&

.
.

:
...

, 2009




&

.
.

:
...
17 2009.
............................

............................

............................

...

...

...

, 2009

...................................
.
.
...

Copyright . .
Copyright . .
. All rights reserved.
, ,
, . ,
, ,
.
.


.

CMOS
. T
100 MHz 5 MHz.

97.5 MHz 102.5 MHz. CMOS
130nm IBM 1.5 V.

. ,
G. Szentirmai. ,
100 MHz
.
Matlab.
.
.
. , cascade
,
leap-frog.

Cadence ADS.

.


Monte Carlo.
, .

, Cherry-Hooper
: Cherry-Hooper
, modified Cherry-Hooper.
. ,

,
.

. ,
- - , ,
.
:
, , , , , CherryHooper, Cascade, Leap-frog,

Abstract
The present thesis discusses the design of a CMOS integrated analog active filter.
Specifically, the desired circuit is a bandpass filter with center frequency at 100 MHz and a
bandpass of 5 MHz. The distinctiveness is that it demands arithmetic symmetry for the
bandpass rather than geometric and therefore the cut-off frequencies should be located at 97.5
MHz and 102.5 MHz. This design uses the 130 nm CMOS technology of IBM and a supply
voltage of 1.5 V.
Initially, the deduction of the transfer function of the filter is discussed and two different
approaches are studied. Firstly, a mathematical analysis is performed based on some
publications of G. Szentirmai. The second approach converts a transfer function of geometric
symmetry into a transfer function of arithmetic symmetry by moving the poles and zeros of
the initial transfer function. The results of the two mentioned approaches are compared.
Then, the realization of the active filter follows. Again, two different approaches are
attempted. The first, the cascade realization based on the transfer function extracted
previously and the second, the simulation of an LC ladder passive bandpass filter using the
leap-frog technique. For each realization, the performance of each circuit is studied with the
help of simulation software, ADS and Cadence. At this point, the thesis also discussed the
effect of the non-ideal characteristics of the active elements on the performance of the circuits
and the demands for operational amplifiers of the filter. The two realizations are compared
and, after the choice of the optimum, Monte Carlo analysis is performed in order to estimate
the sensitivity of the circuit in the changes of the values of its active elements.
Finally, it is attempted to design the operational amplifiers used in the circuit. To meet the
high demands of the filter in broad bandwidth, the Cherry-Hooper topology is studied as the
fundamental building element, as well as two variations: The Cherry-Hoopper topology with
resistors and the modified Cherry-Hooper topology. Some stages for the transformation of
differential signal to common signal are also studied here. Those stages are then combined to
compose a series of multistage and two-stage operational amplifiers. Then, the thesis
mentions the basic characteristics and the compensation problems of those circuits. There is
also a mention of the common mode feedback circuit and its importance on the function of
operational amplifiers. The thesis concludes with the complete analysis of a designed
differential-input-single-output operational amplifier and a fully balanced operational
amplifier and the results of the previous analyses are compared.

Key Words:
Filter, Analog, Arithmetically Symmetric, Bandpass, Operational Amplifier, CherryHooper,Cascade, Leap-Frog

.
.
,
... . ,
.

, .

,

, ,

.


, 2009

10

.
Abstract..
...

..

1.
1.1
1.2 .
1.3 ..
2. .
2.1
.
2.2
...
2.3 ..
3. ....
3.1 (cascade).
3.1.1
biquads).
3.1.2 A Biquad..
3.1.3 Cascade .
3.1.4 Cascade .
3.2 LeapFrog...
3.2.1
3.2.2 (balancing) ..
3.2.3 Leap-Frog ..
3.3 .
3.3.1 ..
3.3.2 B
Monte Carlo
4. .
4.1
4.2 .
4.3 .
4.3.1 ..
4.3.2 ..

11

5
7
9
11
13
17
21
23
34
37
39
41
53
55
57
59
59
63
66
69
72
73
84
89
91
91
94
97
99
110
117
117
126

12

1.1-1- [ 25]
1.1-2: [.26]
1.1-3: [.26]
1.1-4: [.26]
1.1-5: ()LP () P () P
()R ( LPN) ()R ( HPN) ()R (
notch) [.28]
1.1-6: [. 29]
1.1-7: (LPP) [.30]
1.1-8: butterworth [. 31]
1.1-9: chebyshev [. 31]
1.2.1- [. 34]
1.2.2-dc [. 34]
1.2.3- [. 35]
2.1-1: () ()
[. 41]
2.1-2: LPP 3
Matlab[. 43]
2.1-3- () BP ()
[. 45]
2.1-4 ,
G.Szentirmai . () (s) () H-1(s) [. 50]
2.1-5: [. 50]
2.1-6: [. 51]
2.1-7- 14 [. 52]
2.1.8 ()
() [. 54]
2.1-9- [. 54]
3.1.1-1: biquads. [. 59]
3.1.1-2:
- . () H1 () H2 ()
H3 () H1*H2*H3 [. 63]
3.1.2-1: () -Friend () Sallen-Key [. 64]
3.1.2-2: [. 64]
3.1.2-3: KHN [. 64]
3.1.2-4: Tow-Thomas [. 65]
3.1.2-5: Akerberg-Mossberg [. 65]
3.1.2-6: biquad . [. 65]
3.1.3-1: cascade ads [. 67]
3.1.3-2: cascade ads [. 68]
3.1.3-3: cascade cadence [. 68]
3.1.3-4: ()
() [. 69]
3.1.3-5: () ripple () [. 70]
3.1.3-6 () () ,
13

() () . () ()
. [. 70]
3.2-1: (a) LC
(b) LC
[. 73]
3.2.1-1: () LC . ()
3.2.1-1.a [. 74]
3.2.1-2:
. [. 75]
3.2.1-3: [. 75]
3.2.1-4: 3 [. 76]
3.2.1-5: [. 76]
3.2.1-6: 3.2.1-5 [.
77]
3.2.1-7: [. 78]
3.2.1-8: [. 78]
3.2.1-9: Block [. 79]
3.2.1-10: [. 79]
3.2.1-11:
[. 81]
3.2.1-12:
[. 81]
3.2.1-13: leap-frog [. 83]
3.2.1-14 : 3.2.1-13 [. 84]
3.2.2-1: leap-frog [. 85]
3.2.2-2 (): z1 z3
, () y2 [. 86]
3.2.2-3: blocks
[. 87]
3.2.2-4: . [. 88]
3.2.2-5 :
. : . [.
88]
3.2.3-1: () ripple () [. 89]
3.2.3-1: () () ,
() () . () ()
. [. 90]
3.3.1-1: () ()
- [. 92]
3.3.1-2 :
(=52 dB) () cascade () leap-frog [. 93]
3.3.1-1: Monte Carlo () ()
. [. 95]
4.1-1:() Cherry-Hooper () Cherry-Hooper ()
Modified Cherry-Hooper [. 99]
4.1-2:()cascade ()
buffer () () ()
. [. 99]
4.1-3: cadence () Cherry-Hooper () Cherry-Hooper
() Modified Cherry-Hooper [. 101]
14

4.1-4: Cherry-Hooper [. 101]

4.1-5: Cherry-Hooper [. 102]
4.1-6: Cherry-Hooper [. 102]
4.1-7: modified Cherry-Hooper [. 103]
4.1-8: Broadband modified Cherry-Hooper [.
103]
4.1-9: buffer
[. 104]
4.1-10: cadence
() () Cherry-Hooper pmos () Modified CherryHooper pmos [. 105]
4.1-11:
, [. 105]
4.1-12:
, Cherry-Hooper [. 106]
4.1-13:
, modified Cherry-Hooper [. 107]
4.1-14: : cmos [. 108]
4.1-15: cmos [. 108]
4.1-16: [.
108]
4.2-1: R,C
[. 111]
4.2-2: cmos [. 111]
4.2-3: [. 111]
4.2-4: cmos
[. 112]
4.2-5:
[. 112]
4.2-6:
cmos [. 113]
4.2-7:
[. 113]
4.2-8: [. 115]
4.2-9: CMFB [. 115]
4.2-10: . [. 116]
4.2-11: CMFB [. 116]
4.3.1-1: [. 117]
4.3.1-2: 4.3.1-1 [.
118]
4.3.1-3: [. 119]
4.3.1-4: buffer . [. 120]
4.3.1-5: [. 120]
4.3.1-6: . [. 121]
4.3.1-7: ()
() 750mV [. 122]
4.3.1-8: [.
123]
4.3.1-9: () ()
( ). [. 124]
4.3.1-10: . [. 124]
15

