditions
parameter of condition
3.
built,
where Ct is the
parameter which is
not
absolute,
Nl3
C ^F
but
has to induce
portion of
(e.g. "post-tension
is half the
bending
section force
or
(i.e.
moment
"the
displacement multiplied by
moment
there")
under the
(7.1)
a
section force
condition value of
N"1(C-L)
there").
are
found
bending
required
the
the condition
i.
4. The
the
by
built,
by
bending
an
or
displacement
intensity,
follows:
section force
bending
or
arbitrary intensity
(i.e.
"the
displacement multiplied by
moment
there")
asso
at
such that
bending
moment
asso
31
Conditional loads
7.
C\
is set to 0.
as
by stating
conditional loads
more
having
j (Ft
F3).
Such conditions
are
the
same
same
condi
expressed
as
of
on
7.2.
row
N; Nn and Nl3
on
The need to
repeatedly
As
the
explained
row
set to 1 and -1
i inclusive of
perform
to
are
the
L% and C%
respectively,
are
set to 0.
stage-by-stage
iteration
chapter
by
arbitrary intensity load coupled with a condition. The conditional factor needed to
multiply this load is found with the influence matrix algorithm when, during stage-bystage iteration, the condition stage specified in the condition is selected (see section 7.1).
Frequently the condition stage does not correspond to the activation stage of the
conditional load (i.e. the stage in which the conditional load is added to the chronological
objects list and begins to act on the structure) but it is a posterior one, e.g. often a cable
has to be tensioned during construction to avoid a vertical displacement of its anchoring
point on the deck in the final stage. If the condition does not correspond to the activation
stage there are stages in between (activation stage included) in which, during the stageby-stage iteration, the conditional load is already acting on the structure but with its
still unmodified arbitrary intensity.
a
an
new
conditional loads
conditional
because
no
inserted in the
same
stage
or
chronological objects
formerly defined, the
factors found with the first stage-by-stage iteration are the correct ones
conditional load of unmodified arbitrary intensity was considered as part of
objects representing
are
By contrast,
an
a
later stage
in the earlier
are
already active,
con
the
computed
stage
stage-by-stage iteration because they have been computed with a fixed load containing
also the still arbitrary intensity of the conditional loads determined at a later stage.
When during the stage-by-stage iteration conditional factors are found, they are im
mediately used to correct the arbitrary intensity of the arbitrary intensity loads they are
associated to; hence the influence matrix algorithm can converge if the whole stage-bystage iteration is performed repeatedly (leaving out the case in which locked-in displace
ments are taken into account explained in subsection 7.3.2) because the errors manifest
themselves as wrong values of the vector L and are compensated in the next stage-bystage iteration (see equation 7.1).
32
are
Convergence
7.3.
of such
practical example
shape
post-tensioned
are
construction
twice:
during
for
the
details).
more
In this
case
loads with
the
condition to be fulfilled
stage-by-stage
7.3.
an
iteration two
Convergence
error
during
or more
in
given deflected
situation is
algorithm
arbitrary intensity of
stage, being considered
the
it is necessary to
repeat
times.
algorithm
with
non-linear models
As shown in the
practical example
of
chapter
linear model
However, the
the
even
are
exact
if non-linear effects
does
applicable,
enough
algorithm
and lead to
acceptable
values of
are
algorithm
combined with
following
sub-sections
Creep
7.3.1.
and
shrinkage
quickly also
if concrete creep and shrinkage are being taken into account, because these phenomena
do not change the material stiffness. The errors they induce in the values assumed by
the condition parameters appear in the vector L and are also automatically corrected by
the influence matrix algorithm when performed during the next stage-by-stage iteration.
7.3.2.
During
Locked-in
the
iteration it is
In this
intensity
is
case
(once
assigned
the
possible to
factors, and
the
always
stage-by-stage iteration
physically
newly found
take locked-in
it may
same as
happen
displacements
into
its activation
stage but
stage)
later
a new
stages between the activation stage and the condition stage. The
iteration converges
displacements
stage-by-stage
account and to
stage-by-stage
inconsistent
This
physical inconsistency leads to the necessity of always performing the stageby-stage iteration twice (which is automatically done by the program BRIDE) when
computing the conditional factors taking locked-in displacements into account:
33
7.
Conditional loads
1.
During
the first
stage-by-stage
iteration locked-in
During
the second
stage-by-stage
displacements
displacements
are
iteration
updated
considered and
computed.
are
are
to the
are
new
kept unchanged.
are
consid
In this way
loads.
There is another curious effect which
impedes
when
Locked-in
NF + L
If
change,
hence the
equals
the
(error-affected)
(7.2)
C + R-a
self-correcting
eq.
7.1.
solution is stabilized.
Any
If
is set to 1 F cannot
value of
less
between 0 and
While
algorithm converge
quickly.
repeatedly
performing the stage-by-stage iteration computing both conditional loads and locked-in
displacements the user should keep a as close as possible to 0 but big enough to avoid
more or
the oscillation of the values of the condition parameters about the condition values.
7.3.3.
as
2The cable
sag2
are
stiffness
changing phenomena
follows:
sag is taken into account in the program BRIDE
[Gimsing,
p.
141]:
~/2l2E
12<r3
34
which transform
7.4.
(N
where AN is the
Conclusions
AN)F
+ L
regarding
(7.3)
change
change
structure.
This stiffness
In the last
1.
The correct F
2.
can
be found
by re-formulating equation
NF + L
stage-by-stage
7.3
follows:
as
(7.4)
R
iteration if the
user
option.
7.4.
Conclusions
regarding
user
tries to induce
displacement
with
an
=
intensity which
can
be corrected in
specially
where E is the
cable's
few
an
Another
rameters
formulating
length
Young's
and
weight
is that condition pa
lead to
near-singular
material,
/ is the
35
7.
Conditional loads
36
8.
Automatic cable
dimensioning
Automatic cable
8.1.
Cable
When the
user
dimensioning algorithm
clicks
on
the cable
dimensioning
experienced by
specified in the cable
dimensioning objects.
To dimension
by
of structural
turn, structural
be
be found
only
performed only if
can
analysis.
analysis
already been assigned to the cable. Thus the cable sections cannot be
dimensioned directly but only iteratively by first adopting an approximative section. If
this is very different from the adequate one it may be necessary to iterate (by simply
clicking the cable dimensioning button) two or three times. In addition sections must
be chosen from an appropriate pool of predefined cable types.
This is how the section re-dimensioning problem has been solved:
a
means
In
can
section has
1.
Every
tion
2.
section
object
is
assigned
an
identifier
(see
subsec
A.l.6).
they
to
are
going
user
has to define
to be re-dimensioned
(see
subsection A.
cable,
even
if
1.5).
3. While
performing the automatic cable dimensioning the program uses the section
specified by the user as the initial approximative section and looks for the smallest
section under the sections belonging to the same section group.
37
8. Automatic cable
38
dimensioning
9.
Example of
an
the
program BRIDE
In this
chapter
an
of
example
implemented
Our
during
its
program BRIDE is
obtained
freely
development
so
by merging
that it
can
show
features.
imaginary bridge
is
At the
beginning
needed
(see
two files.
are
defined.
are
defined.
the two
second
first
bridge
Figure
half
(the
bridge
bridge
bridge
halves
half
(the
2)
halves
joined together
39
of
Example
9.
Figure
an
9.2.: Half
bridge
number
the identifier.
(where
span
program BRIDE
the letters
"c",
relatively
are
are)
to the other's
composite beams.
single
side
(which
Another
the
use
example
is useful
occurrences
of the
can
In fact
fully analogous.
keyword "CompositeBeam"
with the
by simply replacing
keyword "CastBeam" (see
figure 9.4).
9.1.
After
Analysis strategy
writing of the input file(s) the user has to open it with the
(actually it is advisable to open the input file also when it is not yet
having completed
program BRIDE
completed,
so as
the
to track all
errors as soon as
possible using
the
error
program).
As mentioned in
when
taking
convergence is
40
chapter 7,
the
actually
9.1.
Analysis strategy
4 I fiitim-im
"iirllai iils
Figure
sip
The box
of the element
shape
appendix
D with its
composite deck.
the minima of
stiffness
or
its
self-weight.
with
after
All
reason a
two
processor instructions and in which the intensities of the conditional loads and the
updated,
as
second
opened
order, cable
1Tension/compression-only
engineer
history-
is
are
figures
from 9.5 to
9.10).
phenomena1
and creep
are
displacements
shrinkage,
which
the
of
intensities
iteration,
stage-by-stage
during
left unchanged (see figures from 9.11 to 9.14).
sag,
behaviour
asssumed to have
see
is
designed
the structure
such
way that
tension
m a
an
since
the
unforseen construction-
cable, respectively,
does not
occur
41
Example
Figure
of
an
program BRIDE
appendix
D where its
composite beams
9.2.
Monitoring
file
During
substituted
the
erection
by keeping
the
input
up-to-date
bridge
if
bridge
post-tensioned
with its
kept up-to-date
with
load,
regular load by removing the condition and by substituting the computed intensity
with the intensity measured while post-tensioning the cable.
If a deviation from the planned geometry is observed, e.g. due to an unforseen creep
behaviour of concrete, the engineer on site should update the input file by producing
this deviation in the model by means of a conditional load. Once the deviation has been
introduced into the model the engineer can investigate which adjustments have to be
undertaken, e.g. introducing additional conditional loads.
At the end of construction such an input file kept up-to-date also represents a detailed
report of all relevant events that occurred during the erection of the bridge.
into
42
9.2.
i...^_>
.-_
Monitoring
t,
the
bridge
%,^% ###,#s
by keeping
erection
^b***
ft
up-to-date
r ? /
Figure
9.5.:
Step
1.
