Modul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 - Introduction to Chemistry 1.1 Understanding chemistry and its importance 1.2 Synthesising scientific method 1.3 Incorporate scientific attitudes and values in conducting scientific investigations Page 7 | upslate: Jan 2011 [eikguadurawordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 ~ Introduction to Chemistry 1.1: Chemistry and Its Importance A student is able to: + explain the meaning of chemistry, Hist some common chemicals used in daily life, state the uses of common chemicals in daily life, list examples of occupations that require the knowledge of chemistry list chemical-based industries in Malaysia Describe the contribution of chemical-based industries towards the development of the country 1, Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, properties and interactions of matter. 2. A word “Chemistry” came from Arabic word, “alkimiya”. 3. Modern chemistry was found in 17" century. 4. Common chemicals used in daily life Name of substances | "ome"! Uses formula Sodium Chloride NaCl _ | Used in preservation of food. (salt at home) Used in cooking. Ethanoic acid CHsCOOH | Used in preservation of fruits and to make food (vinegar) flavourings Sulphuric acid TSO; | Used as an electrolyte in a lead-acid accumulator Ethanol | GHsOH | Used in making alcoholic drinks Calcium carbonate CaCO; | Used as marble floor at house hold Magnesium oxide MgO | Used as antacid pills to treat gastric patients Sodium bicarbonate | NaHCO; | Used as baking powder to raise dough 5. The occupations need knowledge of chemistry a, Doctor b. Laboratory technician c. Pharmacist d. Forensic Scientist e. Chemical Engineer f, Food Technology g. Geologist Page 8 | update: Jan 2011 [cikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 - Introduction to Chemistry 6. The contributions of chemical based industries towards the development of our country Chemical-based industries Contributions 1. Petronas 2. Perwaja Heavy Industries 3. Asean Bintulu Fertiliser 4. Middle Distillate Synthesis 1. Create jobs opportunities 2. Increase export earnings (economy) 3. Improve health and standard of living 1.2: Systematic Method A student is able to: * identify variables in a given simation, ‘© identify the relationship between two variables to form a hypothesis, interpret data to draw a conclusion, Write a report of the investigation. design and carry out a simple experiment to test the hypothesis, record and present data in a suitable form, 1, Scientific method is a systematic method used to solve problems in science. 11 step scientific method are: Making hypothe: Making observation Making inference ldentfying problem Identifying variables Controlling the variables Planning the experiment Collecting data Interpreting data Making conclusion + Writing report Page 9 | upiate: Jan 2011 |cikguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 - Introduction to Chemistry 1. Making observation Involves the uses of our senses such as seeing, hearing, smelling, taste and touching. (i) Qualitative (descriptive) Example: water is a liquid, the sky is blue. (ii) Quantitative (with measurement) Example: water boils at 100 °C 2. Making inference (i) After make observation, often to try to interpret or explain them. (ii) Interpretations or explanation involve making inferences. 3, Identifying Problem (i Ask the question begin with: Why, Where, What, Which, When and How. (ii) During the process of making observations, will need to ask questions. Example: Why firecrackers explode when ignited? 4, Making a hypothesis Originates word from Greek. Hypothetical mean to propose or suppose. (i) To explain things, sometimes make guesses. A good guesses is called a hypothesis. (ii) A hypothesis is a possible explanation for an observation. (iii) Example: we observe that iron nails rust faster in wet areas than in dry areas. To explain this observation, we can say “we think the process of rusting needs water’. ‘This is your hypothesis. (iv] Hypothesis has to be tested to see if they are true by done: (a) making a prediction. (b) Doing an experiment to see if the prediction is true. Page 10 | upate: Jan 2011 [eikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 - Introduction to Chemistry 5. Identifying variables (i) During a scientific investigation, we need to decide what are we going to change of vary. (ii) The change is called the variables. (iii) We have to identify the manipulated, responding and fixed variables to test your hypothesis. 6. Controlling Variables (i) We must decide how to manipulate the variables we choose, what to measure and how to keep the fixed variable(s) constant. 7. Planning an Experiment (i) An experiment is carried out to test a hypothesis. (ii) This involves gathering new information that enables a scientist to decide the validity of the hypothesis. (iii) Experiment always produces new observations. (iv) When doing experiments we will learn to make observation and record our results. (v) While doing experiment we will need to do some or all of the following: (a) writing sentences about what we observe. (b) drawing diagrams of what we sce. (cl for measurements you can use tables, graphs or charts. (d) we need the suitable apparatus so that we can measure the things we want to measure or observe. 8. Collecting Data (i) Tithe data collected from observations and measurements made during experiment must be recorded systematically. 9, Interpreting data (i) The data must be organised and analysed. (ii) We can interpret our data using graphs, charts or by calculating. Page 11 | upate: Jan 2011 jeikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 - Introduction to Chemistry 10. Making Conclusion Conclusion is a statement made from experiment whether the hypothesis which we made is to be accepted or rejected. 11. Writing report Write report to communicate with other about our experiment 1.3: Scientific Attitudes And Noble Values A student is able to! ‘* identify scientific attitudes and values practised by scientists in carrying out investigations, + practise scientific attitudes and values in conducting scientific investigations 1. A chemist must inculcate scientific attitudes and noble values in all investigations. Scientific attitude: 1. Having an interest and curiosity towards the environments 2. Being honest and accurate in recording and validation data 3. Being diligent and persevering 4. Being responsible about the safety of oneself, others and the environment 5. Having critical and analytical thinking 6. Being flexible and open-minded 7. Being kind-hearted and caring 8. Being systematic 9. Being fair and just 10. Daring to try 11. Thinking rationally 12. Being confident and independent Page 12 | upate: Jan 2011 jeikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 - Introduction to Chemistry B. Noble value 1. 