17

Functions of a Complex Variable

Exercises 17.1

1. 3 + 3i

2. 4i

3. i8 = (i2 )4 = (1)4 = 1

4. i11 = i(i2 )5 = i(1)5 = i

5. 7 13i

6. 3 9i

7. 7 + 5i

8. 7 + 8i

9. 11 10i

10.

3 2
+ i
4 3

11. 5 + 12i

12. 2 2i

13. 2i

14.

i
1i
i+1
1 1

=
= + i
1+i 1i
2
2 2

15.

2 4i 3 5i
14 22i
7
11

=
=
i
3 + 5i 3 5i
34
17 17

16.

10 5i 6 2i
50 50i
5 5

=
= i
6 + 2i 6 2i
40
4 4

17.

9 + 7i 1 i
16 2i

=
=8i
1+i 1i
2

18.

3 i 11 + 2i
35 5i
7
1

=
=

i
11 2i 11 + 2i
125
25 25

19.

2 11i 6 + i
23 64i
23 64

=
=

i
6i 6+i
37
37 37

20.

4 + 3i 3 4i
24 7i
24
7

=
=

i
3 + 4i 3 4i
25
25 25

21. (1 + i)(10 + 10i) = 10(1 + i)2 = 20i

23. 20 + 23i +

22. [(1 + i)(1 i)]2 (1 i) = 4 4i

1
2+i
2 1
102 116

= 20 + 23i + + i =
+
i
2i 2+i
5 5
5
5

24. (2 + 3i)(i)2 = 2 3i
25.

i
9 7i
7 + 9i
7
9

=
=
+
i
9 + 7i 9 7i
130
130 130

26.

27.

x
x2 + y 2

28. x2 y 2

29. 2y 4
31.

(x 1)2 + (y 3)2

1
6 8i
6 8i
1
2

=
=

i
6 + 8i 6 8i
84
14 21

30. 0
32.

36x2 + 16y 2

33. 2x + 2yi = 9 + 2i implies 2x = 9 and 2y = 2. Hence z = 92 + i.

34. x + 3yi = 7 + 6i implies x 7 and 3y = 6. Hence z = 7 + 2i.

35. x2 y 2 + 2xyi = 0 + i implies x2 y 2 = 0 and 2xy = 1. Now y = x implies 2x2 = 1 and so x = 1/ 2 . The
choice y = x gives 2x2 = 1 which has no real solution. Hence z =

757

1
2

1
2

i and z = 12

1
2

i.

Exercises 17.1
36. x2 y 2 4x + (2xy 4y)i = 0 + 0i implies x2 y 2 4x = 0 and y(2x 4) = 0. If y = 0 then x(x 4) = 0

and so z = 0 and z = 4. If 2x 4 = 0 or x = 2 then 12 y 2 = 0 or y = 2 3 . This gives z = 2 + 2 3 i

and z = 2 2 3 i.

37. |10 + 8i| = 164 and |11 6i| = 157 . Hence 11 6i is closer to the origin.
38. | 12

i| =

5
4

and | 23 +

. Since 45 < 617 , 12 14 i is closer to the origin.


39. |z1 z2 | = |(x1 x2 ) + i(y1 y2 )| = (x1 x2 )2 + (y1 y2 )2 which is the distance formula in the plane.

40. By the triangle inequality, |z + 6 + 8i| |z| + |6 + 8i|. On the circle, |z| = 2 and so |z + 6 + 8i| 2 + 100 = 12.
1
4

1
6

i| =

17
6

Exercises 17.2
1. 2(cos 2 + i sin 2)

2. 10(cos + i sin )



3
3
3. 3 cos
+ i sin
2
2




4. 6 cos + i sin
2
2

5.


2 cos + i sin
4
4


5
5
7. 2 cos
+ i sin
6
6
9.



3 2
5
5
cos
+ i sin
2
4
4

11. z =

5 3 5
i
2
2

7
7
+ i sin
6. 5 2 cos
4
4


4
4
8. 4 cos
+ i sin
3
3


 
 
10. 6 cos
+ i sin
6
6
12. z = 8 + 8i

13. z = 5.5433 + 2.2961i

14. z = 8.0902 + 5.8779i











2
2
3
1
3
z1
3
3
15. z1 z2 = 8 cos
=
+
+ i sin
+
= 8i;
cos

+ i sin

i
8
8
8
8
z2
2
8
8
8
8
4
4




6 3 2


16. z1 z2 = 6 cos
+
+ i sin
+
=
+
i
4
12
4
12
2
2




z1
6
2
6


=
cos

+ i sin

=
+
i
z2
3
4
12
4
12
2
6





 




7
7
7


7
17. 3 2 cos
+ i sin
10 cos + i sin
= 30 2 cos
+
+ i sin
+
4
4
3
3
4
3
4
3
= 40.9808 + 10.9808i









 

3

3
3
3
18. 4 2 cos + i sin
2 cos
+ i sin
= 8 cos
+
+ i sin
+
= 8
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3






cos
+ i sin
1 1
3 7
3 7
2
2
2

=
19.
cos

+ i sin

= i

7
7
4
2
4
2
4
4 4
2 2 cos
+ i sin
4
4

758

Exercises 17.2







2 2 cos + i sin

2
6
2
2
3
3

= 2 cos
20.

+ i sin

i
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2 cos
+ i sin
3
3

9
9
21. 29 cos
+ i sin
= 512
3
3






5
5
22. (2 2 )5 cos
+ i sin
= 128 + 128i
4
4
 10

10
2
10
1
23.
cos
+ i sin
=
i
2
4
4
32

8
8
24. (2 2 )4 cos
+ i sin
= 32 + 32 3 i
3
3

25. cos

12
12
+ i sin
= i
8
8

12
12
27 27 3
26. ( 3 )6 cos
+ i sin
=
i
9
9
2
2

2k
2k
27. 81/3 = 2 cos
+ i sin
, k = 0, 1, 2
3
3

2
2
w0 = 2[cos 0 + i sin 0] = 2; w1 = 2 cos
+ i sin
= 1 + 3 i
3
3

4
4
w2 = 2 cos
+ i sin
= 1 3 i
3
3

k
k
+ i sin
, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , 7
4
4

2
2

w0 = cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1; w1 = cos + i sin =

+
i
4
4
2
2

2
2

3
w2 = cos + i sin = i; w3 = cos
+ i sin
=
+
i
2
2
4
4
2
2

2
2
5
5
w4 = cos + i sin = 1; w5 = cos
+ i sin
=

i
4
4
2
2

2
2
3
7
3
7
w6 = cos
+ i sin
= i; w7 = cos
+ i sin
=

i
2
2
4
4
2
2




29. (i)1/2 = cos
+ k + i sin
+ k , k = 0, 1
4
4

2
2

w0 = cos + i sin =
+
i
4
4
2
2

2
2
5
5
w1 = cos
+ i sin
=

i
4
4
2
2

28. (1)1/8 = cos

759

Exercises 17.2






2k
2k
cos
30. (1 + i)
=2
+
+ i sin
+
, k = 0, 1, 2
4
3
4
3



1
1
w0 = 21/6 cos + i sin
=
+
i = 0.7937 + 0.7937i
3
3
4
4
2
2

11
11
1/6
w1 = 2
+ i sin
= 1.0842 + 0.2905i
cos
12
12

19
19
w2 = 21/6 cos
+ i sin
= 0.2905 1.0842i
12
12






31. (1 + 3 i)1/2 = 21/2 cos

+ k + i sin
+ k , k = 0, 1
3
3

 2 6

w0 = 21/2 cos + i sin

=
+
i
3
3
2
2

4
2
6
4
1/2
cos
w2 = 2
+ i sin
=

i
3
3
2
2
1/3

1/6






k
k
32. (1 3 i)
cos
=2
+
+ i sin
+
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3
3
2
3
2




