Quy trnh k thut trng rau an

ton
04/12/2014
I. Khi nim v RAT
1. Th no l rau an ton.
RAT l rau c sn xut vi quy trnh k thut m bo an ton, sn phm n ngi
tiu dng khong gy c hi.
2. Bn ch tiu an ton.
- An ton v d lng thuc BVTV (ngha l d lng thuc BVTV thp hn mc cho
php)
- An ton v hm lng nitrat (NO3).
- An ton v kim loi nng.
- An ton v vi sinh vt v k sinh trng gy bnh cho ngi.
V d: Theo Q ngy 28/4/1998 ca B NN & PTNT si 67/1998/Q-BNN&PTNT th:
- Ci bp: hm lng nitrat phi nh hn 500mg/kg.
- Sp l: hm lng nitrat phi nh hn 0.2mg/kg.
- Ci b p: hm lng Padan phi nh hn 0.5mg/kg
- Trn rau: hm lng ch phi nh hn 0.5mg/kg
- Trn rau: hm lng vi khun Ecoli phi nh hn 100 khun lc/gam
- Trn rau: hm lng Coliorm phi nh hn 1000 khu n lc/gam
II. Nguyn tc trong vic sn xut RAT.
1. Kh ng trng rau trn vng t nhim
2. Khng dng phn ti, nc gii ti cho rau.
3. Khng dng nc bn ti cho rau: Nc thi t ngun gy nhim (nh nguyn
tc 1).
4. Khng dng thuc BVTV c cao, thuc cm, thuc hn ch s dng.
5. Khng dng qu nhiu phn m bn cho rau.
6. Khng dng phn m trong vng 10-15 ngy trc khi thu hoch.
7. m bo thi gian cch ly ca tng loi thuc BVTV.
III. C s khoa hc ca cc nguyn tc trong v sinh sn xut RAT
1. Khng trng rau trn t b nhim:
t nhim cht thi cng nghip th hm lng kim loi nng (ch, thu ngn)
thng cao. Khi trng rau s lng kim loi nng trong rau thng ln.

t nhim thuc BVTV, cht thi bnh vin, cm dn c, ngha trang thng c hm
lng cht d lng thuc BVTV hoc cc vi sinh vt gy bnh cho ngi cao khi trng
rau khng m bo an ton.
2. Khng dng phn ti, nc gii ti bn cho rau:
Nc gii tng, phn chung ti thng c VSV gy bnh khng nhng cho rau m c
cho ngi s dng.
3. Khng s dng phn m qu cao.
Vic bn phn m qu cao, n n d lng nitrat trong rau ln, gy hi cho ngi s
dng. Khng nhng th bn m cao mt cn i gia cc loi phn khc nhau dn n
su, bnh hi trn rau nhiu.
4. Khng s dng thuc BVTV c cao (nhm I, II), thuc cm, thuc hn ch s
dng:
Mc d mt s loi thuc ny c hiu lc tr su, bnh cao song gy hi rt ln cho mi
trng, sc kho ngi sn xut. Bn cnh li d lng thuc c c ln trn
rau, thi gian phn hu ca li thuc ny thng chm, v vy s dng chng khng an
ton.
5. Khng s dng thuc BVTV khng m bo thi gian cch lu, phn m 10-15 ngy
trc khi thu hoch;
S dng thuc BVTV, phn m mun th hm lng cc cht hya hc cha kp phn
hu n mc an ton. Khi s dng sn phm rau s gy c.
IV. PHN TCH 4 NGUYN TC IPM.
IPM l chc vit tt ting ca ting anh c ngha l Qun l dch hi tng hp, 4
nguyn tc IPM c th nh sau:
1. Trng cy kho:
- Cy trng kho l p dng cc bin pho trng trt cy c kh nng sinh trng pht
trin tt. Cho nng sut cao; C th nh sau: Ht ging, cy con tt, sch bnh, tiu
chun.
- Bin php k thut gieo trng thi v: Lm t tt, bn phn hp l cn i, dng k
thut. S dng c hiu qu thuc BVTV..
2. Bo v thin dch.
- Thin dch l nhng sinh vt c ch bn ca nh nng gp phn tiu dit, hn ch dch
hi trn ng rung nh: Nhn, Kin 3 khoang, Ong k sinh
- V vy, bo v thin ch khng nhng lm gim s gy hi v bng pht ca dch hi
m cn gim s dng thuc BVTV, gim chi ph sn xut.
- Bin php bo v thin ch l nng dn hiu bt v li ch ca thin ch, tp tnh hot
ng ca nm s dng cc bin pho k thut pht huy vai tr ca thin ch trn ng
rung, hn ch s dng thuc BVTV.
3. Thm ng thng xuyn.

