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I. Read the following text and answer the question below.

After over 100 years together, our love affair with the motor car shows no sign of fading. Cars, trucks and motorbikes have come a long way since first chugging along at walking speeds and following the creation of the first modern-style cars in the mid 1880s. Much of the early development focused on making them faster and cheaper. The need for speed continues today, but mainly in the multi-million dollar world of

racing cars, where some teams are even trying to (

1

) .

However, wi th 1. 2 mi 11 i on road deaths wor I dwi de each year, p I us a further 50 million injuries, much research now is focused on safety and new fuels - though even some electric vehicle and biofuel research aims at going faster.

Travelling at speed has always been risky. One cutting edge area of research in motoring safety is the use of digital in-car assistants that can ensure you don't

2 ) or fall asleep.

The use of artificial intelligence software allows these assistants to monitor

your driving and makes sure your phone or radio doesn't 3) at a vi tal moment,

and can even identify your emotions to help with safer driving.

Most cra~hes (

4

) and not mechanical faults and much research is being done

on behavioural aspects of dri ving, including the influence of fast music and obesi ty.

Some safety developments aim to improve your vision. Radar can ( 5 ) or guide

you in tricky parking manoeuvres, while other technology sees through high-sided vehicles blocking your view.

And refinements to seat bel t s, pedal controls and tyres are making driving smoother and safer. In the event of a crash, smart headrests and crumpling bonnets (or hoods)

are helping 6 ).

[Question]

Fi 11 in the blanks (1) - (6) with the most appropriate verb phrase from the list below and write the,verb phrase. Do not use any phrase more than once.

Verb Phrase Li st

spot obstacles in fog

miss crucial road signs

distract you

protect both drivers and pedestrians

result from human

breed speed

1

II. Read the following text and answer the questions below.

The *arid badlands of Ethiopia's Afar region havelong.been a favorite hunting ground for =pa.l eoarrthropo log i st.s. The area is perhaps best (A: know) for having. yielded "Lucy", the 3.2-million-year-old skeleton of a human ancestor known as =Auetralooi thecus afarensis (henceforth A. afarensis). Now researchers have unveiled another incredible find from a site called Oikika, just four kilometers from where "Lucy" turned up. It is the skeleton of an A. afarensis child who lived 3.3 million years ago. No other hominid of such antiquity - including "Lucy" - is as complete as this one. Moreover, as the earliest juveni l e hominid ever (B: find), the Oikika fossil provides a rare opportunity to study growth processes in our ancient relatives.

Fossil hunters (C: lead) by paleoanthropologist Z. Alemseged, discovered the remains -- believed to be those of a three-year-old girl - in 1999. Most of the upper part of the skeleton was entombed in sandstone when it was found. It has (0: take) Alemseged five years to remove enough of the cementlike matrix to expose the key elements, and many more bones remain obscured by the sediment. Still, the specimen has already yielded precious insights into a species that most researchers agree gave rise to our own genus, Homo.

The skeleton consists of a virtually complete skull, the entire torso and parts of the arms and legs. Many of the bones were still in articulation. The (E: exception) preservation of the baby, as well as that of other animals found at the si te, indicates that her body was (F: bury) shortly after death by a flood event. Whether she perished in the flood or before the flood is unknown.

Although she was only three when she died, the Oikika youngster already possessed the distinctive characteristics of her species. Some of the most intriguing ones pertain to locomotion.

Scholars agree that A. afarensiswas a creature that got around capably on two legs.

But (G: start) in the 1980s, a debate over whether the species was also adapted for life in the trees emerged. The argument centered on the observation that whereas A. afarensis has clear adaptations to bipedal walking in its lower body, its upper body exhibits a number of primitive traits better suited to an arboreal existence, such as long, curved fingers for (H: grasp) tree branches. One camp held that A. afarensis had transitioned fully to terrestrial life, and that the tree-friendly features of the upper body were just evolutionary baggage (I: hand) down from an arboreal ancestor. The other side contended that if A. afarensis had retained those trai ts for hundreds of thousands of years, then tree climbing must have still formed an important part of its locomotor repertoire.

2

Like adult A. afarensis, the Dikika baby had long, curved fingers. But the fossil also brings new data to the debate in the form of two shoulder blades, or scapulae -- bones previously unknown for this species. According to Alemseged, the shoulder blades of the child look most like those of a gorilla. The upward-facing shoulder socket is particular 1 y ape like, contrasting sharpl y wi th the laterall y facing socket modern humans have. This, Alemseged says, may indicate that the individual was raising its hands above its head--something primates do when they climb.

Further hints of arboreal tendencies reside in the baby's inner ear. (J: Use) computed tomographic imaging, the team was able to glimpse her (K: semicircle) canal system, which is important for maintaining balance. The researchers determined that the infant's (K: semicircle) canals resemble those of African apes. This, they suggest, could indicate that A. afarensiswasnot as fast and agile on two legs as'we modern humans are. It could also mean that A. afarensiswas limited in its ability to decouple its head and torso, a feat that is (L: say) to playa key role in endurance running in our own species.

Notes

*arid = too dry or barren to support vegetation

*paleoanthropologists ~ paleoanthropology = the branch of anthropology concerned with fossil hominids

=Austreloai thecus afarensis= a hominid which lived between 3.9 to 3 million years ago.

[Questions]

1. Change the words in (C: lead)- (L: say) into the most appropriate forms.

Examples: (A: know) -> (known), (B: find) -> (found)

2. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) in relation to the information in the text.

