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! Biology

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! Biology
Plants
Clade Name

Key Phylums

Examples

hornworts,
mosses,
liverworts

Bryophytes
(nonvascular)

General Traits

Keywords

Gametophyte dominate life cycles

Reduced sporophyte
All have agellated sperm
Sporophyte is usually dependent on and
attached to gametophyte for survival
Sporophyte consists of a seta, foot, and
sporangia
Gametophytes are anchored by rhizoids,
not roots
Vast majority have no vascular tissue
Vast majority grow to minimal height
Most reside in moist habitats

Seedless
Vascular
Plants

Lycophytes, pterophytes

club moss,
qullworts,
fern,
horsetail

All have agellated sperm

Most reside in moist habitats
Most are heterosporous
Formed the rst forests during the
Carboniferous period (ferns)
Vascular Tissue (xylem & phloem): water
and nutrients could be transported and
survival in more arid environments
become possible.

Gymnosperms

Fir, spruce,
aspen, red
wood, pine,
conifers

Seeds are not enclosed and usually

found on cones
Vast majority do not have agellated
sperm
All are heterosporous
Usually microscopic gametophyte
Ovules

Vascular
Seed Plants

Angiosperms/"Anthophyta"

Flowers
Fruits
Seeds reside in fruit (ovaries)
Most abundant type of plants living
today
None have agellated sperm
Most can exhibit double fertilization
(some gymnos too)

Roots: structural
support and water
absorption from
soil.
Lignin: helped to
suport vascular
tissue and allow
plants to grow
higher.
Leaves: improved
photosynthesis.

Pollen: Improved
fertilization
eciency
Seeds: Improved
dispersal and
durability