CHNG 2

NHNG VT LIU C BN
CH TO THIT B HA CHT &
DU KH
1

Chn vt liu l 1 cng vic u tin v rt

quan trng trong thit k v ch to.
Cc tnh cht quan trng khi chn vt liu:
1. C tnh:
- Gii hn bn B.
- Gii hn chy c.
- Gii hn bin dng do d(nu nhit cao).
- Modun n hi E.
- n di .
- co a.
2

- Cc nhn t c trng kh nng ct gt.

2. Tnh chng n mn:

- y l tnh cht rt quan trng khi chn vt
liu.
- Chn vt liu sao cho m bo tui th ca
thit b v tinh khit ca sn phm.
Tc n mn ca thit b: v 0,5mm

v 8,76

, mm/nm

G: lng vt liu b n mn, g/m 2h

: khi lng ring ca vt liu, kg/dm 3
3

3. Tnh cht vt l:
- Khi lng ring , kg/m3
- H s dn nhit , W/m.
- Nhit nng chy tc, 0C
- Nhit dung ring C, J/kg.
- H s n di , 1/0C
- in tr sut C, .mm2/m

4. Tnh cng ngh:

Xt v kh nng ch to n bng cc
phng php:
- c.
- Rn.
- Hn.
- Gia cng ct gt.
- Nhit luyn.
5

5. Tnh kinh t:
Yu t ny quyt nh gi thnh thit b
nhng phi kt hp vi gi gia cng ch to.
Trong thc t, vt liu r nhng gi gia
cng t th gi thnh vn b t.
Tm li, cc tnh nng ca vt liu lin quan cht
ch vi nhau v mu thun vi nhau. Khng c
nhng vt liu no vn nng, vt liu no cng c
u nhc im ca n.

I. CC KIM LOI V HP KIM QUAN TRNG

I.1. Gang
- Gang l vt liu ng hng, chu nn gp 4 ln
chu ko.
-T chc kim tng ca Gang l Ferit-Peclit:
+ Ferit quyt nh tnh do.
+ Peclit quyt nh bn v cng.
- Hm lng Cacbon trong Gang khong 2,8-3,7%.
7

Phn loi Gang:

a. Gang xm:
L hp kim nhiu cu t ca St vi Cacbon
v cc nguyn t khc nh: Silic, Mangan,
Photpho, Lu hunh.
- Hm lng cc nguyn t trong Gang xm: C:
3-3,6%, Si: 1,6-2,4%, Mn: 0,5-1%, P: 0,8% v S:
0,12%.

- bn n mn ha hc thng khng cao v

n khng ng nht. Khi ng sut ln d sinh
n mn im, tp cht lu hunh trong Gang
l nguyn nhn sinh ra n mn gia cc tinh
th, c bit l mi trng kim c v nng.

C tnh ca Gang xm cho bng 2-2.

b. Gang chu kim
- Thm vo Gang xm mt t cht tr dung
Gang chu kim nng.
- Thnh phn ha hc v c tnh ca Gang xm
cho bng 2-3.
c. Gang bin tnh
- Thm vo Gang xm ph gia nh: silicocanxi,
silicoalumin, ferosilic Gang bin tnh.

- N c mt s c im nh: cu trc ng
nht, ht mn, chu ti trng tt, c bn mi
mn v n mn ha hc cao.

d. Gang bn cao
- L mt dng khc ca Gang bin tnh.
- L Gang bin tnh thm vo nguyn t Mg
hoc hp kim Mg.
- Do c Graphit dng ht cu Gang cu.
- Modun n hi E=(1,3-1,6).105 N/mm2 v
vng mu di l=300mm l t 5-12mm.
- c im: dai, bn vi ng sut mi, t to
bt khi c lm trc khuu ca my nn.
C tnh ca Gang bn cao cho bng 2-4.
10

