LOGGING Meluzad Mahdi Princeton New Jersey Joan-Remy Olesen Bill Proeg Houston Mahendr Bhasin ‘Mohamed Watta Dubai Volume 1 Number 1 Pulsed-Neutron News Schlumberger lives and breathes acronyms, thee- oF fourletter combinations specifying Particular pieces of equipment and interpre- lation products. They number in the hun- dreds, & handful like CNL* and SFL* describe well known logging services. I you add a suffix like *-A", the numbers tun into the thousands. Schlumberger’s pulsed-neu- tron logging technique has always been called the TDT*, for Thermal Decay Time, but the TOA, -8, -C,-G, -H, 4, -K, -KB,-L -MA, -MB and -P are all tool models that have seen field service, This many tool ver- sions says something about the technique. Introduced in 1966, pulsec-neutron log- ging caused a revolution because it promised the impossible—a measurement (of water saturation after casing had been set and the well had begun producing." Since then, the tools have gotten smaller, allowing access tothe well through tubing. They are also more accurate, elevating their main application of reservoir fluid monitoring to the status ofan exact science. ‘The principle of the measurement is quite simple (righ. A miniature accelerator, called a minitron, is situated near the bot ‘tom of the logging tool and emits bursts of high-energy neutrons. The neutrons ricochet in all directions, up and down the well, {through the casing and cement into the for: mation. Suecessive collisions with nucle’ in the borehole or formation cause the neu: tions to lose energy. After many collisions, the neutrons reach their lowest permissible enemy level, thermal energy, and are finally 1. Nouns AM. Hopkins EC Henan RA and Oy ie Newton Lite, 9 New Nace te: urna ‘feat ecole 16 681-1 Ais Wi ellen, Caldwell RL, Salata GN an Gray 1k "Pises Nevtron apenas oreo Model" Nuch Scene and gancring2111903 sie b6 Wahl is Nell gan WH, Frnt AN, ahntone CW dnd Shane The Thro Neon Deer Te lg nao Pee ecology 291190 * wank of Stlaerse Schematic of de psec neutron messerenent that permits water satwaton determination fv ise! wes. High-enony neutrons emit ia bursts by a minion are slowed wien they co Tide wth nucte inthe borehole an formation (On reaching thermal ences, they ane absonbec iain by chlorine mice, which then ent gana ays. Some anna rays reach detectors highor the toot Aer each burst, dhe gaya ‘ay population is observed decay. Ths ellats the absorption of he herma-neuton population The rate of absorption i determined wamly by the foxmaton’ chiorine concennation and ea be used fo estimate water satiation, 43Permeability Thickness secnaseeses ABREU [Time-lapse reservoir monitoring —the man application of pulsed netron logging. Pevodic logging oa producing well aa Middle East frasic carbonate reservoirovera seven-year peril! shons a steady’ rze nthe olsater contact Fight In the lve vas showing ld-volume interpreted om monkoring fogs ‘acl with TDEK pulsed-netran too rs! fur ack) and Dual.-ust TOT too it rack, o black, einal formation water sight blue and encroach ling injcction volt datk blue. The oper hole fe! aah so the ght tack, Combing mentoring surveys ram many wells permis mapping water sat tation fran nis reservo (above). These saturation maps were construc from TDT surveys made daring an eight year period 40 wells in pat ofa slant Mile Eat carbonate resenor, The saturation vate ae for one carbonate producing zone. Note tht increases im water sateration—in of injec thom water—coincie wi highly permeable areas on the pevmeabiliy-thckness map absorbed by a nucleus which then throws ‘out gamma rays. A small fraction of these {gamma rays is observed by a detector situat fxd some distance above the minitron Initially, plenty of neutrons are absorbed and a cortesponding number of gamma rays is detected. But over time, fewer neutrons remain and the gamma ray population drops off. The tool ultimately measures a time constant characterizing this drop-off, commonly