/ :x\ .l
,.^v
appendix
D is
displaced
t t,i \ vv t\
opened
and its
load-history
'
F~-
*****
displaced shape in
case is presented.
load
node in the middle of the mid-deck has been selected and its
values
are
FT
<#
BB*i*l |Q*|P
Mf
^__y_
Figure
9.6.:
Step
into
2.
One linear
account)
is
43
9.
of
Example
an
program BRIDE
Donnai
ti
1
S
1,
%"% ####51
M*"*f
ff
fil
IPS Hi
ta!
/lit
II
'
:/,' ,'
tel?:!^*}~^,
-'
*
\
IMUMiiilu
I* in m ImJ ill ,
hi* Hnwr
Figure
9.7.:
Step
3.
The cables
are
dimensioned.
The
change
&
j,
'
%% ##,##Si
M#"f
f *
ff
h,
T555535
larfaUff*^
T^r
^j
Figure
9.8.:
Step
4.
Another linear
conditional loads
44
are
which the
Monitoring
9.2.
the
bridge
erection
by keeping
up-to-date
HPffiT
gj^*""""",, ,
Figure
9.9.:
Step
5.
With this
model,
after
fT
ITS ft.
having updated
*f
*^
H
|i/!*!*I isilf
fila
f IM
s-aai
being
out of date
again.
-y-
aal feais
i* IS- f
rf faaU 11 *
"N \
-^^
fss
Figure
9.10.:
r,
c-ijifu-u.-v-
*>
r-u
A last linear
6.
45
9.
Example
Figure
9.11.:
of
an
Step
7.
Figure
9.12.:
Step
8.
step 7 is
46
program BRIDE
The
as a new
original file
opened instead.
updated
condi
input file.
is closed with
no
changes
Monitoring
9.2.
'&
bridge
erection
IIIMf"f
<%*% ###-#s
i,
by keeping
f,s
up-to-date
,;<"
-Tv
>
---
the
-.^-^
v T
',
'
TU.! T
If
^-TT-i' i
>
K^t^^
-
-f
ml imn
Figure
^<Tii-^5BiS^ttoHii'iraiilBS'TSr5BSiT
9.13.:
Step
9.
step
The
are
slight
due to the
rounding
displacements
writing
in
the stored
file to disk.
r|El*,-,,,,,..t
1
*
S=ii*JFf^^W*i^TTTT=
r Sim
_<;
IsrSr
Figure
9.14.:
10.
Finally,
selected).
47
9.
48
Example
of
an
program BRIDE
10.
In its
Conclusions
commercial
to the
use.
Nevertheless,
it
represents
not
stayed bridge
in
on
influence
the deflected
displacements
shape. Or, for the
also
at
same
to have
given
time
having
reason,
influence
shape, they
going
subsequent deflected shapes. The stage-by-stage iteration allows one to
these phenomena into account in a simple but effective way by modelling
on
are
order and
an
depend
on
an
all
take all
all
con
chronological
by retrieving
stages
displacements from the deflected shapes of previous construction stages.
The adoption of the stage-by-stage iteration also allowed the development of quite
innovative ways of taking creep and locked-in displacements into account.
in
struction
locked-in
Conditional loads:
specify
not
pre-camber
the absolute
and
condition to be
post-tensioning
fulfilled.
Since the program BRIDE allows
one
to
accurately plan
only
saving for
the civil
and construction but possibly also in a reduced
number of times the forces in the cables need to be readjusted.
The rather interdisciplinary nature of this project (structural engineering, materials,
information technology) required a very summarizing approach from the author. Now
that the project's skeletal structure has been established, it would be desirable that
schedule,
from its
deriving
engineer responsible for design
developed
solution
algorithms
were
on
use
to the time
performed.
helpful
for
49
10.
Conclusions
effectiveness,
approach developed
user a
in this
good understanding
its
promising
system's
inner
logic.
The program BRIDE has been
models.
implemented
two-dimensional
analysis
in such
way that
much
is often sufficient.
two-dimensional but
the
analysis
to many
50
of
users.
highly
cable-stayed bridges adopted
interactive program
implementing
the
development of a
original approach to
Bibliography
[Anderheggen]
[CEB/FIP]
Structural
on
mance,
the
E.
Concrete, Textbook
Updated knowledge of
Behaviour, Design
CEB/FIP
and Perfor
(fib),
1999
[FAQs]
G.
Cline,
M.
Addison-Wesley,
[Gimsing]
Java
[JNI]
R.
Edition,
and
on-line
Tutorial,
design,
Sec
document,
http://java.sun.com/developer/onlineTraining/java3d/
The
URL:
API
3D
Second
1998
URL:
[Java Tutorial]
N. J.
ond
[Java 3D]
M.
Lomow,
on-line
Tutorial,
Java
document,
http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial
Gordon,
Interface,
Prentice
Hall,
1998
[Patterns]
E.
Gamma,
R.
Helm,
R.
Wesley,
[Refactoring]
M.
Johnson,
1995
Fowler,
K.
Beck,
J.
Brant,
W.
1999
[Schlaich]
M.
Schlaich,
Erection of
ing, September/October
2001
51
Bibliography
[Shaw
and
Whiteman]
S.
Shaw
and
J.
R.
Whiteman,
Some
Partial
Differen
[Stroustrup]
B.
Volterra
Stroustrup,
Equation
The C++
Addison-Wesley,
[Wittmann]
52
F. H.
Problems
Programming Language,
Third
Edition,
1998
Wittmann, Werkstoffe
im
Bauwesen,
ETH
Zrich,
1989
How to define
A.
numerical model
chapters
but it
was
not
explained
how the
this gap.
Every numerical simulation program needs an input produced by the user for de
scribing the model to be analyzed. Depending on the program, this may be specified
interactively through a graphical user interface or in written form as a text file using a
problem-specific input language. Both alternatives have advantages and disadvantages.
A
a
graphical input
is
more
text
There
are
user
are
inexperienced
user
user
graphical
re-editing
of
some
addition,
like constructs
by
text
means
of
defining
construction
input
of
graphical
Even if
its trans
preprocessor
it. These
text
by
mostly
Such
details.
combination of
the
user
can
are
section
object
there
A.2).
corresponds
text instruction in
alternately
two
(see
all
belong
objects
to the
same
It allows
one
together
to write
an
the information
con
chronology just by inserting the different model objects in the input file
in the same sequence in which their physical counterpart are built in the real world.
Such an input file appears like a construction schedule, which is the clearest and
simplest way to specify the complex chronology of the construction process.
struction
53
A. How to dehne
1.
2.
by
identifier and
an
displacement parameters
by
are
introduced.
by
an
information:
following
its
spacial
identifier, by
its
coordinates. In each
physical
attributes
(like
by
material)
("incidence nodes").
and
is connected
3.
Supports: supports
4.
Loads:
typically
similar to
elements,
but
act
elements
or
are
loads
can
on
2.
An identifier
one
incidence node.
nodes.
this schema:
following
(see
3.
The information
4.
building
In this
project
Internally
object1.
object.
treated
separators.
as
explanation
A.2).
diagrams2
which
are
not
The
only
acceleration of 9.81
^ acting
user
self-explanatory.
diagrams:
their units.
The
are
section
sub-sections the
following
is limited to those
on
just
have
directly
they
in the
during
program
input file
predefined physical
development
is the
in order to
change
units is the
gravity
following:
length
meter
force
kilo newton
kN
mass
ton
stress
kilo Pascal
kPa
he defines in the
Railroad
54
A.l.
are
objects
enough
as
Syntax
floating-point notation),
(in
most
cases
explains
identifiers
or
numbers in
which information is
integer
required,
A.l.
Syntax
A. 1.1.
objects
Stage object
In the
chronological objects list the stage object signalizes when a new stage has been
reached and gives it an identifier and a day number. The day number is necessary for
the calculation of time-dependent effects and for the merging of many object lists using
the Restart object (see subsection A. 1.2).
The syntax for
stage_identifier DayNumber
Stage
The
day
(unless
it is the first
construction
A. 1.2.
day_number
bigger
a
than the
restart
day
object).
It
specifies
the
day
when the
stage is reached.
Restart
object
The Restart
object allows one to merge many objects lists and belongs at the beginning
of a chronological objects list, being appended to an already defined one. This should
be used for structures consisting of different sub-structures which stand alone before
being joined together at the end of construction (typically the cantilever portions of a
cable-stayed bridge attached to different pylons). It allows one to keep the input files
for the sub-structures in different smaller files first
as long the sub-structures are not
joined together and then to easily merge them.
-
The
file
Restart
is:
serted
object
Restart
is best done
object(s),
to
specify
the
an
using
objects needed
by writing
(see
subsection
A.2.6)
being
in
55
A. How to dehne
A.1.3.
Remove
The Remove
object
allows
object
to detach
one
single
model
Element
element_identifier
Support
support_identifier
NodeLoad
to simulate the
or
re
loads.
node_load_identifier
element
load
identifier
Nodes
Node
as
jomt_identifier
^-Element Load
A.1.4.
so
self-explanatory syntax:
Joint
*-
objects
node
by
identifier
an
coordinate
spacial
coordinate
coordinates.
coordinate
Syntax
node
object:
for
Z-Coordmate
program's arbitrary
are
the
Cartesian
rm.
s less s Usi
I
p
*y
"
srPf |t
fisil illsif mt
|
I
mm a sal mi i wm nana it
****
"%mTk III
ilesfiifi tail*
tm0Mesmu
I
Up
1?
I;;;;:;:;.;;
Il SB
f
KU-
**
j*iii*il i***
Wh*
**"_L
m
*
*"
*
lr
-^
if
"
vMm
ntii isrinipi.1
Figure
gai ni
A.L: A
snapshot
bridge
56
*mi itow*
**** m$
tm
showing
the nodes of
cable-stayed
A.l.
