- there is no further use, nothing can be done, hence must be disposed

- effluent of unwanted surplus substance arising from application of any process

- any substance w/c requires to be disposed of as being contaminated or otherwise spoiled
found in household and commercial areas
found in factories
- measure of alkalinity and acidity of the wastewater
chemical approach to measure the amount of oxygen equivalent to the portion of organic matter that is susceptible to
oxidation by using a strong oxidant
biological approach to measure amount of oxygen required by the aerobic bacteria to oxidize (=EAT) the organic
approximation of the amount of organic substances that are extracted for aqueous solution of suspension by hexane
to105C to the initial weight of the sample is measured
anaerobic digester where decomposition/breakdown of organic matter is taking place.
capacity of water to neutralize acids due to carbonate or bicarbonates and expressed in milligrams per liter of calcium
carbonate equivalent
biochemical decomposition of organic matter, facultative and a wide variety of anaerobic bacteria hydrolyze and convert
the complex materials to from low-molecular weight compounds such as short-chain fatty acids bec. They can be distilled
at atm. Pressure
measure of the undissolved particulate matter where the dry solids are captured by filtering a known volume of sample
approximation of organic content of the sample where the ratio of the weight of dry matter lost in heating a sample to
650C to the initial weight of sample measured
irreversible inhibition of both acidogenic and methanogenic bacteria
wastewater that flows into each unit of operation of the wastewater treatment plant that is partially or completely
treated
breakdown of man-made and naturally occurring compounds to their constituent elements and compounds by microbial
action through different biological renewal cycles
used to measure amount of dissolved oxygen in aeration tank
Biological Treatment
treatment process where the microorganisms require oxygen for their metabolism to biodegrade organic matter
breakdown/decomposition of almost all kinds of organic matter by the action of a wide range of microorganisms,
principally methane bacteria
use chemicals to destroy or neutralize toxicity and pollution
settling, sedimentation, filtration, flotation, evaporation and distillation
ADVANTAGES OF ANAEROBIC TREATMENT (6)
PIPING
- is termed as absolute viscosity and dynamic viscosity.
- is a different from absolute viscosity.
tube with around cross section conforming to the dimensional requirements for nominal pipe size
hollow product of round or any other cross section having continuous periphery

 commonly used joint in cast iron pipe. Each piece is made w/an enlarged diameter or bell at one end into w/c the plain
or spigot end of another piece is inserted when laying. The joint is then made tight by cement, oakum, lead, or rubber
caulked in to the bell round the spigot.
steel pipe that has not been galvanized
part of a valve used to guide and supports the valve steam
ate, the branch of w/c is larger than the run
a welded pipe joint made with the ends of the two pipes butting each other,
steel pipe that owes its properties chiefly to the carbon w/c it contains
valve designed to allow a fluid to pass through in one direction only
multi piece joint with cup shaped threaded nuts which when tightened, compress
tapered w so that they form a tight joint on the periphery of the tubing they connect
small fitting with a double offset or shaped like the letter U w/ the ends turned out
a large radius bend in a pipeline to absorb longitudinal expansion on the pipe line due to heat
steel pipe coated with zinc to resist corrosion
valve employing a gate, often wedge-shaped, allowing fluid to flow when the gate is lifted from the seat. Such valves
have less resistance to flow than globe valves-stop valve or isolation valve
one w/a somewhat globe-shaped body w/a manually raised or lowered disc w/c when closed rests on a seat so as to
prevent passage of a fluid -hole filing service and close regulation of flow
a larger pipe or drum into which each of a group of boilers is connected
a fitting w/a number of branches in line connecting to smaller pipes. Used largely as an interchangeable term with
header
when applied to valves and fittings, implies they are suitable for a working pressure of 862 to 1207 kPa
known as random length. Run if mill pipe is 4880mm to 6000mm in length
one designed to pen automatically to relieve excess pressure
a length of pipe made of more than one piece of pipe
a flanged curved to fit a boiler or tank and to be attached to a threaded pipe
a flange screwed on the pipe which is connected to adjoining pipe
a joint made by use of a socket weld fitting which has a prepared female end or socket for insertion of the pipe to which
it is welded
an elbow with male thread on one end, and female thread on the other end
an iron refined to a plastic state in a pudding furnace. Characterized by the presence of about 3%of slag irregularly
mixed with pure iron and about 0.50% carbon
refers to both wrought steel and wrought iron
- water / steam / acid&alkalis / - air -electricity -gases oil-mineral vegetable or animal, flammable or combustible
other fluids, including drainage pipes unless the drain is to a particular service firefight hazardous service
Velocity in Pipeline:
liquid: pump, BFW liquid: city water
steam: saturated steam: turbine steam: superheated