refered to as decay time F. The viru of the measurement is that most ofthe absorption is achieved by one type of nucle. ‘us—chlorine. Thus, decay time relates 10 chlorine concentration and by association, assuming, formation water salinity is known, to water saturation. A more commonly used 44 Unit of pulsed-neutron logging is macro: scopic cross section, E, which equals 4545/t (ee *Pulsed-Neutron Interpretation Primer,” page 46) ulsed:neutron logging has several classic applications.? One is time-lapse reservoir ‘monitoring in which periodic longing of a reservoir's saturation can reveal water encroachment and give the oil company a chance to take remedial action (above).> Another application is the log-inject-log, procedure, developed by J, Richardson and colleagues of Shell Oil Co., Houston, ‘which provides the most accurate determi> nation of residual oil saturation in the fel ‘The technique involves two logging runs, each done after the formation has been Injected with water of precisely known but different salinities. The difference in log response between runs gives residual ofl saturation, Modem pulsed-neutron tools with two gamma ray detectors, like the TOT , have brought further applications, such 85 porosity deternination and gas detection. Considerable challenges confronted the fist builders of pulsed-neutron tools. Gener- ator tubes that emit bursts of high-energy ‘neutrons on electrical command took years to develop, and they require high volt: ‘ages—about 70,000 vols, Today, improve- ‘ments fo the technique involve both hard- ware and the signal processing that determines formation decay time from the observed gamma ray drop-off. For the later task, physicists, tool designers and inter- Oilfield Review~——————+ uid Anais ” ne ‘Open-Hole € | vuly'80 ‘August '82 [December ’85| July'87 8 bo % ko ols % ofs0 % oo» [Orginal Water 5400 800 Volume I Number 1 preters must deal with many interconnected! factors—the borehole, the formation and the physics of the measurement itself, panicular- ly neutron diffusion. The borehole, since it absorbs thermal neutrons, unavoidably contributes to the bserved decay. One technique for mini mizing borehole effect is to determine for ‘mation decay time from the portion of the gamma ray drop-off least influenced by borehole absorption. Another technique is to split the observed decay into formation and borchole components. Neither tech: nique alone, however, accounts for neutron difusion Diffusion occurs when a population of particles or objects becomes unevenly dis tributed-—it even happens to people crowd Ce into a room. Particles packed closely together naturally drift apart ofl less popu- lated areas. In pulsed-neutron logging, slowed-down neutrons are concentrated near the tool’ accelerator and therefore di fuse away from it, This affects what's being detected, If thermal neuteons difuse ino the detector’ field of view faster than they dit fuse out of it, the observed population is continuously replenished and appears to ‘decay slower than might be expected. Con versely, when neutrons diffuse out of the field of view faster than they dfuse in, they seem to disappear faster. How can we rec ‘ognize which isthe case and what's the tue rate of formation decay? Diffusion is particu larly exaggerated when adjacent regions, such asthe borehole and the formation, have ‘uitediflecent population densities—open a door etween two rooms, one crowded with 2-claviesC. Hoyle W and Meu nterpetarion of Tema Neston Decay Te Los etlun fecegy 28 (19912243763 3. Nut La Wats A Tine Lapse Saturation Mon toning Aplications t ie Lapse Moppig, paver sre nia the SPE Baan 4. Richio fe Ayan Rode i nd tthe ethos or Oscoda Ol fe D:-Quanitative 45Saline Borehole Water 10% 5 od 3 & E “Tine alter DUI, WS : 60 10" casing \ ado 2 Oo fl Pato rarreceHiiatteO Taine tHzN0) Radial Distance, in Fresh Borehole Water E 10% 2 Time ater burst, ps. 3 2 0 / § | 0 3 S/o 8 10° |-400: § foo | 2 leo \— : Core Be eee ieee Pi lores MueuEL siren Radial Distance, "Mant Caro sinations showing bow the ther ‘nuneutan popation deity varies aay at the evel of the TD foots near detector ana with time afer the bust When Saline water fil the borehale fap tera aeons tee sre uc absorbed This crests sn ininkance Between the thereat neutron populatian the Formation and borehote easing neon clisin it te bore ote, Wit fresh waters te boro oto the thea: neutron populations more evenly dst causing fs cfs 40 the bone hole. Alter Locke ond Sih erence.) 