 nm c din bin su bnh hi, sinh trng pht trin cy trng lm c s cho vic
phn tch h sinh thi, xut c bin php qun l ng rung hp l, hiu qu nht.
4. Nng dn l chuyn gia:
L ngi quyt nh thc hin cc bin php k thut trn ng rung v vt ngi nng
dn phi hiu c h sinh thi ng rung c kh nng a ra cc quyt nh ng n,
hp l nht. Khng nhng th h cn h tr, khuyn khchm gip cc nng dn khc
cng lm theo IPM. Bi v cc bin php IP ch pht huy c hiu qu khi c thc
hin c tnh cng ng.
V. K THUT S DNG THUC BVTV TRN RAU.
1 Thuc BVTV c cc nhm nh sau:
- Thuc tr su hi.
- Thuc tr nm hi.
- Thuc tr chut.
- Thuc tr c.
- Thuc kch thch, iu ho sinh trng cy trng.
- Thuc tr nhn hi.
- Thuc tr tuyn trng.
2. Nng , liu lng s dng.
- Nng : L lng thuc cn dng pha trn vi mt n v th tch trng lng ca
nc, ht ging, khng khv d: Pha 100ml thuc vo 10l nc, ngha l nc thuc
pha c nng 1 phn nghn.
- Liu lng s dng: L lng thuc cn dng cho mt n v th tch hoc din tch. V
d: Dng bassa tr ry nu hi la dng 1-1.5l/ha.
3. Cc tc dng ca thuc BVTV tc ng ln dch hi.
- Tc dng tip xc .
- Tc dng v c.
- Tc dng xng hi.
- Tc dng ni hp hay lu dn.
4. Ni dung 4 ng trong s dng thuc BVTV.
4.1. ng thuc: i tng dch hi no th dng ng loi thuc c kh nng dit loi
dch hi . Khng th dng thuc tr bn tr su c: Khng th dng ipTerex
tr ry nu
4.2. ng liu lng, nng : Tng loi thuc BVTV khi a vo s dng u c
nghin cu, th nghim, kho nghim kho st quy nh r liu lng (g,kg,lt..) v
nng % cho n v, trn i tng dch hi c th, C hng dn trn nhn thuc.

