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    17 views12 pages

    Datos

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    Yohel Domingo Larrauri Pizarro
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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    SCHAUM’S OUTLINE OF THEORY AND PROBLEMS ELECTROMAGNETICS Second Edition JOSEPH A, EDMINISTER Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering ‘The University of Akron SCHAUM’S OUTLINE SERIES McGRAW-HILL New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogoté Caracas Lisbon London Madrid MexicoCity Milan Montreal New Dehli San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto CHAP. 2] COULOMB FORCES AND ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY 2B ‘component. Referring to Fig. 2-15, and Fig. 2-15 2.11. As shown in Fig. 2-16, two uniform line charges of density p,=4nC/m lie in the a x=0 planeat y=+4m, Find Eat (4,0, 10)m. » Fig. 2-16 ‘The line charges are both parallel to a,; their fields are radial and parallel to the xy plane. For ‘either line charge the magnitude of the field at P would be east Bvim or V2 ‘The field due to both line charges is, by superposition, 8 =2( Zoos, = 184, Vim 2.12, Develop an expression for E due to charge uniformly distributed over an infinite plane with e density p,. CHAP. 4] DIVERGENCE AND THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM 1 system. The theorem is used most often in derivations where it becomes necessary to change from a closed surface integration to a volume integration. But it may also be used to convert the volume integral of a function that can be expressed as the divergence of a vector field into a closed surface integral. Solved Problems 4.1. Develop the expression for divergence in cylindrical coordinates. A delta-volume is shown in Fig. 4-3 with edges Ar, r Ag, and Az. ‘The vector field A is defined at P, the corner with the lowest values of the coordinates r, ¢, and z, as AA, +Agay tA, By definition, fads SERS Nai Au @ To express § A dS all six faces of the volume must be covered. For the radial component of A refer to Fig. 4-4. ‘Over the left face, [a-as~ Ayr Ag Az ‘and over the right face, [Asds~Ates anirs an agaz 3A, ~ (4+ Bearlovar ag az mar bg az +(4, +72) arg as CHAP. 6] ‘CURRENT, CURRENT DENSITY, AND CONDUCTORS nv 66 CURRENT I Where current density J crosses a surface S, as in Fig. 6-5, the current I is obtained by integrating the dot product of J and dS. dI=3-dS 1=[s-as Is Of course, J need not be uniform over § and S need not be a plane surface. EXAMPLE 3. Find the current in the circular wire shown in Fig. 646 if the current density is J= 15(1— ea, (A/m?). ‘The radius of the wire is 2mm. A cross section of the wire is chosen for S. Then dl=35-dS = 1S(1—e'™ ja, + rdrdga, rf f 151 ™)\rdr dg .33 x 10° * A = 0.133 mA and Any surface S which has a perimeter that meets the outer surface of the conductor all the way around will have the same total current, /=0.133mA, crossing it. CHAP. 7] CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRIC MATERIALS 107 Repeat Problem 7.14 if the two dielectrics each occupy one-half of the space between the fz Plates but the interface is parallel to the plates. LE E0GA _ E064 _ (8.854 X10 "NCL. a diz 10°72 G Similarly, C;=124nF. Then 7.16. In the cylindrical capacitor shown in Fig. 7-16 each dielectric occupies one-half the volume. Find the capacitance. Fig. 7-16 The dielectric interface is parallel to D and E, so the configuration may be treated as two capacitors in parallel, Since each capacitor carries half as much charge as a full cylinder would carry, the result of Problem 7.9 gives FEEik , M6 Eal _2HCoE, ole In(b/a) In(b/a) In (6/a) where Crare=Hcat 6). The two dielectrics act like a single dielectric having the average relative permittivity. C=O4+G= 7.17. Find the voltage across cach dielectric in the capacitor shown in Fig. 7-17 when the applied 2 voltage is 200V. aG and =312.Sey=2.77 x 10-9 F GQtG Ey ee Fig. 717 Chapter 9 Ampeére’s Law and the Magnetic Field 9.1 INTRODUCTION A static magnetic field can originate from either a constant current or a permanent magnet. This chapter will treat the magnetic fields of constant currents. “Time-variable magnetic fields, which coexist with time-variable electric fields, will be examined in Chapters 12 and 13. 