46 people, the other not, and people drift into the empty room (et. “Tool designers knew all along they had to deal with diffusion and residual borehole ‘effects. Bui how? One solution was to cater ‘mine the precise corraction required and apply it after loguing. Schlumberger chose this path when itintroduceed the fist 1 zen diameter tools in 1967, producing a book of correction charts for 12 combinations of borchole size, casing size and borehole fluid salinity (ight).9 Each chart took con: siderable effort to produce. The corrections were initially determined by laborious experiment involving tool mock-ups and calibration pits constructed from quarried rock, Later, they were also obtained from compulter-intensive Monte Carlo simula- tions. ‘ool designers soon legan dreaming of an accurate oxmation decay measurcment truly fice of borehole and diffusion effects, even for the difficult case of low contrast between formation and borehole, and nat requiring post-measurement correction charts. They had at least twa reasons to keep pushing for sneasusement accuracy. ‘One was time-lapse loging, which relies ‘on measurement consistency from one log, sgn run to the next, sometimes over a span of several years. if a service company changes ils tool design and peshaps also the ‘way it deals with the combined borehole diffusion effec, differences in log readings Fhetween ns may not reflect changes in the reservoir. The second reason for improving accuracy is the log-inject-log application Used to evaluate residual water saturation, Here, accurate determination of water satu ration depends on exactly accounting for borehole and diffusion effects when the for- imation is sequentially saturated by fluids of different salinities (see “Pulsec-Newtron Interpretation Prime.” page 48) ‘Advancing the state of pulsed-neutron technology required a better understanding ff the physics involved, The first in-depth analysis ofthe borehole-cifiusion prablem ‘came from AL. Polyachenko, a Soviet geo- physicist and J.D. Robinson, a research scientist with Shell Development Co. in Houston,’ Pulsec-neutron log response in a borehole tamed out tobe extremely dificult to express analytically, so Palyachenko and Rabinson macle several simplifying assump- tions, The most significant was assuming the borehole to be perfectly absorbing, Their ‘mathematics isn't easy, but the results ace ‘0 t0-reh Borehole A Teeth Casing 0 Eneye UL CA ppical conection chat forthe TDK too, Sspocitc to one borehole coniguon. These hans ere il ests by expevinent bea Iter by computation, Conetion this [Became absoete when the Deni Bust TOT to) Nae innococed in 1986. tte reference 5) Clear Diffusion never goes away-—It fects simply diminish the further you are from the source and the longer you wait after the burst, Robinson explained how the measured macroscopic cross section, 2, depended on the time you waited.® At any given source-detector spacing, ¥ decreases with waiting time toward an asymptotic value equal 0 the true formation value plus a constant, 4, that depends on various Reo: ‘metrical factors such as detector distance {right Signiticantly it appeared inclopen dent of the salinity of the water filling the formation pores. This was wood! news for the log-inject-log application in which the dit- ference between two log measurements ‘counts, not the absolute valves. To check the theory, Robinson turned to pulsed-neutron expert W.B. Nelligan at Doll Research, Ridgetield, cut. Nelligan took the latest Schlumberger 1!