e. Gang rn
- L dng c bit ca Gang graphit cu c
hm lng cacbon b (2,95%).
- N chu c s bin dng ln m khng b
ph v v c dn n di t 3-10%.
- Gi l Gang rn nhng khng th rn c.
- Thng ch to cc chi tit mng c kch
thc khng ln.
- C 2 loi Gang rn: Gang rn ferit v Gang
rn kh cacbon.
C tnh ca Gang rn cho bng 2-5.
11

f. Gang hp kim
- L Gang c cha cc nguyn t Ni, Cr,
Molipden, Si..
- N chu c n mn ha hc, c hc v chu
nhit.
Mt s loi Gang hp kim thng gp:
+ Gang Niken: 20% Ni v 5-6%Cu chu
c kim nhit cao v chu c H2SO4,
HCl nhit thng.

12

+ Gang Crom: 30% Cr chu c acid Nitric v

cc mui ca n, acid Photphiric, acid acetic v
cc hp cht cha Clo. N c tnh bn mi mn
v chu c nhit cao 12000C.

+ Gang nhiu Silic(14% Si tr ln):

Chia lm 3 loi:
Gang ferosilic C-15(thng dng).
Gang ferosilic C-17(chng n mn mnh).
Gang ferosilic M-15(chng n mn ca Clo).
C 3 loi trn u khng chu c tc dng ca
cc kh Br2, I2, Cl2, F2, HCl v SO2.

13

Mc d n c bn n mn cao v r nhng t
c dng v n gin v kh ct gt.
Hm lng Si cng cao th Gang cng gin.
N d b nt khi nhit thay i t ngt.
Ngi ta ch i vi cc chi tit c, sau
khng cn gia cng c.
ng dng: ch to bm, cc thp v thit b
phn ng, thit b trao i nhit
C tnh ca Gang nhiu Silic cho bng 2-6.
14

I.2. Thp
- y l vt liu quan trng trong vic ch to
thit b.
- Tnh cht:
+ Bn dai.
+ Chu c ti trng ng.
+ C kh nng: c, rn, cn, dp, hn
v d ct gt.
- Tnh cht ca n bin i trong phm vi
rng, ph thuc vo thnh phn, phng
php gia cng c v nhit luyn.
15

- Hm lng cacbon trong thp khong 1,5%.

- i vi thp cn hn nhiu th hm lng
cacbon trong thp ch n 0,3%.
- i vi thp khng r th hm lng cacbon
trong thp b 0,2%.
- i vi thp kt cu th hm lng cacbon
trong thp khng qu 0,7%.

16

- Khi ch to cc thit b ha cht v ni hi

dng thp cacbon v thp hp kim thp: hm
lng cc nguyn t khng r n 2,5% c
do cao, d un v c tnh hn cao.
- Thp cacbon ch cho php dng ch to cc
thit b lm vic vi p sut khng cao hn
6,4N/mm2 v nhit thnh thit b b hn
4500C nu ln hn 4500C th dng thp chu
nhit.

17

Thng dng: thp hp kim thp

Molipden(0,5% Molipden) v thp Crom
Molipden(ngoi Molipden cn cha khong 1%
Crom).

- i vi thp hp kim ngi ta thng cho

thm cc nguyn t quan trng sau: Crom,
Niken, Molipden, Mangan, Silic, Titan, Niobi,
Vanadi, vonfam lm thay i tnh cht ca
thp.
+ Niken(H): lm tng bn, do, dai,
bn n mn v thm ti.
+ Crom(X): lm tng bn c hc, bn
nhit, chu mi mn tt, tng thm ti v
chng r tt.
18

+ Molipden(M): lm tng bn, c kh nng duy tr

tnh cht ny nhit cao: gii hn chy tng,
tnh thm ti tt, lm tng t chc kim tng mn
v ng u.
Nu thm Molipden vo thp Austenit
bn i vi mi trng Clorua.
+ Mangan(M): lm tng tnh bn ca thp, tng
tnh thm ti v tng tnh n nh ca t chc
Austenit nhng lm gim tnh do v gim mn
ht tinh th.