 air: blower air: compressor | gas: low&high pressure

gas: smoke tube
INDUSTRIAL PUMPS
are industrial machine that move any fluid of high volatile chemicals from the source to the location which the liquid is to
be delivered
ideal type of pump, high discharge, low head, high speed, not self priming
used for pumping low discharge, low head and for pumping viscous liquids like oil
ideal type of pump, low discharge, high head, low speed and self priming
theoretical amount of energy necessary to raise a given volume of fluid from a lower to a higher elevation -power
delivered by the pump -power required to deliver a given developed head with no losses in the pump
to protect the pump placed in the line at the inlet to pumps, should not less than 40mesh
to determine the pump suction and discharge pressure
used to isolate vibration made by the pump
refers to the volume of fluid delivered by the pump per unit time
height of the surface of the water above gauge point
load plus gauge pressure or the water surface pressure plus the friction loss
head required to produce the flow of water
pressure head plus velocity head
the sum of all heads at suction of the pump
the sum of all heads at discharge point
difference between the absolute dynamic pressure of the liquid measured at the centreline of the pump and the
saturation pressure corresponding to the temperature of the liquid at the same point
difference between total discharge head and total suction head
describes a cycle of phenomena that occurs in flowing liquid because the pressure falls below the vapour pressure of
the liquid, thus releasing liquid vapors on the low pressure area forming bubbles w/c will collapse into a region of high
pressure thus causing implosion
sometimes called the mechanical efficiencies of the pump. Ratio of WHP and BHP
power required to drive the pump or power input to the pump
(for steam driven pump) ratio of heat equivalent of the WHP to the heat supplied at the steam end
foot-pounds of work done by the pump per million BTU of the steam supplied on the steam side of the steam driven
pump
(for reciprocating pump) the ratio of actual capacity of the pump over the piston displacement of the pump
volume swept off by the piston in one stroke per unit time
losses due to packing of the cylinders or leakage between piston and cylinder walls
refers to the effectiveness of the conversion of electrical power to WHP
the vertical distance in feet from the liquid supply level to the pump centreline, the pump being above the supply level
when the pump is below the liquid supply level, it exists

- the vertical distance in feet from the pump centreline to the point of delivery
vertical distance in feet, between supply level and the discharged level of the liquid being handled
sum of the static suction lift, suction function head, entrance loss in the suction pipe and the suction velocity head
static suction head minus the suction friction head and suction piping entrance loss plus any pressure in the suction line
pump moves a liquid from a source located above or below the pump but open to atmosphere
which the liquid circuit is not open to atmosphere
centrifugal pump in which pressure is developed by propelling of faning action of the vanes of the impeller on the liquid
measure condensate, feed water, and pump discharge
AIR COMPRESSOR, BLOWERS AND INDUSTRIAL FANS
used where low pressure, from a few millimetres of 16 to 50 mmHg and comparative to large volumes are required, lo
speeds
is a machine to compress air or gas by centrifugal force to a final pressure not exceeding 0.24 MPa gage. It is not water
cooled (35 psi or 2.5 bars and below) as the aided expense of cooling system is not justified by the slight gain at these
pressures. - raises fermented CO2 pressure from 2 H20 to 5-7psig & necessary to overcome pipe friction
raises pressure of CO2 gas to 250 psig so that it can be liquefied at 100 F
machine used to compress air or gas to a fluid pressure above 0.24Mpa, water cooled above 35psi or 2.5bar
machine that decreases the volume and increases the pressure of a quantity of air by mechanical means
- used for low and medium pressures, consists of bladed wheel or impeller that spins inside a closed circular housing
in an air compressor system is used to reduce the work needed during compression
- is the temperature below which condensation occurs after the air is expanded again to the atmosphere.
is the temperature below which condensation occurs at the pressure the air is at COOLING TOWERS
device for reducing the temperature of a liquid, usually water by bringing it into contact with airstream where a small
portion of the liquid is evaporated and the major portion is cooled
uses the natural movement of air in cooling the water
uses fans or blowers to cause air movement in the cooling tower
pressure is exerted at the inlet of air to the tower by the fan
pressure is exerted between the outlets of air in the tower - draws the flue gas from the system and sends them up the
stack
- water losses from cooling towers
INDUSTRIAL DRYING
TYPES OF COMMERCIAL DRYERS (6)
MATERIAL HANDLING, CLEANING AND MILLING EQUIPMENT
BASIC MATERIAL HANDLING ELEMENTS (4)
MATERIAL HANDLING TECHNOLOGY
covers the broad spectrum of confinement methods that are used for storage through all phases of the manufacturing
process, cycle.
- applies to movement and storage of units loads of material with an intermittent or a continuous flow over a fixed path