4.3.1-11: nmos [. 125]

4.3.1-12: ()
() [. 126]
4.3.2-1: -
[. 126]
4.3.2-2: 4.3.2-1 [.
128]
4.3.2-3: [. 128]
4.3.2-4: buffer . [. 129]
4.3.2-5: [. 129]
4.3.2-6: . [. 130]
4.3.2-7: ()
() 750mV [. 131]
4.3.2-8: [.
131]
4.3.2-9: ()
() () [. 132]
4.3.2-10:
[. 132]
4.3.2-11: [. 133]
4.3.2-12: ()
() [. 134]

16

2.3-1: . [.55]
3.1.3-1: [.68]
3.1.4-1: leap-frog [.71]
3.2.1-1: [.77]
3.2.1-2: [. 80]
3.2.1-3:
[.82]
3.2.2-1: leap-frog
[.85]
3.2.3-1: leap-frog [.90]
3.2-1: [.91]
4.1-1: Cherry-Hooper
[.101]
4.1-2: Cherry-Hooper[.102]
4.1-3: Cherry-Hooper [.103]
4.1-4: modified Cherry-Hooper[.103]
4.1-5: Broadband modified Cherry-Hooper [.104]
4.1-6: cherry-hooper
[.104]
4.1-7: buffer [.104]
4.1-8:
. [.105]
4.1-9: ,
[.106]
4.1-10: ,
Cherry-Hooper [. 106]
4.1-11: ,
modified Cherry-Hooper [.107]
4.1-12: buffers ,
. [.107]
4.1-13: -cmos . [.109]
4.1-14: pmos
1.1V [.109]
4.2-1: cascade n
( n+1 ) [.110]
4.2-2: cmos
. [.112]
4.2-3:
cmos [.113]
4.2-4:
[.114]
4.3.1-1: 4.3.1-1
[.117]
4.3.2-1: 4.3.2-1
[.127]
17

4.3.2-2: [.134]

18

19

20

. (1.1)
, ,
( Chebyshev Butterworth ).
.
, 1.2
.

.
( 1.3)
( )
cadence (
).

21

22

1.1

: (
) (
).
,
.
( )
.

RLC.

(
). ,
(HIC) .
(switched capacitors)
.

RLC
:

chip


,
.

:
(bandwith)
,
500 MHz.

-

.

23



( 1 V).
.

,
.
Laplace :
Y ( s ) am s m am 1s m 1 ... a0 N ( s )
H ( s)

X ( s ) bn s n bn 1s n 1 ... b0
D( s )
Y(s) Laplace , X(s)
Laplace .
1
G (s)
H ( s)
( N(s)) ( D(s))
.
:
H ( j ) H ( j ) e j ( )
,
20log10|H(j)| ( bode )
() ( bode ).
:
,
: ,
( 3dB),
,
, ,
, (ripple)
(attenuation) .
.

24

1.1-1-
:
(
(s), ) ,
(minimum phase)
- , .
,

, video
.
,
-
Hm
(all-pass HAP) , ,
.
HN(s)= Hm(s) HAP(s)


(Lowpass-LP), (Highpass-HP),
(bandpass-BP) (bandreject-BR).
,
.
1.
.

25

1.1-2:

1.1-3:

1.1-4:
(biquads)
,
:

26

a2 s 2 a1s a0 a2 ( s z1 )( s z2 )
s 2 ( z / Qz ) s z2
H (s) 2

K 2
s b1s b0
s ( p / Q p ) s p2
( s p1 )( s p2 )

,
, dc gain ( =0 Kz2/p2),
,
(p) (z) (
),
(quality factors) (Qp,Qz).

:
) 2=1=0, LP
z2
H (s) K 2
s ( p / Q p ) s p2
) 1=0=0, HP
s2
H (s) K 2
s ( p / Q p ) s p2
) 0=2=0, P
(z / Qz ) s
H ( s) K 2
s ( p / Qp ) s p2
Q,

.
) 1=0, BR
s 2 z2
H (s) K 2
s ( p / Q p ) s p2
BR (notch)
(z),
Q. z p LPN, HPN,
notch z>p, z<p z=p ( , , )

27

1.1-5: ()LP () P () P
()R ( LPN) ()R ( HPN) ()R ( notch)
(),

s 2 ( p / Q p ) s p2
sn2 sn / Q p 1
H AP ( s ) K 2
K 2
s ( p / Q p ) s p2
sn sn / Q p 1
AP (n ) tan

n / Q p
1 n2

28

1.1-6:


,
(, ,
).
LP
(HP, BP, BR),
LPP (low pass prototype- ).
LPP
K(s)
Feldtkeller
1
K ( j ) 2
1
H ( j ) 2
, :
2

K ( j )

F ( j )

N ( j )

LPP,
, :

29

1.1-7: (LPP)
1) F(s) j-
2) (s) j-
3) 01 |F(j)/N(j)|1 (
0.1
||22), 2 10 p 1
4) , s, |(j)| ,

2 100.1 1
s

: Ap s
min(20log|H(j)|)=- Ap ,
max(20log|H(j)|)=- s,
n / Q p
AP (n ) tan
1 n2
MLF (maximally flat magnitude)

dc
2

( ). H ( j )

0.1 s
2
log[ (10
1)]
n
.
2 log s

N ( j )
2

N ( j ) an 2 n

n,

: (s)=1,
1
2
H ( j )
, all-pole ( )
1 an 2 n
s=. (
)
Butterworth.
30

1.1-8: butterworth
, (equiripple all-pole)

1,
, .

|K(j)|2=2C2n() 0 2.
( C2n()) Chebyshev,
1
2
H ( j )
.
2 2
1 Cn ( )
n, n

ln (100.1s 1) / 2
ln(s s2 1)

1.1-9: chebyshev
Chebyshev (Inverse Chebyshev)
2Cn2 (1/ )
2
H ( j )
,
1 2Cn2 (1/ )
.

31

(elliptic filters, cauer filters)

( ). K ( j ) 2 Rn2 ( ) ,
n , R
( n 1) / 2
n/2
2 (s / zi )2
2 (s / zi ) 2
(

Rn ( ) k

R
k
.

n
2 zi 2
2 zi 2
i 1
i 1
1
2
H ( j )
,
2 2
1 Rn ( )
s ( ) .
: Bessel-Thomson

. ,

.

,
, Chebyshev (
inverse Chebyshev) MLF.

. ,
, chebyshev
INVCHEB (
), ,
MLF inverse Chebyshev.
,
.
,
Chebyshev, MLF Chebyshev
.


,
. :

LP HP

, 1/ s 1/ s , LPP
1.
RC
Ri (1/ Ri) farads Ci (1/ Ci) ohms.
32

LP BP

s2 1
2 1
s 0
,
s

0 l h , B l h , =/0 () u=u/0
BP l=l/0 .
.

LP BR

B s
(
0 s 2 1

LP BP)
,
,
s
( ) s

33

1.2

:

1.2.1-
5 . 5
( V-
V+), ,
.
Vo(s)=A(s)[V+(s)-V-(s) ],
.


. , , V+(s)-V-(s)
=Vo(s)/A(s) (
mV uV),
( )
( ) :

1.2.2-dc
,
,
34

V+(s)-V-(s)= Vo(s)/A(s)=0 V+(s)=V-(s),

.

,
gates . ,

.
.
, .
.
,
,
1Hz. ,
=3dB.

1.2.3-
slew rate.

.
, .
offsets (voltage
offset current offset). ,
1.2.2 0.
. , offset
,
,
0- ,
, .

0, VOS, offset . (
BJT),
( ).
offset , IOS=IB- -IB+.

(common mode rejection ratio, CMRR).
.
35

CMRR ,
1
[ A ( s ) A ( s )]
CMRR 2
A ( s ) A ( s ) .