19

n s khng b r khi Mangan ln hn 1%. Nu

tng n 10-15% thu c loi thp Austenit bn
v dai chu va p v mi mn tt.

+ Silic(C): lm tng bn, tng tnh chng n mn,

tnh chu nhit nhng gim dai v kh nng
graphit ha thp.
Khi hm lng ln hn 0,5% lm cho
thp khng b r.
+ Vanadi: lm tng tnh do, tnh hn ca thp v
tng tnh chng n mn ca thp.
+ Wonfram(B): lm tng cng ca thp
dng lm dao ct gt.
+ Titan(T) v Niobi: lm tng bn v thm ti.
20

Mt s tnh cht ca thp cacbon thng v

thp hp kim thp cho bng 2-7, 2-8, 2-9.

+ Thp Austenit hp kim cao: cha 18-20%

Crom v 8-10% Niken gi l thp 18-8.
t tin nhng c dng nhiu v n chu
nhit, bn n mn v c bn c hc cao.
Cc tnh cht ca thp hp kim c cho
bng 2-10, 2-11, 2-12, trang 32.
Phm vi ng dng ca cc loi thp cho bng
2-13, trang 34.

21

I.3. Kim loi mu

- Ch yu gm: ng, nhm, ch, niken, titan v tantan
- bn ha hc ph thuc tinh khit
- B sung cc tp cht kim loi khc tng bn c,
gim bn ha hc
- Gia cng ngui tng bn c, gim gin di
- Ram khi phc tnh do
- Gii hn nhit lm vic: Tantan: 1200oC, Niken:
500oC, ng v hp kim ng: 250oC, nhm: 200oC,
ch: 140oC, nu hn mm: 120oC

22

I.3.1. Nhm
Thng dng hai loi AOO (Al: 99,7%) v AO (Al: 99,6%)
Tnh cht vt l:
Khi lng ring: 2,7kg/dm3,nhit nng chy:
657oC
Nhit dung ring: 911,3J/kg.
H s dn nhit: 219W/m.
H s n v nhit: 2,4.10-51/oC
in tr sut: 0,026mm2/m, Nhit c: 700oC
Bn n mn ha hc, kh hn, ct, c km, bn cng
thp
dn nhit ln, gp 4 ln thp, nh, tnh do ln d
dt, dp

23

I.3.2. ng
Thng dng hai loi M2 (Cu: 99,7%) v M3 (Cu: 99,5%)
Tnh cht vt l:
Khi lng ring: 8,9kg/dm3
Nhit nng chy: 1083oC
Nhit dung ring: 388J/kg.
H s dn nhit: 38,75W/m.
H s n v nhit: 1,65.10-51/oC
in tr sut: 0,017mm2/m
Nhit c: 1150oC
Modun n hi: 1,08.107N/cm2

24

- ng trng thi nng hay ngui u d gia cng p

lc nh:
+ Ko.
+ Dp.
+ Cn.
+ Un.
+ Gp mp.
- ng c do ln kh ct.
- Tnh c: bnh thng.
- ng d tn trng thi ngui v d hn thic.
25

- c tnh rt qu ca ng l:
+ Dn in tt.
+ Dn nhit tt.
+ nhit cng thp bn cng cao
thng dng trong ngnh lnh thm .
+ nhit thp dn nhit ca ng tng.
-Khi ch to thit b chng luyn dng ng c:
+ Gii hn bn khng b hn 25.105 N/mm2.
+ gin di tng i khng b hn 30%.