3

1/4
1/4 1
w0 = 2
cos + i sin
=2
+
i
3
3
2
2



5
3
5
1
w1 = 21/4 cos
+ i sin
= 21/4
+ i
6
6
2
2





1
3
3 1
4
11
4
11
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4

w2 = 2
+ i sin
=2
i ; w3 = 2
+ i sin
=2
i
cos
cos
3
3
2
2
6
6
2
2

1/4

1/4

33. The solutions are the four fourth roots of 1;

wk = cos
We have

+ 2k
+ 2k
+ i sin
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3.
4
4

2
2

w1 = cos + i sin =
+
i
4
4
2
2

2
2
3
3
w2 = cos
+ i sin
=
+
i
4
4
2
2

2
2
5
5
+ i sin
=

i
4
4
2
2

2
2
7
7
w4 = cos
+ i sin
=

i.
4
4
2
2

w3 = cos

34. (z 4 1)2 = 0 is the same as (z i)2 (z + i)2 (z 1)2 (z + 1)2 = 0. Thus z1 = 1, z2 = 1, z3 = i, and z4 = i are
roots of multiplicity two.





12  
5
4
5
5
4

5
35. cos + i sin
= 2 cos
+ i sin
cos
+ i sin
2 cos + i sin
9
9
6
6
3
3
6
6






4 5
4 5
= 32 cos
+
+ i sin
+
3
6
3
6




13
13


= 32 cos
+ i sin
= 32 cos + i sin
= 16 3 + 16i
6
6
6
6


3
3
3






8 cos
+ i sin
9 10
29
9 10
1

 1
8
8
36.  
cos
=

+
i

=
cos
+
i
sin
= i


10
210
8
16
8
16
2
2
2
2
2 cos
+ i sin
16
16

760

Exercises 17.3
37. We have
(cos 2 + i sin )2 = cos 2 + i sin 2
Also
(cos + i sin )2 = cos2 sin2 + (2 sin cos )i.
Equating real and imaginary parts gives
cos 2 = cos2 sin2 ,

sin 2 = 2 sin cos .

38. We have
(cos + i sin )3 = cos 3 + i sin 3.
Also
(cos + i sin )3 = cos3 + 3 cos2 (i sin ) + 3 cos (i sin )2 + (i sin )3
= cos3 3 cos sin2 + (3 cos2 sin sin3 )i.
Equating real and imaginary parts gives
cos 3 = cos3 3 cos sin2 ,

sin 3 = 3 cos2 sin sin3 .

3
, Arg(z1 z2 ) = , Arg(z1 ) + Arg(z2 ) =
= Arg(z1 z2 )
2
2
2

(b) Arg(z1 /z2 ) = , Arg(z1 ) Arg(z2 ) = = = Arg(z1 /z2 )

2
2
2
40. (a) If we take arg(z1 ) = and arg(z2 ) = /2 then arg(z1 ) + arg(z2 ) = 3/2 is an argument of the product
z1 z2 = 5i. With these same arguments we see that arg(z1 ) arg(z2 ) = /2 is an argument of the quotient
z1 /z2 = 15 i.
39. (a) Arg(z1 ) = , Arg(z2 ) =

(b) If we take arg(z1 ) = and arg(z2 ) = /2 then arg(z1 ) + arg(z2 ) = /2 is an argument of the product
z1 z2 = 5i. With these same arguments we see that arg(z1 ) arg(z2 ) = 3/2 is an argument of the quotient
z1 /z2 = 15 i.

Exercises 17.3
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

761

Exercises 17.3
7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

762

Exercises 17.4
22.

23. The given equation is equivalent to (x + 1)2 + y 2 = x2 + (y 1)2 . This simplies to y = x which describes a
straight line through the origin.



24. |Re(z)| = |x| is the same as x2 and |z| = x2 + y 2 . Since y 2 0 the inequality x2 x2 + y 2 is true for
all complex numbers.
25. The given equation simplies to the equation x2 y 2 = 1 which is a hyperbola with center at the origin.
26. Since |z i| and |z (i)| represent distances from the point (x, y) to i and i, respectively, the equation is
the distance formula denition of an ellipse with foci at (0, 1) and (0, 1).

Exercises 17.4
1. Substituting y = 2 into u = x2 y 2 , v = 2xy gives the parametric equations u = x2 4, v = 4x.
Using x = v/4 the rst equation gives u = v 2 /16 4. The graph is the parabola shown.

2. Substituting x = 3 into u = x2 y 2 , v = 2xy gives the parametric equations u = 9 y 2 ,

v = 6y. Using y = v/6 the rst equation gives u = 9 v 2 /36. The graph is the parabola
shown.

3. x = 0 gives u = y 2 , v = 0. Since y 2 0 for all real values of y, the image is the origin
and the negative u-axis.
4. y = 0 gives u = x2 , v = 0. Since x2 0 for all real values of x, the image is the origin and
the positive u-axis.
5. y = x gives u = 0, v = 2x2 . Since x2 0 for all real values of x, the image is the origin and the
positive v-axis.

763

Exercises 17.4
6. y = x gives u = 0, v = 2x2 . Since x2 0 for all real values of x, the image is the origin and the
negative v-axis.

7. f (z) = (6x 5) + i(6y + 9)

8. f (z) = (7x 9y 3) + i(7y 9x + 2)

9. f (z) = (x2 y 2 3x) + i(2xy 3y + 4)

10. f (z) = (3x2 3y 2 + 2x) + i(6xy + 2y)

11. f (z) = (x3 3xy 2 4x) + i(3x2 y y 3 4y)


13. f (z) =

x+

x
x2 + y 2


+i y

y
x2 + y 2

12. f (z) = (x4 6x2 y 2 + y 4 ) + i(4x3 y 4xy 3 )


14. f (z) =

x2 + y 2 + x
y
+i
(x + 1)2 + y 2
(x + 1)2 + y 2

15. (a) f (0 + 2i) = 4 + i

(b) f (2 i) = 3 9i

16. (a) f (1 + i) = 3 2i

(b) f (2 i) =

17. (a) f (4 6i) = 14 20i

(b) f (5 + 12i) = 13 + 43i

(c) f (2 7i) = 3 26i

2
2
18. (a) f (0 + i) =
+
i
4
2
2

(b) f (1 i) = e1

3 3

1 3
(c) f (3 + i) = e +
e i
3
2
2

7
+ 10i
2

(c) f (5 + 3i) = 1 + 86i

(c) f (1 + 4i) = 3 32i

19. lim (4z 3 5z 2 + 4z + 1 5i) = 6 5i

zi

20.