from one point to another

considers the systems, equipment practices and requirements
- involves a wider range of planning and analysis(location of activity, sizing , storage equipment, packaging methods
available for intermediate storage, containment and scaling of products
primary function of a cyclone is to separate product from a gas steam, after separation, the product discharges out the
bottom of the cyclone and air discharges through the top exhaust
automated flexible conveyor is a natural addition to the companys multi purpose spiral feeder conveyor system
a mechanical system for transporting materials from one site to another
used in horizontal transportation of materials where food nourishment chemical, mining, saw dust and soil industry,
grain silos and grain handling
passing the malt between two closely spaced rolls
used for discharging of free flowing and sluggish bulk materials from concrete and steel silos by the help of vibro motor
often used for weighing and recording the weight of the material being used or being carried by conveyors.
FUELS AND COMBUSTION
an organic material composed of chemical elements w/c, in rapid chemical union w/oxygen produces combustion (coal,
baggase, wood, diesel BFO, LPG, methane)
Properties if Fuel Oils
ratio bet the weight of any volume of oil at 15C and weight of an equal volume of pure water at 15C
amount of heat liberated during complete combustion per unit of volume
measure of the fuels resistance to flow, and oils internal friction, its thickness (cSt)
aP the amount of impurities present in the fuel and given as % by vol for water and % by weight for sediments
- residue that will form after combustion due to the presence of impurities
temp at w/c oil will produce vapors w/c will flash in the presence of an external flame
temp at w/c oil vapors will no longer flash but will support continuous flame
temp at w/c an oil will just flow under standard conditions
the amount of sulphur in the fuel oil measure as % by weight
MECHANICAL REFRIGERATION
compresses refrigerant vapour and causes it to flow in the system
the refrigerant condenses while rejecting heat to the cooling medium, which is either air to water
reduces the pressure of the refrigerant so that low temp will be attained, regulates the flow of the refrigerant to the
evaporator
liquid portion of the refrigerant evaporates while absorbing heat from the surrounding
the ratio of the refrigerating effect to the work of compression
azeotropic mixture of R-22 and R-115, popular refrigerant for low-temp refrigeration system
used to prevent or minimize entry suction line liquid refrigerant into the compressor
the pressure of low pressure side also known as suction pressure

 only amount of refrigerant that is evaporated is fed to the heat transfer area and liquid level is controlled by a float
system of feeding, mechanically or by gas pressure, low temp saturated liquid ammonia to the evaporators at a rate
which is greater than what is actually being evaporated
STEAM
a vapour into which water is converted when heated to its boiling point
GROUPING OF BOILERS
flue gas inside the tube and heated fluid outside the tube
flue gas outside the tube and heated fluid inside the tube
treated water which is added to the system to replace steam and water lost
steam that is returned back to its liquid state normally at steam temp
water supplied to the boiler and is the sum of the condensate and make-up
water inside the boiler
BOILER STORAGE
CO2 RECOVERY INDUSTRIAL PLANT
MAIN PROCESS(6)
equipment that is made to have CO2 gas passed against fine H20 spray
raises fermented CO2 pressure from 2 H20 to 5-7psig & necessary to overcome pipe friction
removes water soluble substances such as ketones, alcohol and sulphur compounds
removes non-water soluble substance from CO2 gas/ one for regeneration while other is in service
raises pressure of CO2 gas to 250 psig so that it can be liquefied at 10F
vertical cylindrical tank which acts as high pressure CO2 gas receiver
cools CO2 gas with glucose as cooling medium and removes a considerable amount of moisture by condensation
- removes moisture from CO2 gas to prevent freeze-up of CO2 condenser
shell and tube heat exchanger used to liquefy CO2 gas, reduces volume if CO2 to storage
mild steel tank located below condensers to reliquefy CO2 evaporating in the tank
converts liquid CO2 gas for use in the brewery, vaporized by warm water