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Chapter 6 Trapezoidal Rule

Exercise 6A
1

x2

1 0 1
=
4
4
0

=
d

ex

dx , n = 4

e0 = 1

1
4
1

4

1
2

= 1.064494

1

2

3
4

= 1.284025

3

4

= 1.755055

1 1
[(1 + 2.718282) + 2 (1.06449 + 1.284025 + 1.755055)]
2 4
= 1.4906778
= 1.491 (3 dp)
4
1
2
0 1 + x 2 dx, n = 8
40 1
=
d =
8
2
x
0
1
2
1
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
4
=1
=
=
=
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
1+ x
1+ 0
13 1 + 2
5 1+1
3
1
1+
1+
2
2
1

e
0

x2

dx

1
1+ x2

1
1
=
2
1 + 3 10

5
2

1
5
1+
2

4
29

7
2
1
7
1+
2

4
53

1
1
=
2
1 + 4 17

1
1 1
1
1
4
4 1 4 1 4
dx 1 + + 2 + + + +
+ +
2
1+ x
2 2 17
5 2 13 5 29 10 53
= 1.3252534
= 1.325 (3 dp)
2 ln x
1 1 + x dx, n = 6
2 1 1
=
d =
6
6
1
11
7
8
9
10
6
6
6
6
6

e1 = 2.718282

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 6

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ln x
1+ x

ln1
=
1+1
0

7
ln
6 =
7
1+
6
0.71146

8
ln
6
=
8
1+
6
0.123292

10
ln
6=
10
1+
6
0.191560

9
ln
6 =
9
1+
6
0.162186

11
ln
6=
11
1+
6
0.213930

ln 2
=
1+ 2
0.231049

ln x
1 1
dx [(0 + 0.231049)
1+ x
2 6
+ 2 (0.071146 + 0.123292 + 0.162186 + 0.191560 + 0.213930)]
= 0.146273
= 0.146 (3 dp)
6
1
4
0 x 4 + x 2 +1 dx, n = 6
60
=
d = 1
6
x
0 1 2
3
4
5
6
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
=
=
=
=
4
2
4
2
4
4
2
4
2
4
2
5 + 5 +1
6 + 62 +1
3 2 + 2 +1 21 3 + 3 +1 91 4 + 4 +1
x + x +1
1
1
1
651
273
1333

1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
dx (1) 1 +
+
+ 2 + + +

2
x + x +1
2
3 21 91 273 651
1333
= 0.898 (3 dp)

=
d

dx , n = 8

1 0 1
=
8
8
0

e0 = 1

e
0

dx

1
8

2
8

3
8

4
8

5
8

e 1/8 =
0.702189

e 2 /8 =
0.606531

e 3/8 =
0.542063

e 4 /8 =
0.493069

e 5/8 =
0.453586

6
8

7
8

e 6 /8 =
0.420620

e 7/8 =
0.392423

e 1 =
0.367879

1 1
[(1 + 0.367879) + 2 (0.702189 + 0.606531 + 0.542063
2 8
+ 0.493069 + 0.453586 + 0.420620 + 0.392423)]

= 0.536803
= 0.537 (3 dp)

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 6

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x 2 sin x dx , n = 4

0
=
4
4
0

=
d

x
x2 sin x

2
2

sin =
4
4
0.436179

3
4
2

sin =
2
2
2.467401

2
2 sin = 0
3
3
sin =
4
4
3.925611

1
x 2 sin x dx [(0 + 0) + 2 (0.436179 + 2.467401 + 3.925611)]
2 4
= 5.363634
= 5.364 (3 dp)

ln ( x 3 + 2) dx, n =
3

2 1 1
=
3
3
1

=
d

x
ln (x3 + 2)

ln (13 + 2) =
1.098612

ln ( x3 + 2) dx

4
3

5
3

4 3

ln + 2 =
3

1.474848

5 3

ln + 2 =
3

1.891549

ln (23 + 2) =
2.302585

1 1
[(1.098612 + 2.302585) + 2 (1.474848 + 1.891549)]
2 3

= 1.68899
= 1.689 (3 dp)
8

xe x dx, n = 3

52
=
1
35
x
2
3
4
5
xex
2e2 =
3e3 =
4e4 =
5e5 =
14.778112 60.256611 218.392600 742.065796
5
1
x
2 xe dx 2 (1) [(14.778112 + 742.065796) + 2 (60.256611 + 218.392600)]
= 657.071165
= 657.071 (3dp)

=
d

For six sub intervals n = 6

1 0 1
d=
=
6
6
0
1

x 2 + 1 dx

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 6

2
6

3
6

4
6

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x2 +1

1=1

1
+ 1 =
6

1.013794
x

1.054093

4
+ 1 =
6

3
+ 1 =
6

1.118034

1.201850

5
6

x2 +1

2
+ 1 =
6

12 + 1 =
1.414214

5
+ 1 =
6
1.301708

11
x 2 + 1 dx [(1 + 1.414214) + 2 (1.013794
0
26
+ 1.054093 + 1.118034 + 1.201850 + 1.301708)]
= 1.149431
= 1.149 (3 dp)
1
1
1
1
10
0 1 + x 2 dx = tan ( x) 0