5z 2 2z + 2
5(1 i)2 2(1 i) + 2
8 16
=
=
i
z1i
z+1
2i
5
5
lim

z4 1
(z 2 1)(z i)(z + i)
= lim
= 4i
zi z i
zi
zi

21. lim
22.

z 2 2z + 2
[z (1 + i)][z (1 i)]
1 1
= lim
= + i
z1+i
z1+i [z (1 + i)][z (1 i)]
z 2 2i
2 2
lim

x + iy
iy
x + iy
x
= lim
= 1, whereas along the x-axis, lim
= lim = 1.
z0 x iy
y0 iy
z0 x iy
x0 x

23. Along the y-axis, lim

24. Along the line x = 1, lim

z1

lim

z1

1
x+y1
y
= lim
= = i, whereas along the x-axis,
y0 iy
z1
i

x+y1
x1
= lim
= 1.
x1 x 1
z1

(z + z)2 z 2
2zz + (z)2
= lim
= lim (2z + z) = 2z
z0
z0
z0
z
z

25. f  (z) = lim

1
1

z
1
1
z
+
z
z
26. f (z) = lim
= lim
= lim
= 2
z0
z0 (z)z(z + z)
z0 z(z + z)
z
z


27. f  (z) = 12z 2 (6 + 2i)z 5

28. f  (z) = 20z 3 3iz 2 + (16 2i)z
29. f  (z) = (2z + 1)(2z 4) + 2(z 2 4z + 8i) = 6z 2 14z 4 + 8i

764

Exercises 17.4
30. f  (z) = (z 5 + 3iz 3 )(4z 2 + 3iz 2 + 4z 6i) + (z 4 + iz 3 + 2z 2 6iz)(5z 4 + 9iz 2 )
31. f  (z) = 6z(z 2 4i)2
32. f  (z) = 6(2z 1/z)5 (2 + 1/z 2 )
33. f  (z) =

(2z + i)3 (3z 4 + 8i)2

8 13i
=
2
(2z + 1)
(2z + i)2

34. f  (z) =

(z 3 + 1)(10z 1) (5z 2 z)3z 2

5z 4 + 2z 3 + 10z 1
=
(z 3 + 1)2
(z 3 + 1)2
36. 0, 2 5i

35. 3i

37. 2i, 2i

38. 3 4i, 3 + 4i

z + z z
z
= lim
.
z0 z
z
If we let z 0 along a horizontal line then z = x, z = x, and

39. We have

lim

z0

z
x
= lim
= 1.
z0 z
x0 x
lim

If we let z 0 along a vertical line then z = iy, z = iy, and

lim

z0

z
iy
= lim
= 1.
z y0 iy

Since these two limits are not equal, f (z) = z cannot be dierentiable at any z.


(z + z)(z + z) zz
z

40. We have
f (z) = lim
= lim z + z
+ z .
z0
z0
z
z
If z = 0, then the above limit becomes
f  (0) = lim z = 0.
z0

If z = 0 then we rst let z 0 along a horizontal line so that z = x and z = x. Thus,



x
f  (z) = lim z + z
+ x = z + z.
z0
x
Next we let z 0 along a vertical line so that z = iy, z = iy. Thus


iy

f (z) = lim z + z
+ iy = z z.
y0
iy
We must have z + z = z z which implies z = 0. This is a contradiction to the assumption that z = 0. Hence
f (z) = |z|2 is dierentiable only at z = 0.
dx
dy
41. Each linear equation in the system
= 2x,
= 2y can be solved directly. We obtain x(t) = c1 e2t and
dt
dt
y(t) = c2 e2t .
dx
dy
42. The system
= y,
= x can be solved as in Section 3.11. We obtain x(t) = c1 cos t + c2 sin t,
dt
dt
y(t) = c1 sin t c2 cos t.
43. The equations in the system

dx
dy
dy
x
y
y
,
can be divided to give
= 2
= 2
= . By separation
2
2
dt
x +y
dt
x +y
dx
x

of variables we obtain y = cx.

44. Each equation in the system
x(t) =

1
1
,y=
.
t + c1
t + c2

dx
dy
= x2 ,
= y 2 can be solved directly by separation of variables. We obtain
dt
dt

765

Exercises 17.4
45. If y = 12 x2 the equations u = x2 y 2 , v = 2xy give u = x2 14 x4 , v = x3 . With the aid of a
computer, the graph of these parametric equations is shown.

46. If y = (x 1)2 the equations u = x2 y 2 , v = 2xy give u = x2 (x 1)4 , v = 2x(x 1)2 . With
the aid of a computer the graph of these parametric equations is shown.

Exercises 17.5
1. u = x3 3xy 2 , v = 3x2 y y 3 ;

u
v u
v
= 3x2 3y 2 =
,
= 6xy =
x
y y
x

2. u = 3x2 3y 2 + 5x, v = 6xy + 5y 6;

3. u = x, v = 0;
4. u = y, v = x;

u
v u
v
= 6x + 5 =
,
= 6y =
x
y y
x

u
v
= 1,
= 0. Since 1 = 0, f is not analytic at any point.
x
y
u
v u
v
=0=
,
= 1,
= 1. Since 1 = 1, f is not analytic at any point.
x
y y
x

5. u = 2x + 3, v = 10y;

u
v
= 2,
= 10. Since 2 = 10, f is not analytic at any point.
x
y

u
v
u
v
= 2x,
= 2x;
= 2y,
= 2y
x
y
y
x
The Cauchy-Riemann equations hold only at (0, 0). Since there is no neighborhood about z = 0 within which
f is dierentiable we conclude f is nowhere analytic.