/iw inch tool, the TDK, which hac two detectors, and placed it in a simulated sandstone formation with 17-per- ‘cent porosity. The sandstone was constut ed with a 10-inch diameter borehole cemented with 7-inch casing. Nelligan ‘observed the thermal neutron decay using the too’ far detector, spaced about 60 cen= timeters [24 inches! from the source, and a maltichannel counting analyzer that allowed for mare accurate monitoring of the amma ray drop off. The results partially confirmed Robinson's predictions. Measured © did decrease the longer you waited. But statistical uncertain- ties inthe experiments precluded continn: Oiled Review Peeing that the difference, A, between the asymptotic value and the true formation value was independent of pore fluid salinity (right). Porosity evaluated using the log. inject-log principle matched the sandstone’s teue porosity ‘Making as precise measurements in the field required modifying a TDT-K tool to deliver gamma ray counts in many time channels. This spawned the experimental TDI. ool that Shell and Schlumberger took to the field in Louisiana in 1973. Stationary ‘measurements at various depths lasting sev eral minutes reduced uncertainty caused! by counting statistics and provided irreducible water saturations to 12-percent precision. “The experiment was considered a success, but equally good measurements from a moving tool were sill needed, 4 5) Source Detector spacng, em 8 2 2 20 40 | 00 Sn eager aC Waiting Time, ms Compuratons by LD. Rabinson of Sell Devel ‘opment Co, showing ov eo na pulse trom capture cross section measurement depends ‘on ow long you wait before analyzing the gamma ray decay Robinson assumed an infinite Fy short high-energy neton puke anda petecty bsorbing borehole, The ear 8, approsches Ihonzero value asymptotically. How quickly ets {here depends on the source detector sacra (Aiter Robinson, reference 8.) Volume 1 Number 1 2 2 2a os too Eecontered 2y| ot 02 04 06 08 \Wating Timo, ms “Experiments by WB. Nelligan of Schlumbemes ‘partallycontiming Robinson's theory of puke nevi lox response, Macroscopte cross section Eobserved at the TDK tools or detector (60 Centimeter source detector spacing) decreases ‘wih time elapsed botore analyzing te gamma tay decay. The laboratory formation 2 S0-percent port sandstone, 9s bull ound 2 I0-nch ‘ameter borehole aed incl casing. The forma tion ane boretole ad were ideriial—a 155 Sip sci chloride (NACH solution. The for Imation’ te eaptre cro section was estimated fo be 25.82 capture units. Aer Nelligan and ‘Anti, reference 9) To this end, a team of design engineers at Schiumborger’s Houston Gulf Freeway facil ity, that included M. Mahdaui, }-R. Olesen, W. Preeg, and O.K. Steinman, took a fresh look at diffusion, this time in an infinite ‘medium assuming the thermal neutrons originate! from a point source. For this sim- ple geometry analysis showed that neutron decay is not exponential even far from the source and long after the burst—agreeing, with Polyachenko and Robinson. The next steps were to remove the assumption that the thermal neutrons in the infinite medium slarted from a point—they're actually dis tributed through space from having been slowed down from a high energy state. And to add some gamma ray physics—pulsed neutron tools detect gamma rays created by thermal neutron absorption and not the thermal neutrons. These two considerations complicated the math. However, ata given distance from the source, the engineers found that the gamma tay population decay could be expressed tet Jn which 1s time, ris the true thermal-neu- twon decay rate and 7 isa constant, greater than zero and less than one, called the cli fusion exponent contin a page 50 5. Departure Curves the Teal Decay Tie to. nectar Line, 1075, 6 Lack Sad Smith R: “Computed Departure Curves sium, Calg May 5-7, 1975 paper Alo amex fon tbe SPU 