A.1.5.
Syntax
Elements
Elements
three dimensional
are
ement is defined
by
an
Truss elements:
bending
transmit
same as
the program.
Beam elements:
a
only
normal force
along
are:
no
stiffness
Cable elements:
by
objects
normal force.
They
truss
take
but
elements,
tension-only
they
can
be
automatically
re-dimensioned
shear deformations.
same as
Composite
elements:
same
as
cast beam
following syntax
-Truss
Cable
Beam
-Nodes
element
is used to define
elements, but
steel profile.
truss,
cable,
or a
beam element:
identifier
node
identifier-*
77-node
^Excentricityty
^ Section
identifier
noae_iaenLirier
YOrientation
or
vector
starting
end- point
defining
an
dX
dY
dZ-
Z-
start-
^Excentricity
identifier
section
ponents of
-y-
dXdYdZ-^
dY dZJ
dX
excentric, rigid
pointing
are
the
com
to the element
are
assumed to be constant
The
optional three
prescribe explicitly
numeric values
is
always
user
on
over
the
allow
one
to
vector
does not
keyword
prescribe
which
If the
57
A. How to dehne
CompositeBeam
(formwork-beam-identifier)
cast/composite beams,
The section
Dz
Section
Dz
coupled
of
profile
section_identifier
to
previously
and
section.
composite
are
do not have to be
so
the
same
specified.
specified
coordinate.
cast/composite
is that of the
using
defined,
(the
section
section
single
specified
no
A.1.6.
combined section.
If
composite beam
single
This allows
steel,
defined,
composite beam)
excentric
is
one
always
assumed to be
rigid.
for this
Sections
same
section,
so
reason
the
bending
rigid
merged together
carrying the identifier of the
combined section
which is
is
kept separated
are
beam
stiffness for
cable
is
of the steel
or
cast/composite
Y axis.
Dz is the distance between the axis of the formwork beam and the axis of the
If
global
X-Y
or a
to the
global
parallel
to the
parallel
-n
-^
^FormworkBeam formwork_beam_identifier
that it is
cast
1er
j- element_identif
vCastBeam
to define
Section
an
as
ignore
non-vanishing
it in the calculation.
section_identifier
SectionGroup
section_group_identifier
A A
It
It
Iy Iy
Iz
Iz~^.
(
v
The
z_max
section-group-identifier
section group.
58
zMax
zMin
z_mm
Material
material_identifier
re-dimensioning
belonging
as
to the
same
the program
A.l.
Syntax
objects
BPfiVP
[ *,*,*,,-,,...,,
Figure
A.2.: A
*-
snapshot
bridge
**"* * ^FJtW
lllf-
n>
t *
1*1
m,
showing
ijt
>
the elements of
the
same
group
and minima
are
as
As many sections
^
^
along
Materials
usually
have the
same
material,
cable-stayed
model.
A.1.7.
Material
material_identifier
MaxCreepFactor
SigMax sigma_max
max_creep_factor DaysForHalfCreep
MaxShrinkageS train
max_shrinkage_stram
was
separated
material is:
G Rho
Rho~*
days_for_half_creep
DaysForHalf Shrinkage
-\
days_for_half_shrmkage
E is the
59
A. How to dehne
^,
vm
Is
**p1i ilK
hiss wem
|
I
JBi
"
% s ^ftf#
of
.,,
"*
l"
Tshii.Tsa.li. ilsrafe
r^^"
''
liW*!
&
-i-
t j -m s i i
ibiIhiI
Jllaii
Ste
ilTHifii-i tail
s-
I* m m
s as
Jt
Mi lai
#*.1,,.
iI(i*|
""M' !% I# #!#!#!
! l
rj
lU.pta.muilp
i
*
IsreaJtiiiHk
ftffiflil ll!JI#s
liliailfll Ifiifpf
poire
>
Ti%
||(HHBIJS<
I
\mmmi^mn^$%
f*l*
III III
.'. L,,,,,,,,
* m S3 fSSiIiMlllHl
H# hl^inif
US
toiii islftal A
*#
1S* ?
;^J^^
-'
f#li
tf
\
\
BiSr <tfe*lLiMnt
Nato
i^d
^rf
su
Figure A.3.:
relies* sif
^ /S
fill
ii
BI
SS
*f
snapshot
tilever
si H*
(represented by
dashed
showing
line)
an
element
modelling
can
A.1.8.
Joints
are
(element
to
an
Joints
zero-length
element of
zero
length
same
joint_identifier
Sti ffness
tx
ty
tz
rx
Nodes
ry
location
and infinite
a
are
are
in the
same
they
location
would lead
stiffness).
is:
joint
node_identifier node_identifier 3
rz-
XOrientation
Y Z YOrientation
ZJ
\~
xNoTension
-yNoTension
^
tz
are
rz are
nodes, expressed
in local coordinates.
60
incidences.
joint's
zNoTension
explicitly.
differing
from the
A.l.
beforehand,
The
vector
Syntax
co-planar
to the local
one
directions,
one
to define
separate freely.
objects
plane.
contact connection in
can
can
deal
with.
HPF
Aie #!*%*!# 1
f 4>
i#
# A
li
-#,
ltiiii
mnwiittimm
**l
fiiHliiBitaiitnirtlrnu
tail gl ferps-silflfirfi
Tlijpljiii
fat$
Utii! #sriji*fii|
Figure
%M rttt
A.4.: A
lri
snapshot
bridge
|slagi*r
jb*4$
aaSas
ciftiH teste
*rt
showing
the
joints of
cable-stayed
wire-frame repre
sentation.
A.1.9.
Supports
Supports
are
similar to
single
they anchor
support_identifier
Stiffness
tx
ty
tz
single
incidence node:
rx
ry
Node
it in space
a
support is:
node_identifier
rz-s
XOrientation
Y Z YOrientation
ZJ
\~
xNoTension
-yNoTension
zNoTension
61
A. How to dehne
The
single
tz
are
freedom of the
give
beforehand, and the local
The
in
support
from the
to the local
to define
one
one
This represents
ground.
from the
one
can
lift off
deal with.
i IS1
toUWH
ft
i.
(\
/
f
x-y
co-planar
plane.
contact
can
vector
differing
explicitly.
the direction of
rtid
single
rz are
to be defined
incidence node.
support's single
MM
'
\\
\
'
\
",
<
:V
*,
'-"-'*""
X\,.
\
V
1\\
^x
"
"
XXX
li
aillll lai.il.
lB*ifl*THBll
Jr-^-.-rri,
J^,
ili i alafiil agitai
//
nisi ii-aftfiip mi hh
Figure A.5.:
iiBPi $m m i
snapshot
bridge
showing
the supports of
cable-stayed
wire-frame repre
sentation.
A.1.10.
Load
In structural
a
cases
engineering
62
acting
on
A.l.
Loading
cases.
element
or
have to be
Load
forces
are
defined
any other
as
appended
cases
be
can
multiplied by
Syntax
object.
loading
affect
case
just
one
identifiers
can
one or more
object (see
force
objects
Those load
superposed according
superpositions
case
are
with the
called load
combinations.
Any
number of load
A. 1.11.
cases
given
ioaa_case_iaentirier
are
ractor\;
multiplied by
the
adjacent
superposed.
The
load
load_history
case
A.l.13).
A.1.12.
Node loads
NodeLoad
node_load_identifier
Node
node_identifier -y-Force
^Mass
LoadCases
Zt-^
I
jy- ioaa_nistory
case
jyy-|
identifier
condition
\r
-^
The node identifier defines the node in which the force acts.
The three numeric values after the
on
condition
^ load
mass'
keyword
force
acting
the node.
mass
defines
concentrated
mass
analysis,
analysis,
buckling analysis: when
a static or a buckling analysis is performed the concentrated mass is automatically
multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity of 9.81 ^ resulting in a load in the
negative Z-direction. Rotational nodal masses cannot be taken into account.
the static
can
be defined
by adding
and the
condition
(see
assigned
subsection A. 1.14).
to the load
case
load-history.
63
A. How to dehne
A.1.13.
Element loads
Element Load
plane
Element
element_load_identifier
^^SelfWeight
WeightFromSection
vDistributedMass
Force
section_identifier
InitialForce
vy
vz
tx
ty
mx
my
tz
rx
mz
7v^-1
condition
condition
7y-ioaa_nistory
case
rz
ry
7^load_history
^ load
7yy-|
identifier
The distributed
The
in the -Z
self-weight
mass
is
on
acting
|\r
-'
-\
distributed_mass
InitialDisplacement
^ LoadCases
element_identifier
The
are
weight-from-section
formwork
because ele
known.
specification
same as
the
but another
account.
the
length
uniformly
distributed
of the element.
keyword
(force components
per unit
length) acting
uniformly
on
dis
the element's
axis.
keyword InitialDisplacement
are,
With the
keyword
InitialForce
an
64
initial
can
were
were
free to
group of forces
acting
clamped.
self-equilibrating
A.l.
Syntax
objects
keyword InitialForce are, respectively, the normal force, the shear forces in local y
and z directions, the torsion and the bending moments in local y and z directions
acting on the first incidence node. The normal forces and moments acting on the
second incidence node are the same as the specified ones but with opposite sign.
If shear forces are defined (i.e. they are not equal to zero) the related bending
moments acting on the second incidence node are changed according with the well
known equilibrium relations between bending moments and shear forces.