6. u = x2 y 2 , v = 2xy;

u
= 2x,
x
The Cauchy-Riemann equations
f is dierentiable we conclude f

7. u = x2 + y 2 , v = 0;

v
u
v
= 0;
= 2y,
=0
y
y
x
hold only at (0, 0). Since there is no neighborhood about z = 0 within which
is nowhere analytic.

x
y 2 x2
x2 y 2
2xy
y
u
v
u
v
= 2
= 2
= 2
, v= 2
;
,
;
=
2
2
2
2
+y
x +y
x
(x + y )
y
(x + y 2 )2
y
(x + y 2 )2
x
The Cauchy-Riemann equations hold only at (0, 0). Since there is no neighborhood about z = 0 within which
f is dierentiable, we conclude f is nowhere analytic.
u
u
v
v
9. u = ex cos y, v = ex sin y;
= ex cos y =
;
= ex sin y =
. f is analytic for all z.
x
y
y
x
u
v
u
v
10. u = x + sin x cosh y, v = y + cos x sinh y;
= 1 + cos x cosh y =
;
= sin x sinh y =
.
x
y
y
x
f is analytic for all z.
2
2
2
2
u
v
2
2
2
2
11. u = ex y cos 2xy, v = ex y sin 2xy;
= 2yex y sin 2xy + 2xex y cos 2xy =
;
x
y
8. u =

x2

766

Exercises 17.5
2
2
2
2
u
v
= 2xex y sin 2xy 2yex y cos 2xy =
. f is analytic for all z.
y
x

v u
v
u
= 8x + 5 =
,
= 8y =
. f is analytic for all z.
x
y y
x

12. u = 4x2 + 5x 4y 2 + 9, v = 8xy + 5y 1;

13. u =

x1
y
, v=
;
(x 1)2 + y 2
(x 1)2 + y 2

y 2 (x 1)2
v u
2y(x 1)
u
v
=
=
,
=
=
x
[(x 1)2 + y 2 ]
y y
[(x 1)2 + y 2 ]2
x

f is analytic in any domain not containing z = 1.

14. u =

x3 + xy 2 + x
x2 y + y 3 y
,
v
=
;
x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2

u
v u
v
x4 + 2x2 y 2 x2 + y 2 + y 4
2xy
=
=
=
,
= 2
x
(x2 + y 2 )2
y y
(x + y 2 )2
x

f is analytic in any domain not containing z = 0.

15.

u
v u
v
=3=b=
;
= 1 = a =
. f is analytic for all z when b = 3, a = 1.
x
y y
x

16. The Cauchy-Riemann equations yield the system

2x + ay = dx + 2y
ax + 2by = 2cx dy

or

(2 d)x + (2 a)y = 0
(a + 2c)x + (2b + d)y = 0.

The system holds for z = x + iy whenever 2 d = 0, 2 a = 0, a + 2c = 0, and 2b + d = 0. That is, f is analytic

for all z when a = 2, b = 1, c = 1, and d = 2.
v
u
v
u
= 2x,
= 2x;
= 2y,
= 2y
x
y
y
x
u and v are continuous and have continuous rst partial derivatives. The Cauchy-Riemann equations are satised

17. u = x2 + y 2 , v = 2xy;

for any x and for y = 0, that is, for points on the real axis. The function f is dierentiable but not analytic
along this axis; there is no neighborhood about any point z = x within which f is dierentiable.z
u
v
u
v
= 6xy 2 ,
= 12x2 y;
= 6x2 y,
= 12xy 2
x
y
y
x
u and v are continuous and have continuous rst partial derivatives. The Cauchy-Riemann equations are satised
whenever 6xy(y + 2x) = 0 and 6xy(x 2y) = 0. The point satisfying y + 2x = 0 and x 2y = 0 is z = 0. The

18. u = 3x2 y 2 , v = 6x2 y 2 ;

points that satisfy 6xy = 0 are the points along the y-axis (x = 0) or along the x-axis (y = 0). The function
f is dierentiable but not analytic on either axis; there is no neighborhood about any point z = x or z = iy
within which f is dierentiable.
u
v
u
v
= 3x2 + 3y 2 1,
= 3y 2 + 3x2 1;
= 6xy,
= 6xy.
x
y
y
x
u and v are continuous and have continuous rst partial derivatives. The Cauchy-Riemann equations are
satised whenever 6xy = 6xy or 12xy = 0. The points satisfying 12xy = 0 are the points along the y-axis
(x = 0) or along the x-axis (y = 0). The function f is dierentiable but not analytic on either axis; there is no
neighborhood about any point z = x or z = iy within which f is dierentiable.

19. u = x3 + 3xy 2 x, v = y 3 + 3x2 y y;

u
v
u
v
= 2x 1,
= 2y 5;
= 1,
=1
x
y
y
x
u and v are continuous and have continuous rst partial derivatives. The Cauchy-Riemann equations are satised
whenever 2x 1 = 2y 5 or for points on the line y = x + 2. The function f is dierentiable but not analytic
on this line; there is no neighborhood about any point z = x + (x + 2)i within which f is dierentiable.

20. u = x2 x + y, v = y 2 5y x;

21. Since f is entire,

f  (z) =

u
v
+i
= ex cos y + iex sin y = f (z).
x
x

767

Exercises 17.5
22. Since f is entire,
f  (z) =

23.

24.

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
u
v
+i
= 2yex y sin 2xy + 2xex y cos 2xy + i(2yex y cos 2xy + 2xex y sin 2xy).
x
x

2u
2u
2u
2u
u
v
=
0,
=
0
gives
+
= 0. Thus u is harmonic. Now
=1=
implies v = y + h(x),
x2
y 2
x2
y 2
x
y
u
v
=0=
implies 0 = h (x), and so h(x) = C (a constant.) Therefore f (z) = x + i(y + C).
y
x
2u
2u
2u 2u
u
v
= 0,
= 0 gives
+
= 0. Thus u is harmonic. Now
= 22y =
implies v = 2yy 2 +h(x),
2
2
x
y
x2 y 2
x
y
u
v
= 2x =
= h (x) implies h (x) = 2x or h(x) = x2 +C. Therefore f (z) = 2x2xy+i(2yy 2 +x2 +C).
y
x

25.

2u
2u
2u 2u
u
v
=
2,
=
2
gives
+ 2 = 0. Thus u is harmonic. Now
= 2x =
implies v = 2xy + h(x),
2
2
2
x
y
x
y
x
y
u
v
= 2y =
= 2y h (x) implies h (x) = 0 or h(x) = C. Therefore f (z) = x2 y 2 + i(2xy + C).
y
x

26.

2u
2u
2u 2u
u
v
=
24xy,
=
24xy
gives
+ 2 = 0. Thus u is harmonic. Now
= 4y 3 12x2 y+1 =
implies
2
2
2
x
y
x
y
x
y
u
v
v = y 4 6x2 y 2 + y + h(x),
= 12xy 2 4x3 =
= 12xy 2 h (x) implies h (x) = 4x3 or h(x) = x4 + C.
y
x
Therefore f (z) = 4xy 3 4x3 y + x + i(y 4 6x2 y 2 + y + x4 + C).

27.

2u
2y 2 2x2 2 u
2x2 2y 2
2u 2u
=
,
=
gives
+
= 0.
x2
(x2 + y 2 )2 y 2
(x2 + y 2 )2
x2 y 2
implies v = 2 tan1

y
+ h(x),
x

Thus u is harmonic. Now

u
v
2x
=
= 2
x
x + y2
y

u
2y
2y
v
= 2
= 2
=
h (x) implies h (x) = 0 or h(x) = C.
2
y
x +y
x
x + y2



y
Therefore f (z) = loge (x2 + y 2 ) + i tan1 + C , z = 0.
x
28.