1
(1)
= tan
=
4
1 0 1
Using the trapezium rule, n = 6,
=
d =
6
6
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
6
6
6
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
=
=
=
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
1+ x
4
1
2
3
5
1+
1+
1+
1+
1+
6
6
6
6
6
0.972973
0.9
0.8
0.692308
0.590164

1+ x
0

11

dx

1
=
1+1
0.5

1 1
[(1 + 0.5) + 2 (0.972973 + 0.9 + 0.8 + 0.692308 + 0.590164)]
2 6

= 0.784241

0.784241
4
4 0.784241
3.137 (3 dp)
2 1
(a)
1 x dx
For n = 4,
=
d

1
x

1
=1
1

2 1 1
=
4
4
5
4
5 4
1 =
4 5

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 6

3
2
1

7
4
3 2
=
2 3

7 4
=
4 7

1
2

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1
1 1 1
4
dx 1 + + 2 +
1 x
2 4
2
5
= 0.697024
= 0.697 (3 dp)
2 1 1
(b) For n = 8,=
d =
8
8
1
9
10
11
8
8
8
1
8
8
8
10
11
9

x
1
x

2 4
+
3 7

12
8
8
12

13
8
8
13

14
8
8
14

15
8
8
15

2
1
2

1
1 1 1
8
8
8
8 8 8 8
dx 1 + + 2 + + + + + +
x
2 8
2
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
= 0.694122
= 0.694 (3 dp)
21
2
1 x dx = [ln x ]1 = ln 2 ln1 = ln 2
% error with n = 4
ln 2 0.697024
=
% error4
=
100 0.559%
ln 2
% error with n = 8
ln 2 0.694122
=
% error8
=
100 0.141%
ln 2

12 =
d 3=
2
6
x
0

6
3
sin2x
sin20 = 0

1

3
sin 2 =
sin 2 =
6 4
3 4

1
3
1
0 + + 2
2 6
4
4
5 5
= =
= 0.327 (3 dp)
12 4 48
/3
/3 1
1
2
cos 2 x dx
x dx
0 sin =
0
2 2
/3
1
1

= x sin 2 x
4
2
0
1
2
=
sin
6 4
3

3
=

6
8
13
y = ecosx

/3

sin 2 x dx

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 6

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Page 6 of 8

ecosx

ecos0 = e
2.718282

cos

e =
2.028115

e
1

cos

3
4

cos

ecos =
0.367879

3
4

=
e
0.4930769

Area under the curve = ecos x dx

0

1
[(2.718282 + 0.367879) + 2 (2.028115 + 1 + 0.493069)]
24
= 3.977464
= 3.977 (3 dp)
/2
1
14
0 1 + cos x dx , n = 5

=
d 2=
10
5

10

2
10

3
10

4
10

5
10

1 + cos x

1 + cos0
=0.707107

10
=0.715921

2
1 + cos
10
=0.743496

3
1 + cos
10
=0.793604

4
1 + cos
10
=0.874032

5
1 + cos
10
=1

/ 2

1 + cos

1
dx
1 + cos x

1
[(0.707107 + 1) + 2 (0.715921 + 0.743496 + 0.793604 + 0.874032)]
2 10
= 1.250544
= 1.251 (3 dp)

15

d=

1
2

ln (3 + x )

16

1
2

ln (3 1) =
0.832555

ln 3 =

2
0.957231

ln (3 + x) dx

1
2

ln (3 + 0) =
1.048147

ln 3 + =

2
1.119268

ln (3 + 1) =
1.177410

1 1
[(0.832555 + 1.177410) + 2 (0.957231 + 1.048147 + 1.119268)]
2 2

= 2.064814
= 2.065 (3 dp)
y = x3 + x2 4x 4

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 6

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=
n = 4, d

1 (2) 1
=
4
4

x
y = x3 + x2 4x 4

1
0

1.25
0.609375

1.5
0.875

1.75
2
0.703125 0

y = 0 for x = 1 and x = 2, so (x + 1) and (x +2) are factors

x2 4
(x 2) (x + 2)
x + 1 x3 + x2 4 x 4
x3 + x2
4x 4
4x 4
3
y = x + x2 4x 4 = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x 2)
When x = 0, y = 4
Using these values, sketch the curve

This area is the integral of the function from x = 2 to x = 1

Using the trapezium rule
1
1 1
3
2
2 x + x 4 x 4 dx 2 4 [0 + 0 + 2(0.609375 + 0.875 + 0.703125)]
= 0.546875
= 0.547 (3 dp)
1

1 4 1 3

3
2
2
2 x + x 4 x 4) dx= 4 x + 3 x 2 x 4 x 2
8
1 1

7
= 2 + 4 4 8 + 8 =
= 0.583(3 dp)
3
4 3

12
The trapezium rule underestimates the area.
Actual area=

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 6

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Page 8 of 8

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 6

Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013