36

1.3

Matlab 7.0.1. Matlab

, .
The MathWorks ,
, ..
matlab
.
, :
pspice orcad family release 9.2. pspice (Personal Simulation
Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis)
spice,
( p ).
ADS2006. To ADS (Advanced Design System) Agilent
Technologies,
, RF
.
Cadence
Design Systems, .
cmos8RF, IBM
0.13m cmos , RF
. VDD 1.2V
1.5V.
, :

nfet pfet W=0.160 0.010 m, L= 0.120 0.010 m.

nfet : Vgs = 0.5V ~ 1.3V Vds =

0.2V ~ 1.3V, pfet Vgs = -0.4V ~ -1.5V Vds = -0.05V ~ -1.5V
nfet :
XT0 DRAIN GATE SOURCE SUB NFET L=120.0E-9 W=10E-6 NF=1 M=1 RF=0
NGCON=1
+ AD=5.251E-12 AS=5.251E-12 PD=20.965E-06 PS=20.965E-06 RF_RSUB=1 PLNEST=1
+ PLORIENT=-1 PLD100=-1 PAM1=5.5E-12 PAM2=5.5E-12 PANW1=0 PANW2=0
PANW3=0
+ PANW4=0 PANW5=0 PANW6=2.4E-15 PANW7=2.4E-14 PANW8=2.4E-14
PANW9=4.8E-14
+ PANW10=7.2E-14 DTEMP=0
T0 (drain gate source sub) nfet l=120.0n w=10u nf=1 m=1 rf=0 ngcon=1 ad=5.251e-12
as=5.251e-12
pd=20.965u ps=20.965u rf_rsub=1 plnest=-1 plorient=-1 pld100=-1 pam1=5.5p pam2=5.5p
panw1=0
panw2=0 panw3=0 panw4=0 panw5=0 panw6=2.4e-15 panw7=2.4e-14 panw8=2.4e-14
panw9=4.8e-14 panw10=7.2e-14 dtemp=0

mimcap (metal to metal capacitors, single aluminum)

:

37

: (0 V, 25 C) 2.05 fF/mm2
: 0.157 fF/mm
15.3 ppm / C

opppcres , p- polysilicon

38

.
100
MHz 5 MHz.
97.5 z 102.5 MHz. ripple
0.5 dB.

. 2.1
G.
Szentirmai. 2.2,


,
. , 2.3
.

39

40


2.1

,
.
Szentirmai,


1

d tan( l ) tan( u )
(1)

20
20
tan(
)
20
l u .

2.1-1.

2.1-1: ()
()
,
, ,
(2k 1)0 , k 0,1, 2...

, -2+2,

.
,
(1)
.
*:
41

, *
. , .
D:
D log

H D :
D

K * ( p)
, p j .
K ( p)

.
(+) i
* (-) a, b
*.
:

(=0).

=0 0
().

n(p) *
(p)=*(p)n(p)
.
Matlab
.
.
1: LPP

. 3 .
Matlab

42


n=3
Rp=6
Rs=40
[z,p,k]=ellipap(n, Rp, Rs)
num=poly(z)
% G(s) LPP
den=poly(p)
hellip=tf(den,num)
% LPP
bodemag(hellip)

G=H-1 ,
2.1-2.

2.1-2: LPP 3
matlab.
2: K(s) G(s),
Feldtkeller
:
1
K ( j )2
1 K ( j )2 G ( j )2 1 K ( s) K ( s) G ( s)G ( s) 1
H ( j )2
:
for i=1:1:(n+1)
% assoikati -1 1 -1
if rem(i,2)==0
% G(-s)
assoikati(i)=1;
else assoikati(i)=-1;
end
end
kati=den.*assoikati;
% G(-s)
protosoros=conv(den, kati);
%
defterosoros=conv(num,num);
% G(s)G(-s)
for i=1:1:(2*n+1)

% -1:

if i<3
%
endiamesos(i)=0;
Else
endiamesos(i)=defterosoros(i-2);

43


End
end
num_KK=protosoros-endiamesos;
den_KK=defterosoros;

% K(s)K(-s)

a = roots(num_KK);
b = roots(den_KK);
rn=[];
% rn roots numerator
a_xwris0=[];
j=1;
for i=1:1:numel(a)
%
if imag(a(i))==0;
else a_xwris0(j)=a(i);
j=j+1;
end
end
j=1;
for i=1:4:numel(a_xwris0)
%
rn(j)=a_xwris0(i);
j=j+1;
rn(j)=a_xwris0(i+1);
j=j+1;
end
rn(j)=0;
%
a_xwris0;
rn;
num_K=poly(rn)
den_K=num

%
%Feldtkeller K

,
G(s) ,
. s
G(-s) G(s). :
G(s)*G(-s) = G(s)2.
.
,
G ( H)
G(s) G(-s).
3: : K*.

K (s)

( s W1 )( s W )...
.
( s 2 Wa2 )( s 2 W )...
2

2
2
2
b

W w ( w
wnum wden ) *.
* , , w
( rnstar rdstar )
K*.

2.1-3.
.

44

2.1-3- () BP ()
.
.
f0=100e6;
flow=97.5e6;
fhigh=102.5e6;
W0=2*pi*f0;
Wlow=2*pi*flow;
Whigh=2*pi*fhigh;

d=tan(pi*Wlow/(2*W0))

% d

%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%
ws1 = abs(2*(atan(-(d./Ws)))./pi);
wp1 = Wlow/W0;
wp2 = Whigh/W0;
ws2 = 2 - ws1;
%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%
epsilonP=sqrt(10.^(0.1*Rp)-1);
epsilonS=sqrt(10.^(0.1*Rs)-1);
Ws=exp((log(epsilonS/epsilonP))/n);

%%%%%% K*%%%%%%%%
kati2=[];
kati2 = sort(abs(rn.*rn));
j=1;
W_num=[];
for i=1:2:numel(kati2)
W_num(j) = kati2(i);
j=j+1;
End
W_num;

% W

w_num_prin = abs(2*(atan(-(d./W_num)))./pi)
w_num = sort([2-w_num_prin w_num_prin])

% w

%%%%%% K*%%%%%%%%
% K num den_K
rd1=roots(den_K);
rd = [];
j=1;
for i=1:1:numel(rd1)
%rd
% 1
if imag(rd1(i))>0 rd(j)=imag(rd1(i));
j=j+1;

45


End
End
W_den=[];
W_den = rd.*rd;
w_den_prin = abs(2*(atan(-(d./W_den)))./pi);
w_den = sort([2-w_den_prin w_den_prin]);

% w

w_num
w_den
rn_star = [];
j=1;
for i=1:1:numel(w_num)
%
if w_num(i)~= 1
rn_star(j)=complex(0,w_num(i));
j=j+1;
rn_star(j)=complex(0, (-1)*w_num(i));
j=j+1;
else rn_star(j)=w_num(i);
% ,
j=j+1;
End
End
rd_star = [];
j=1;
for i=1:1:numel(w_den)
rd_star(j)=complex(0,w_den(i));
j=j+1;
rd_star(j)=complex(0, (-1)*w_den(i));
j=j+1;
end
rd_star(j)=0;
j=j+1;
rd_star(j)=0;
j=j+1;
rd_star(j)=complex(0,2);
j=j+1;
rd_star(j)=complex(0,-2);

% 0 , 2

% K*

rn_star
rd_star

4: D
Kbp

.
syms D x
D=0;

% 2
% w_num (
% )
% **

for i=1:1:((n+1)/2-1)
med=0;
syms med x
med=log10(abs(
(((2/(pi*x))^2)*(1-(x^2/w_num(i)^2))*(1(x^2/(2-w_num(i))^2)))/(1/((sin(pi*x/2))^2)-1/((sin(pi*w_num(i)/2))^2))
D=D+med;

46

));


End
D=D+2*log10(abs(

((tan(pi*x/2))*(1-x^2))/(pi*x/2)

));

for i=1:1:((n-1)/2)
med=0;
syms med x
med=log10(abs(
(((2./(pi*x))^2)*(1-(x^2/w_den(i)^2))*(1(x^2/(2-w_den(i))^2)))/(1/((sin(pi*x/2))^2)-1/((sin(pi*w_den(i)/2))^2))
D=D-med;
End
D=D-log10(1-(x/2)^2);