2u
2u
2u 2u
x
x
x
=
2e
cos
y
+
e
(x
cos
y

y
sin
y),
=
e
(x
cos
y
+
y
sin
y

2
cos
y)
gives
+ 2 = 0. Thus u is
x2
y 2
x2
y
u
v
x
x
harmonic. Now
= e cos y + e (x cos y y sin y) =
. Integrating by parts with respect to y implies
x
y
v = ex sin y + ex (x sin y + y cos y sin y) + h(x) = xex sin y + yex cos y + h(x),
and
u
v
= xex sin y yex cos y ex sin y =
= xex sin y ex sin y yex cos y + h (x)
y
x
implies h (x) = 0 or h(x) = C. Therefore
f (z) = ex (x cos y y sin y) + iex (x sin y + y cos y + C).

768

Exercises 17.6

29. The level curves u(x, y) = c1 and v(x, y) = c2 are the families of hyperbolas
x2 y 2 = c1 and 2xy = c2 , respectively. The graphs of these families are
displayed on the same axes in the gure.

30. f (x) =

x2

x
y
i 2
. The level curves u(x, y) = c1 and v(x, y) = c2 are the family of circles x = c1 (x2 +y 2 )
2
+y
x + y2

and y = c2 (x2 + y 2 ), with the exception that (0, 0) is not on the circumference of any circle.


x
y
y
31. f (z) = x + 2
. The level curve v(x, y) = 0 is described by y 2
+
i
y

= 0 or
x + y2
x2 + y 2
x + y2
y(x2 + y 2 1) = 0.

We see that either y = 0 or x2 + y 2 = 1. Thus v(x, y) = 0 gives either the x-axis (without

the origin (0, 0)) or the unit circle x2 + y 2 = 1.

32. If u =

u
u
v
v
u v
u v
i+
j and v =
i+
j, then u v =
+
. By the Cauchy-Riemann
x
y
x
y
x x
y y

equations this becomes

u v =



v v
v v
+
= 0.
y x
x y

Since the gradients of u and v are orthogonal vectors, the level curves u(x, y) = c1 and u(x, y) = c2 are orthogonal
families.

Exercises 17.6

3 1

+ i sin =
+ i
6
6
2
2

1
= cos i sin =
i
3
3
2
2

1. e 6 i = cos
2. e 3 i



2
2

1
1
+
i
= e cos + ie sin = e
4
4
2
2
 
 
= e2 cos
+ ie2 sin
= e2 i
2
2

1+
4i

3. e

4. e2 2 i

5. e+i = e cos + ie sin = e

6. e+

3
3
+ ie sin
= e i
2
2
= e1.5 cos 2 + ie1.5 sin 2 = 1.8650 + 4.0752i

3
2 i

7. e1.5+2i

= e cos

8. e0.3+0.5i = e0.3 cos 0.5 + ie0.3 sin 0.5 = 0.6501 + 0.3552i

9. e5i = cos 5 + i sin 5 = 0.2837 0.9589i
10. e0.23i = e0.23 cos(1) + ie0.23 sin(1) = 0.4293 0.6686i
11. e

11
12 i

= cos

11
11
+ i sin
= 0.9659 + 0.2588i
12
12

769

Exercises 17.6
12. e5+

5
2 i

5
5
+ ie5 sin
= e5 i
2
2
= ey cos x iey sin x

= e5 cos

13. eiz = eyxi

14. e2z = e2x2yi = e2x cos 2y ie2x sin 2y

2

15. ez = ex

y 2 +2xyi
2

16. e1/z = ex/(x

y 2

= ex

cos 2xy + iex

+y )iy/(x +y )

= ex/(x

+y

y 2

sin 2xy
2
2
y
y
)
cos 2
iex/(x +y ) sin 2
2
x +y
x + y2

17. |ez |2 = e2x cos2 y + e2x sin2 y = e2x (cos2 y + sin2 y) = e2x implies |ez | = ex .
18.

ez1
ex1 cos y1 + iex1 sin y1
(ex1 cos y1 + iex1 sin y1 )(ex2 cos y2 iex2 sin y2 )
=
=
ez2
ex2 cos y2 + iex2 sin y2
e2x2
= ex1 x2 [(cos y1 cos y2 + sin y1 sin y2 ) + i(sin y1 cos y2 cos y1 sin y2 )]
= ex1 x2 [cos(y1 y2 ) + i sin(y1 y2 )] = ex1 x2 +i(y1 y2 ) = e(x1 +iy1 )(x2 +iy2 ) = ez1 z2

19. ez+i = ex+(y+)i = ex [cos(y + ) + i sin(y + )] = ex [cos(y ) + i sin(y )] = ex+(y)i = ezi

20. (ez )n = (ex [cos y + i sin y])n = enx [cos y + i sin y]n = enx [cos ny + i sin ny] = enz , n an integer
u
v
u
v
= ex cos y,
= ex cos y;
= ex sin y,
= ex sin y
x
y
y
x
Since the Cauchy-Riemann equations are not satised at any point, f is nowhere analytic.

21. u = ex cos y, v = ex sin y;

2
2
2
2
u
v
= 2yex y sin 2xy + 2xex y cos 2xy =
;
x
y
2
2
2
2
u
v
= 2xex y sin 2xy 2yex y cos 2xy =
y
x
Since u, v, and their rst partial derivatives are continuous, and u and v satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann
equations everywhere, the function f is dierentiable everywhere. Hence f is entire.
2

22. (a) u = ex

(b)

y 2

cos 2xy, v = ex

y 2

sin 2xy;

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2u
= 4y 2 ex y cos 2xy 4xyex y sin 2xy 4xyex y sin 2xy + cos 2xy[4x2 ex y + 2ex y ];
2
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2u
= 4x2 ex y cos 2xy + 4xyex y sin 2xy + 4xyex y sin 2xy + cos 2xy[4y 2 ex y 2ex y ]
y 2

2u 2u
+ 2 = 0 the function u is harmonic throughout the z-plane.
x2
y
ln(5) = loge 5 + i( + 2n) = 1.16094 + ( + 2n)i




ln(ei) = loge e + i + 2n = 1 + + 2n i
2
2





3
3
ln(2 + 2i) = loge 2 2 + i
+ 2n = 1.0397 +
+ 2n i
4
4





ln(1 + i) = loge 2 + i
+ 2n = 0.3466 +
+ 2n i
4
4





ln( 2 + 6 i) = loge 2 2 + i
+ 2n = 1.0397 +
+ 2n i
3
3





5
5
ln( 3 + i) = loge 2 + i
+ 2n = 0.6932 +
+ 2n i
6
6
 

Ln(6 6i) = loge 6 2 + i

= 2.1383 i
4
4
3
3
Ln(e ) = loge e + i = 3 + i




5
Ln(12 + 5i) = loge 13 + i tan1
+ = 2.5649 + 2.7468i
12
Since

23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.