The element forces defined
tialDisplacement
tion A.
load
IKoil
*JM
only
by selecting
1.14).
case
If
the
and Ini
are
be defined
can
by adding
condition
(see
subsec
assigned
to the
load-history.
liiwtif#i mMm
lraii,,htt*f
iitaHiiiJ'iiAg
i*MirtiaMsiBigin
Figure A.6.:
|i* peitf
snapshot
m$m
stayed bridge
A.1.14.
mm m
showing
element loads
acting
on a
cable-
model.
Conditions
prescribing
displacement
or a
force is:
65
A. How to dehne
| condition|
-Translation
rransis
-y-Global
-y-
^ Rotaticion
^-vMoment r-Local
^
Force
Value
y z^Element
element
identifier
Normed
normed
x-
'
z-
value
Portion
val
port ion
Of
ue
element
identifi
Normed
er
normed
,J)
(
^
StageForCondition
stage_identifier
The
arbitrary intensity load is defined in the load object the condition has been
assigned to and the activation stage is implicitly defined by the position of the
load object in the chronological objects list. The fixed load is defined by all load
objects belonging to the load case load-history active in the condition stage.
The first line of the rail-road
which
or a
the
be
translation,
coordinate
allow
one
(i.e. going
or
parameter
in another
values for
an
one
relatively (as
absolutely
in the program
combination of inner
If it is
beginning
absolute
displacement
subsequent
StageForCondition
structure).
service
are
parameter.
can
one
as
are
in most
also fulfilled
are
only
expressed
same
kind of
set to 0.
computed during
cases
the
or
subsequent
same as
be
Conditional factors
to 1 at the element's
condition
same
If the
moments
point of the
parameter
bending
rotation,
one
allows
end)
can
diagram
the
and
case.
condition
SameFactorAs
conditional
load
66
same
conditional
identifier
A.2.
A.1.15.
Cable
dimensioning object
cable
RedimensionCables
is:
y.
load_combmation_identifier
consists of
object
dimensioning object
jcable_identifier
^j LoadCombination
The
Text-preprocessor
stage_identifier
Stage
r;
stage/load-
list of
A.1.16.
Notes
Notes
can
Note
note
such notes
text
A.2.
list
-unlikely
appear in the
objects
to preprocessor comments
(see
subsection
A.2.7)-
are
stored and
program.
Text-preprocessor
disseminated all
are
own
along
keywords
When
they
are
manipulations
found
by
BRIDE's
loop's
control variable
can
and the
through
e.g.
objects
can
A.2.1.
object
string.
are
variable in
3the
generated
in
Variables
be
objects
for-loop
mam
loops
for the
differences
after
being
more
than
are
declared
once
as
parameters in expressions
or
floating point
instance associated to
variable
even
as
name
control
gives
if
they
are
declared
name
67
A. How to dehne
Figure
meaning
to the value
they
store
and, depending
(left)
on
same
and then to 6
its
(right).
their initialization
changing
Variables
can
object-like
definition:
Define
or
as
variajble_name
variajble_value
by using and initializing the new variable directly where it is needed with a "=",
following example where the variable Susanna is declared, initialized with the
in the
Node
Node
mast_2 Susanna 0 3
The former
objects
Node
mast_l 4 0 0
Node
mast_2 4 0 3
Variable
names
would be transformed
(e.g. Susanna)
A.2.2.
can
as
follows
be constituted
beginning
with
the preprocessor:
by
by
any sequence of
Expressions
Expressions
can
be used at any
place
numeric value is
The syntax is the standard expression syntax also used in programs such
programs. Parentheses
begin
can
with
e.g.
by just
68
minus
(in
can
such
itself,
letters, digits
letter.
the
one
example
variable
in the former
delivering
the
paragraph (there
coordinate).
required.
spreadsheet
precedences. Expressions may not
previously
or
as
parentheses)
in the
the expressions
are
and
expression
constituted
A.2.
Operator
Associativity
Description
To Left
Conditional
?;
Right
||
Left to
&&
Left to
Right
!=
Left to
Right
Left to
Right
AND
Inequality
Right
Equality
<
Left to
Right
Less than
<=
Left to
Right
Right
>
Left to
>=
Left to
Right
Left to
Less than
or
equal
to
Greater than
Greater than
or
equal
Right
Addition
Left to
Right
Subtraction
Left to
Right
Multiplication
Left to
Right
Division
Left to
Right
Modulo Division
are
OR
Logical
Logical
Text-preprocessor
order.
to
with the
Operators
same
use
of the
following
parameter:
needing
exp(...), log(...), sin(...), asin(...), cos(...), acos(...), tan(...),
atari (
) abs (...), int (...), sqrt (...)
one
or
two
parameters:
A.2.3.
Brackets
[expression] integer
are
evaluation
A.2.4.
used for
replaces
are
the
same as
in the
programming language C.
evaluation
For-loop
given
text
portion
}
The first time the syntax
the control variable
assumes
checking system
the initial value.
by
one
(this
By
means
any further
reading
curly
brackets
69
A. How to dehne
one).
assumes
This is
an
example showing
some
identifiers and
coor
dinates:
For
To
mast_[i]
From
Node
3*i
Node
mast_0 4 0 0
Node
mast_l 4 0 3
Node
mast_2 4 0 6
Node
mast
A.2.5.
3 4
as
follows
by
the preprocessor:
If...Else...
pending
equal zero
expanded
construct
to switch
one
on
on
(expression) {
If
text read
one.
if
expression
evaluation^ 0
or
true
if
expression evaluations 0
or
false
Else
text read
The statement
is
an
For
example
From
To
==
Else
Node
If
0)
can
also finish
right
no
by
the preprocessor:
For-loop:
{
Node
mast_
[i]
deck_0 4 0 3*i
4
3*i
70
Node
deck_0 4 0 0
Node
mast_l 4 0 3
expanded
as
follows
A.2.
Node
mast_2 4 0 6;
Node
mast_3 4 0 9;
A.2.6.
Text-preprocessor
Include statement
When the preprocessor encounters an Include statement it replaces it with the content
of the included file. In this example a file named "my_bride_libraries/sections.brd" has
been included in the input file:
Include
my_bride_libraries/sections.brd
A.2.7.
Comments
Portions of the
input file
can
(* at the
beginning
and
*) at
A.2.8.
Finish
keyword
(the
by
any
other)
has
Finish.
71
A. How to dehne
72
Graphie
B.
interface of the
user
program BRIDE
The program BRIDE has been conceived
know how such simulations
the
graphic
the
user
user
interface
are
as
performed.
(GUI)
workings
of
engineers who
Therefore the
reducing
as
much
as
(see figure
static
analysis panel
modal
BRIDE'S window
analysis panel
buckling analysis panel
tjt,
menu
3D
model state
control panel
the program
3D
tool-bar
3D output
control panel
canvas
text
bar
navigation
panel
Html tool-bar
Figure
name
menu
automatically generated by
the program
can
can
be
opened
be saved.
stage-by-stage
analysis panels
model and the
the
case
Each
right.
analysis's results
on
can
Below the
panel"
re-dimensioning can be
be
set)
menu
on
opened
containing
contains
bar there
(with
are
which
menu
the left
analysis panel
represented three-dimensionally,
are
of the
bar
path
and
"3D output
73
B.
Graphie
control
user
the
user
formatted text
with the
mouse.
user
In this section
describing
represented
"text
panel"
graphic object
the three-dimensional
canvas
the GUI
instinctively
Button:
border and
are
defined.
The
use
of standard GUI
on
same as a
expressed through
Check-box: the
an
icon
an
again
darker
same as a
or a
to be deselected.
rendering
in
bar
opening
on
one
if the
delimited
by
selection is
toggle-buttons
region.
item at
region.
time selected
by
the
user
out of
usually
program's
functionality they
clicks
by
region.
only
mouse
once on
kind of program
mostly
the combo-box
in all programs
mouse
In
of the button
Menu: button
operate
string.
check-mark instead of
Combo-box:
to
user
containing either
the
Toggle-button:
selected
panel.
canvas
in which
some
some
in the 3D
3D
Definition of
B.l.
user can
there appears
by
in which the
panel"
by selecting
thus
the
typically
allowing the user
same names
to guess which
contain.
more
components with
re
lated functions.
Panel:
rectangular region
of the GUI
containing
one or more
functions.
Tabbed-panel: GUI component allowing one to show only one panel at a time out of a
group of panels. The presence of the other panels is expressed through selectable
tabs on the side of the panel being shown.
3D
74
canvas:
the
rendering
of three-dimensional models.
B.2.
The
Menu bar
(see figure B.2)
keeping
open it
save
bar
menu
an
which allows
one
to open
file,
re
slightly modified),
(i.e. considering the
possibly changed
(if
menu
conditional
computed
loads),
Figure
B.3.
menu.
panel
panel (see figure B.3) contains the GUI components needed for
the following computation options: second order, cable sag, tension/compression only
(in elements such as cables, supports and joints) and shrinkage.
The model state control
In the middle
on
execution of the
vertical
toggle-button
stop the
stage-by-stage
iteration.
On its
power of 10.
The button
user can
section
read the
areas
weight
(the
by
the
combo-box)
user
in the
on
and
one
cases
(in
tons if the
user can
analysis panels.
are an
The
density
allow
expressed
right
dimensioning.
metre).
(the
coming before
one) defined
stage/load pair
second
after the
one
being
"-"
selected
75
Graphie
B.
user
toil ortir
j cable
j
j
lai
tension/compreision-only
shrinkage
[3 locked-in displacements
residual addition factor
m
=
|H
.2
.4
.8
croap
prescribed translations:
5.J0E-4
construction
stage
final
load
case or
load combination
load.history
Figure
B.4.
Elements
common
Figure
In the program BRIDE
to all three
panel.
analysis panels
tabbed-panel.
