05/23/16

WiMAX Principle and

Key Technology
www.huawei.com

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Huawei Confidential

Content

Content

WIMAX Overview

WIMAX Key Technology

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What is WiMAX?
WAN
3GPP,3GPP2

IEEE 802.20
(proposed)
IEEE 802.16Wireless MAN

Worldwide
Interoperability for
Microwave
Access

IEEE 802.11 Wireless

LAN

IEEE 802.15 Bluetooth

IP-based broad-band wireless technology

MAN
LAN
PAN

ETSI HiperMAN &

HIPERACCESS

ETSI HiperLAN

ETSI HiperPAN

IEEE 802.16 is the supplement and extension

Megapolis Access Network based on IEEE802.16

for IEEE802.15 and IEEE802.11

IEEE 802.16 filled the gap for IEEE series on
MAN field

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What WiMAX can do?

Mobility
High Speed

Cellular Network (GSM, CDMA, UMTS, )

Walk / Vehicle

SubUrban-incar

BWA (WiMAX 802.16e, )

Urban-incar

On foot
Nomadic

Fixed Network (xDSL, )

Fixed

Urban fixed
Personal

0,01

0,1

10

100

Bandwidth
(Mb/s)

Mobile WiMAX can meet both Mobility and Broadband

Access!
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Spectrum by Region
Canada
2.3/2.5GHz
3.5/5GHz

USA

Russia
Europe
3.5GHz
5GHz

2.3/2.5/3.5GHz
5GHz

1.5/2.3GHz
2.5/5GHz

Asia Pacific

ME & A
C & SA

3.5GHz
5GHz

2.3/3.3/3.5GHz
5GHz

2.5/3.5GHz
5GHz

Each geographical region defines and regulates its own set of licensed and
license-exempt bands, as shown in the previous figure.

WiMAX global applications are mainly used in 2.3G, 2.5GHz, 3.5GHz, and
5.8GHz frequency bands, of which 5.8GHz is a license-exempt band.

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WiMAX Network Structure

SS: Subscriber Station

ASN: Access Service Network
CSN: Connectivity Service Network
NSP: Network Service Provider
NAP: Network Access Provider
ASP: Application service
provider

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Content

Content

WIMAX Overview

WIMAX Key Technology

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WiMAX key technology

Multi-element
Transmitter

Multi-element
Receiver

BTS

MS

From 1MHz to 20MHz

OFDM/OFDMA

Scalable Channel Bandwidth

MIMO

16QAM
DDD DDDUU

D Downlink

64QAM

QPSK

U Uplink

Spectrally-Efficient TDD

AMC & HARQ

QOS & Mobility

Various WiMAX Key Technology configuration affect network planning increase network complexity

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OFDM/OFDMA introduction(1)

OFDM

OFDM = Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing

Belongs to a family of transmission

schemes called multi-carrier modulation

OFDM dividing a high-bit-rate data stream

into several parallel lower bit-rate
streams and modulating each stream on
separate carriers - often called sub
carriers

Low rate signals have large symbol

periods, which make OFDM signal
resistant to multi-path delay spread

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OFDM use Fast Fourier Transform

(FFT) to allow overlap in frequency
of individual narrowband signals

More efficient than conventional

multi-carrier Guard

Page 9

OFDM/OFDMA
introduction(2)

OFDM Vs OFDMA

1. OFDMA is a multi-carrier system

2. Available bandwidth is divided into many narrow bands ( sub - carrier )
3. OFDMA divide these sub-carriers into N Groups ( sub -Channel )
4. Data is transmitted in parallel on these sub-Channels
OFDMA is the foundation for 4G

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OFDMA Permutations
Different ways of dividing the sub carriers to sub
channels in protocol are called Permutations

Main permutations:
FUSC - Full Usage of Sub-channels (downlink only )
Achieves best frequency diversity by
spreading tones over entire band
Distributed permutations
PUSC - Partial Usage of Sub channels (uplink & downlink) / Distributed permutations
Groups tones into tiles/clusters to enable fractional frequency re-use
Still has distribution of tones across band for each sub-channel
AMC - (or Band AMC) Adaptive Modulation and Coding (UL & DL) /
Adjacent Sub-carrier Permutation
Uses adjacent tones for each sub-channel for use with beam forming