770

Exercises 17.6


4
= 1.6094 0.9273i
32. Ln(3 4i) = loge 5 + i tan1
3

33. Ln(1 + 3 i)5 = Ln(16 16 3 i) = loge 32 i = 3.4657 i

3
3
34. Ln(1 + i)4 = Ln(4) = loge 4 + i = 1.3863 + i




35. z = ln(4i) = loge 4 + i
+ 2n = 1.3863 +
+ 2n i
2
2
1
i
36.
= ln(1) = loge 1 + i( + 2n) = (2n + 1)i and so z =
.
z
(2n + 1)






3
3
3
37. z 1 = ln(ie2 ) = loge e2 + i
+ 2n = 2 +
+ 2n i and so z = 3
+ 2n i.
2
2
2

3
3
1
1
38. By the quadratic formula, ez = +
i or ez =
i. Hence
2
2
2
2


 
 


1
3
3
2
1
4
z = ln +
i =
+ 2n i or z = ln
i =
+ 2n i.
2
2
3
2
2
3

39. (i)4i = e4i ln(i) = e4i[loge 1+i( 2 +2n)] = e(28n)






i
i
1
1
40. 31/ = e ln 3 = e [loge 3+2ni] = e2n cos
= e2n [0.9395 + 0.3426i]
loge 3 + i sin
loge 3

41. (1 + i)(1+i) = e(1+i) ln(1+i) = e(1+i)[loge 2+i( 4 +2n)]








+ loge 2 + i sin
+ loge 2
= eloge 2( 4 +2n) cos
= e2n [0.2740 + 0.5837i]
4
4
42. (1 i)2i = e2i ln(1i) = e2i[loge

2+i(
4 +2n)]

= e 2 4n [cos(loge 2) + i sin(loge 2)] = e4n [3.7004 + 3.0737i]

43. (1) = e Ln(1) = e (i) = e2 = 7.3891

2i

2i

2i

44. (1 i)2i = e2iLn(1i) = e2i[loge

2
4 i]

= e 2 [cos(loge 2) + i sin(loge 2)] = 3.7004 + 3.0737i

45. If z1 = i and z2 = 1 + i then

Ln(z1 z2 ) = Ln(1 i) = loge
whereas
Lnz1 + Lnz2 =

3
i,
4




3
5
i + loge 2 +
i = loge 2 +
i.
2
4
4

46. If z1 = i and z2 = i then

Ln(z1 /z2 ) = Ln(1) = i,

Lnz1 Lnz2 =

whereas

47. (a) The statement is false.

Ln(1 + i) = Ln(2i) = loge 2 i,

2
2

i i = i.
2
2


whereas

2Ln(1 + i) = 2 loge


3
3
2+
i = loge 2 +
i.
4
2

(b) The statement is false.

Lni3 = Ln(i) =
(c) The statement is true. If we take arg(i) =

i,
2

whereas 3Lni =

3
i.
2

 
3
3
then ln i3 = ln(i) =
i for n = 0. Also, 3 ln i = 3
i .
2
2
2

48. (a) (ii )2 = (ei ln i )2 = [e( 2 +2n) ]2 = e(+4n) and i2i = e2i ln i = e(+4n)

(b) (i2 )i = (1)i = ei ln(1) = e(+2n) , whereas i2i = e(+4n)

771

Exercises 17.6
49. Since |z| =

x2 + y 2 and Argz = tan1

y
for x > 0 we have
x

Lnz = loge |z| + iArgz = loge (x2 + y 2 )1/2 + i tan1

50. (a) u = loge (x2 + y 2 );
Since

2u
2(x2 y 2 )
=
y 2
(x2 + y 2 )2

2u 2u
+ 2 = 0 the function u is harmonic in any domain not containing the point (0, 0).
x2
y

(b) v = tan1
Since

2u
2(y 2 x2 )
=
,
x2
(x2 + y 2 )2

y
y
1
= loge (x2 + y 2 ) + i tan1 .
x
2
x

y
;
x

2xy
2v
= 2
,
x2
(x + y 2 )2

2v
2xy
= 2
y 2
(x + y 2 )

2v
2v
+
= 0 the function v is harmonic in any domain not containing the point (0, 0).
x2
y 2

Exercises 17.7
1. cos(3i) = cosh 3 = 10.0677
2. sin(2i) = i sinh(2) = 3.6269i



3. sin
+ i = sin cosh(1) + i cos sinh(1) = 1.0911 + 0.8310i
4
4
4
4. cos(2 4i) = cos(2) cosh(4) sin(2) sinh(4) = 11.3642 24.8147i
sin(i)
i sinh(1)
=
= 0.7616i
cos(i)
cosh(1)

 cos( + 3i)
i sinh(3)
2
6. cot
+ 3i =
=
= 0.9951i

2
sin( 2 + 3i)
cosh(3)
5. tan(i) =

1
1
=
= 0.6481
cos( + i)
cosh(1)
1
1
8. csc(1 + i) =
=
= 0.6215 0.3039i
sin(1 + i)
sin(1) cosh(1) + i cos(1) sinh(1)
7. sec( + i) =

9. cosh(i) = cos(i(i)) = cos() = cos = 1



 



3
3
3
3
10. sinh
i = i sin i
i
= i sin
= i sin
= i
2
2
2
2



11. sinh 1 + i = sinh(1) cos + i cosh(1) sin = 0.5876 + 1.3363i

3
3
3
12. cosh(2 + 3i) = cosh(2) cos(3) + i sinh(2) sin(3) = 3.7245 + 0.5118i
1


2 + 12

eln 2 + eln 2
5
13. sin
+ i ln 2 = sin cosh(ln 2) + i cos sinh(ln 2) =
=
=
2
2
2
2
2
4


ln 2
ln 21
2 12

e e
3
14. cos
+ i ln 2 = cos cosh(ln 2) i sin sinh(ln 2) = i
= i
= i
2
2
2
2
2
4
iz
iz

e e
15.
= 2 gives e2(iz) 4ieiz 1 = 0. By the quadratic formula, eiz = 2i 3 i and so
2i

iz = ln[(2 3 )i]


 

z = i loge (2 3 ) +
+ 2n i = + 2n i loge (2 3 ), n = 0, 1., 2, . . . .
2
2

772

Exercises 17.7

16.

eiz + eiz
= 3i gives e2(iz) + 6ieiz + 1 = 0. By the quadratic formula, eiz = 3i 10 i and so
2

iz = ln[3 10 )i]. Hence



 

z = i loge ( 10 3) +
+ 2n i
2

z = + 2n i loge ( 10 3)
2

or
or




3
+ 2n i
z = i loge ( 10 + 3) +
2

3
z=
+ 2n i loge ( 10 + 3)
2

n = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
17.

18.

ez ez
= i gives e2z 2iez 1 = 0. By the quadratic formula, ez = i and so
2




z = ln(i) = loge 1 + + 2n i = + 2n i, n = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
2
2

ez ez
= 1 gives e2z + 2ez 1 = 0. By the quadratic formula, ez = 1 2 , and so
2

z = ln(1 2 )

z = loge ( 2 1) + 2ni or z = loge ( 2 + 1) + ( + 2n)i,

n = 0, 1, 2, . . . .