));

D;
Dtoy1 = double(limit(D, x, 1));
Dtoyws2 = double(limit(D, x, ws2)) ;
Dtoy09 = double(limit(D, x, 0.9));

% D 1 interpolation
% D ws2 interpolation
% toy D 1
interpolation
Dtoy1092 = double(limit(D, x, 1.092));
% toy D 1
%interpolation
%%% INTERPOLATION: 2
kati3=exp(-2*Dtoy1);
kati4=exp(-2*Dtoyws2);
kati44=exp(-2*Dtoy09);
kati48=exp(-2*Dtoy1092);
A=[1 1 1 1
ws2 ws2.^2 ws2.^3 ws2.^4
0.9 (0.9).^2 (0.9).^3 (0.9).^4
1.092 1.092.^2 1.092.^3 1.092.^4] ;
B=[(kati3-1)
(kati4-1)
(kati44-1)
(kati48-1)];
X=A \ B;
alpha=X(1);
beta=X(2) ;
gamma=X(3);
delta=X(4);
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% INTERPOLATION
Kstar_num=poly(rn_star);
Kstar_den=poly(rd_star);

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% K
%

Kbp_num = conv(Kstar_num, [delta gamma beta alpha 1])

Kbp_den = Kstar_den

% K

%

: w_num,
.
, (n+1)/2-1.

, D3
, D=D1+D0-Da-D D0
D 0
.
(interpolation)
D , e-2D. 4
, .

n( p) 1 ap bp 2 cp3 dp 4
47

. 4 n(p)=e2D(p)
, e2 D ( p ) 1 ap bp 2 cp3 dp 4 .
=( ap bp 2 cp3 dp 4 ), =( e 2 D ( p ) 1 ), =
.
4 (
) 2
.
5 Hbp
:
Gnew (s)Gnew (s) 1 K (s) K (s) ,
.
k,
( 0dB).
for i=1:1:numel(Kbp_num)
if rem(i,2)==0
assoikati2(i)=-1;
else assoikati2(i)=1;
end
end
assoikati2;
kati5=Kbp_num.*assoikati2;
epsilon=400;
kappa=3.9;

%
% ripple
% 0dB

protosoros2=epsilon*conv(Kbp_num, kati5);
defterosoros2=conv(Kbp_den,Kbp_den);

% KK bp

for i=1:1:numel(protosoros2)
if i<(2*2+1)
endiamesos2(i)=0;
Else
endiamesos2(i)=defterosoros2(i-2*2);
End
End
endiamesos2;
num_HHbp=protosoros2+endiamesos2;
den_HHbp=defterosoros2;
a2 = roots(num_HHbp);
b2 = roots(den_HHbp);

% Feldtkeller

rn_H = [];
j=1;
for i=1:1:numel(a2)
if real(a2(i))<0 rn_H(j)=a2(i);
j=j+1;
End
End

% rn_H
%

rd_H = [];
j=1;
for i=1:1:numel(b2)
if real(b2(i))<0
rd_H(j)=b2(i);
j=j+1;
End
end

% rd_H
%

48

rd_H(j)=0;
j=j+1;
rd_H(j)=0;
j=j+1;
H_num=poly(rn_H);
H_den=poly(rd_H) ;
H=tf(H_num, H_den);
bodemag(H)

%H H
%bandpass

[Hd_den,Hd_num] = lp2lp(H_den, H_num, W0);

Hd=tf(kappa*Hd_num, Hd_den)
bodemag(Hd)
H_num=poly(rn_H);
H_den=poly(rd_H) ;
H=tf(H_num, H_den);
bodemag(H)

% ..

%H H
%bandpass

2.1-4.. 2.1-4. 1
.

()

49

()
2.1-4 ,
G.Szentirmai . () (s) () H-1(s)

2.1-5:
2.1-5 .
97.4 102.6 MHz
. ripple
0.383 dB 23
dB.
6: .

100MHz
, 97.5 102.5z.
:

50


diafores=[];
xaxis=[];
j=1;
for i=0.03:-0.0001:0
diafores(j)=20*log10 (
abs(
(abs(
evalfr(Hd,complex(0,(1+i)*W0)))) - abs( evalfr(Hd, complex(0,(1-i)*W0)))
)
);
xaxis(j)=(1-i)*f0;
j=j+1;
end
plot(xaxis,diafores)

2.1-6.

2.1-6:


-60 dB.

.

( 2.1-7). 14
.
n=7 , D
3 5,
.

51

2.1-7- 14

52


2.2

.

( lp2bp Matlab)


.

clear
n=3;
Rp=0.5;
Rs=40;

%ripple
%

[z,p,k]=ellipap(n, Rp, Rs);

num=poly(z);
den=poly(p)
;
Hxerilpkanon=tf(num,den) ;
[bt,at] = lp2bp(num,den,W0,(Whigh-Wlow));
Hxeribp=tf(bt,at);

%
% LPP
% LPP

btxeri=[3.15559e007 -3.125898 2.50835e025 4.712899e017 4.9099495e042

1.0352824e031];
%
atxeri=[1 3.8947072e007 1.18586148e018 3.07768e025 4.6815935e035
6.0700783e042 6.15289083e052];
Hxeri=tf(btxeri,atxeri);
Hxerikerdos1= Hxeri/7.4131

2.1-4..

2.1-8. .
97.3 102.7 MHz
0 dB. ripple
0.277 dB 33 dB.

2.1-9.

,
-20 dB.

53

()

()
2.1.8 ()
()

2.1-9-
54

2.3

.

100 MHz .

Szentirmai
10
97.4 Hz 102.6 MHz
-0.52 dB

6

97.3 MHz 102.7 MHz

0 dB

Ripple
0.383 dB
0.277 dB

23 dB
32 dB

-60 dB
-20 dB
2.3-1: .

.
( 0 dB) Szentirmai
.
ripple.
. , ,
97.5 MHz 102.5 MHz .
Szentirmai
(10),
6 . . ,

.
, 6 9
10 15
.
6
.

55

56

,
:
(cascade),
.
biquads
.

(
).

biquad
( ).
,
.
,
,
.
FLF (follow-the-leader-feedback),
. ,
cascade
.
, ,

. ,
, .
57

,

LC .

, LC
.
leap-frog,
(signal flow graphs).
,
, .
,
, ,
. , , LC
(
) , ,
.

, cascade (
3.1) leap-frog ( 3.2).

( 3.3).

58


3.1 (cascade)

cascade
. ,
.
3.1.1 (biquads)

cascade -
, (
) biquad (
,
).
.
1: .
, ,

biquads.

(
),
,

M
di log i ,
i 1, 2...n / 2
mi
, i (maximum) mi (minimum).
,
3.1.1-1.

3.1.1-1: biquads.
59

,
:

( LPN)

( P)

( PN)

( 10-7)
,
, .
2: biquads.
biquads
. ,
biquad (
) -,
,
.
biquads
Q ,
LP BP biquad ,
HP BP biquad
.
LPN BP HPN
. , Q : Q1=28.1229
Q2=75.6958 Q3=75.7104.
3: .

