CHAPTER 23 (Odd) Loa dette dy = 3 = 01875", dy = 1" ‘Value = 103 x 10?-1875*/1" 10 x 1.54 1.54 kHz right: d, = 4 = 0.75", dy Value = 108 > 10?-7571" 108 x 5.623, = 5.623 kita b. bottom: dy = 5" = 0.3125", 107! x 2.153 0.2153 top dy = Mew aerse dy = 09375" Value = 107! x 10?.6875%09375" = 9-1 x¢ jgp-20 10-! x 5.248, 0.5248 V 3. a 1000 b. 102 ©. 1.585 4. 1.096 e. 10? f. 1513.56, 8. 10.023, bh 1,258,925.41 5. logig 48 = 1.681 logig 8 + login 6 = 0.903 + 0.778 = 1.681 0.301 (0.301) = -0.301 7. logy 0. logo P 9. a, bals= loi 7 = losjo 280 mW = login 70 = 1.845 1 4 mW P; b. dB = 10 logig 5 = 10¢logig 70) = 10(1.845) = 18.45 i », 11,48 = 1010¢9 22 = 10 wy £2 = 10 og 20 = 1301 ZW Va B4V 13. dB, = 20 logig <2 = 20 logo = 20 log yo 84 = 38.49 vi Orv P logig 15.8, = 20 lobe Tag apa 0.001 par dB, = 20 logyo 0-001 mbar _. 13,98 + 70198105 6008 par (oad) 285,. 0.016 bar 4B, = 20 10810 Topp oar Increase = 24.08 dB, Xe 2-90" + an“! XR v, = 2 ge 7 need Rly Xe 1 1 - oe = 3617.16 He Je sare * TOT ROE GE ¥, : © = 0.70 fhe ays qe = 0707 PHONE Athy Xe=R Lotan™! RIKe f 2ko 1 1 if]. . xem ae “ire neat el ws 2 ko A= Fe ( 2 ia) torr & (Be it] 1 : 5 Xe aie a ie: = 22.2 ko] = 4.4 ko 1 ary lea Tost -1 Tao. fa L> e 1 X = 2) 1 | 2 Mp2 eg} = ine CTA F we] | A= i 0.447 1 if 1 e =! wt (2.2 kn] = 0.22 ka Nae Re alge * | te] 2 in 1 1 oma 1 = 0.0995 [[ezgp ao? +1 286 CHAPTER 23 0.995bd. 6 = -an! RX Sef e tan! = 45° FO. 0 = ~tan™! 2.2 022 KO = —tan~! es = 571° fos @= to"! 2240164 K0 =~! bm 26.9" Fe Ye @= tan“! 2.2 KONA RO = tan! 2 = 63.49" P= 10K: 6 = —tan~1 2.2 0/0.22 kM = ~tan~! 10 = —84.29° 1.4 TaRC ~ Ta EHC 1 1 Tak,” THT THO A 2 500 Hz 0.265 uF 895 4475 Atf = 250 Hz AU = 1 RH 1 0.995 707 gars (Odd) 28723. a —R dian! Xk = 1b dan! Xo Pax Ta = 3.617 kt Re - er EATH rayon = 3617 Mi 0.707 - - 1 aft =e Xe aad aati = 0.998 faye ten es] vem - : ; I 3] : tan! (eR) = an“! 1.1 02.29 = an! = 26.57" a1 4.4 ko o=a! "TTR 10.22 kL gape = 57 ° 2.2 kD eae -1 22 ko our! rrr) 288 CHAPTER 233. Aa wee are. 1 sing Je= are 7B" rape” TROT ED R= 195.770 7502 + 479 = 1970 nominal values 1 = 1996.93 Hi using nominal values TROT BOT PY ; 1 1 a. lowpass section: f= te 1 a aes. ie ” ion Se TeRC * THOT RTD , pall 1 highs seaion: f, = =a = see eiggrapy 7 DOP He For the analysis to follow, it is assumed (Ry + JX¢,)).Ry = Ry forall frequencies of interest. At fo, = 795.77 Ha: Va, = 0.707 Y, 1 . = 25 k0 Xe.” Taye 25 KOVp,) Woh = 0.9285 vp, V0 ka? + (25 (0.9285)(0.707 ¥,) = 0.656 Y; (oaa) 289At fey = 1989.44 Hi 707 Va, Xo, * wo 400 1 RY, 100 V)) ae Re ct Yea00 a + 40 9)? [V,| = (0.707)(0.928 V;) = 0.656 V; Af = 795.77 Ha + (1989-44 Hz — 795.77 H2) 1399.60 Hz z Xo, = 57-140, Xo, = 14.29 k V; Ae 100 V7) yao a + 67.14 9 14.29 Vp.) V0 kM)? + (14,29 KO? 71 V; 0.868 Y, = 0.8193 Vp, 0.8193(0.868 V;) = el Ay = V2 = 0.711 (= maximum value) and 4, = 7° ax 1 After plotting the points it was determined that the gain should also be determined at f = 500 Hz and 4 kHz: f= 500 Hz: Xe, = 159.159, Xe, = 39.8 kM, Va, = 0.532 Vj, Vp = 0.97 Va, 0.516 ¥; 19.89 0, Xo, = 4.97 KO, 0.981 Vj. V, = 0.445 Va, 0.437 ¥; Using 0.707(.711) = 0.5026 = 0.5 to define the bandwidth BW = 3.4 kHz — 0.49 kHz = 2.91 kHz and BW = 2.9 kHz wae 90H + (22884) wo CHAPTER 23(00a) 1 1 2ayLC 2x5 mHYS00 pF) Xi _ 2(100.658 kHz)\5 mH) = 100.658 kHz Be = 24(100.658 KIS mH) _ 18.39 RR was o w= Li «100.658 Kile 5,473.52 He 7° 1839 Ry. 16.90 V) Ah Y, 1000 V) 9.95 v and 4 SE Vo Ta 9 a Since Q, 2 10, BW — songs tte ~ 2473.52 He = or gn. 24 He 2H = 103,304.76 He Atf= 95 kHz: X, = 2afL = 2495 x 10° Hz)(5 mH) = 2.98 ko 1 1 X= 33sKa ¢ Faf€ ~ 3195 X 10° H2y(500 pF) y 160 1 V2"), 160 VZ0" THT RBM - 35M 172-7370 160 V20° = 392 V £65.07" 30 2-607 ee Atf = 105 kHz: X, = 2afl = 2a(105 kHz)(5 mH) = 3.3 k 1 Xo ISIE = 308 KO fe TRS ESOP ~ >? v= 10a 20%), 160 vVZ0° TOs BS - BGM ” TE +7270 = 160 V 20° _ 9.57 57.50° = ON = 05.57.50 701(0.93 V) = 0.658 V 0.701(0.93 V) = 0.658 Vx. 5000.2, 5000.9 _ 49 495 RR, MOO+ 00 HOT = Le, $000 He “ * 9,7 aps = 0 f= $000 Hz — HOME = 4795 He db BW. f= 5000 Hz + SOME = soos Hz At resonance: ¥; acca v,= av ‘. T+ WOT I ; 024 V, a. ‘At resonance, 10 O]2 k2 = 9.959 95 1Y} esi) ).024 Y; as above! Tosa ao wo pe te ene an ate cane) QaVEC DaV@O0 pIIDO PY Xp, £90" + Qk, £90" [Xe £90") = 0 (X,, £90°(X¢ £-90°) Bu, * Se 1%, ~ Ke X,Xe Ky, + Ot” Fe, XO XX My — ig Mh TR =X X,,Xe X,,- y-ES =0 4 ke MiXo~ Mid, + HyXo = 0 yn sp oo at athe oe CHAPTER 23, 292T, 78, aL, 1}bs+Ly 1} 460 x 10° L am 2.013 Ml (passband a 4 az, * | 28x10 Ca 1 1 35. a,b. oe T7LS8 Ha TaRC ~ TROT ROS a fe 9 scale) se ‘og sale) 1 « fal = 20 logjg——+__. = 20 logjp 1 = -7 2B fie gue Vi +a L= Ue Ag = 20 logyg——+_—— = - 0.969 dB ii + 10.57 20 logy——1__. = ~20.04 aB vi + (10? Ag 20 logyp—— = ~ 0.048 a8 vi + oy @ z = 1 = 04m Lege vi+ Or Z = 0.894 Vi + 0.5? (Odd) 293y, 37. ab. A= Vendy LO eng, ‘ fh ce? 1 1 ae kt, te RRC 2x12 KOT nF) a c f=fl2 = 6.63 kite agg = 20 losiy —_L— = 097 dB yi + 0.5)? 2, = 26.52 kite ‘ag =20 tony —1— = 6.99 a8 f= fi0 = 16 a dg = 20 lot = 0088 a i+ on? J = 10), = 132.6 Kite 4g * 20 8p + (10)? —20.04 dB phe 7 owe gosmie ansaite ‘oo sate) 4 Tape THI RRO PH) 4a " ' Je Fa TRC * THO AT + 90 ROHVBOO BE = 1,989.44 Hz £4 068. gv F -20 logy 10 = -2008 b 0 = tan fi — tan" ff, f= 10 kz 10 kHz 1 _10 kHz AO KHz — tan 10 RH = 26.69% - 78.75° = -52.06° a= an 1.989 KF f 719 — 45° = ~39.29° Ba. oe THIF Sie hn = eee = 964.58 He ZAR C ” 2HG.3 KOVOUS nF) 1 1 - - = 7,334.33 He Fo~ ae TRIS” AGT AOS HONS HH 0.434 KO 3.3.kO + 0.5 KO _ -20 logy 7.6 = -17.62 4B R+R, =20 logyg “ 2 = -20 logio: 33 EF 296 CHAPTER 23f= 13 ke: “ + tan} 7334.33 Ha 7.3 KHz 3 iz w= 10444-10012 siraaoie Proximity of 100 Hz to 130 Hz will raise lower cutoff frequency above 130 Hz: Testing: f = 180 Hz: (with lower terms only) 2 7 Aug = 20 08:9) 1 + (?] = 20 togyo| 1 + (] 7 2 = -20 logio| 1 + (3) = 20 logyo| 1 + (33) 1,17 dB ~ 1,82 4B = -2.99 4B = -3 4B Proximity of 50 kHz to 20 kHz will lower high cutoff frequency below 20 kHz: Testing: f = 18 kHz: (with upper terms only) Aya, = ~20 K 1 : 20 k 1 f > na 29 l= [opfan]* =H» [apd] 18 kHz )? (3 kHz )? vey [SEE]? = 20 of» [BBE] -2.576 4B — 0.529 dB = —3.105 dB (oaay 297Test f= 1.8 kHz: tan) 100 gant 130 — tant 8 Ke _ 18 kz 18 eit “Oke 18" $4.14" — 9.14" = 2.00" 12° = 0° 47. fiow = Sigh ~ BW = 36 kHz — 35.8 kHz = 0.2 kHz = 200 Hz eee sone _ 200 1 49. My = ON OF 1 oe "200 1 Bag, * 20 VOB ,9p— Tyr 2m 1+ ([ a0) Ae oO} aye 298 CHAPTER 23a [él 6 0.8 slop a 13.08 8 for >> $) ° oe 4 6 of ‘log sca) ie aie aide 53. a, woofer - 400 Hz 1X, = afl = 2n(400 H2)(4.7 mH) = 11.81 0 1 1 we = pe te = 10.209 Xe" sare = erEnGT aA ~ 1°? R[Xp = B80 20°] 10202 ~90° = 6.3.0 £~38.11° RIKAY) 63.9 Z-38.11°0V) °" ROK, COLI) aT V, = 0.673 Z 96.11" V, v, and Ay = 72 = 0.673 vs dested 0.707 (off by less than 556) tweeter ~ 5 KHz X, = 2afl. = 2x(5 KH2)(0.39 mH) = 12.25 0 1 1 ete in c= are * Sean ~ 1? RIX, = 82 L0°] 12.259 290° = 6.7.0 £33.15% y (6.72 £33.15°KV) ° 67 9 733. 