Nu dng qu mc th lng ph thuc, gy nhim mi trng, hi sc kho, dch hi

khng quen thuc.
Nu dng qu thp th dch hi k cht ngay, nhn thuc.
4.3: ng lc: Thi im phun c ngha cc k quan trng.
- Ch phun thuc tr dch hi khi tht cn thit bi nu dch hi cha mc phi phun
hoc cn c th s dng cc bin php khc hiu qu hn m li phn thuc th gy lng
ph v nhim mi trng.
- Phun nh k, phun qu sm hoc qu mun u khng c tc dng tr dch hi dn n
lng ph thuc. VD: Nu su cun l lm l la x xc bc trng v ti 85-90% su
non vo nhng mi phun thuc th hiu qu khng t c g.
- Phun thuc vo ng giai on xung yu cua su hi, bnh hi c ngh quan trng,
VD: Phun tr su tui 1-2 l hiu qu nht, phun tr bnh hi khi bnh mi pht sinh.
4.4 ng cch: pht huy ht hiu qu ca thuc BVTV th phi s dng ng cch,
nu khng s lng ph thuc; VD:
- Thuc ht phi rc, di vo y mi c tc dng.
- Thuc dng sa, bt thm nc th phi pha vi nc s dng, c mt s loi thuc
phun m, phun sng hoc xng hi trong nh khi bo qun.
- Khi phun thuc phi lm th no cho thucbm, dnh vo cy, tri u trn l lm cho
dch hi d tip xc, n ti thuc mi t hiu qu nht.
- phun bass tr ry nu hi la phi r gc la m phun ( khng c phun trn mt
la). Nhng tr b xt di li phi phun trn b mt rung la.
Ch c th tun th 4 nguyn tc s dng thuc BVTV th phng tr dch hi mi t hiu
qu kinh t, k thut ti a, m bo an ton v sinh mi trng, sc kho ca ngi sn
xut v tiu dng.
VI. MI QUAN H GIA CC YU T TRONG H SINH THI CY RAU.
1. Cc nhm yu t trong h sinh thi rung rau bao gm:
- Nhm cy trng.
- Nhm su hi.
- Nhm bnh hi.
- Nhm thin ch ( nh nhn, b ra)
- Nhm ng vt n mi nh ch, nhi.
- Nhm trung gian.
- Chut hi.
- Nhm yu t ngoi cnh: mt tri, my.
H sinh thi (HST) cy rau cng nh nhiu HST cy trng khc bao gm nhiu yu t
sinh tho khc nhay. Mi yu t u c mt vai tr sinh thi nht nh; VD: Cy trng l
yu t trung gian, l ngun thc n ca nhiu loi sinh vt khc, cn trng bnh cy

Cc yu t ny tc ng qua li hu c vi nhau, h tr, thc y ln nhau cng tn ti

pht trin trong HST, to nn HST s bn vng. VD: Cy thin ch su hitrng
2. Cy trng chu s tc ng ca su hi, nhng su hi li chu s tc ng ca thin
ch.
- Cc sinh vt u chu tc ng c nhit , nc, nh sng
- Nu phun thuc tr su hi th thuc BVTV tc ng n tt c cc yu t sinh vt khc
trong HST, khng ch c su hi b cht m c cc thin ch cng b cht theo, cc sinh
vt trung guan thm ch c cy trng cng b nh hng.
3. Con ngi l yu t sinh thi quan trng nht quyt nh s tn ti bn vng ca HST
v vy con ngi phi hiu bit v quy lut pht trin ca HST t c quyt nh
ng n mang li hiu qu cao nht.
VII. MT S LOI DCH HI TRN RAU.
1. Su t:
1.1. c im hnh thi.
- Ngi c cnh trc mu nu xm, c di trng (ngi c), vng (ngi ci) chy t gc
cnh n nh cnh.
- Trng hnh bu dc mu xanh.
- Su non c 4 tui, y sc di 9-10mm
- Nhng mu vng nht nm trong kn mng.
1.2. c im:
- V ho sau 1-2 ngy th trng. Mi ngi ci c th c 10-400 qu trng. Trng
ring l hay cm 3-5 qu di mt l.
- Su non tui 1-2 n tht l cha biu b tui ln su gm thng l.
- Khi y sc su nh t kt kn ngay trn l ho nhng.
- Vng i ca su t 21-30 ngy nhit 20-300C.
1.3. Bin php qun l:
- iu tra pht hin bm su trn rung.
- Ch phun thuc khi mt su trng cao.
- S dng xem k gia thuc ho hc v thuc sinh hc BT, Song m, Srerpa, Karete,
Padan.
2. Su khoang.
2.1. c im hnh thi:
- Ngoi v mu xanh bc, cnh trc c vn ngang bc trng ng nh.
- Trng hnh bn cu, mi mu trng vng sau mu tro ti, xp vi nhay thnh mu
nu vng.