, .
, VCC

V
(Vin ) max CC
K
60

, i>,
.
,
N /2

K Ki ,
i 1

1V ,
() Vout,max=max|G(j)|.
Vout1,max=1max|G1 (j)|,
Vout1,max= Vout,max. ,
max G( j )
K1
max G1' ( j )
, (j=2N/2)
:
max G1' ( j )G2 ' ( j )...G j 1' ( j )
Kj
max G1' ( j )G2 ' ( j )...G j ' ( j )
matlab
:
G1G2 = G1*G2;
G1G2G3 = G1*G2*G3;
step=0.0001;
maxG1=0;
fr1=0;
for x= 6.25073280e008: step: 6.25073282e008
metro = abs(evalfr(G1, complex(0,x)));
if metro>maxG1
maxG1=metro;
fr1=x;
end
end
maxG1;
fr1;
maxG2=0;
fr2=0;
for x= 6.12181895e008: step: 6.12181897e008
metro = abs(evalfr(G2, complex(0,x)));
if metro>maxG2
maxG2=metro;
fr2=x;
end
end
maxG2;
fr2;
maxG3=0;
fr3=0;
for x= 6.45199319e008: step: 6.45199321e008
metro = abs(evalfr(G3, complex(0,x)));
if metro>maxG3
maxG3=metro;
fr3=x;
end
end

61


maxG3;
fr3;
maxG1G2=0;
fr12=0;
for x= 6.12582553e008: step: 6.12582555e008
metro = abs(evalfr(G1G2, complex(0,x)));
if metro>maxG1G2
maxG1G2=metro;
fr12=x;
end
end
maxG1G2;
fr12;
maxG1G2G3=0;
fr123=0;
for x= 6.28215176e008: step: 6.28215178e008
metro = abs(evalfr(G1G2G3, complex(0,x)));
if metro>maxG1G2G3
maxG1G2G3=metro;
fr123=x;
end
end
maxG1G2G3;
fr123;
K1 = 1/maxG1;
K2 = maxG1/maxG1G2;
K3 = maxG1G2/ maxG1G2G3;

.
, 1=0.2626, 2=1.0416*107, 3=1.5543,
G1, G2, G3, G12, G123 ( )
3.1.1-2.

()

()

62

()
()
3.1.1-2:
- . () H1 () H2 () H3 ()
H1*H2*H3
( ) :

( LPN)

( P)

( PN)

3.1.2 biquad

1: biquad
,
,
.
:
Biquads (single-amplifier-biquad=SABs),
-Friend Sallen-Key ( 3.1.2-1).

63

3.1.2-1: () -Friend () Sallen-Key

Biquads ,
0 Q.

.

( 3.1.2-2).

3.1.2-2:
Biquads ,
( ),
KHN ( Kerwin, Huelsman Newcomb), TowThomas Akkerberg-Mossberg (3.1.2-3 3.1.2-5).

3.1.2-3: KHN
64

3.1.2-4: Tow-Thomas

3.1.2-5: Akerberg-Mossberg
biquads 3
. 3.1.2-6:

3.1.2-6: biquad .
Biquad,

, :

65

3.1.3 cascade

3.1.1 Matlab (
) cascade .
3.1.3-1
3.1.3-2. ADS
. 3.1.3-3
Cadence.

66

3.1.3-1: cascade ads

67

3.1.3-2: cascade ads

3.1.3-3: cascade cadence

3.1.3-4.
100 z
100 kHz ( ,
3 dB , 97.2 z 102.7 MHz).
.
,
, 3.1.3-4.
.
97.12 MHz 102.9 z,
20 kHz.
( ripple).
-biquad
3.1.3-1
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
C

44758.58
123642.6
113382.20
1591.87
1634.52
1551.67
1591.87
1630.19
1551.67
170417.75
96005.27
75539.64
5366.86
1186.02
1905.58
322.31
498.57
498.57
499.88
1.000008p
1.000904p
1.000008p
3.1.3-1:

68

()

()
3.1.3-4: ()
()
3.1.4 cascade

.

.
-0.35 dB -0.97 dB,
. ripple 0.62 dB.
32.78 dB
69

. 3.1.3-5 3.1.3-6 ,
3.1.4-1.
3.1.3-6
,
, .
(100 MHz)
( )
( 80 z) 40 ,
. ,
() ().

()
()
3.1.3-5: () ripple ()

()

()

()
()
3.1.3-6 () () ,
() () . () ()
.
70

100 MHz

97.12MHz 102.90MHz

-0.66 dB

Ripple

0.62 dB

32 dB

3.1.4-1: leap-frog

71


3.2 leap-frog

leap-frog.
, ,
LC
LC ,
.

LC ,
, cascade
.
, ,
. LC

.
leap-frog,
.
, , LC
.
3.2-1. ,
LC
.

.
:

Ra Rp
. a b
, ,

. Ri .
:

, Ra Rp
a b .
,
.

72

3.2-1: (a) LC
(b) LC
.
3.2.1

H leap-frog :
1: LC .
, ,
(AADE Filter Design And Analysis,
www.AADE.com), 3.2.1-1.

100MHz .

,
( 97.5MHz 102.5z)
( 99.7MHz )

73

( 100MHz) .
,
.

()

()
3.2.1-1: () LC .
() 3.2.1-1.
:
C

74

.
, L
,

.
.

3.2.1-2:
.
, 3.2.1-1
3.2.1-3.

3.2.1-3:
5 3
,
3.2.1-4.

75

3.2.1-4: 3

,
s

, ,

3 , ,

1, 2
.
, 3.2.14
Cb=1/D
Ca=1/C
La=1/1Ca
Lb=1/2Cb
, ,
3.2.1-5:

R1 = 50 ohm
C2 = 0.15524 nF
L2 =16.327 nH
L3a = 79. 861 nH
C3a = 11.285 pF

L3b = 0.22461 H
C3b = 31.738 pF
C4 = 0.15524 nF
L4 = 16.327 nH
R6 = 50 ohm

3.2.1-5:

76

3.2.1-5
3.2.1-6. ,
, ,

,
.

3.2.1-6: 3.2.1-5
2:
.
V1max
790 mV
V3max
474.32 mV
I2max
22.456 mA
3.2.1-1:
PSpice,
3.2.1-5. 0 < < ,
3.2.1-1.
.
3: .
LC ,
(
)
.
.
3.2.1-7
3.2.1-5
3.2.1-8.

77

3.2.1-7:

3.2.1-8:
, , ,
.

Rp ( Rp = 1). :
vi = Vi

i = iRp
( vi
i
).
4: block (signalflow graph).
leap-frog

.

. ,
.
,
.
, ,
block LC 3.2.1-8 (3.2.1-9):

78

3.2.1-9: Block


.

.

( )
.

.

.

3.2.1-10:

3.2.1-10:

,
:
.

. , ,
,
79

, dc . ,
=2, ,
,
.


.

.
y2
,
.
3.2-1
3.2.1-11.
,

(
).
,
z1, z3 ,
,
3.2.1-12.
, ,
3.2.1-13 :
C = 1 pF ( )
r = 10 KOhm (, )
C = 1 pF ( )
r = 10 KOhm (, )
:
Ri1a = 5.1712 Kohm
Ri2a = 5.4613 Kohm
R0 = 7.762 Kohm

:
:
Ri1m = 28.4253 ohm
Ri1d = 3.279 Kohm
Ri2m = 47.3436 ohm
Ri2d = 0
R3a = Rc3a = 106.2292 R0 = 7.762 Kohm
ohm
R2 = Rc2 = 1.592 Kohm
R4a = Rc4a = 949.3148 R2 = Rc2 = 1.592 Kohm
ohm
R3b = Rc3b = 178.1515
ohm
R4b = Rc4b = 2.6699
Kohm
3.2.1-2:

80

3.2.1-11:

3.2.1-12:

, , LC
3.2.1-8
81

. ,
, :
C = 1 pF ( )
r = 10 KOhm (, )
:
Ri1a = 32 Kohm
Ri2a = 1.6615 Kohm
R0 = 48.388 Kohm
R2 = Rc2 = 1.592 Kohm

:
:
Ri1m = 582.45 ohm
Ri1d = 1.2146 Kohm
Ri2m = 796.8 ohm
Ri2d = 0
R3a = Rc3a = 344.7 ohm
R0 = 48.388 Kohm
R4a = Rc4a = 1.4724
R2 = Rc2 = 1.592 Kohm
R3b = Rc3b = 372.71 ohm
R4b = Rc4b = 1.7215
Kohm
3.2.1-3:

82

3.2.1-13: leap-frog

83

,
:

3.2.1.14 : 3.2.1-13

. ,
3dB (278.6 mdB), 97.13 MHz 102.87 MHz.
, 97.5 MHz 102.5 MHz
100 MHz.
20 KHz,
.
3.2.2 (balancing)

, , . ,
, ,

. ,

(single-ended) -. ,
,
,
common mode. ,

,
.
. ,

84

,
, , .

RC,


.
3.2.1-13

3.2.2-1: leap-frog

. 3.2.2-2. z1 z3
, 3.2.2-2. y2.
,

,
.
Vout .
3.2.2-3.