(1) The Dikika baby perished before the flood.

(2) The Dikika baby had very short, curved fingers.

(3) The Dikika baby brings new data to the debate in the form of two shoulder

blades.

(4) The Di ki ka baby was entombed in a little coffin when it was found ..

(5) The Dikika baby was discovered in 2006.

(6) The Dikika baby's skeleton consists of a virtually complete skull, the entire torso and parts of the arms and legs.

(7) HLucyH is the earliest juvenile hominid.

(8) Further hints of arboreal tendencies reside in the Di ki ka baby's outer ear.

3

III. Read the following text and answer the questions below.

You're walking down an empty street alone, when suddenly, you have the eerie feeling

that someone's following you. Is your mind ( 1 ) tricks on you? Maybe so.

According to a new study, when a specific region of the brain ( 2 ) the left temporoparietal junction (TP]) is stimulated, it can create the illusion of a "shadow person. "Given that such experiences are often heightened in psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia and paranoia and even in those who believe they've been abducted by aliens, the results could lead to a better understanding of these neurological condi tions.

The finding emerged

a

) accident. Neurologist Olaf Blanke of the Brain Mind

Institute in Lausanne, and his colleagues, were attempting to identify the source of *epileptic seizures in a 23-year-old woman. They applied a mild current through surgically implanted electrodes to various regions of her brain. Not much ( 3 until the researchers stimulated the woman's left TP], 4) roughly above the left ear. Suddenly, she reported that she fel t the presence of a mystery person behind her, a motionless and speechless shadow that imitated her body posture and actions. "He" lay beneath her when she lay down, sat behind her when she sat down,

and attempted to take a test card from her when she tried to participate b

a language exercise.

Such delusions are similar to those seen in patients with schizophrenia, says Blanke. Schizophrenics often mistake their own bodies to be someone else's, for examp l e.. and attribute their own actions ( c ) others. They also have frequent illusions of being ( 5 ), or controlled by a stranger, as do those who claim to have been manipulated by aliens.

Blanke says the shadow person phenomenon may shed light (

d

) how the brain

percei ves "sel f. " In order t.o recognize its own body, he says, the brain uses sensory information, such as visual and proprioceptive cues (which indicate the posi tion of body parts relative to each other and everything else). The TP] is known to put some of these cues together. When this function is disrupted, the brain perceives two

bodies instead ( e ) one and ( 6 ) the second for that of a stranger.

Note

=ep i leptic ~ ep i l epsy > a neurological disorder marked by sudden recurrent episodes

of sensory disturbance or loss of consciousness

4

[Questions]

1. Choose the best verb to fill in (1) - (6) and change each into the appropriate form. Do not use any word more than once.

call

follow happen

locate mistake

play

.2. Fill in the blanks (a) - (e) with the best preposition shown below. Do not use any word more than once.

behind by from in of off on

to

with

3. According to the text, which is true about a "shadow person" ?

A. A "shadow person" is an alien who follows you in an empty street, when you are walking alone.

B. A 23-year-old woman fel t a "shadow person," who imi tated her body posture and actions.

C. Those who suffer from schizophrenia are unlikely to perceive a "shadow

"

person.

D. When the function of right TP] is disrupted, the brain perceives a "shadow

"

person.

5

I". Read the following text and answer the question below.

The oldest civilization of ancient Mexico and Central America has finally yielded solid (1) of a writing system. Researchers who analyzed a stone block covered in a sequence of faint symbols have declared it the oldest conclusive wri ting sample from the New World, dating to around 900 B.C. or earlier and belonging to the region's oldest complex society, the Olmec.

"Imagine if you wi 11 this extraordinary ci vi lization that we've known about for 100 years suddenly to become (2). It gives a voice in a way that's not directly accessible, through artifacts alone," says one of the analysts, anthropologist Stephen Houston of Brown University.

The Olmec, who are (3) for having carved heads up to eight feet tall out of rock, held =sway in so-called Mesoamerica, along the Gulf of Mexico, from 1200 to 400 B. C. They constituted a major civilization, having several large cities and outposts as well as *irrigation, iconography and a calendar. Signs of writing were strangely lacking, however, except for some controvers ial claims based on 1 imi ted imagery. The block Houston and his colleagues studied was recovered a decade ago from a gravel quarry at Casca ja l , part of Veracruz, near what was the Olmec capital. Made of the mineral serpentine, the 36-centimeter-tall block has 62 images carved into it in a series of lines. Based on simi lari ty to images in Olmec iconography, the researchers dated the block's inscription at 1000 to 800 B. C.

"We think it's writing because it's (4)," Houston says. Many of the shapes, which tend to resemble corn, insects or man-made objects, are repeated up to four times in the sequence. Several pairs of images =crop up more than once, suggesting to the researchers a common feature of Mesoamerican languages called a poetic couplet.

Although such *inferences remain (5), other experts are convinced that the markings represent writing. "This is cool," says William Saturno of the University of New Hampshire. "We now know definitely the Olmec had a fairly (6) writing system.

Notes

*sway = control

*irrigation f- irrigate = supply water to help growth *crop up = appear

*inferences = conclusion

[Question]

Fill in the blanks (1) - (6) with the most appropriate word from the vocabulary list below and write the word. Do not use any word more than once.

6

Vocabulary List

developed

popular

evidence

rectangular

famous

linear

i. terate

notorious

speculative

unknown

wild worn

7