. Since tan z is -periodic, z = + n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

4
4
are also solutions. That these are the only solutions can be proved by solving

19. cos z = sin z gives tan z = 1. One solution is z =

eiz + eiz
eiz eiz
=
2
2i
by the method illustrated in Problems 15-18.
20. cos z = i sin z gives eiz + eiz = eiz eiz or eiz = 0. Since this last equation has no solutions, the original
equation has no solutions.
21. cos z = cosh 2 implies cos x cosh y i sin x sinh y = cosh 2 + 0i and so we must have cos x cosh y = cosh 2 and
sin x sinh y = 0. The last equation has solutions x = n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . . , or y = 0. For y = 0 the rst
equation becomes cos x = cosh 2. Since cosh 2 > 1 this equation has no solutions. For x = n the rst equation
becomes (1)n cosh y = cosh 2. Since cosh y > 0 we see n must be even, say, n = 2k, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . . Now
cosh y = cosh 2 implies y = 2. Solutions of the original equation are then
z = 2k 2i, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
22. sin z = i sinh 2 implies sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y = 0 + i sinh 2 and so we must have sin x cosh y = 0 and
cos x sinh y = sinh 2. Since cosh y > 0 for all real numbers, the rst equation has only the solutions x = n,
n = 0, 1, 2, . . . . For x = n the second equation becomes (1)n sinh y = sinh 2. If n is even, sinh y = sinh 2
implies y = 2 (sinh y is one-to-one.) If n is odd, sinh y = sinh 2 implies sinh y = sinh(2) and so y = 2.
Solutions of the original equation are then
z = 2k + 2i, z = (2k + 1) 2i, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
ei(x+iy) + ei(x+i)
1
1
= (ey eix + ey eix ) = [ey (cos x + i sin x) + ey (cos x i sin x)]
2
2
2
 y

 y

y
y
e +e
e e
= cos x
i sin x
= cos x cosh y i sin x sinh y
2
2

23. cos z =

773

Exercises 17.7
ex+iy exiy
1
1
= (ex eiy ex eiy ) = [ex (cos y + i sin y) ex (cos y i sin y)]
2
2
2
 x

 x

x
x
e e
e +e
=
cos y + i
sin y = sinh x cos y + i cosh x sin y
2
2

24. sinh z =

ex+iy + exiy
1
1
= (ex eiy + ex eiy ) = [ex (cos y + i sin y) + ex (cos y i sin y)]
2
2
2
 x

 x

e + ex
e ex
=
cos y + i
sin y = cosh x cos y + i sinh x sin y
2
2

25. cosh z =

26. | sinh z|2 = sinh2 x cos2 y + cosh2 x sin2 y = sinh2 x cos2 y + (1 + sinh2 x) sin2 y
= sinh2 x(cos2 y + sin2 y) + sin2 y = sinh2 x + sin2 y
27. | cosh z|2 = cosh2 x cos2 y + sinh2 x sin2 y = (1 + sinh2 x) cos2 y + sinh2 x sin2 y
= cos2 y + sinh2 x(cos2 y + sin2 y) = cos2 y + sinh2 x
2  iz
2
 1z
e + eiz
e eiz
1
4
2
2
28. cos z + sin z =
+
= [e2iz + 2 + e2iz (e2iz 2 + e2iz )] = = 1
2
2i
4
4
 z



2
e + ez
1
4
ez ez
29. cosh2 z sinh2 z =
= [e2z + 2 + e2z (e2z 2 + e2z )] = = 1

2
2
4
4
30. tan z =

sin z
sin z cos z
[sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y][cos x cosh y + i sin x sinh y]
=
=
2
cos z
| cos z|
cos2 x + sinh2 y

(sin x cos x cosh2 y sin x cos x sinh2 y)

cos2 x sinh y cosh y + sin2 x sinh y cosh y
+
i
cos2 x + sinh2 y
cos2 x + sinh2 y

sin x cos x(cosh2 y sinh2 y)

sin y cosh y(cos2 x + sin2 x)
+
i
cos2 x + sinh2 y
cos2 x + sinh2 y

sin x cos x
sinh y cosh y
sin 2x
sinh 2y
+i
=
+i
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
cos x + sinh y
cos x + sinh y
2(cos x + sinh y)
2(cos x + sinh2 y)

But
2 cos2 x + 2 sinh2 y = (2 cos2 x 1) + (2 sinh2 y + 1) = cos 2x + cosh 2y.
Therefore tan z = u + iz where
u=

31. tanh(z + i) =
=

sin 2x
,
cos 2x + cosh 2y

v=

sinh 2y
.
cos 2x + cosh 2y

sinh(x + (y + )i)
sinh x cos(y + ) + i cosh x sin(y + )
=
cosh(x + (y + )i)
cosh x cos(y + ) + i sinh x sin(y + )
[sinh x cos y + i cosh x sinh y]
sinh z
=
= tanh z
[cosh x cos y + i sinh x sin y]
cosh z

32. (a) sin z = sin x cosh y i cos x sinh y = sin x cosh(y) + i cos x sinh(y) = sin(x iy) = sin z
(b) cos z = cos x cosh y + i sin x sinh y = cos x cosh(y) i sin x sinh(y) = cos(x iy) = cos z

774

Exercises 17.8

Exercises 17.8

2n i loge (1 + 2 )
1. sin (i) = i ln(1 2 ) =

(2n + 1) i loge ( 2 1)

2n i loge (1 + 2 )
1
Since 2 1 = 1/( 2 + 1) we can have sin (i) =

(2n + 1) + i loge (1 + 2).

This can be written compactly as

sin1 (i) = n + (1)n+1 i loge (1 + 2 ), k = 0, 1, 2, . . . .

2 = i ln[ 2 1)i] = 2n + 2 i loge ( 2 1) = 2n + 2 i loge (1 + 2 ), n = 0, 1, 2, . . .



2n
2n + i loge 1
3. sin1 0 = i ln(1) =
=
= n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(2n + 1)
(2n + 1) + i loge 1



2n + 2 i loge 5
13

13 12
4. sin1
= 2n + i loge 5, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
= i ln

i =
2n + 2 i loge 51
5
5
5
2

2n i loge (2 + 3 )
5. cos1 2 = i ln(2 3 ) =

2n i loge (2 3 )

Since 2 3 = 1/(2 + 3 ) this can be written compactly as

cos1 2 = 2n i loge (2 + 3 ), k = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
2. sin1

6. cos

7. cos

8. cos1

2i = i ln[(2


5 )i] =

2n
2n +

+ i loge (2 +
i loge (2 +

5)
5)

i i+1

i
ln
= ln(i) = n + + loge 1 = n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
2 i1
2
4
2
4
Note that this can also be written as tan1 1 = 4 + n, n = 0, 1, 2, . . . .



i
4i
i

1
tan 3i = ln
= ln(2) = n + i loge 2 , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
2
2i
2
2

 
loge 3 + 2ni
4
4 5
sinh1 = ln
= (1)n loge 3 + ni, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

=
loge 13 + (2n + 1)i
3
3 3


loge (1 + 2 ) + ( 2 + 2n)i
1

cosh i = ln[(1 + 2 )i] =

, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
loge ( 2 1) + ( 2 + 2n)i





1 2 + 2i
3
3
1
1
1
1
tanh (1 + 2i) = ln
= ln(1 + i) =
loge 2 +
+ 2n i = loge 2 +
+ n i
2
2i
2
2
4
4
8









3
1 1 3i
4
1
1
1
2
1
= ln
tanh ( 3 i) = ln
i =
loge 1 +
+ 2n i =
+ n i,
2 1 + 3i
2
2
2
2
3
3

9. tan1 1 =

10.
11.