1th Ave essing Srp, Now Osean ne 7, 197% papers Prey WE ar! cot HD: “Computing Thermal Neu {Won Decay Tine TDI” ronmental Elects Using Monte Cato etogies pe SPE 10203, pase {Sarthe th SPE Atal ecicl Conftence and iter, San ont eas, Ober 17 198, 2.Pohahenk Ate teary of Nesta Dill ‘ono Teena Neurore Two Subance, nie ‘Medium wah nical Diving Stace Bly frvestiy)Acslony of Science, USSR Geophysics Seven no. 4 iApri 1961) ransated by F Good sect Polyachenko AL, Gavin Tye, Ti YG and Sh. poshonshove TA: "Anais of Anpltade, Time and Yaderney GeohanfGeothun Tn. 7 C3) 20 Sevan by Asc echo Sewies, {Robinson 1: “Neutron Decay Tie in the Subs ‘hee:"Theary, experiment lam Applicant Resa Onl Determination” paper SPE 119, pe atthe (nh PE Arua Metin and Ea ins, Orlber 69) 1974 9. Nein WB a Amie 5" Accurate Thermal Ne tho Beeay Tin essurenent Using the Fa Doe torof the Dual Spacing TT Laboratory Study = aural of orleans febreagy 1111979639Pulsed-Neutron Interpretation Primer Inthe absence of borehole and diffusion ‘effects, thermal neutrons can be assumed to decay in the formation according toa decreasing exponential law Namek, in which fis the observed counting ate at time t, Nis the counting rate when ¢ equals 2z0r0, ands the decay's time constant, oth- fenvvse known asthe thermal-neuiron decay time. In eseevoir rocks, tranges between 75 and 450 microseconds. The more popular and practical measure ‘of pulsed -neatron logging isthe macroscop- ie capture eros section, 2: pe A545, which is expressed in capture units (cx), ‘One capture unit equals one thousandth of 2 reciprocal centimeter. Formation macro- scopic capkure cross section represents an average ofall the microscopic cross sections fof the nucte inthe formation; a nucleus’ microscopic cross section relates to the probability of that nucleus capturing a ther: ‘mal neutron. In reservoir rocks, © ranges from 10t0 60 cu. The practicality of Z arises because macroscopic cross sections adds volumeti cally. Fora hydrocarbon-beating formation that's a mixture of cock matrix, water-filled pores and hydrocarbon-filled pores, macro- scopic cross section is all #4 By 48, + 3,001 Ss in which Ey, Ew and 2p are the macro- scopic cos ection ofthe rock mats, the poten walerand hydrocarbon respoc- they (am exta tom can beaded fr chy). Ep, depends on lithology ands between 7 and 12 cE, depends on the water's parison of count rates seen by the near and far detectors is often used to detect gas. The Dual-Burst TDT log is accurate enough to furnish gas saturation (above righ) Pulsed neutron lags can aso be used for monitor- ing aciization and gravel packing, Gas Saturation uid Analysis Tor | Opentiote Jo _% 109} [TOT Poresity 7 ) % 0 3 Interretation of porosity and gas saturation for a Dual-Bust TOT lag in a Middle Fast Cretaceous reservot The Dal Burst TOT tool's bater accuracy gives improved gas analysis compared wit previous Ele, Howse Tsu C, Mekon Sot ars (© ant ine 6 eu ed Mina Lo fi Parameters Note ae Acoustic” The Tech (Ree ret aay 1988 38:52, 2. Voemacrxcope hema neuton cess seein of Ay ee charts Teor afoot in Selumbee (on Interpretation Charts Houston! Schlumberger Feta! Senin, 1988 {Hale Titman snd Eddson HAA Ste oy ‘ellste Meneremant of ll” Hansa of tie SPuLA 3s) Anna Logan you, tafe Touians, bly 811 98D pape Wi, 4, Dewan sone CW, coon A, Wall WB and ‘Mae Rts Theznal Newton Decay Logging Using Dual Desecton The tg Anabae ,0. 