- Su non mu nu en, nu ti. t bng th nht c mt vt en to bo quang, su non

c 6 tui, tui 1 di 3-5 mm, tui 6 di 35-50mm.
- Nhng mu nu ti, cui bng c mt i gai ngn.
2.2. c im sinh hc v quy lut pht trin.
- Ngoi hot ng mnh t na m v trc c su tnh nh sng bc sng ngn v mi
chua ngt.
- Ngu trng thnh trn l.
- Su non mi n tp trung mt di l n ht tht l cha li biu b v gn l.
- tui 3-4 su phn tn v cn khuyt l hoc c khi cn tri l, cnh hoa m qu. Khi
y sc su chui xung t lm kn v ho nhng.
- Thi gian pht dc ca trng: 3-7 ngy; su non: 12-27 ngy;Nhng: 8-10 ngy.
- Su khoang ph hi trn nhiu loi cy rau, mu.
2.3. Bin php qun l:
- iu tra pht hin sm s gy ho ca su khoang, dit sy bng ngt trng hoc bt
tay vi su tui ln.
- Phun thuc BVTV khi cn thit.
3. B nhy sc cong v lc.
3.1. c im hnh thi:
- Trng thnh l b cnh cng, ton thn mu nu en bng , trn cnh trc c 2 vn
trng.
- Trng hnh bu dc mu vng sa.
- Su non c 3 tui, u sc di 4mm, mi t u c u li, trn c lng.
- Nhng mu vng nht, mm cnh c mm chn rt pht trin. t cui c 2 gai li.
3.2. c im sinh hc v quy lut pht trin.
- Trng thnh t mn cm nh sng thng, n l to nhng l nh, khi b nng l x
xc. Trng thnh c th sng ti 1 nm, thi k trc trng l 15-80 ngy, trng
30-45 ngy.
- B trng thnh trng trn thn cy gn st mt t hay ngay trn mt t.
- Su non n r cy, c to nhng ng ngon ngoo hay trng l su lm cho cy b
ho, thi, y sc su lm nhng trong t.
- Thi gian pht dc ca trng 4-8 ngy; su non 11-12 ngy; nhyng 8-11 ngy.
3.3. Bin php qun l.
- iu tra pht hin sm s pht sinh gy hi ca sc cong v lc.
- iu tit m trn rung c th tho nc ngp 2/3 rnh trong 2 gi.
- S dng thuc BVTV khi cn thit.

4. Rp hi rau.
4.1. Cy k ch:
- Rp thuc l.
- Rp rau ci.
- Rp bp ci.
4.2. c im sinh hc v quy lut pht trin:
- Rp trng thnh v rp non bm vo l, thn, cnh, hoa, qu ht nha cy, cy b
nng l qun queo, l vng, ngn rt li; nhit thch hp cho rp rau ci t 14-150C.
4.3. Bin php qun l:
- Chm sc cy ngay t khi mi trng.
- Pht hin rp sm, c th phun thuc BVTV.
- Nh b cy bi bnh qu nng mt rp cao.
5.Bnh ho xanh c chua, khoai ty.
5.1. Triu chng:
Cy ho t ngt, l vn cn xanh, b mch ho nu cha dch nhn vi khun: ngy ho,
m xanh.
5.2. c im ly lan v pht trin
- L bnh do vi khun gy nn, vi khun thch hp trong iu kin nhit 27-27 0C, xm
nhp qua vt thng vo cy.
- Vi khun c th dng trong t 5-6 nm, ngun bnh cho nn sau l vi khun v tn d.
5.3. Bin php qun l:
- Ngun cy con sach bnh: K thut lm vn m phi am rbo ht ging sch bnh,
trng trn t v trc khng b bnh hoc khng trng cu h c.
- Nh trit cy b bnh ny pht hin, thiu hu ni xa.
- t rung chua c th bn vi bt (20kg/so) khi lm t.
- Khng bn, phn chung ti, nc c ngun bnh.
- Khng ging trn rung b bnh.
6. Bnh mc sng c chua, khoai ty.
6.1. Triu chng:
Hi trn l, thn, qu, c:
- Trn l: vt bnh mu xanh ti, sau thnh mu nu t, khi tri m mt di l c mt
lp nm sm, l cnh bo t phn sinh cng bo t.
- Trn thn, cnh: vt bnh mu nu thm en ko di trn thn, cnh bnh nng thn
cnh c th b gy.