12.

13.

14.

, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

 
2n + 3 i loge 1
3

1
= 2n , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

i =
2n + 3 i loge 1
2
2
2

 
2n i loge 3
5
5 4
= 2n i loge 3, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
= i ln

=
2n i loge 13
3
3 3
1
= i ln
2

n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

775

Chapter 17 Review Exercises

Chapter 17 Review Exercises

1. 0; 32

4. 8i

3. 7/25

2. third

5. 4/5

6. The closed annular region between the circles |z + 2| = 1 and |z + 2| = 3. These circles have center at z = 2.
7. False. Arg[(1 + i) + (1 i)] = Arg(2) =
8. 5/6
9. z = ln(2i) = loge 2 + i


2


+ 2n , n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

10. True

11. (1 + i)2+i = e(2+i)[loge 2+ 4 i] = e(loge 2 4 )+i(loge

2+
2)







= eloge 2 4 cos loge 2 +
+ i sin loge 2 +
2
2

= 0.3097 + 0.8577i
12. f (1 + i) = 33 + 26i

13. False

14. 2i

 

15. Ln(ie3 ) = loge e3 +

i=3 i
2
2

16. True

17. 58 4i

18.

1
17

i
13 13

19. 8 + 8i


20. 4ei/12 = 4 cos
+ i sin
= 3.8637 + 1.0353i
12
12
21. The region satisfying xy 1 is shown in the gure.

22. The region satisfying y + 5 > 3 or y > 2 is shown in the gure.

23. The region satisfying |z| 1 is shown in the gure.

24. The region satisfying y < x is shown in the gure.

25. Ellipse with foci (0, 2) and (0, 2)

776

Chapter 17 Review Exercises



 z w 2

z z z w
w
z + ww

1 zw
w
z + |w|2

 = z w z w
26. 
= 1,
=
=
1 zw

1 zw
1 zw
1 zw z w
+ z zww

1 zw z w
+ |w|2
since |z|2 = z z = 1 and |w| = 1.
27. The four fourth roots of 1 i are given by






k
wR = 21/8 cos +
+ i sin +
, n = 0, 1, 2, 3
16
2
16
2

 
 
w0 = 21/8 cos
+ i sin
= 1.0696 0.2127i
16
16

7
7
w1 = 21/8 cos
+ i sin
= 0.2127 + 1.0696i
16
16

15
15
w2 = 21/8 cos
+ i sin
= 1.0696 + 0.2127i
16
16

23
23
1/8
w3 = 2
cos
+ i sin
= 0.2127 1.0696i
16
16
28. z 3/2 =

2
5

1
5

wk
w0
w1
w2
29. Write

3
4
3
4
+
i. The three cube roots of
+
i are
25 25
25 25

 
 
 1/3




1
4
4
1
2k
1
2k
cos
=
tan1
+
+ i sin
tan1
+
, k = 0, 1, 2
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
 1/3
1
=
[cos(0.3091) + i sin(0.3091)] = 0.5571 + 0.1779i
5
 1/3
1
=
[cos(2.4035) + i sin(2.4035)] = 0.4326 + 0.3935i
5
 1/3
1
=
[cos(4.4979) + i sin(4.4979)] = 0.1245 0.5714i.
5

i implies z 3 =

1+i
= ei/4 so that
2
z 20 = e5i = 1,

z 24 = e6i = 1,


Therefore
f

1+i

z 12 = e3i = 1,

z 6 = e3i/2 = i.


= 1 3(1) + 4(1) 5(i) = 5i.

30. Im(z 3
z ) = 4y, zRe(z 2 ) = (x3 xy 2 ) + i(x2 y y 3 ). Thus,
f (z) = (4y + x3 xy 2 5x) + i(x2 y y 3 5y).
31. u = x2 y, v = y 2 x. When x = 1 we get the parametric equations u = 1 y, v = y 2 1. Eliminating y then
gives v = (1 u)2 1 = u2 2u. This is an equation of a parabola.
32. u = x/(x2 +y 2 ), v = y/(x2 +y 2 ). When x = 1 we get the parametric equations u = 1/(1+y 2 ), v = y/(1+y 2 ).
From this we nd u2 +v 2 u = 0. This describes a circle with the exception that (0, 0) is not on its circumference.
33. z = z 1 gives z 2 = 1 or (z 1)(z + 1) = 0. Thus z = 1.
34. z = 1/z gives z z = 1 or |z|2 = 1. All points on the circle |z| = 1 satisfy the equation.
35. z = z gives x = x or x = 0. All complex numbers of the form z = 0 + iy (pure imaginaries) satisfy the
equation.

777

Chapter 17 Review Exercises

36. z 2 = z2 gives xy = xy or xy = 0. This implies x = 0 or y = 0. All real numbers (y = 0) and all pure imaginary
numbers (x = 0) satisfy the equation.
37. u = 2xy5x, v = x2 5yy 2 ;

u
u
v u
v
v
= 2y5 =
,
= 2x =
; f  (z) =
+i
= 2y5+2xi
x
y y
x
x
x

38. u = x3 + xy 2 4x, v = 4y y 3 x2 y;

u
= 3x2 + y 2 4,
x

v
= 4 3y 2 x2 ,
y

u
v
= 2xy =
y
x

The Cauchy-Riemann equations are satised at all points on the circle x2 + y 2 = 2. Continuity of u, v, and the
rst partial derivatives guarantee f is dierentiable on the circle. However, f is nowhere analytic.

39. Ln(1 + i)(1 i) = Ln(2) = loge 2; Ln(1 + i) = loge 2 + i; Ln(1 i) = loge 2 i. Therefore
4
4

Ln(1 + i) + Ln(1 i) = 2 loge 2 = loge 2 = Ln(1 + i)(1 i).

40. Ln

i; Ln(1 i) = loge 2 i. Therefore

4
4



1+i
Ln(1 + i) Ln(1 i) = i i = i = Ln
.
4
4
2
1i

1+i

= Ln i = loge 1 + i = i;
1i
2
2

Ln(1 + i) = loge

2+

778