23 3, Realising that science is a means to understand nature Appreciating and practising a clean and healthy lifestyle Appreciating the balance of nature Being respectful and well-mannered Appreciating the contribution of science and technology Being thankful to god Page 13 | update: Jan 2011 [ellgguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 - Introduction to Chemistry Activity 1: Write the hypothesis, manipulated variable, respond variable and fixed variable. a Sun light Sun Light ror yore Batik Fabri Situation A Situation B Hypothesis Manipulated Variable Respond Variable Fixed Variable Leaf B. Ground Fertilizer 500g 1009 Fertilizer 109 Situation C Situation D Hypothesis Manipulated Variable Respond Variable Fixed Variable Page 14 | update: Jan 2077 [elleguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 - Introduction to Chemistry Report Card Report Card Name : All Name : Salleh BM =40 BM =90 Bl = 30 Bl =80 poUines Mat. = 90 ‘Time of revision: 1 hour Time of revision: 3 hour Situation E Situation F Hypothesis Manipulated Variable Respond Variable Fixed Variable D. Glass Rod 200 ml water. 10g Sodium chloride Solution was stirred Solution not stir Hypothesis Manipulated Variable Respond Variable Fixed Variable Page 15 | update: Jan 2011 [ellgguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 - Introduction to Chemistry Activity 2: Answer the question below. 1. Give the meaning of ‘chemistry’. 2. What is meaning of ‘Scientific method’? 3. State the Scientific Method steps: vii. .. 4. What the different of: i. Observation: ii, Inference : iii, Conclusion: iv. Hypothesis v. Table of data: Data data a.(. Data data Page 16 | update: Jan 2071 [efleguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 - Introduction to Chemistry vi. Graph: y axis (. .) tox axis (... 5. The flow chart in figure 1 shows part of a series of steps in a scientific investigation. Making inferences ~> identifying a problem > P >Q > controlling variables > R Figure 1 (a) Identify steps P and Q Step P : Step Q: (b) What needs to be done at P and Q? Step P StepQ: . (c) State three types of variables are controlled. ee PY ee Sire (d) State step R after the variables controlled. Step R: 6. Based on the guide to materials and apparatus used, complete the table below with the variables that are kept constant, manipulated and variables that responds. Variables that Statement Problem ‘Are Kept ‘Are Constant Manipulated Respond (a) Does temperature affect the solubility of the substance in water? Page 17 | upate: Jan 2011 jeikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 - Introduction to Chemistry (b) Is oxygen required in the rusting process? (c) Does acid react with metal? (d) Is water needed for germination of seeds? 7. Consider the following observation by a student who was carrying out an experiment to prepare a solution of common salt in the laboratory: “When five grams of common salt is added to 50 em® of warm water and stirred, all the common salt dissolved. However, when five grams of the same common salt is added to 50 cm’ of cold water, some of it remained insoluble” a) State the inference for this experiment based on the above observation. bj State the hypothesis for this experiment based on the above observation. Page 18 | uplate: Jan 2011 jeikguadura.wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 - Introduction to Chemistry Experiment | Volume of | Temperature of | Quantity of common water (cm) water (°C) salt dissolved (g) sy 50 25 | 20 2 50 35 30 3 50 5 40 4 50 55 | 50 5 50 65 60 Table 1 Table 1 shows the results obtained from a series of experiments to study the solubility of common salt in water at different temperature. o) State the variables involved in the experiments. i, Manipulated variable : . Responding variable iii. Fixed variable d) Based on the result in Table 1, draw a graph of quantity of common salt dissolved against water temperature in the graph paper. e) Draw a conclusion based on the graph obtained in (d) 8. Complete the following table: Example Step in scientific method (a) White precipitate is formed (b) The boiling point of water is 100 °C (q The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of reaction Page 19 | update: tan 2071 [eflguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 - Introduction to Chemistry Page 20 | plate: ian 2011 [etkguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 - Introduction to Chemistry For Question 9 and 10, the table below shows the substances are reacting in set land set 2. Set 1 Set 2 Magnesium ribbon + 20 cm* of 0.5 | Magnesium powder + 20 cm* of 0.5 mol dm® sulphuric acid mol dm sulphuric acid Tablel 9. State a factor which causes the different rate of reaction in experiments. 10, State the variables involved in this experiment. (i) Manipulated variable : (ii) Responding variable : (iii) Constant variable 11. An experiment is conducted to investigate the effect of temperature on the solubility of substance X in 100 cm* water. The results collected are 10g, 35 g, 60 g, and 90 g for temperature 0 °C, 20 °C, 40 °C and 60 °C respectively. (a) Construct a table to record all the collected data. (b) State the variables involved in this experiment. i, Manipulated variable : ii, Responding variable iii. Content variable Page 21 | update: Jan 2071 [efleguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 - Introduction to Chemistry (c) What is the hypothesis for this experiment? (d) State the conclusion that can be made for this experiment. 12. Diagram 1 show an experiment which is conducted to investigate the affect of size of zinc on rate of reaction. The time taken for each of the reaction is recorded. Diluted acid seta setB Diagram 1 Set A Set B 3 g of zinc granulated + dilute acid | 3 g of zinc powder + dilute acid (a) State the hypothesis that can be made. (b) State two constant variables. (c) What is the manipulated variable? Page 22 | update: Jan 2011 [efleguadura wordpress.comModul Al-Kimiya Chap. 01 - Introduction to Chemistry (d) Construct a table to record the result of this experiment. Page 23 | update: Jan 2017 [eflgguadura wordpress.com