8 epee ove 1993) 1-26 Ste chats Kora, Yeort and Teor in Schubert {oe Inrpretaron Chars Heuston Slum icons enc 198808 Borehole Say, Kepm 100 os 200" z zm! He 100 3 02 oe 0 ee Zerraen Nar Datctor, cu ogy Porosity, pu . as} “ 0.0 2 04 Oh 20 02) exci 433 7 2 o 0 00 Ennion Near Detector, cu. Sandstone — Limestone Dolomite a aeeenie| 03] on co a © 8 Porosity pu aependency ofthe difasion coeticioms, tani, on varius borehole aad formation pra {ters These coocens provide the key est mating te capture cross section using the Dsl furs TD tool. Ther complex behavior was ‘established tram over 4,000 exzevimens in Schlumberger’ Enviormental Ect Calibration Facility in Houston (Afr Olesen, Mahdavi and Steinman, reference 10), 700 When the engineers split the infinite medi Lum surrounding the source into two spheri- cal regions, the inner one representing the borehole, the outer one the formation, the form of the decay expression held and the ‘gamma ray count rate, C(, became: Mee ek NEA cine Reg «NEA cs th In this expression, there are two diffusion ‘exponents and two true decay times, forthe formation (subscripts F) and borehole (sub- scripts B) respectively. The Ns represent normalized count rates and are easily caleu- lated. The 4's depend on formation porosity. The crucial parameters are the diffusion exponents which depend on the source- detector spacing, several neutron diffusion ‘and gamma ray transport parameters, and ‘details ofthe geometry. ‘Yet one more step was required, The anal- ysis to this point was based on an instanta- reous neutron burst, In practice, TDT log ging tools emit bursts hundreds of microseconds long, and the decay is “observed using finitely long time-windows, Cin therefore had to be integrated with respect to time once for the length of the burst and a second time for the length of teach window. Everything so far assumed a spherical geometry, Would the theory hold for the ‘ylinceical borehole environment? The engi- neers thought yes, but to check they made ‘aver 4,000 pulsed-neutron decay measure- ‘ments in artificial boreholes and fe.mations housed in Schlumberger’s Environmental Effects Calibration Facility in Houston. They used four borehole sizes—6, B, 10 and 12 inches, and three lithologies—sandstone, limestone and dolomite—with either 0, 15, ‘or 33 percent porosity. Water in the forma- tion could take one of five salinities, and in the borehole one of six. Measurements were made in open- and cased-hole, with a choice of six casing sizes depending on borehole size. Over a million gamma ray counts were recorded for each of 750 com binations of borehole and formation giving the measurements greater precision than the engineers could ascertain for the thermal- neutron decay times of the formations. The diffusion theory held up and the complex dependence of the diffusion exponents on such parameters as source-cletector spacin formaion and borehole decay times, forma tion porosity, borehole diameter and casing size and weight was precisely determined [above lef, ‘The engineers could now see a way to a major technology advance.1® Their starting point was the well established dualletector TDEM tool. Modifying the hardware, they reconfigured the measurement cycle to include two neutron bursts (below. The fist is short (ens of microseconds) and the observed decay cate is mainly controlled by the borehole, The second is long thundceds ‘of microseconds), pushing out so many neu- trons that initially the detectors are swamped with gamma rays. When the ‘gamma ray population subsides, however, the observed decay mainly represents ‘events taking place in the formation. By fi ling the shor- and long-burst decays to the diffusion theory, the engineers could obtain ‘separate decay:times for the formation and borehole, rand ty, both diffusion free Gamma Ray Counts 100 500 | 900 "1800 1700 Time, ys = Measurement cycle ofthe Dual-Bust TOT tol The short burs provides a decay contaled main Iy ly the borehole, and the long burst a decay Controle mainly by the formation, (right), This modified tool, TOTP ta the designers, is called the Dual-Burst TDT* tool The fitting process is done differently in the logging unit and the Field Log Interpre- tation Center (FLIC). In the logging unit where computing power is more limited, diffusion exponents corresponding to the known borehole and formation conditions ‘are imposed, Then, a single-component dif- fusion model i ited separately to selected kates of the short and long data from both near and far