The 3D
76
3D output control
canvas
dimensional
can
looks the
objects
are
in the three
analysis panels:
Snapshots of the picture
document selecting a button of
same
rendered.
rectangle
in which three-
rendered in the 3D
the Html tool bar.
canvas
B.4. Elements
The 3D
is
1^
I^^Bs^^^H
li
\*
LS
common
IS
I Lb
Figure
The
navigation
defined
through
closer examination
1 lib
vl\
only
t/"
B.5.: 3D
at
one
to all three
\f
'\
analysis panels
is
quite complex
V"
t^mm*.
*js
navigation tool-bar.
to the three
two
common
represented
inside the 3D
canvas
is
looking
on
the left
can
canvas.
If
by clicking
which it
was
by clicking
on
any three-dimensional
allows
one
to
zoom
seventh, eight
changed,
image.
object
to choose
one
or
one
perspective.
change
speed
toggle-button
pop-up
of the eye:
The
arrow
image changing
translatory.
out.
main axis
collaterally.
which allows
if it is
buttons:
the
viewing direction,
one
button is
toggle
menu
one
is selected
to choose the
allowing
on
to center the
one
center of the
1,-1]
new
on
manually.
user
can
one
to
faster and if the slider is moved toward the snail the eye becomes slower.
The 3D output definition
in all 3D
panels
output definition
in the three
(for
the
results)
as
identifiers
(for
model
objects)
relative to the
77
B.
Graphie
user
[i
[j
ii
elements
elements thick.
D D SIJPPr*s
|j |j joints
[j [j
rj rj
q |j
axis
ielei
element loads
q |j initial forcas/displs,
nodal loais
p ij displacements
thick
[j [j displacements
nodes
[j [j iisplacei
[j [j
ri
ri
reactai
il
[j [j
VI
r-j i|
MX
D EI] **^
D [J
[j [j
^z
normal tension
subdivision
lamina
size
Z^LZ
red
Figure
allows
one
B.5.
raw
panel
in the static
analysis panel.
to set the size of the maxima to which the results have to be scaled.
the 3D
Static
analysis panel
By selecting the "elements" check-box (see figure B.6) the elements are represented as
wire-frames, by selecting the "elements thick" check-box they are represented as boxes
having the width and the height specified in the section object with the maxima and
the minima in the local y and z directions. The difference between "displacements" and
"displacements thick" is the same as between "elements" and "elements thick": selecting
"displacements" check-box the displaced shape of the structure is shown as a wire
frame spline where the elements in traction are coloured in red and those in compression
in blue, while selecting the "displacements thick" check-box the spline is represented by
boxes between the interpolation points having the same cross section as the boxes used
the
78
same
appears
B.5.
with "elements
as
thick",
an
element is
selected,
representing
deck
1 0/3
the local
line of charts
panels
deck
1 1/3
axes
deck
12/3
mm
Mt&
1 15 E3
15/3
/[1 1CE3
l 28E3
^L3A^^.
Figure
B.7.: Text
panel
in the
interpolation points
of
composite element
"deck_8_l".
B.5.2.
g [j element!
[j [j elements thick
rj r-j iupports
rj [j joints
[j [j
aie!
[j [j
nodes
[j |j
element loads
[j [j
initial forees/displs.
q |j nndal loads
q p displacements
thick
rj r-j iiipiaesmanti
ici
D q iiipiacrf
lac Ulli factor; 7. FiE3
Figure
The
Components
panel.
B.8.:
only
factor.
has
no
Modal
buckling analysis
The
not
physical meaning.
analysis panel
self-explanatory components
in the
B.5.3.
only
specification panel
characteristic of this
The
magnitude
of the 3D output
frequency
"-"
in this
are
the buttons
in Hertz.
79
B.
Graphie
user
p*
HD
elements
D D
elements thick
D D supports
D D joints
ax
D D
D D nodes
D
lenient loads
initiai
forces/displs.
noial loads
II D
D D iispiacamant
thick
[j displacements
!
III D displaced
elganmade number
resonance
Figure
B.9.:
Components
panel.
Ifepippfi* ?i.fi*|iMiffiliMTTill
tri me all
tfMjfti
itou** **i*
Figure
B.6.
Text
In the text
of the 3D output
ei
specification panel
in the modal
analysis
mm
panel
there appear
panel
formatted text
description
of the three-dimensional
graphic objects
(see
figure B.7). Snapshots of the text panel content can be added to the Html document
using a button of the Html tool bar. At the beginning of the Html document an index
constituted by links leading to the different snapshots is inserted.
selected with the
B.7.
Html tool-bar
(see figure B.10)
by snapshots
panel,
canvas
the
on
error
with the
of the 3D
the left it is
third,
allows the
canvas
possible
B.8.
can
user
to
generate
panel
an
weight
button,
generated
Html1 document
snapshot
snapshot
document
can
of the
of the 3D
be saved and
be reset.
Syntax highlighting
Syntax highlighting
is
80
mouse
browsers,
but also
by
by
directly implemented
programmers.
To custom
can
in the program
an
editor for
be read not
only by
B.8.
Syntax highlighting
EBB
File
Edit
Search
Folding
M_arfcers
Utilities
View
Plugins
Macros
P|
QaS
Ik
Define
10P-
Joint
dl_c2
Nodes
dl_0
c2_0
Stiffness
1E10
1E10
1E10
1E10
1E10
1E10
Joint
cl_d2
Nodes
cl_0
d2_0
Stiffness
1E10
1E10
1E10
1E10
1E10
1E10
Joint
el_e2
Bodes
el_0
e2_0
Stiffness
lElO
1E10
1E10
1E10
1E10
1E10
Remove
Joint
cl_9_tmp
Remove
Joint
dl_9_tmp
;.
Remove
Joint
c2_9_tmp
;.
Remove
Joint
d2_9_tmp
cl_9
Nodes
al_l
cl_9
Stiffness
dl_9
Nodes
bl_l
dl_9
Stiffness
Joint
c2_9
Nodes
a2_l
c2_9
Stiffness
1E10
Joint
d2_9
Nodes
b2_i
d2_9
Stiffness
lEio
ieo
Joint
Joint
Remove
Remove
Sypport
Support
Support
Support
cl_17
d2_17
Con sol
1E10
1E10
1E10
Node
ci_i7
Stiffness
1E30
d2_i7_fnnal
Mode
di_i7
Stiffness
I Error Li
it
ie=o
0;
0
0
o
ieo
o
(dayNunber-dayNunber-t-2)
o
o
o
o
bride
Figure
to enter the
0
0
1E30
4 40
special syntax,
1E10
ci_i7_fnnal
49,5
lui
XI
Help
such
as
Syntax highlighting
B.ll.:
150-8859-1
snapshot
syntax of
an
in
some
editor's
(downloadable
[single [ins
17Mb
syntax keywords
none
BRIDE,
configuration
for free at
file.
usually necessary
Figure B.ll shows a
it is
www.jedit.org) highlighting
the
81
B.
82
Graphie
user
C.
Information
develop
to
can
Windows.
that
be
compiled
tools used
technology
operating system
fully compatible
with
too.
3D native libraries
Open
compiler by
Microsystems (www.java.sun.com).
object and (according to the wishes of the user) begins sending him queries
and receiving back the information needed to represent the results. The communication
between the GUI and the C++ has been implemented using the Java Native Interface
Sun
the shared
(JNI,
All
see
[JNI]).
can
program BRIDE it
to
the
keep
was
the
subject
on
very
the Internet.
important
to stick to
listed in the
bibliography
83
C. Information
84
technology
tools used to
develop
D.
D.I.
Main
(*
1*)
(*
2*)
(*
3*)
(*
4*)
(*
5*)
(*
6*)
(*
7*)
(*
8*)
(*
9*)
(*
10*)
(*
11*)
(*
12*)
(*
13*)
(*
14*)
(*
15*)
(*
16*)
(*
17*)
(*
18*)
(*
19*)
(* 20*)
Note
materials
Section
Section
Section
Section
2.2 zMin
zMax
(-1)
yMin
zMax
5.1
(-.8)
yMin
zMax
.3
It
2.53
yMin
4.765
Section
Section
yMin
(-2.75) zMax
14.09
Iy
Iy
yMin (-.75)
zMax
Iz
6.88
.96
It
2.38
1.075 zMin
It
.05
Iz
.03
20.5
1.125
(-0.125)
.012
Iy
Material
It
(-1.075)
(-1.075)
2.03
concrete_45_35 ;
(-0.125)
zMin
zMin
.2
Iy
Material
A
Iz
concrete_45_35 ;
27
Iy
Material
It
.023
Iy
Material
13.38
7.90
Material
notACable
0.125
Iz
It
4.52
Iy
yMin
concrete_45_35 ;
concrete_45_35 ;
0.125 zMin
slab_long_end SectionGroup
8.38
concrete_45_35 ;
Material
notACable
(-4.765) zMax
Iz
Material
(-2.2)
(-.3)
zMin
24.89
Iy
Material
(-1.9)
zMin
1.9
slab_long SectionGroup
Section
yMax
(-2.5)
zMin
2.5
SectionGroup not_a_cable
4.765
yMax
zMax
yMax
(-1)
yMin (-1.5)
1_1
1
yMax
SectionGroup not_a_cable
yMin
1.5
yMax
(-2.75)
2.75 zMin
zMax
300
Section
(* 23*)
yMin (-1.5)
ab_l
1
yMax
40
yMax
=====================================
DaysForHalfShrinkage
0.0005
MaxShrinkageStrain
yMax
sections
DaysForHalfCreep
MaxCreepFactor
yMax
and
Material
(* 21*)
(* 22*)
input file
==========
Section
chapter 9
in
18.032
7.89
Iz
155
concrete_45_35
.006
Iz
1.898
concrete_45_35 ;
1.4
Material
Iz
concrete_45_35
1.24
Iy
Iz
.60
concrete_45_35 ;
(* 24*)
(* 25*)
Material
(* 26*)
(* 27*)
(* 28*)
steel_360 E 195E6
MaxCreepFactor
G
0
MaxShrinkageStrain
Section
(* 29*)
yMax
SigMax
DaysForHalfCreep
yMin (-.25)
DaysForHalfShrinkage
I_profile SectionGroup
.25
140E3*0.7 Rho
zMax
notACable
.95
0.14
(-.95)
zMin
7.85
It
1E-4
Material
Iy
.067
steel_360
Iz
.001
(* 30*)
(* 31*)
Material
(* 32*)
MaxCreepFactor
(* 33*)
MaxShrinkageStrain
(* 34*)
For
(* 35*)
From
yMax
(* 37*)
To
100
DaysForHalfCreep
0
dc
{
cables
Material
DaysForHalfShrinkage
[i]_strands SectionGroup
Section
(* 36*)
(* 38*)
0.6_strands_steel
150E-6*i
zMax
dc
It
zMin
Iy
Iz
(-de)
>
(* 39*)
(* 40*)
Note
==========
one
bridge
half
(* 41*)
(* 42*)
Define
85
D.