- Trn qu c chua: vt bnh cng, b mt khng bng phng, lu qu thi khng chn
c.
- Trn c khoai ty: vt bnh mu nu vng xung quanh c.
6.2. c im ly lan v pht trin.
- Si nm khng mu, cnh bao t thon nh, khng mu, phn nhnh trn nh c bo t
phn sinh hnh trng. Bao t phn sinh t trn l, thn c nc ma ra tri thm
vo t, xm nhp vo c qua mt c, v v vt thng.
- Bo t phn sinh hnh thnh trong iu kin c git nc ko di, nhit thch hp
khong 180C, m cao 85-900C.
- Khoai ty thng b nng t thi k l giao tn, c c non, nhng c chua li b nng
ngay t giai on u.
6.3. Bin php qun l:
- iu tra pht hin thng xuyn, khi bnh mi pht sinh nu thy iu kin thi tit
thun li th phun thuc tr bnh sm.
- V l, ta cnh thng xuyn.
- S dng thuc BVTV theo ng k thut.
7. Bnh thi nhn bp ci.
7.1. Triu chng:
- Bnh c th t ngn xung ti gc hoc t gc ln ngn.
- L bp ci lc u c dng git du sau thnh mu nu nht l ngoi nhn, c mi
kh ngi. Trong m b bnh cha dch mu vng xm l dch vi khun.
7.2. c im ly lan v pht trin.
- Vi khun pht trin nhit thch hp 27-300C, m cao, xm nhp vo cy qua vt
thng.
- Bn phn qu nhiu, khng ng lc, nc ng cung lm cho bnh pht trin, bnh
tn ti trn tn s, trong t.
7.3. Bin php qun l:
- Trng bp ci ng thi v, iu tit nc ti hp l, s dng vi bt khi lm t ( nu
rung chua). Bn phn cn i gia m, ln. Kaly. Bn phn chung hoi muc.
- Nh b cy bnh khi pht hin sm.
- Thc hin lun canh cy trng, khng trng bp ci trn t b bnh thi nhn v
trc.
8. Bnh ho vng hi khoai ty.
8.1. Triu chng bnh;
Thi gc, ho r cht vng, cy thng b nng nht vo cui giai on sinh trng.
8.2. Nguyn nhn gy bnh do nm.

- Phurarium oxysporum
- Rhizoctium solani.
- Selerotium rolfsii.
8.3. Quy lut pht sinh gy hi.
- Nm hi xm nhp vo c ngay khi cn ngoi ng hoc trong thi gian bo qun, si
nm pht trin lm tc b mch gy tnh trng ho r. Nm pht trin nhanh nhit
25-300C.
- Ch nc ti qu nhiu lm pht trin mnh.
8.4. Bin php qun l:
- Thc hin tt ch lun canh cy h c vi cy la, rau mu khc.
- t trng km cn bn phn cn i tng cng phn hu c.
- C khoai ging phi la chn rung khng b bnh, bo qun khoai ty ging tt cn
x l bng Zinep nng 6.3-10%.
- Lm c, vun cao gc, ti nc.
- Chn ging chng bnh cao.
- S dng thuc BVTV ng k thut

QUY TRNH SN XUT RAU AN TON THEO TIU CHUN VietGAP

Tiu chun VietGap l g?
VIETGAP l vit tt ca cm t ting Anh Vietnamese Good Agricultural Practicesc
ngha l Thc hnh sn xut nng nghip tt Vit Nam c B Nng Nghip v
Pht Trin Nng Thn ban hnh nm 2008 da trn 4 tiu ch:
+ Tiu ch v k thut sn xut ng tiu chun.
+ Tiu ch v an ton thc phm gm cc bin php m bo khng c ha cht nhim
khun hoc nhim vt l khi thu hoch.
+ Tiu ch v mi trng lm vic ph hp vi sc lao ng ca ngi nng dn
+ Tiu ch v ngun gc sn phm t khu sn xut n tiu th.
Rau an ton (RAT) sn xut v a n tay ngi tiu dng nh th no?
Bao gm 10 bc quy nh theo tiu chun VietGAP (vui lng xem thm Quy
trnh Sn xut rau an ton theo Tiu Chun VietGAP)