11.79 .678 88.54° V; V, ).678 vs 0.707 (off by less than 5%) (Ouu) 299b. woofer - 3 kHz Xi, = Qafl = 2x(3 KH2(4.7 mH) = 1 1 TafC ~ TAG KARI pF) RUXe = 80 LO7]1.36.0 2-90" = 1.341 2 £-80.35° RIXAV) _ (1.341. 9 Z -80.35°XV) RIX +k, | W341 2 L-8035") + F8E.ST 0.015 Z-170.2° Y, 0.015 vs desired 0 (excellent) tweeter - 3 kHz: X, = afk 1 Xo ate = aE 72 R[x, = 80 £0°]7.38 0 2904 = 5.42.0 47.42" RIXDV) _ (5.42 9 £47.42°(V) RIX) ike CRT LATA) FI. T 0.337 2124.28° V, ¥, y, ¥, and A, = 42 = 0.337 (accopabl since relaively close w cuts? 4 frequency for tweeter) 7719.65 : BON, c. mid-range speaker - 3 kHz: Tal @ £~22.15° —_ 8.24 £33.58" —— Zn = 7.816 9 £37.79" zy 7.816 @ £37.99, v= ¢ Wit £8.83°V, To WRe * THOT LIT = ITO z Tal 9 L215, vy, — t . 46.9" = BR, Ta TES Tas ~ 099% 4 ~46.9° Vi Vv = 0,998 kttz (excellent) 300 CHAPTER 23CHAPTER 23 (Even) 2a 5 4 «. © 1301 £3937 B 40a WSS 9.21 «. 6. togig 0.2 = ~0.659 logig 18 — logig 90 = 1.255 — 1.954 = -0.699 8. logig 27 = 1.431 3 logo 3 = 30.4771) = dB = 10k Pa 10. = 10 0810 5 6 dB = 10 logig 100 Py 0.6 = logo = x= 3.981 = 100 W Le S581 F 2 By a 120 mW - 10 tong 22MM = 10 tog 120 = 20.792 Ye 14, dB, = 20 lose 52 1 = 20 lo 2 2 810 amv 1.1 = logig 12.589 = to * mv V, = 251.785 mV 16. 60 dB, 90 4B, quiet ' loud z 20 to 60 4B, = 20 loBs0 ogy spar Bi0F 3 = logit x = 1000 (Even) 8 a= 4.748 n -0.498 2.996 4. 9.065 301Py = 20 topo et = 20 1 90 6B, = 20 losio a aay star 8107 5 = logigy y = 31.623 x 10° Py x_ Were Fh _ > PPh aes x HP 0.002 bat and P, = 31.623 P, 2 18. a 848 = 20 booger y oa % wTsy V2 P= V2 » 548 = 20 08167 0.25 = k v = 180 0775-V V2 0.562 o7ISV Vy, = (0.562)(0.775 V) = 0.436 V a 2 ¥? _ 0.436 VP _ 9.317 mw a 1 1 ‘DaRC ~ Te ROMO a) 1.83 kHz = 15.915 kHz 0 a f= = 0.4472 [R? + x2 Ya xo? + 5 Kor 4472V, = 0.4472(10 mV) = 4.472 mV = p(IS.915 kil) = 1.5915 ki Xow ee Ln tone Taf ~ Ta SOTS RKO. pF) Xc_. uo 0.995 fr? + x2 Mer Ka? + 10 Km? 995¥, = 0.995(10 mY) = 9.95 mV 302 CHAPTER 232 a b. a wa v, (Even) Yes, af = Vy = 707 mV af = Yes Yy = 9.95 mV (eh tse f= IP V, = 4472 mV (auch leven) he ote 1 - le FERC ~ FRET EAVSOO pF) 57.726 KHz S= OL fe = 0.1(67.726 kHz) & 6.773 KHz 1 1 mms = 46.997 ko o> ae BOT ETSIO = 97s os a Year ko? + 6.997 19 7 0)? + (46.997 ko)? i) 10, = 677.26 Ay = oy 1 X moe = 4000 c a” OTT SO 7 = vo . 