(* 43*)
in
chapter
/home/pietro/bride/source/smpls/half_demo_numbered.brd
Include
(* 44*)
(* 45*)
Note
==========
other
bridge
half
=============================
(* 46*)
(* 47*)
Restart
(* 48*)
Define
(* 49*)
Include
;
s
/home/pietro/bride/source/smpls/half_demo_numbered.brd
(* 50*)
(* 51*)
Note
==========
between the
juction
halfs
bridge
two
===============
(* 52*)
(* 53*)
Joint
(* 54*)
Joint
(* 55*)
Joint
Nodes
el
Nodes
e2
1E10
1E10
1E10
1E10
cl_0 d2_0
Stiffness
1E10
IEIO
IEIO
IEIO
IEIO
1E10
el
Stiffness
IEIO
IEIO
IEIO
IEIO
IEIO
1E10
e2
(* 56*)
(* 57*)
Remove
Joint
cl_9_tmp
(* 58*)
Remove
Joint
dl_9_tmp
(* 59*)
Remove
Joint
c2_9_tmp
(* 60*)
Remove
Joint
d2_9_tmp
(* 61*)
Joint
(* 62*)
Joint
dl_9
Nodes
(* 63*)
Joint
c2_9 Stiffness 0
IEIO
(* 64*)
Joint
d2
d2
Nodes
cl_9 Stiffness 0
bl_l dl_9
b2
Stiffness
Stiffness
IEIO
0
1E10
1E10
0
0
1E10
1E10
0
0
0
0
0
;
0
0
0
;
(* 65*)
(* 66*)
Remove
Support cl_17
(* 67*)
Remove
Support d2_17
(* 68*)
Support cl_17_final
(* 69*)
;
;
Node
(* 70*)
(* 71*)
(* 72*)
(* 73*)
CompositeBeam cl_0_conc
(* 74*)
ElementLoad
FormworkBeam
cl_0 Dz
1.075
Section
slab_long
(-27.22)
LoadCase
live
(* 75*)
(* 76*)
CompositeBeam dl_0_conc
(* 77*)
FormworkBeam dl_0
Dz
1.075
dl_0_conc Force 0 0
Section
slab_long
(-27.22)
LoadCase
live
(* 78*)
(* 79*)
CompositeBeam el_0_conc
FormworkBeam
(* 80*)
ElementLoad el_0_conc_l
Element
(* 82*)
CompositeBeam c2_0_conc
FormworkBeam
(* 83*)
ElementLoad
el_0 Dz
1.075
el_0_conc Force 0 0
Section
slab_long
(-27.22)
LoadCase
live
(* 81*)
c2_0 Dz
1.075
Section
slab_long
(-27.22)
LoadCase
live
(* 84*)
(* 85*)
CompositeBeam d2_0_conc
(* 86*)
FormworkBeam d2_0
Dz
1.075
d2_0_conc Force 0 0
Section
slab_long
(-27.22)
LoadCase
live
(* 87*)
(* 88*)
CompositeBeam e2_0_conc
FormworkBeam
(* 89*)
ElementLoad e2_0_conc_l
Element
e2_0 Dz
1.075
e2_0_conc Force 0 0
Section
slab_long
(-27.22)
LoadCase
live
(* 90*)
(* 91*)
Stage
last
DayNumber (dayNumber=dayNumber+l)
(* 92*)
(* 93*)
(* 94*)
86
Note
==========
cable
dimensioning
stuff
==================================
D.I. Main
(* 95*)
history_and_live_l.7
LoadCombination
(* 96*)
LoadCase
input hie
load_history
1.7
LoadCase
live
1.7
(* 97*)
(* 98*)
RedimensionCables
(* 99*)
For
(*100*)
From
For
(*101*)
From
To
To
0
(*102*)
(*103*)
(*104*)
LoadCombination
history_and_live_l.7 Stage
last
what is
input file.
(*105*)
(*106*)
Line 1:
Finish
note
describing
coming
next in the
some
the cables
during
preprocessor's for-loop.
dimensioning.
directly
The sections
are
generated using
bridge.
Line 42: the variable "s" used inside the file "half_demo_numbered.brd" to define the
sign of the
using the
bridge
are
bridge.
erected
simultaneously
of the bridge.
restart
object
Line 48: the variable "s" used inside the file "half_demo_numbered.brd" to define the
sign of the
using the
straining
ones
some
bridge.
in the middle.
con
joints.
joints.
87
D.
in
chapter
constraining
ones
some
object definition,
the variable
"dayNumber"
file.
Lines 73-89: definition of the composite beams cast
gether
over
the steel
profiles joined
to
mid-span.
Lines 95-96: definition of the load combination used to dimension the cables.
Lines 98-104: definition of
be dimensioned
are
cable
of the cables to
Line 106: "Finish" command needed at the end of every outermost input file
included
D.2.
(*
1*)
(*
2*)
by
any other
Input file
Note
3*)
Define
sf
(*
4*)
Define
dayNumber
(*
5*)
Define
tmpx
(*
6*)
(*
7*)
(*
8*)
(*
9*)
(* 10*)
(* 11*)
(s-l)*2-l
some
in the main
input file
variables
s/2-.5
Note
==========
Node
s[s].foundation
mast
========================
80*sf
Support s[s].foundation
Stiffness
(twice)
definition of
(*
not
input file).
included
==========
(i.e.
1E30
1E30
Node
1E30
s[s].foundation
1E30
1E30
1E30
(* 12*)
(* 13*)
Node
a[s]_l
80*sf
(-9.53)*sf
(* 14*)
Beam
a[s]_l
Nodes
(* 15*)
a[s]_l Excentricity
(* 16*)
ElementLoad
(* 17*)
ElementLoad
(* 18*)
LoadCase
(* 19*)
Normed_x 1
(-1.5*sf)
a[s]_l_s
Element
a[s]_l_p
Element
load_history
Value
13.25
(-2.35)
Section
(-10.7)*sf
3_3 YOrientation 0 sf
Translation Global
Element
StageForCondition half[s]_last
a[s]_l
(* 20*)
(* 21*)
Node
(* 22*)
Beam
(* 23*)
b[s]_l
80*sf
b[s]_l
Nodes
13.25
(* 24*)
ElementLoad
(* 25*)
ElementLoad
(* 26*)
LoadCase
(* 27*)
Value
88
9.53*sf
b[s]_l_s
Element
b[s]_l SelfWeight
b[s]_l_p
Element
b[s]_l InitialDisplacement
load_history
Translation Global
StageForCondition half[s]_last
LoadCase
Element
sf
load_history
.01
b[s]_l Normed_x
D.2.
ab[s]_l
Beam
a[s]_l Excentricity
Nodes
b[s]_l Excentricity
ElementLoad
ElementLoad
LoadCase
(-1.5*sf)
(-2.35)
1.5*sf
Section
ab[s]_l_s
Element
ab[s]_l SelfWeight
ab[s]_l_p
Element
load_history
LoadCase
a[s]_2
80*sf
(-9.53)*sf
Beam
a[s]_2
Nodes
a[s]_l Excentricity
2_2 YOrientation 0
35.3
sf
(-1.5*sf)
(-2.35)
Element
a[s]_2 SelfWeight
a[s]_2_p
Element
a[s]_2 InitialDisplacement
Translation
Global
StageForCondition half[s]_last
Node
b[s]_2
80*sf
9.53*sf
Beam
b[s]_2
Nodes
b[s]_l Excentricity
Section
35.3
2_2 YOrientation 0
LoadCase
Element
sf
ElementLoad
b[s]_2_p
Element
b[s]_2 InitialDisplacement
LoadCase
For
From
Element
load_history
ab[s]_2_pl
ElementLoad
Value
a[s]_2 b[s]_2
Nodes
ab[s]_2_s
ElementLoad
LoadCase
Translation
Global
StageForCondition half[s]_last
ab[s]_2
Beam
To
Section
LoadCase
Element
load_history
.01
Global
0
1
10
Element
.01
ab[s]_2 Normed_x
{
80*sf
(-9.53)*sf 47+i*.9
a[s]_[3+i]
Nodes
a[s]_[3+i-l]
sf
a[s]_[3+i]
Section
a[s]_[3+i]_s
Element
a[s]_[3+i] SelfWeight
ElementLoad
a[s]_[3+i]_p
Element
a[s]_[3+i]
LoadCase
load_history
Normed_x
Value
Translation Global
Node
b[s]_[3+i]
80*sf
9.53*sf
Beam
b[s]_[3+i]
Nodes
b[s]_[3+i-l] b[s]_[3+i]
sf
47+i*.9
LoadCase
InitialDisplacement
1
Element
StageForCondition half[s]_last
1_1
ElementLoad
Section
1_1
Element
b[s]_[3+i]
SelfWeight
b[s]_[3+i]_p
Element
b[s]_[3+i]
InitialDisplacement
LoadCase
load_history
Normed_x
Translation Global
LoadCase
Element
StageForCondition half[s]_last
b[s]_[3+i]_s
.01
a[s]_[3+i]
ElementLoad
Value
load_history
ElementLoad
==========
b[s]_2 Normed_x
ab[s]_2 InitialDisplacement
Translation
Beam
Note
a[s]_[3+i]
YOrientation 0
a[s]_2 Normed_x
1_1 YOrientation sf
Node
YOrientation 0
StageForCondition half[s]_last
0
ab[s]_2 SelfWeight
Element
load_history
.01
b[s]_2 SelfWeight
load_history
load_history
(-2.35) b[s]_2
1.5*sf
Element
a[s]_2
b[s]_2_s
Value
ElementLoad
LoadCase
a[s]_2_s
load_history
;
;
ElementLoad
ElementLoad
Value
load_history
Translation
Node
LoadCase
input hie
(-2.35)
ab_l YOrientation sf
Section
in the main
load_history
.01
b[s]_[3+i]
============================
89
D.
