F-x W W K

1
m( v 2f vi2 )
2

F-t p p m( v f vi )
x A sin(x ) sin

dm

1
dk
dv
mv 2
mv
mva vF
2
dt
dt

P p

Net torque Net force

elastic K inelastic K
rF I
F Net torque
torque torque

U g G

Mm
r

g 9.8

RL I (t )

L
(1 e t / )
R
R

t /
(e
) RC
R
1
LC Q (t ) Qmax cos( t ) f
2 RC
1
LC I max Inductor U LI 2 L
2
dI Q
C L
dt C

RC q(t ) c(1 e t / ) I (t )

0 A

 C
Inductor(L)
d (1/3)d dielectric
(1/3)d
EdA
Bdl

0 I

Bdl

0 NI

l
d B
Edl
dt
d E
Bdl 0i 0 0
(Maxwell)
dt
Electric field E

dV
V
dr

Edr

+q
+q +q

U V
F E
k

1
4 0