detectors. The short burst data fit yields tp naa AMG Th gay While the Long- burst data yields t;neyy and Fegan The sin= tle-component model, however, assumes a single decay rate overall gates used in the fit, This is a first-order approximation that sometimes allows contamination of the for ‘mation decay by borehole signal. A correc- tion is determined from te pear fr and 8 por abd applied 10 Ty gO Yield a tre log value. In the FLIC where computer power is more plentiful, the diffusion exponents are allowed to vary and all variables are made to fit the two-component diffusion mode! Oilfield Review iSingle Exponential ‘Borehole Salinity, Kppm 2 o = Sms 0 Double Exponential 60) 34 a fl on Ge". FarDetector ¢ 1 Near Betector 2 0 60 Ener 6, Diffusion Model 60 5 4] ra 3 a 20 % Ey ry 60 ro ulsec-neuton too! response compared with nue formation cross sections or Be signa po ‘cessing techniques. Siagle- and double-exponen tal fis depend on borehole fd satiny. The i- fusion mad! ft ese inthe Dual-Bust TOT too, provider the best match tothe We cross sections Volume 1 Number 1 This complicates the fiting process but incteases accuracy. Special techniques help stabilize the computation when z and tT are nearly equal, the most difficult case to fit. Unless formation characteristics such as lithology or the borehole geometry depart radically from values used by the logging ‘unit compute, logs computed inthe logging ‘nit and atthe FLIC match closely (below), ‘A good test for the Dual-Burst TDT tech- nology is logging an interval twice with water of different salinity in the borehole. With the new dual-burst system and signal processing based on the diffusion model, the log of formation ¥ doesn’t change (next Dual Burst = FLIC- Computed Using For Datoctor 10 Seman DK Adolph RA, Maha Mt, Marenbach {Prog WE ap Wight PDs" rt Toma {Becy Tine Longing Principles” paper Se 1517, presented atthe ota SPC Annual Technical onerence and Exton, New Orleans, Octobe (lesen 18, Mv, Steioman DK and Wer ‘Duk Ther Day Tie Logg Over rd amples" paper SPE 14716, presented he 5th Pe Middle an 0 Show, Nana, Bahan ach 710,197, page). Another testis in reservoir monitoring where the borehole fluid changes from hydrocarbon ta water as production pro- ceeds, ‘The ultimate benefit of the Dual-Burst TOT, though, is accuracy. Logging at the typical speed of 900 feet per hour [270 meters per hour}, standard deviation of Eis ‘ypically 0.2 capture units (c..), How accu rate this makes interpreted water saturation depends on formation porosity and the con- trast between the formation fluid and hydro- ‘carbon capture cross sections, For a 20-per- ‘cent porosity formation saturated with oil ‘and salt-saturated water, 0.2 c.u. translates [Comparison of ogg: unit and tld fog interpretation cen ter (LIC) processing of 2 Dual. Burst TD og run ina hoveole filled with say water Agree ment is within 05 cv. excope browween 830 ad 40 fot where other fy data shone a ‘ave. The FUIC processing can bre made ising ether ofthe toof stv detectors separately, The legging unit processing uses cous rom both detectors nd assumes both see" sralar Termation. this cas, the cave ‘oy be ulifirg his assum ton ¢Afer Olesen, Maha and Steiaman, reference 10) ‘Olesen J Malas Mad Steinman DK. “Dut Bure Tera Decay Time Data Processing a Employ Tensctans othe SALA 28 Arua ogsing Symes, London ane 2921987, Bust TDT* Logging Houston: Sumber cation! Serces 1988, S130 513 TOr-M z Near Detector | FarDetector 30 cw. Borehole Fluid |—Fresh Water Saline Water to}30 cu. 1 [Duals and! TOTEM Jags rn in wel ith es and salty water filing the eased and cemented borehole. The Dus Bust TT, which uses ci Son: modo signal procesins fo compute capture cro section. provides the “ne fog whatever the boro fi. The TDM logis clearly nluenced by bore tid salinity. to less than 1 percentage unit of water satu- ration, twice as accurate as anything offered by previous pulsed-neutson tools. In 1988, Robinson, now