4700 . on “ — a . + feo (4.7 ka? + 470 9 2 = atx? + xi = 10txt Be = 18x? — x2 = 9.90082 Xo= R_ 47K 2 arg Same” 39.585 1 1 1 Xow cLsy- te = oe cage ~ aexe TET HOGA) fSe 0.07 he gine z 15.915 kHz © FERC 2x(10 KN)(1000 pF} P= Af = A{IS.915 kHz) = 63,66 Kitz 1 1 he * gery 7 2S Xe ae mG 6 EH) 1000 pF) a = 10 x0 = 0.970 (significant rise) feo (oom? essay 303c.f = 100f, = 100(15.915 kHz) = 1591.5 kHz = 1.592 MHz 1 L = = 99.972. Xe aft ~ Tat SO MRVTOOO BP) z pole 0.99995 = 1 fet tow -omar 4. AtS= fey Vg= 0.707; = 0.707(10 mV) = 7.07 mV (2.07 mY? = 5 nw “Wk 6a fe = 79.577 kil 1 TaRC ~ THOT HOO pH b. f= O.01f, = 0.01(79.577 kHz) = 0.7958 kHz = 796 Hz Ke ste - pe he = 9.997 MO Tae 28 TO BP 0k + eee ya00 ka)? + (9.997 Ma? 100(79.577 kHz) = 7.96 MHz . z = 999.720 oo 96 MI2\(20 pF) 100 ke jee x2 Yaw? + on. oF 99995 = 1 a4 X= be = = (BR = pe = aK Xe = af TA UTE TOKIO pF f= 45.95 kit a Choose Ry = 1 ka a= 54 i 39.8 nF -. Use 39 oF TaAR TATRA ED) 304 CHAPTER 231 DO” ARG Choose Ry = 20k Gels 1 2° TafyRy ~ Ta(BO RAZ 20 KD) oy iv AZ rka 0, 7S 100 pF o_—_ |__| _, 80 kHz = 4 KH 49 yy 80 kHz = 99.47 pF -. Use 100 pF Center frequency = 4 kHz + 42 kHz, Xe, = 97.16 9, Xe, Assuming Z, >> Z RAV, Wal = 2. = o.908y, 2 RE Xa Xc(Va) Ivy cB = 0.884v; Be Xg Vs = 0.884Vp, = 0-8840,9951) as f=: Vq, = 0.701, Xe, = 221.0542 and V, = 0.996V, 0.88 ¥ so that Vj = 0.996 Vg, = 0.996(0,707¥) = 0.704V, ‘Although A, = 0.88 is less than the desired level of 1, f, and fy do define a band of frequencies for ‘which Ay 2 0.7 and the power to the load is significant. 3. a Xz Anil _ 2x(159.15 ke)(1_ mH) RoR Zp, = OFRy = (62.5) 160 = 62540 >> R= 4k ‘and V, = V; at resonance, = 62.5 >> 10 However, R = 4 k® affects the shape of the resonance curve and BW = f,/Qy cannot be applied. v, For A, = <2 = 0.707, |X} vi R for the following configuration bred (Even) 30522. For frequencies near fp, X, >> Ry and Z, = Ry + j&, = Xp and X= X,1Xo. For frequencies near f, but less than fy Substinuting Xe 1 aC the following equation can be derived: 1 1 + -—L=0 A ape ae For this situation: 1 1 TaRC ~ THE RAVO.OOT AF) 1 1 WLC GU miHO.001 AF) 9.79 x 108 2.53 x 100 and svg te quate ution, f, = MO. te ana 2M = 159.18 ie ~ 10a = 18.75 a swith BW = 2(18.75 kHz) = 37.5 kHz Sp, 159.15 Kitz _ g9y °~ Bw” TS X _ 4000 Om 0T FR, = 407 20.0 = 32 KO >> 1K 32 ko ¥; aa nd A, = 2 = 0.97 and 4y = f= 0. At resonance, V, 0.97, For the low cutoff frequency note solution to Problem 30: 1 1 + -1-0 Ame ee 1. 