in
chapter
(* 80*)
(* 81*)
Node
(* 82*)
Joint
c[s]_9
(-9.53)*sf
80*sf
c[s]_9_tmp
13.25
a[s]_l c[s]_9
Nodes
Stiffness
1E10
IEIO
IEIO
IEIO
IEIO
1E10
Stiffness
IEIO
IEIO
IEIO
IEIO
IEIO
1E10
(* 83*)
(* 84*)
Node
(* 85*)
Joint
d[s]_9
80*sf
d[s]_9_tmp
9.53*sf
13.25
b[s]_l d[s]_9
Nodes
(* 86*)
(* 87*)
Node
e[s]_9
(* 88*)
Beam
ce[s]_9
(* 89*)
ElementLoad
ce[s]_9_s
(* 90*)
ElementLoad
ce[s]_9_cast
(* 91*)
LoadCase
80*sf
13.25
c[s]_9 e[s]_9
Nodes
Element
cd_9 YOrientation sf
ce[s]_9 SelfWeight
Element
load_history
Section
LoadCase
load_history
(* 92*)
(* 93*)
Beam
(* 94*)
ElementLoad
de[s]_9_s
(* 95*)
ElementLoad
de[s]_9_cast
(* 96*)
de[s]_9
LoadCase
e[s]_9 d[s]_9
Nodes
Element
load_history
Section
cd_9 YOrientation sf
de[s]_9 SelfWeight
Element
LoadCase
load_history
(* 97*)
(* 98*)
(* 99*)
(*100*)
CompositeBeam ce[s]_9_conc
FormworkBeam
ce[s]_9
Dz
1.075
Section
slab_cross
(*101*)
CompositeBeam de[s]_9_conc
FormworkBeam
de[s]_9
Dz
1.075
Section
slab_cross
(*102*)
(*103*)
(*104*)
(*105*)
For
From
To
(*106*)
Node
c[s]_[8-i]
(80-(6.5+9.8*i))*sf
(*107*)
Beam
c[s]_[8-i]
Nodes
(*108*)
YOrientation 0
sf
c[s]_[8-i+l]
ElementLoad
c[s]_[8-i]_s
(*110*)
ElementLoad
c[s]_[8-i]_cast
(*112*)
Element
c[s]_[8-i]_p
(*113*)
LoadCase
load_history
(*114*)
Normed_x
Value
c[s]_[8-i]
Element
WeightFromSection slab_long
ElementLoad
13.25
I_profile
LoadCase
Element
SelfWeight
LoadCase
load_history
c[s]_[8-i]
load_history
c[s]_[8-i]
Translation Global
InitialDisplacement
10
Element
StageForCondition half[s]_last
Section
(*109*)
(*111*)
(-9.53)*sf
c[s]_[8-i]
.01
c[s]_[8-i]_conc
(*115*)
(*116*)
Node
d[s]_[8-i]
(80-(6.5+9.8*i))*sf
(*117*)
Beam
d[s]_[8-i]
Nodes
(*118*)
YOrientation 0
sf
ElementLoad
d[s]_[8-i]_s
(*120*)
ElementLoad
d[s]_[8-i]_cast
(*122*)
Element
d[s]_[8-i]_p
(*123*)
LoadCase
load_history
(*124*)
Normed_x
Value
d[s]_[8-i]
Element
WeightFromSection slab_long
ElementLoad
13.25
Section
LoadCase
Element
SelfWeight
LoadCase
load_history
d[s]_[8-i]
load_history
d[s]_[8-i]
Translation Global
InitialDisplacement
10
Element
StageForCondition half[s]_last
I_profile
(*119*)
(*121*)
9.53*sf
d[s]_[8-i+l] d[s]_[8-i]
.01
d[s]_[8-i]_conc
(*125*)
(*126*)
Node
e[s]_[8-i]
(80-(6.5+9.8*i))*sf
(*127*)
Beam
e[s]_[8-i]
Nodes
e[s]_[8-i+l]
(*128*)
Section
(*129*)
ElementLoad
e[s]_[8-i]_s
(*130*)
ElementLoad
e[s] _[8-i]_cast
(*131*)
90
I_profile
YOrientation 0
Element
13.25
sf
e[s]_[8-i]
Element
WeightFromSection slab_long
e[s]_[8-i]
SelfWeight
e[s]_[8-i]
LoadCase
load_history
LoadCase
load_history
D.2.
Beam
ce[s]_[8-i]
ElementLoad
LoadCase
Beam
ce[s]_[8-i]_s
de[s]_[8-i]
ElementLoad
LoadCase
e[s]_[8-i] d[s]_[8-i]
ElementLoad
LoadCase
c[s]_[8-i]
d[s]_[8-i]_cab
LoadCase
ElementLoad
.01
a[s]_[3+i]
0.770
c[s] _[8-i]_cab
Element
LoadCase
Value
d[s]_[8-i]
Nodes
load_history
Element
Excentricity
b[s]_[3+i]
0.770
d[s]_[8-i]_cab_s
load_history
InitialDisplacement
0
d[s]_[8-i]_cab SelfWeight
Element
d[s]_[8-i]_cab
Translation Global
Element
StageForCondition half[s]_last
ElementLoad
Excentricity
c[s]_[8-i]_cab
l_strands
SelfWeight
c[s]_[8-i]_cab_s
Translation Global
Section
I_profile
InitialDisplacement
Cable
de[s]_[8-i]
Element
Nodes
load_history
ElementLoad
Section
load_history
l_strands
I_profile
ce[s]_[8-i] SelfWeight
Element
de[s]_[8-i]_s
c[s]_[8-i]_cab
Section
Section
Nodes
0
e[s]_[8-i]
input hie
load_history
YOrientation sf
Cable
c[s]_[8-i]
Nodes
YOrientation sf
in the main
.01
0
d[s]_[8-i]_cab
Element
0
Element
StageForCondition half[s]_last
LoadCase
load_history
d[s]_[8-i]_cab Normed_x
Value
CompositeBeam c[s]_[8-i]_conc
FormworkBeam
ElementLoad
LoadCase
c[s]_[8-i]
Dz
1.075
c[s]_[8-i]_conc_l
live
Section
Element
slab_long
c[s]_[8-i]_conc
Force
(-27.22)
Force
(-27.22)
Force
(-27.22)
CompositeBeam d[s]_[8-i]_conc
FormworkBeam
ElementLoad
LoadCase
d[s]_[8-i]
Dz
1.075
d[s]_[8-i]_conc_l
live
Section
Element
slab_long
d[s]_[8-i]_conc
CompositeBeam e[s]_[8-i]_conc
FormworkBeam
ElementLoad
LoadCase
e[s]_[8-i]
Dz
1.075
e[s]_[8-i]_conc_l
live
Section
Element
slab_long
e[s]_[8-i]_conc
CompositeBeam ce[s]_[8-i]_conc
FormworkBeam
ce[s]_[8-i]
Dz
1.075
Section
slab_cross
1.075
Section
slab_cross
CompositeBeam de[s]_[8-i]_conc
FormworkBeam
de[s]_[8-i]
Dz
91
D.
in
chapter
(10+i<15) {
Node
13.25
>
If
(10+i==15)
Node
Support c[s]_[10+i]
c[s]_[10+i]
Node
Stiffness
1E30
13.25
0
;
;
>
If
(10+i==16)
Node
Support c[s]_[10+i]
c[s]_[10+i]
Node
Stiffness
1E30
13.25
0
;
;
>
If
(10+i==17)
Node
Support c[s]_[10+i]
c[s]_[10+i]
Node
Stiffness
1E30
13.25
0
>
c[s]_[10+i]
Nodes
c[s]_[10+i-l]
YOrientation 0
(-sf)
Beam
LoadCase
load_history
Element
c[s]_[10+i]_p
.01
InitialDisplacement
Translation Global
Normed_x
Node
If
Value
d[s]_[10+i]
(10+i==15)
c[s]_[10+i] SelfWeight
10
c[s]_[10+i]
Element
WeightFromSection slab_long
ElementLoad
LoadCase
load_history
Element
c[s]_[10+i]
LoadCase
load_history
c[s] _[10+i]_conc
Element
StageForCondition half[s]_last
9.53*sf
tmpx
I_profile
c[s]_[10+i]_cast
ElementLoad
Section
c[s]_[10+i]_s
ElementLoad
c[s]_[10+i]
13.25
Support d[s]_[10+i]
Node
d[s]_[10+i]
Stiffness
1E30
Node
d[s]_[10+i]
Stiffness
1E30
Node
d[s]_[10+i]
Stiffness
1E30
>
If
(10+i==16)
Support d[s]_[10+i]
>
If
(10+i==17)
Support d[s]_[10+i]
>
d[s]_[10+i]
Nodes
d[s]_[10+i-l] d[s]_[10+i]
YOrientation 0
(-sf)
Beam
d[s]_[10+i]_s
ElementLoad
LoadCase
load_history
Element
Element
WeightFromSection slab_long
d[s]_[10+i]_p
ElementLoad
InitialDisplacement
Translation Global
Normed_x
Node
92
Value
e[s]_[10+i] tmpx
.01
10
d[s]_[10+i]
SelfWeight
d[s]_[10+i]_cast
ElementLoad
Section
d[s]_[10+i]
LoadCase
load_history
Element
d[s]_[10+i]
Element
LoadCase
load_history
d[s]_[10+i]_conc
StageForCondition half[s]_last
0
13.25
I_profile
D.2.