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Sub-carrier Allocation
Pilot sub-carrier

DC sub-carrier Data sub-carrier

Guard sub-carrier

10MHz*(28/25)=10.94KHz*1024
UL-PUSC

DL-PUSC
Parameters

Parameters

Values

System Bandwidth(MHz)

10

512

1024

Number of Guard Subcarriers

91

183

Number of Cluster/Subchannels

15

30

Number of Used Subcarriers

420

841

Number of Data Subcarriers

360

Number of Pilot Subcarriers

60

FFT Size(Nfft)

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System Bandwidth(MHz)

Values
5

10

512

1024

Number of Guard Subcarriers

91

183

Number of Cluster/Subchannels

17

35

Number of Used Subcarriers

420

841

720

Number of Data Subcarriers

272

560

120

Number of Pilot Subcarriers

136

280

FFT Size(Nfft)

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OFDMA Frame Structure

frequency

Last Frame

DL Sub-frame

TTG

UL Sub-frame

RTG

Next Frame
Time

OFDMA frame is a time-frequency two-dimensional structure. The x axis is the time and the y axis
is frequency
TTG and RTG are the time intervals between the downlink sub-frame and uplink subframe
The minimum unit of the time is symbol. There are totally 48 symbols per frame
The minimum unit of the frequency is sub channel, there are totally 30 sub channels DL
and 35 UL

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MIMO
Matrix A
R=1/2

X1 -X2*

QPSK

X2 X1 *

R=2/3
R=4/5

16QAM

Matrix B
X4 X2
X3 X1

MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

64QAM
MIMO in WiMAX system

Exploit multiple antennas at both transmitter and receiver side to transmit and receive

multiple parallel data stream. Also adopt spacial multiplexing.

Without increased broadband MIMO technology can improve system capacity, frequency

utilization and data transmit rate.

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MIMO Matrix ASTTD: Space Time Transmit Diversity

2T2R
Supported to provide
transmit diversity and
reduce fading margin by 28dB depending on the
environment &terminal
antenna number

X1 -X2*
X2 X1*

1T1R

1T2R

2T2R

800
MHZ

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Compare with SISO, MIMO 22 can improve the coverage

radius about 40%~60%

Support fixed and mobile service

One dual-polarization antenna can support 2T2R MIMO

Can support single or dual antenna terminal

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MIMO Matrix B-2T2R

SM: Spatial Multiplexing

X4 X2
X3 X1

With 2x2 MIMO, the DL user and

sector peak data rate are
theoretically doubled. But
1.3~1.6 times than SISO is
realizable.

SM: Each signal may convey different data to the same or different users, thus increase
the capacity.

Sector throughput, peak data rate and spectrum efficiency can be improved

Single antenna SS can support UL collaborative SM

UL collaborative SM (Virtual MIMO) can not increase the peak data rate of users, but
can improve the UL sector throughput (about 20~30%)

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Adaptive MIMO Switch

Spectral Efficiency

Works on SM or STC
mode based on CINR
level

SM mode at the cell

center, to improve
system throughput

STC mode at the cell

edge, to improve
coverage

STC + SM
STC

SM
Signal to Noise Ratio

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MIMO 4T4R
Tx /Rx
Tx /Rx
BS

Tx /Rx

Tx /Rx
MS

MS
Tx/Rx
Tx/Rx

Huawei DBS3900 can support MIMO 4x4 (4Tx

antenna,4 Rx antenna)

Near 2.5 dB PB3 channel of coverage gain can

be obtained using MIMO 4Rx compared with MIMO

2.5d
B

2Rx

Coverage radius increase 15~20 thank to 2.5dB

additional diversity gain of MIMO 4T4R

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4T4R MIMO A/B+BF

(Beamforming)
Multipath effect will make different phases for one signal so that the compound signal

will be offset or reduced. The CINR will be lower since the multipath effect is there.
This situation occurs especially at the cell edge

BF is a technology which through adjusting different signals phase before transmitting

to get the same signal phases at the receiver, it adjusts the phase base on the
estimate of the UL channel status, So it can improve the signal quality for the special
user

BF brings 25% increment of border user throughput and 10% increment of sector
throughput