92 BIOT-SAVART LAW A differential magnetic field strength, dH, results from a differential current element dl. The field varies inversely with the distance squared, is independent of the surrounding medium, and has a direction given by the cross product of {dl and ay. This relationship is known as the Biot-Savart law: 1 dl Xan an=—T ae (Alm) The direction of R must be from the current element to the point at which dH is to be determined, as shown in Fig. 9-1. Current elements have no separate existence. All elements making up the complete current filament contribute to Hand must be included. ‘The summation leads to the integral form of the Biot-Savart law: 1dlx an 4nR? A closed tine integral is required to ensure that all current elements are included (the contour may close at <). EXAMPLE 1. An infinitely long, straight, filamentary current I along the z axis in cylindrical coordinates is 135 CHAP. 10.12. 10.13. a 10} FORCES AND TORQUES IN MAGNETIC FIELDS 163 one in moving along x. Then, w= [ @ony-dea, =40) A conductor lies along the z axis at_ —1.5=z<1.Sm_ and carries a fixed current of 10.0A in the ~a, direction. See Fig. 10-15. For a field B=3.0x10~e*a, (1) Fig. 10-15 find the work and power required to move the conductor at constant speed to x= 2.0m, y=0 inSx10~?s. Assume parallel motion along the x axis. F=ILXB~9.0x 107% **a, ‘Then F,=-9.010%e°%a, and w = [90x 10% *a,)- dea, = 1.48 x 10775 ‘The field moves the conductor, and therefore the work is negative. The power is given by W_=1.48x 107 Pa T= Sx10> =-297W Find the work and power required to move the conductor shown in Fig. 10-16 one full turn in the positive direction at a rotational frequency of N revolutions per minute, if B= Boa, (Bo a positive constant). CHAP. 11] INDUCTANCE AND MAGNETIC CIRCUITS 191 L427, The cast iron parallel circuit core in Fig. 11-38 has 2 $00-turn coil and a uniform cross section of 1.5 cm? throughout. The mean lengths are = %=10cm and =4em. Determine the coil current necessary to result in a flux density of 0.25T in leg 3. Ans. 105A Fig. 11-38 11.48, Two identical $00-turn coils have equal currents and are wound as indicated in Fig. 11-39. The cast steel core has a flux in leg 3 of 1204Wb. Determine the coil currents and the flux in leg 1. Ans. 0.41, 0Wb 7 001 m oor 0.06 NSS oor " Fy 7 @ J ei oof doi] 0.14 mm Fig. 11-39 11.49, ‘Two identical coils are wound as indicated in Fig. 11-40. The silicon steel core has a cross section of 6cm? throughout. ‘The mean lengths are 4 =6&= 14cm and @=4em. Find the coil mmfs if the flux in leg 1isO.7mWb. Ans. 385A cHaP. 14 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 219 where the correct square root may be written in polar form, |7| /@, with and 0°<0<45° (Af the wave propagates in the —z direction, E,/H,=—n. In effect, y is replaced by —y and the other square root used.) Inserting the time factor e' and writing y= a+ jB results in the following equations for the fields in a partially conducting region: E(z, t) = Ege"*el-Frlg, Hz, Om erent My, The factor e“** attenuates the magnitudes of both E and H as they propagate in the +z direction. The expression for @, (5) of Section 14.2, shows that there will be some attenuation untess the conductivity o is zero, which would be the case only for perfect dielectrics or free space. Likewise, the phase difference 8 between E(z, t) and H(z, f) vanishes only when @ is zero. ‘The velocity of propagation and the wavelength are given by 1 ena) eee) If the propagation velocity is known, Af =u may be used to determine the wavelength A. The term (0/we)* has the effect of reducing both the velocity and the wavelength from what they would be in either free space or perfect dielectrics, where o=0. Observe that the medium is dispersive: waves with different frequencies @ have different velocities u. 14.5 SOLUTIONS FOR PERFECT DIELECTRICS For a perfect dielectric, @=0, and so @=0 B= oVue vEw Since a@=0, there is no attenuation of the E and H waves. The zero angle on 1) results in H being in time phase with E at each fixed location. Assuming E in a, and propagation in a, , the field equations may be obtained as limits of those in Section 14.4: E(z, t) = Eee, a Fe or-pe HE, = eo Ply, ‘The velocity and the wavelength are ol Qn uss A=—>= 2a, B Vue B oVne CHAP. 15) TRANSMISSION LINES 247 ay Fig. 15-11 Note the standing waves on the various sections of line. The shorted stubs each have VSWR=@. For d,

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