e[s]_[10+i]
Nodes
e[s]_ [10+i-l]
YOrientation 0
(-sf)
Beam
LoadCase
load_history
ElementLoad
Element
e[s] _[10+i]_cast
ce[s]_[10+i]
Section
ElementLoad
LoadCase
de[s]_[10+i]
Beam
Section
LoadCase
ElementLoad
Cable
LoadCase
l_strands
ElementLoad
Cable
LoadCase
l_strands
ElementLoad
If
de[s]_[10+i]
Element
c[s]_[10+i] Excentricity
Nodes
Element
load_history
0.770
a[s]_[3+i]
0.770
b[s]_[3+i]
c[s]_[10+i]_cab
d[s]_[10+i]
Nodes
Excentricity
d[s]_[10+i]_cab_s
LoadCase
SelfWeight
d[s]_[10+i]_cab
Section
e[s]_[10+i] d[s]_[10+i]
c[s]_[10+i]_cab_s
SelfWeight
load_history
c[s]_[10+i]_cab
Section
YOrientation sf
de[s]_[10+i]_s
SelfWeight
load_history
ce[s]_[10+i]
Element
load_history
Nodes
I_profile
SelfWeight
e[s]_[10+i]
Element
YOrientation sf
ce[s]_[10+i]_s
SelfWeight
e[s]_[10+i]
c[s]_[10+i] e[s]_[10+i]
Nodes
I_profile
I_profile
WeightFromSection slab_long
Beam
Section
input hie
e[s]_[10+i]_s
ElementLoad
e[s]_[10+i]
in the main
Element
load_history
d[s]_[10+i]_cab
(10+i<15) {
c[s]_[10+i]_cab
ElementLoad
.01
InitialDisplacement
Translation Global
0
1
Element
c[s]_[10+i]_cab
LoadCase
load_history
c[s] _[10+i]_cab
Element
d[s]_[10+i]_cab
ElementLoad
.01
InitialDisplacement
Translation Global
Element
0
1
d[s]_[10+i]_cab
LoadCase
load_history
d[s] _[10+i]_cab
Element
>
If
(10+i==15)
{
c[s]_[10+i]_cab
ElementLoad
InitialDisplacement
Translation Global
.01
10
0
0
Element
c[s]_[10+i]_cab
LoadCase
d[s]_[10+i]_cab
InitialDisplacement
Translation Global
Value
.01
10
Value
Element
load_history
c[s]_[10+i]_cab Normed_x
Element
StageForCondition half[s]_last
ElementLoad
d[s]_[10+i]_cab
LoadCase
load_history
Element
StageForCondition half[s]_last
>
If
(10+i==16)
{
c[s]_[10+i]_cab
ElementLoad
InitialDisplacement
Translation Global
Normed_x
Value
.01
10
0
0
Element
c[s]_[10+i]_cab
LoadCase
Element
load_history
c[s] _[10+i]_cab
StageForCondition half[s]_last
93
D.
ElementLoad
in
chapter
d[s]_[10+i]_cab
.01
InitialDisplacement
LoadCase
load_history
d[s] _[10+i]_cab
Translation Global
10
Normed_x 1
StageForCondition half[s]_last
Value
d[s]_[10+i]_cab
Element
Element
y
if
(10+i==17)
ElementLoad
{
c[s] _[10+i]_cab
.01
InitialDisplacement
c[s] _[10+i]_cab
LoadCase
load_history
c[s] _[10+i]_cab
Translation Global
10
Normed_x 1
StageForCondition half[s]_last
ElementLoad
Value
Element
Element
d[s]_[10+i]_cab
.01
InitialDisplacement
d[s]_[10+i]_cab
LoadCase
load_history
d[s]_[10+i]_cab
10
Normed_x 1
StageForCondition half[s]_last
Element
Translation Global
Value
Element
(10+i<=15)
CompositeBeam c[s]_[10+i]_conc
Section
slab_long
ElementLoad
Force
Force
(-27.22)
LoadCase
Element
live
Force
(-27.22)
LoadCase
Element
live
slab_cross
LoadCase
Else
slab_cross
Dz
1.075
d[s]_[10+i]_conc
Element
live
e[s]_[10+i]
e[s] _[10+i]_conc
FormworkBeam
ce[s]_[10+i]
Dz
1.075
FormworkBeam
de[s]_[10+i]
Dz
1.075
CompositeBeam de[s]_[10+i]_conc
Section
1.075
CompositeBeam ce[s]_[10+i]_conc
Section
d[s]_[10+i]
FormworkBeam
e[s]_[10+i]_conc_l
(-27.22)
Dz
d[s]_[10+i]_conc_l
slab_long
ElementLoad
1.075
c[s] _[10+i]_conc
FormworkBeam
CompositeBeam e[s]_[10+i]_conc
Section
Dz
c[s]_[10+i]_conc_l
slab_long
ElementLoad
c[s]_[10+i]
FormworkBeam
CompositeBeam d[s]_[10+i]_conc
Section
c[s]_[10+i]
Dz
c[s]_[10+i]_conc_l
(-27.22)
LoadCase
.125
Section
Element
slab_long_end
c[s]_[10+i]_conc
live
.125
Section
CompositeBeam d[s]_[10+i]_conc
FormworkBeam
ElementLoad
Force
d[s]_[10+i]
Dz
d[s]_[10+i]_conc_l
(-27.22)
LoadCase
Element
slab_long_end
d[s]_[10+i]_conc
live
.125
Section
CompositeBeam e[s]_[10+i]_conc
FormworkBeam
94
e[s]_[10+i]
Dz
slab_long_end
D.2.
(*340*
ElementLoad
(*341*
Force
e[s]_[10+i]_conc_l
(-27.22)
LoadCase
Element
live
in the main
input hie
e[s]_[10+i]_conc
(*342*
(*343*
CompositeBeam ce[s]_[10+i]_conc
(*344*
Section
FormworkBeam
ce[s]_[10+i]
Dz
.125
FormworkBeam
de[s]_[10+i]
Dz
.125
slab_cross_end ;
(*345*
(*346*
CompositeBeam de[s]_[10+i]_conc
(*347*
Section
slab_cross_end
(*348*
(*349*
(*350*
(*351*
(*352*
(*353*
Node
c[s]_0
(*354*
Beam
c[s]_0
Nodes
(*355*
ElementLoad
c[s]_0_s
(*356*
ElementLoad
c[s]_0_cast
(*357*
LoadCase
(-9.53)*sf
13.25
c[s]_0 c[s]_l
Section
I_profile
YOrientation 0
(-sf)
c[s]_0 SelfWeight
load_history
c[s]_0 WeightFromSection slab_long
Element
LoadCase
Element
load_history
(*358*
(*359*
Node
d[s]_0
(*360*
Beam
d[s]_0
Nodes
(*361*
ElementLoad
d[s]_0_s
(*362*
ElementLoad
d[s]_0_cast
(*363*
LoadCase
9.53*sf
13.25
d[s]_0 d[s]_l
Element
Section
YOrientation 0
LoadCase
(-sf)
load_history
Element
load_history
I_profile
d[s]_0 SelfWeight
(*364*
(*365*
Node
e[s]_0
(*366*
Beam
e[s]_0
Nodes
(*367*
ElementLoad
e[s]_0_s
(*368*
ElementLoad
e[s]_0_cast
(*369*
LoadCase
13.25
e[s]_0 e[s]_l
Element
Section
YOrientation 0
LoadCase
(-sf)
load_history
Element
load_history
I_profile
e[s]_0 SelfWeight
(*370*
(*371*
"
which
assumes
assigned
to the
"s".
Line 5: definition of the variable
"tmpx"
generation with
objects (nodes
and
conditional load.
pre-processor
for-loop
of
some
loads).
stage object.
objects
95
D.
in
chapter
using
the
deck segment
the
the cables
the cables
on
mid-span
model
objects
are
generated eight
times
supporting it,
deck segment
on
(taken
the
supporting
side-span
it
composite elements),
and,
mid-span
con
side-span
con
crete.
Lines 186-188: first of many if-checks needed to take into account the
deck at the supports while
Lines 353-371: Model
cable
96
anchoring
in the
changes
for-loop.
of the
Curriculum Vitae
Personal data
first
Pietro
name
name
Pedrozzi
born
November
pietro.pedrozzi @ alumni.ethz.ch
21st,
1975
Education
03/1999
06/2004
10/1994
09/1990
Engineering
Diploma
06/1994
engineering
Switzerland.
02/1999
in civil
of the Swiss
Professional activities
03/1999
06/2004
Engineering
of the ETH
Zurich.
07/1997
08/1997
Internship
at the
civil
engineering
Lugano.
10/1996
03/1997
Engineering
of the ETH