BF can obtain additional 3~4dB coverage gain at DL compared with MIMO Matrix A

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Huawei MIMO Evolution

Roadmap
MIMO 2T2R
Matrix-A

Adaptive
Matrix-A&B

MIMO 4T4R

MIMO 4T4R
Beamforming

WiMAX industry development roadmap is from MIMO Matrix-A&B to MIMO-BF;

MIMO antenna technology is the basis for all 4G standards

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Variable theoretical
TDD: Time Division
Duplex

1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8

DL-CCH

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

DL-CCH

33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 47 48
DL-Data

TTG UL-CCH

UL-Data

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 47 48
DL-Data

TTG UL-CCH

TDD Ratio =35:12

CCH Overhead:
7symbols(DL),
3symbols(UL)
Data symbol: DL:UL=28:9

TDD Ratio =29:18

CCH Overhead:7symbols(DL),
3symbols(UL)
Data symbol: DL:UL=22:15

UL-Data

Main TDD ratios supported by Industry products : (35: 12), (32 : 15), (29 : 18), (26 : 21)

More symbols, higher throughput

Select the TDD ratio for each network base on the throughput requirement of DL and UL

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AMC: Adaptive Modulation and

Coding
DL modulation and coding type:
Peak throughput

QPSK1/2, QPSK3/4
16QAM1/2, 16QAM3/4
64QAM1/2, 64QAM2/3, 64QAM3/4, 64QAM5/6

64QAM

25%~30%

16QAM

UL modulation and coding type:

QPSK1/2, QPSK3/4
16QAM1/2, 16QAM3/4

65%~70%

QPSK

Average throughput

Name

Modulation And
Efficiency

QPSK 1/2

QPSK

0.5

QPSK 3/4

QPSK

0.75

1.5

16QAM 1/2

16QAM

0.5

16QAM 3/4

16QAM

0.75

64QAM 1/2

64QAM

0.5

64QAM 2/3

64QAM

0.67

64QAM 3/4

64QAM

0.75

4.5

64QAM 5/6

64QAM

0.833

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Channel Coding Rate

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Bearer Efficiency
(bits/symbol)

Page 22

Site Capacity Calculation Concept

47 symbols for
DL sub-frame
and UL subframe. we take 7
symbols for
common
message at DL
and 3 symbols at
UL.
Example: TDD
ratio 35:12,
symbols for data
is 28 DL and 9
UL

Known number : bits data per symbol per carrier

frame length (5 millisecond)
Throughput = (modulation efficiency * coding efficiency * number of data symbols per frame
* number of data sub carriers per frame) / duration of each frame

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Site Capacity Calculation Concept

Mobile WIMAX PHY Data Rates with PUSC Sub-Channel
Parameter

Downlink

System Bandwidth
FFT Size

Downlink

Uplink

5MHz

10MHz

512

1024

Null Sub-Carriers

92

104

184

184

Pilot Sub-Carriers

60

136

120

280

Data Sub-Carriers

360

272

720

560

15

17

30

35

Sub-Channels

Uplink

For the PUSC permutation mode, each sub-channel includes 24 data sub-carriers DL and 16 data sub-

carriers UL.

Different channel bandwidth can directly affect the single-site throughput. The number of sub-channels

assigned to single user directly affect the single-user throughput.

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Site Capacity Calculation-PHY Layer

Fixed parameters:
DL-PUSC: The number of sub-channels is 30. Each sub-channel includes 24 data sub-carriers
UL-PUSC: The number of sub-channels is 35. Each sub-channel includes 16 data sub-carriers

Case:
Assumption condition:

The channel bandwidth is 10MHz.

The TDD scale time is DL:UL = 35:12.
The downlink modulation mode is 64QAM, and the coding mode is 5/6.
Uplink modulation mode is 16QAM, and the coding mode is 3/4.

Calculation:

DL-PUSC throughput per sector

= number of sub-channels * data sub-carriers per sub-Channel * number of symbols
* Modulation Efficiency * coding Efficiency / duration of each frame
= 30*24*(35-7)*6*(5/6)/(5/1000)
= 20.16Mbps
UL-PUSC throughput per sector = 35*16*4*(3/4)/(5/1000)
= 3.36Mbps
MAC efficiency is about 90% of the PHY throughput
The theoretical peak throughput can be doubled when Use MIMO B DL and CSM
UL
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Thank you
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