1 Tape ~ TROD RHZKAOO x | _ 4009 ‘Tap ~ FARO KH) c = 19.9 nF = 3.18 mH CHAPTER 233 36. a (Even) Substituting into the above equation and solving fy = 16.4 kHz with BY = 20 ke — 16.4 kite = 3.6 kz and BW = 2(3.6 kHz) = 7.2 kHz fp, 20 itz BW” 72K ~ > At resonance Zp, = 32K0 | 10040 = 24.24 KO 24.24 ko V, with V, i = 0.96v, ae Te ¥, and Ay = 72 = 0.96 v0.97 above [At frequencies to the right and let off, the impedance Z, will decrease and be affected less and less by the parallel 100 k® load. The characteristics, therefore, are only slightly affected by the 100 k@ load. [At resonance Zy, = 32 KO 20 KO = 12.31 KO 12.31 KO Y, with ¥, = 0.925V, vs 0.97 above °* Tareas TD ‘At frequencies to the right and left off, the impedance of each frequency will actually be less due to the parallel 20 k® load. The effect will be to narrow the resonance curve and decrease the bandwidth with an increase in Q,. 1 1 1 Po 2eVLC 4e7C — 4°(100 KFiz)°200 pF) Xz, = 2xfl. = 2x(30 kH2)(12.68 mH) = 2388.91 2 1 Xee een sen TafC ~ THO KHZ \O00 pF — Xp, = 26.54 KO ~ 2388.91 9 = 24.15 KO) Key 7241S KD X, 24.15 ko Tag ~ TeGO eit =L, = 12.68 mH = 128.19 mH 1 I = 1989.44 He, e~ TaRC V, 1 : 1 THO RNTTZ DOO ak THOT 1 "hs oa? 1 b+ Gap? V; 307308 20 logig Ay 20 1oB9 Ay =0.075 = logyy Ay ‘og scale) CHAPTER 23(Even) 7 RR = IKo) ~ TRE = RXV; ARXCVi BiRy~IRRe- TXc RR = TR, + RVR RXV RY, © FRR + Ry + IR or A, 1 ° RFR LT + RAR TRC =! defining f= sae TRC Ry 1 n= ante 1 4 and A, tal, Loe Wy we Wl = gig | en TUS) hs ae for f << for V, fy, 27kQ___y, = 0.852V, Rk ama atf = fer Vy = 0.852(0.7071V; = 0.602V, 1 Se secmcpaye 7 N72 Heossey— b. cd, 20 tog ®t toe e =1.39dB — 0.5 4B Avy = 2010810 Ay =1.89 = 20 logyg A, 0.0945 = logy 4y f. 310 Re AT KM + 27 KO 20 N08 \9 = 20 logyo 1.174 1.394B 1.89 dB CHAPTER 23= 67 ¥, th kas 6D 667'V; Ryy = OKOPIZKD = 4 kD ce Hz: (C= short circuit) 8 KO (0.667 V)) 0.445 V, o" SMT omsy, omsy, “oa scale) Ry(0.667 Vi) __ 0.667 R,V, Rt R he RR = jaafl.667R,)C TS jaaR RYC ‘ 1 1 so that Ay = rap, With = seq-geTRAC ” TxO.6TE KONTO oF) = 298.27 Hz ani p= 1 FRR, RIC 2.63 Hz ‘Tee ED + & ROTO nF) (Even) 311magi 152.63 He 20 oaio Phi = 2008.0 3557 He 20 logig 0.445 = ~7.04 4B b. 0 = 90° — wan! ff, = bean"! fu = tan! 132.6 Heit or w o os Reascio) + ca nme” 10% 4 -___™% ___, ' eas ss! | oo 1 ass V, | cl sr sr Tie 1a, Tassel) 42. a, Ry no effect! Note Section 23.12. 10H T3709 1 TRE EHOOT aH - 1 fem 2a KD + 6 KNYO.OT pF) Note Fig. 23.65, = 2652.58 Hz 84.19 Hz 312 CHAPTER 23O) (Even) Asymptote at 0.dB from 0 ->f, ~6 dBloctave from f, 10 f, 120 + 6k om 9.54 dB from f, on | -20 tog. -9.54 dB Note Fig. 23.67. From 0° to ~26.50° at f, and f, 0 = tan“! fify - tan! fif, Atf = 1500 Hz (between f, and fi) @ © tan! 1500 H2/2652.58 Hz ~ tan”! 1500 Hz/884.19 Hz = 29.49" — 59.48° = —30° Note Section 23.13. _ Lith “TD 1 1 = hes eater ~ Pont I> FeRe ” TET RONOUS AP 1 1 - : = 7334.33 Je RR TRC ~ TAGS RTOS KOWNS oF i oa ia Note Fig. 23.72 RR, 33kM + 0.5 ko —20 10g; oe 2 = —20 logiy 23 OOS MO = 17.6208 Asymptote at ~17.62 dB from 0->f +6 dBioctave from f, to f, 0 4B from f, on 6 = — tan"! ff + tan! ff ‘Test at 3 KHZ tan™! 964.58 Hz/3.0 kHz + tan! 7334.33 Hz/3.0 kHz =17.82° + 67.75° = 49,93° = 50° ‘Therefore rising above 45° at and near the peak 0 oye 23hee 0K 00 He 50 KHz vs 23 kHz ~ drop about 1 dB at 23 kHz due to 50 kHz break. Ignore effect of break frequency at 10 Hz. ‘Assume —2 dB drop at 68 Hz due to break frequency at 45 Hz. Rough sketch suggests low cut-off frequency of 90 Hz. 313Checking: Ignoring upper terms Age ht [2] - zen» SEE] anon HEF = ~0,0532 4B - 0.969 dB - 1.96 4B = -2.984B (excellent) High frequency cutoff: Try 20 kHz f_)* fy}? = 206641 + aaa] <2 %80]1 + (sofa = 2.445 dB ~ 0.6445 dB A = -3.09 dB (excellent) BW = 20 kHz ~ 90 kHz = 19,910 Hz = 20 kitz fi = 90 Hi, fz = 20 ke Testing: f= 100 Hz = tan HLOHZ 5 tay t 45 HZ, yq-168 Hz _ at tant ST F ae 30 Kz tan~!0.1 + tan“! 0.45 + tan! 0.68 — tan=! 0.00435 — tan" .002 5.719 + 24.23° + 34.22° — 0.249° ~ 0.115" {63.8° vs about 65° on the plot + tan 314 CHAPTER 23‘jf/1000 TF FFMTOOONT + 77710,0005 50. Ay 9 Je 2 jh a fiw 2 1000 ~ ‘7000 ~ 7000 ~ /Tscie HR" 3000 ~ 1795-78 He ae A + 59. 4 GAT89.16)0 + 785.78) _“pasjoctavo a 1016 He NN ssat6 he rs70He $8 dBjoctave (see yeotoHe i 00 He 1 fate *o9scao) (Even) 315