26

- ng khng to thnh mng Oxyt bo v khng

bn n mn ha hc.
- ng rt d b cc kh sau ph hy:
+ Cc Halogen.
+ Hi lu hunh.
+ SO3.
+ H2S.
+ NH3.
- ng bn trong dung dch kim.
27

I.3.2. ng thau
L hp kim ca ng vi km, thng dng hai loi
68 (Cu: 68%) v 62 (Cu: 62%)
Tnh cht vt l:
Khi lng ring: 8,5kg/dm3
Nhit nng chy: 940oC
Nhit dung ring: 385J/kg.
H s dn nhit: 105116W/m.
H s n v nhit: 2.10-51/oC
in tr sut: 0,072mm2/m
Bn n mn hn ng, c tnh tng khi nhit gim

28

I.3.4. ng thanh
- L hp kim ng vi Thic, Silic, Nhm, Mangan.
- Trong ngnh ch to thit b ha cht hay dng
ng thanh thic v ng thanh c bit khng thic.
- Tnh n mi mn ca ng thanh tng khi pha thm
km thng dng nh: bnh rng, vnh bnh vt,
Roto my bm ly tm, van,
- ng thanh ch: l 1 trong nhng vt liu tt nht
ch to gi chu ti trng ln.
- ng thanh st-nhm-Mangan: d gia cng p lc, d
c, chu ti trng ln v lm vic iu kin mi mn
mnh lit: hp m, bnh rng, bnh vt v cc chi tit
ca bm cao p.
29

- ng thanh st-nhm-Niken: c bn v chng r

ln lm vic nhit cao, d gia cng p lc, d
c. Nhng hn th km.
-ng thanh Silic (cha 3% silic): c tnh cao, chu mi
mn tt, d c, d hn, d rn, d cn v d dp
trng thi nng cng nh ngui.
Khi va chm khng te la lm vic mi
trng chy n.

30

I.3.5. Ch
Bn trong axit sunfuric v mui sunfat to mng ch
sunfat dung trong nh my sn xut axit sunfuric
Nng, mm, d nu chy, bn thp vt liu lt
chng n mn ha hc (do mm)
Gm 6 loi:
CB, CO, C1: dng trong acquy
C2 (99,95%), C3(99,9%) v C4(99,5%): dng lm thit
b
Thng ch to dng tm v ng
Tnh c rt tt, c tnh ph thuc nhit
Tnh cht vt l: .

31

I.3.6. Niken
Niken dng ch to thit b phi c tinh khit cao
nht, tp cht khng qu 0,01%
Bn nhit, bn n mn v tnh cng ngh kh tt
Tnh cht vt l: .
Bn ha hc
Dng thay thp khng r trong thit b tng hp hu c
khng bin thnh xc tc
Dng trong thit b sn xut cc sn phm tinh khit
Loi thng dng c Ni 65-70%, Cu 28%, Fe 2,5%,
Mn 1,5% chng n mn tt, bn ha hc, bn nhit
tt

32

I.3.7. Titan
- Titan bn nh thp nhng nh hn 2
ln.
- Titan c kh nng rn, dp v gia cng u tt.
- Titan khi hn phi dng in cc Vonfam trong
argon bo v.
- Titan bn n mn ha hc i vi: acid Nitrit si,
cc mui Nitrit, Nitrat, Clorua, Sunfua, acid hu
c, acid photphoric v acid cromic.
- Titan khng chu c n mn ca acid sunfuric
40%.
- Titan t hn thp crom-niken khong 8-10 ln.
33

I.3.8. Tantan
- Tantan c bn cao v kh nng chy (30000C).
- Tantan dai dp kh tt.
- Tantan kh hn v nhit nng chy cao.
- Tantan chu c n mn ca mi trng acid.
- Tantan khng bn trong mi trng kim: NaOH v
KOH.
- Tantan rt t, gp 100 ln so vi thp crom-niken
ch dng trng hp rt cn thit.

Tnh cht c bn ca Titan v Tantan xem bng

2-28 trang 45.
34

II. VT LIU PHI KIM LOI NGUN V C

II.1. Granit v Andezit
II.2. Amiang
II.3. Thy tinh
II.4. Gm chu Acid

35

III. VT LIU PHI KIM LOI NGUN GC HU

C
III.1. G
III.2. Cao su
III.3. Cht do Phenol
III.4. Cht do Vinyl
III.5. PolyStyrol
III.6. PolyEtylen

36

THANKS !!!

37