( 3.2.2-5 ).
( )
32.2-1.
Ri1a = 32 Kohm
Ri2a = 1.66 Kohm

Ri1m = 581.79 ohm

Ri2m = 793.32 ohm

Ri1d = 1.215 Kohm

Ri2d = 0

C = 1. 15 pF
r = 9.99 KOhm
:
R0 = 48.38 Kohm
R2 = Rc2 = 1.59 Kohm

:
R3a = Rc3a = 345.38 ohm
R4a = Rc4a = 1.47 Kohm
R3b = Rc3b = 371.38 ohm
R4b = Rc4b = 1.72 Kohm

:
R0 = 48.38 Kohm
R2 = Rc2 = 1.59 Kohm

3.2.2-1: leap-frog

85


R2

R0

C
Vout+

Rc2

Vin-

r
+

Rc2
Vin+

C
C

Vout-

R0

R2

()
R3a
R4a
C
Vout+

C
r

Rc3a

Rc4a
-

r
+

Rc3a

Rc4a
+

r
-

C
C
R4a
Vin+

Vin-

R3a
R3b
R4b
C
C
r

Rc3b

Rc4b
-

r
+

Rc3b

Rc4b
+

r
-

C
C

VoutR4b
R3b

()
3.2.2-2 (): z1 z3
, () y2

86


R2

R0

C
Vout+

Rc2

Vin-

Rc2
Vin+

C
C

Vout-

R0

R2

R3a
R4a
C
Vout+

Rc3a

Rc4a
-

Rc3a

Rc4a
+

C
C
R4a
Vin+

Vin-

R3a
R3b
R4b
C
C

Rc3b

Rc4b
-

Rc3b

Rc4b
+

C
C

Vout-

R4b

R3b

3.2.2-3: blocks

( 3.2.2-4):

87

3.2.2-4: .

3.2.2-5 :
. :
.
, (
3 dB
11.52 mdB) 97.2 102.79 MHz.
97.5 102.5 MHz ,
100 MHz
(97.2+102.79)/2 = 99.995,
( 10 KHz).
3.2.3 leap-frog

88

,
. , ,
3 . ripple ,
0.3 dB, 0.5 dB ,
40 dB,
100 .
0 dB,
100 MHz . 3.2.3-1 - 3.2.3-2
,
3.2.3-1.
3.2.3-2
,
, .
(100 MHz)
( )
( 80 z) 100
, .
,
() ().

()
()
3.2.3-1: () ripple ()

()

()

89

()
()
3.2.3-1: () () ,
() () . () ()
.
3

100 MHz

97.2MHz 102.70MHz

0 dB

Ripple

0.3 dB

40 dB

3.2.3-1: leap-frog

90


3.3

Cascade

Leap-frog

100 MHz

100 MHz
97.2MHz 102.70MHz

97.12MHz 102.90MHz

-0.66 dB

0 dB

Ripple

0.62 dB

0.3 dB

32 dB

40 dB

3.2-1:
leap-frog
cascade .
,
,
. leap-frog
cascade (10 kHz 20 kHz) leap-frog

.
ripple ,
leap-frog dB
cascade .
leap-frog cascade
, ,
.
3.3.1

.
,
. ,
3.3.1-1, ()
() -.
,
( )
.

91

()
()
3.3.1-1: () ()
-
, .
,
.

,

.


.

. ,

,
. ,

. , ,
,

.
( ),

.

. , ,


.
Q :

, Q
. ,
(9),

.


3.3.1-1 , .
92

RC .
.


,
.
=400 52 dB , cascade
3.3.1-2. leap-frog
3.3.1-2.. leap-frog

0 dB
. cascade ,
, ,
.

cascade . leapfrog .

()
()
3.3.1-2 :
(=52 dB) () cascade () leap-frog


.
, , ,
,
.


.
,
,
( 90).
(
,
, ,
.

,
93

. ,
,

.)

,
(100 MHz)
. 72
47 dB 100 MHz 9
60 dB .

.

3.3.2
Monte Carlo

leap-frog
, .
, .
Monte Carlo.
Monte Carlo

.

. Monte Carlo
, .
3.3.1-1 Monte Carlo
3.2.2-1. ()
.
100 z (
100.67MHz) 11.5632 MHz. ()

(0 dB).
o dB ( -230 mdB
2.984 dB).

.

94

()

()
3.3.1-1: Monte Carlo () ()
.

95

96

, . 4.1

,
. CherryHooper, . ,
4.2
, - ,
-.
,

,

- . ,
3.3 -
.

97

98


4.1

Cherry-Hooper .
:
) Cherry-Hooper
) Cherry-Hooper, , CherryHooper
) Cherry-Hooper , modified CherryHooper
4.1-1:

4.1-1:() Cherry-Hooper () Cherry-Hooper ()

Modified Cherry-Hooper
Cherry-Hooper
:

4.1-2:()cascade ()
buffer () () ()
.

99

(cascade)
, ( 4.1-2-)
: Av=gm1RD1 p,X=1/RD1CX, CX
. ,
2 ( W) ,
CGS2 Miller CGD2
.
,
4.1-2-.
. ,
, .

.
4.1-2-. RF
2 .
: 2
RF. RF ,
2.
,
. (1/gm2)
RF.
p,Xgm2/CX p,gm2/C, .
4.1-2-
- Cherry-Hooper
.
=gm1RF.
, Cherry-Hooper
. 4.1-1- ISS1
RF (ISS1+ ISS2) RD.
I I
I
VDD ,min ( SS 1 SS 2 ) RD ( SS1 ) RF VGS 3,4 VISS 2
2
2
.
Cherry-Hooper ,
4.1-1-.
. RH
, .
modified Cherry-Hooper ( 4.1-1-)
-
. pmos

.
cadence :

100

4.1-3: cadence () Cherry-Hooper () Cherry-Hooper

() Modified Cherry-Hooper
,
:

4.1-4: Cherry-Hooper.
Cherry-Hooper
(
)

Cherry-Hooper modified Cherry ( Hooper (

)
)

Broadband
modified CherryHooper (
)
W1 -L1
27u
220n
34u
200n
35.2u
200n
35.5u
200n
W3 - L3 6u
200n
8.2u
190n
12.8u
200n
6u
200n
RF
9.75k
20k
2.5k
1k
RD
3.67k
4.48k
1.77k
1.77k
W- L
12.68u 200n
12.68u 200n
12.68u
200n
12.68u
200n
W -L
7.26u 200n
7.26u
200n
7.26u
200n
7.26u
200n
RH
42k
Rnew
4.03k
4k
Wn-Ln
6u
200n
6u
200n
4.1-1: Cherry-Hooper

: Cherry Hooper

101

4.1-5: Cherry-Hooper
A(dB)
12.56
f3dB
1.26GHz
fT
4.89GHz
Vdcout
1.175V
(uA) 200
26.5
4.1-2: Cherry-Hooper
: Cherry Hooper

4.1-6: Cherry-Hooper

A(dB)
f3dB
fT
Vdcout

19
700MHz
4.68GHz
1.175V
102

(uA) 200
-1.3
()
4.1-3: Cherry-Hooper
: Modified Cherry Hooper

4.1-7: modified Cherry-Hooper

A(dB)
f3dB
fT
Vdcout
(uA)

15.85
1.33GHz
4.66GHz
1.175V
200
-19.4
()
4.1-4: modified Cherry-Hooper
: Broadband Modified Cherry Hooper

4.1-8: Broadband modified Cherry-Hooper

103

A(dB)
f3dB
fT
Vdcout
(uA)

11.21
2.7GHz
6.19GHz
1.176V
200
-19.6
()
4.1-5: Broadband modified Cherry-Hooper
200uA ( )

400mV
. 1.5V, :
W- L
2.5u
200n
R
48.76k

22.56u
4.1-6: cherry-hooper
buffer
, buffer,

, :
1.175V
750mV
.

4.1-9: buffer

4.1-7:
buffer

. ,
CherryHooper modified Cherry-Hooper pmos

- .