1.Chn t trng
- t cao, thot nc thch hp vi s sinh trng ca rau.
- Cch ly vi khu vc c cht thi cng nghip v bnh vin t nht 2 km, vi cht thi
sinh hot thnh ph t nht 200 m.
- t khng c c tn d ha cht c hi.
2.Ngun nc ti
- S dng ngun nc ti t sng khng b nhim hoc phi qua x l.
- S dng nc ging khoan (i vi rau x lch v cc loi rau gia v).
- Dng nc sch pha phn bn l v thuc bo v thc vt (BVTV).
3.Ging
- Phi bit r l lch ni sn xut ging. Ging nhp ni phi qua kim dch.
- Ch gieo trng cc loi ging tt v trng cy con khe mnh, khng mang ngun su
bnh.
- Ht ging trc khi gieo cn c x l ha cht hoc nhit dit ngun su bnh.
4.Phn bn
- Tng cng s dng phn hu c hoai mc bn cho rau.
- Tuyt i khng bn cc loi phn chung cha hoai, khng dng phn ti pha long
nc ti.
- S dng phn ho hc bn thc va theo yu cu ca tng loi rau. Cn kt thc bn
trc khi thu hoch t nht 15 ngy.
5.Phng tr su bnh.
p dng cc bin php qun l dch hi tng hp IPM (integrated Pest Management)
- Lun canh cy trng hp l.
- S dng ging tt, chng chu su bnh v sch bnh.
- Chm sc theo yu cu sinh l ca cy (to cy khe).

- Thng xuyn v sinh ng rung.

- S dng nhn lc bt git su.
- S dng cc ch phm sinh hc tr su bnh hp l.
- Kim tra ng rung pht hin v kp thi c bin php qun l thch hp i vi su,
bnh.
- Ch s dng thuc bo v thc vt khi tht cn thit v theo cc yu cu sau:
* Khng s dng loi thuc cm s dng cho rau.
* Chn cc thuc c hm lng hot cht thp, t c hi vi thin ch, cc ng vt
khc v con ngi.
* u tin s dng cc thuc sinh hc (thuc vi sinh v tho mc).
* Ty theo loi thuc m thc hin theo hng dn v s dng v thi gian thu hoch.
6.S dng mt s bin php khc
- S dng nh li, nh knh che chn: nh li, nh knh c tc dng hn ch su,
bnh, c di, sng gi, nng hn, rt ngn thi gian sinh trng ca rau, t dng thuc
bo v thc vt.
- S dng mng nilon ph t s hn ch su, bnh, c di, tit kim nc ti, hn
ch s dng thuc bo v thc vt.
7.Thu hoch
- Thu hoch rau ng chn, ng theo yu cu ca tng loi rau, loi b l gi ho, tri
b su bnh v d dng.
- Ra k rau bng nc sch, dng bao ti sch cha ng.
8. S ch v kim tra: Sau khi thu hoch, rau s c chuyn vo phng s ch, y
rau s c phn loi, lm sch. Ra k rau bng nc sch, dng bao ti sch cha
ng.
9. Vn chuyn: Sau khi ng gi, rau s c nim phong v vn chuyn n ca hng
hoc trc tip cho ngi s dng trong vng 2h m bo iu kin v sinh v an ton.
10. Bo qun v s dng: Rau c bo qun ca hng nhit 20oC v thi gian
lu tr khng qu 2 ngy. Rau an ton c th s dng ngay khng cn phi ngm nc
mui hay cc cht lm sch khc.

 rau c ngon v ti, khch hang nn mua va v s dng trong ngy.