a consultant to Shell, conducted tests with Schlumberger pitting the new tool against a mock-up of, the experimental TDTL tool that in the past had given good enough accuracy for Shells log-inject-log work {the only two TTL tools had been scrapped during the early 1980s oil bust). Using the log-inject-log technique first with the Dual-Burst TOT tool and then the TOT-L mock-up, the engineers ‘evaluated the porosity of one of the Hous ton Envisonmental Elects Calibration Facil ty’s sandstones—the formations were flushed twice by water of different salinity The TOT-L mock-up gave a porosity of 16.9 + 0.2 percent and the Dual-Burst TDT tool pave 17.2 + 0.2 percent, almost the same and acceptably near the range of values Dbtainecl by measuring the weights and den: sities ofthe formatian’s components, 16.50 10 17.20 percent. The TOFL tool's accuracy, achieved with minutes-long stationary mea surements, was finally matched by a contin uous logging measurement SNE Oilfield Reviow |x200 soe x00 othe elitr ead with pleasure Scott Broussard’ review of the annulus eet Is iteretng thal mos ths {ssi mexderatey sallow annul, where the Lt {medium induction) ¥ pmo fece, LD ieee irlution) is close to virgin formation resisivty {jad you can “see annals and not be fool by In our 1987 pope, Jacobsen and ‘pointed out that ihe sales were dep, the most fected fog cuve would be the ILD. Any attempt to corect fo neaston with tomado chars fret reduces the apparent essvity making mates ‘worse Am arms truly a double-ede see Thave enclosed a dramatic example where the same ze 210 1 X260 foc) as loge vice, Tobe eon: In“ Measuring Poros, Saturation and Pemeabilty fom Cores: An Appreciation ofthe Difcuis.” ‘once ight afer twas dled anda second ine ‘ne month later (above. On te fist pas these fs Title appatent evasion so we read Rye «ly eatmated water saturations ave nated inthe ‘depth track Theres sgh annus atthe top oF the zone looks Uke a keeper. “his conclusion saything but obvious form the second eg The whole one looks invade andi filha about these rssh! Cala eter Saturation, again nthe depth tack, sugges a pre {y marginal zone. The apparent rest ofthe ‘Net zone as increased and we observe a nota resist profil vegans. Tse be expected ‘shen fesh mud fate replaces ser connate Fire on page 23 shows sore volumetric chraceizations of ock. In gereral, I have noise with what ig shown; however, does ciel what cue in practice within Schlumbescr formation eval tion cicles, re. bounel-water as noted i he fre not only ented insted bound water and ‘ay-waterin the gut ve lumped inn erm fe reer to as “ut vome isle Als, the "lay-wter em in he figs typically called clay baund or onicaly une water, or even simply bound: water Theres probably an element of confusion even our terminology and the custome’. Consequety ‘twoukl seem bent we explain these diferences an eventually sab an istry sland romenelture for these parameters oonge R- Cones SeMumberger Wel Services SN? Gul Feeney Houston, Texas 77252 November 28, 1988 Errata The two sites of logs in “The Annuls Ellec"—The Technical Review 37, no. 1 anuary 19891 .13—are revered. The lop set shoul appear on the baton, andthe bottom on top. in he same sue, ‘onpage 16 the pad on te let should appear on the rightson page 25, the order ofthe hwo stations ‘onthe baton shoul! be switched and on page 35, the logs atthe top, the color ima shoul se up STighlly soi corresponds tothe interval spanning just above NANG fet to just above X48 fect ‘watt nthe pay although the profile eoks nox ‘nal ILD bas decease to ava well elo (while at and the Sop are reading wel above. ‘Thiscanoaly beexplained if Ryq> Ryand there is adeep annulus. Anatom was mae wo core, the ILD for invasion wih a tornado chor, butt ‘made mater was inthe pay, David F. Allen Schlumberger Wel Services 225 Insta Boulevad Soir land, ents 77178 February 8, 1989 once Speman, onda Bae 2 1987, 4 San ok Hugs Rael far Thoma IC Ret ean Remo Som se see Fe