104

4.1-10: cadence
() () Cherry-Hooper pmos () Modified Cherry-Hooper
pmos
(
)

Cherry-Hooper
(
)
34u
200n
8.2u
190n

modified CherryHooper (
)
35.2u
200n
12.8u
200n

W1 -L1
30.8u 200n
W3 L3
RF
7k
20k
2.5k
RD
3.67k
4.48k
1.77k
W- L
12.68u 200n
12.68u 200n
12.68u
200n
W -L
7.26u 200n
7.26u
200n
7.26u
200n
RH
42k
Rnew
4.03k
Wn-Ln
6u
200n
4.1-8:
.
: -

4.1-11:
,

105

A(dB)
29
f3dB
81MHz
fT
1.67GHz
Vdcout
1.057V
(uA) 200

33.8

4.1-9: ,

: - Cherry-Hooper

4.1-12:
, Cherry-Hooper
A(dB)
11.7
f3dB
1.63GHz
fT
2.58GHz
Vdcout
1.074V
(uA) 200

-7.85

()
4.1-10: ,
Cherry-Hooper
: - modified CherryHooper

106

4.1-13:
, modified Cherry-Hooper
A(dB)
30.8
f3dB
340MHz
fT
3.66GHz
Vdcout
0.868V
(uA) 200

-41

()
4.1-11: ,
modified Cherry-Hooper

Nmos buffer : buffers nmos
,
,
.
1.074V
0.8684V
1.054V
W
4.13u
W
70u
W
4.5u
L
440n
L
500n
L
440n
R
1.6k
R
2k
R
1.6k
250uA
250uA
250uA
4.1-12: buffers ,
.
dc
, ,
0.
: ,
modified Cherry-Hooper (
0.868V 0.75V)
107

4.1-14: : cmos

4.1-15: cmos

4.1-16:
Wn
Ln

cmos
800n
400n
Wp=40u

800n
400n
R= 6.5k
108

Lp=400n
A(dB)
19.06
4.5
fT(GHz)
0.957
1.35
95.38
136.81

4.1-13: -cmos .
cmos
, pmos
1.1V. pmos ,
:
Wp Lp
42.2u
2u
R
36.66k

30u
4.1-14: pmos
1.1V

109


4.2

: -
) buffer,
, 60dB:

Cherry-Hooper
Modified Cherry-Hooper
CherryA(dB)
64.4
A(dB)
57.8
A(dB)
58.0
Hooper
4
f3dB(MHz)
50
f3dB(MHz)
350
f3dB(MHz)
53
fT(GHz)
1.75
fT(GHz)
2.08
fT(GHz)
1.63

4+1

5+1

3+1
1690
1950
(uA)
(uA)

1430
(uA)
CherryA(dB)
55.67
A(dB)
55.6
A(dB)
60.15
Hooper
f3dB(MHz) 50
f3dB(MHz)
260
f3dB(MHz)
59
R
fT(GHz)
1.61
fT(GHz)
2
fT(GHz)
1.6

2+1

3+1

2+1
1170
- 1430
1170
- (uA)
(uA)
(uA)
modified
A(dB)
63.46
A(dB)
60.164
A(dB)
67.9
Cherryf
(MHz)
48
f
(MHz)
508
f
(MHz)
54
3dB
3dB
3dB
Hooper
fT(GHz)
1.78
fT(GHz)
2.03
fT(GHz)
1.76

3+1

4+1

3+1
1430
1690
1430
- (uA)
- (uA)
- (uA)
BroadA(dB)
59.04
A(dB)
63.5
A(dB)
60.61
band
f3dB(MHz) 49
f3dB(MHz) 54
f3dB(MHz) 615
modified
CherryfT(GHz)
1.82
fT(GHz)
1.85
fT(GHz)
2.18
Hooper

4+1

4+1

6+1
1690
1690
2210
- (uA)
- (uA)
- (uA)
4.2-1: cascade n
( n+1 )

(
4+1 ), ( 2+1 ).
cascade Cherry-Hooper ,
(f3dB)
(fT), ,

, ,
-700.
Miller
( )- .
, .

110

4.2-1: R,C

) , ,
. ,
cherry hooper (
), ,
modified Cherry-Hooper ( )
,
:

4.2-2: cmos

4.2-3:

111

.. cmos
.. R
A(dB)
63.93
A(dB)
49.4
f3dB
89.7MHz
f3dB
223MHz
fT
2.04GHz
fT
2.29GHz
Vdcout
0.756V
Vdcout
0.7483V
(uA) 780
(uA) 780
4.2-2: cmos
.
. C1 R1
, C2, R2
:

4.2-4: cmos

4.2-5:

112

4.2-6:
cmos
100f 25k
C1, R1
C2, R2
4p 3.75k
A(dB)
63.93
f3dB
131kHz
fT
315.3MHz

-142.8o

37.2o

4.2-3:
cmos

4.2-7:

C1, R1
C2, R2
A(dB)

5.5p 3.85k
49.4
113

356kHz
f3dB
fT
343.3MHz

-135.1o

44.9o

4.2-4:

,
,
,
.
(4.3) , cmos.
: -

cherry hooper .
Cherry-Hooper
.
-
, - CherryHooper, , pmos .
Miller RC
.
Miller ,
.
,
.


f3dB
.
(4.3).
CMFB. CMFB
(common mode feedback loop) ,
,
.
dc
VOC ,
. , VOC
,
.

114

4.2-8:
VOC VCM
Vbias VGS5 ID5= ID3+ ID4 VSD3=
VSD4=VDD-VCM. VGS5.
, 4.2-9.
,
4.2-10, , VX=Vout+
V=Vout- Voc1=Vout+R/2R, Voc2=Vout-R/2R, Voc= Voc1+ Voc2=(Vout++Vout-)/2.

VCM.
cms. dc VCSBIAS
Vcms= cms(Voc- Vcm)+VCSBIAS.
( CMC 5).
CMFB , VOC
VCM Vcmc=VCSBIAS.

4.2-9: CMFB

115

4.2-10: .

:

4.2-11: CMFB

116


4.3

, .
4.3.1

,
4.3.1-1
4.3.1-1.

4.3.1-1:
1
W1 L1
34u 200n
W3 L3
8.2u 190n
RF
20k
RD
4.48k
W L
12.68u 200n
W L
7.26u 200n

2
W1 L1
35.2u 200n
W3 L3
12.8u 200n
RF
2.5k
RD
1.77k
W L
12.68u 200n
W L
7.26u 200n
Rnew
4.03k
Wn Ln
6u 200n

buffer
W-L
6.07u 440n
R
25k

NMOS
W-L
25u 200n
R
48.76k

CMOS
Wn Ln
800n 400n
Wp Lp
40u 400n

PMOS
W-L
42.2u
2u
R
36.66k

Miller

R
3.6k
C
4p
4.3.1-1: 4.3.1-1
. cherry
Hooper , 19 dB 4.48 GHz.
117

modified cherry Hooper,

, . 30.8 dB
3.66 GHz.
nmos buffer dc .
cmos 19.05 dB.
nmos ,
pmos . 1.5 V
0.606 mA. 750 mV,
dc offset 0.75 V 750 mV.
Miller RC
,
.

.
)

4.3.1-2.
.

4.3.1-2: 4.3.1-1
, , 65
dB. 100 MHz
10 dB , 300 MHz.
3 dB 132 KHz.
.

( ) -180 ,
Nyquist,
(-1,0).
, .
118

,
-180, .

, .
)
:

4.3.1-3:
, ,
4.3.1-4.
, 450 mV 1 V, 1 psec.
2 pF.

,
.
,
.

.
.
= 0.1 % 200 nsec. slew rate
13.64 V/sec.

119

4.3.1-4: buffer .
) .
4.3.1-5.
V+ 0
1.5 V ( ). V- 0.75 V.
Vout.
2 pF ( ).

4.3.1-5:
0.199 V,
1.50 V (
).
750
mV .
, ,
749 mV, 751 mV
4.3.1-6 .

120

4.3.1-6: .

) , VOS

750 mV, 750 mV ,
.

.
,

. ,
:
, , 4.3.1-4
, . V+ , 0 V 1.5 V,
. 750 mV 750 mV (
4.3.1-7). , ,
W
5%. - 2.2 mV
. W, .
2.3 mV ( 4.3.1-7)

121

()

()
4.3.1-7: ()
() 750mV
buffer,
. ,
( 750 mV)
, VOS1
=-2.2mV VOS2 =2.3mV.
)
,

122

4.3.1-8:
CMRR ( ) :
A
CMRR(dB) 20 log dm 20 log Adm 20 log Acm
Acm

( 60 dB) .
, , :
CMRR = 67.16 (- 68.07) = 135.23 dB
) .
,
PSRR,

, :
A
PSRR (dB ) 20 log dm ,
A
A .
4.3.1-9
,
.

123

()

()

4.3.1-9: () ()
( ).
:
PSRR+ = 67.16 dB - 30.12dB = 37.04 dB
PSRR- = 67.16 dB - 32.62 dB = 34.54dB
)
,


. , ,
VDS>VGS-Vt, VDS - VGS + Vt > 0 VGD - Vt < 0 nmos
VDS<VGS-Vt, VDS - VGS + Vt < 0 VDG + Vt< 0 pmos.
, ( 4.3.1-10),
.
.

4.3.1-10: .

124

0.2943<Vin<1.191.

.
pmos :
VDS VGS Vt

Vout VG Vt
Vout 1.3594V
VG pmos
Vt . nmos , ,
,
:

4.3.1-11: nmos
Vin=0.294V
Vg=0.8685V. nmos :
VDS VGS Vt
Vout VG ( MAX ) Vt

Vout 0.5968V
) .
,
( 4.3.1-12).
10 KHz 175 V. 2200
( 4.3.1-12 ).
, 10 KHz, 1m.
, 2200 2.2 V,
, 1.5 V. ,
4.3.1-12 .
125

()
()
4.3.1-12: ()
()

4.3.2

-
4.3.2-1
4.3.2-1

4.3.2-1: -
1
W1 L1
27u 220n
W3 L3
6u 200n
RF
9.75k
RD
3.678k
W L
12.68u 200n
W L
7.26u 200n

126

CMOS
Wn Ln
4u 200n
Wp Lp
47.7u 200n
Buffer
W-L
51.7u 440n
R
3k

1
Miller
W- L
25u 200n
R
10k
R
48.79k
C
0.1p
2

W- L
5.37u 200n
Cx
0.5p
R
23k
4.3.2-1: 4.3.2-1

.
cherry hooper, 10.7 dB 3.3 GHz.
( ) PMOS
30 dB. , ,
(250 uA),
.
1, 2
. 1.5 V 0.85 mA.
750 mV, dc offset 0.75 V
750 mV.
4.2
-,
Miller RC
,
,
.


f3dB
.

.
)

4.3.2-2.
.
, ,
40 dB 100 MHz 20
dB, 1 GHz. 3 dB
( 12 MHz)
.
4.3.2-2
, .

127

4.3.2-2: 4.3.2-1
)
4.3.2-3 :

4.3.2-3:
, ,
4.3.2-4 .
, 450 mV 1 V, 1 psec.
2 pF.

.
128

( 20 mV) = 0.1 %
165 nsec. slew rate 143 V/sec.

4.3.2-4: buffer .
) .
4.3.2-5.
V- 0
1.5 V ( ). V+ 0.75 V.
Vout+ Vout-.
2 pF ( ).

4.3.2-5:
0 V
( ),
1.00 V. buffer .
1 V NMOS
.
750
mV .
732 mV, 760 mV
4.3.2-6 .

129

4.3.2-6: .
) , VOS
750 mV,
750 mV , . ,

. ,
:
,
, 4.3.2-7, .
V+ , 0 V 1.5 V, .
750 mV 750 mV ( 4.3.2-7 ). ,
, W
5%. -
2.4 mV . W,
. 2.2 mV
( 4.3.2-7)

()

130

()
4.3.2-7: ()
() 750mV
buffer,
. ,
( 750 mV)
, VOS1
=-2.4mV VOS2 =2.2mV.
)
,
4.3.2-8.

4.3.2-8:

. ,
, :
131

CMRR = 39.19 dB (- 13 dB) = 52.19 dB

) .
4.3.2-9
.

]
()
()
4.3.2-9: ()
() ()
:
PSRR+ = 39.19 dB 5 dB = 34.19 dB
PSRR- = 39.19 dB (- 177 dB) = 216.2 dB
) -
,
, ( 4.3.2-10).
,
.

4.3.2-10:

0.2962<Vin<1.202.
132

,

.
nmos VG = 400m:

pmos :
pmos
4.3.2-11:

4.3.2-11:
,
1.202 V ( ) 1.162 V.
nmos ,
:
.
nmos VD pmos
, 47.5 mV 1.47 V
. :

) .
,
( 4.3.2-12).
10 KHz 175 V. 100
( 4.3.2-12).
133

, 10 KHz, 30m.
, 100 3 V, ,
1.5 V. ,
4.3.2-12.

()
()
4.3.2-12: ()
()

4.3.2-2 .

-
-
:

VDD=1.5V, VSS=0V
VDD=1.5V, VSS=0V

67.16 dB
39.9 dB
,

317.8 MHz
917.1 MHz
, fT
3 dB, f3dB
132 KHz
12.27 MHz

17.3
16.03

0.909 mW
1.275 mW

200 nsec
165nsec
Slew rate
13.64 V/sec
143.56 V/sec
, VOS
2.3 mV
2.3 mV
CMRR
135.23 dB
52.19 dB
+
PSRR
37.04 dB
34.19 dB
PSRR
34.54dB
216.2 dB

0.294 V 1.191 V
0.2962 V 1.202V

0.5968 V 1.3594 V
0 1.1 V

4.3.2-2:
134

135

136


1. biquads
cascade
%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%
C1=1e-12; %
C2=1e-12;
R8=500;
k1=1;
k2=1;
%LPF%
a1=G1_den(2);
a0=G1_den(3);
b2=K1;
b1=0;
b0=K1*G1_num(3);
R1LP=1/(a1*C1); vpa(R1LP)
R2LP=k1/(C2*c1); vpa(R2LP)
R3LP=1/(k1*k2*C1*c1); vpa(R3LP)
R4LP=1/(k2*b2*a1*C1); vpa(R4LP)
R5LP=k1*c1/(b0*C2); vpa(R5LP)
R6LP=R8/b2; vpa(R6LP)
R7LP=k2*R8; vpa(R7LP)
%BPF%
a1=G2_den(2);
a0=G2_den(3);
b2=0;
b1=K2;
b0=0;
R1BP=1/(a1*C1); vpa(R1BP)
R2BP=k1/(C2*c2); vpa(R2BP)
R3BP=1/(k1*k2*C1*c2); vpa(R3BP)
R4BP=1/(k2*b1*C1); vpa(R4BP)
R5BP=999999999999999999999
R6BP=999999999999999999999
R7BP=k2*R8; vpa(R7BP)

%HPF%
a1=G3_den(2);
a0=G3_den(3);
b2=K3;
b1=0;
b0=K3*G3_num(3);
R1HP=1/(a1*C1); vpa(R1HP)
R2HP=k1/(C2*c3); vpa(R2HP)
R3HP=1/(k1*k2*C1*c3); vpa(R3HP)
R4HP=1/(k2*b2*a1*C1); vpa(R4HP)
R5HP=k1*c3/(b0*C2); vpa(R5HP)
R6HP=R8/b2; vpa(R6HP)
R7HP=k2*R8; vpa(R7HP)

137

2. cascade
:

R1 44758.79
44758.58
123549.26
123642.6
117402.56
113382.20
R2 1591.5
1591.87
1633.50
1634.52
1550.68
1551.67
R3 1591.5
1591.87
1633.50
1630.19
1550.68
1551.67
R4 170425.09 170417.75
96004.49
96005.27
75533.62
75539.64
R5 5362.9
5366.86
1189.54
1186.02
R6 1903.81
1905.58
321.69
322.31
R7 500
498.57
500
498.57
500
499.88
C
1p
1.000008p
1p
1.000904p
1p
1.000008p
W=21.7u L=22.17u 1.000008p 1pF
W=21.7u L=22.19u 1.000904p.
cadence
.

138


1:
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2:
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3:
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4:
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139