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BCS Theory of Superconductivity: Thomas Burgener
BCS Theory of Superconductivity: Thomas Burgener
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
3 / 52
Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
3 / 52
Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
3 / 52
Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Outline
1
Cooper-Pairs
Formation of Pairs
Origin of Attractive Interaction
BCS Theory
The model Hamiltonian
Bogoliubov-Valatin-Transformation
Calculation of the condensation energy
Finite Temperatures
Excitation Energies and the Energy Gap
Determination of Tc
Temperature dependence of the energy gap
Thermodynamic quantities
4 / 52
Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Outline
1
Cooper-Pairs
Formation of Pairs
Origin of Attractive Interaction
BCS Theory
The model Hamiltonian
Bogoliubov-Valatin-Transformation
Calculation of the condensation energy
Finite Temperatures
Excitation Energies and the Energy Gap
Determination of Tc
Temperature dependence of the energy gap
Thermodynamic quantities
4 / 52
Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Outline
1
Cooper-Pairs
Formation of Pairs
Origin of Attractive Interaction
BCS Theory
The model Hamiltonian
Bogoliubov-Valatin-Transformation
Calculation of the condensation energy
Finite Temperatures
Excitation Energies and the Energy Gap
Determination of Tc
Temperature dependence of the energy gap
Thermodynamic quantities
4 / 52
Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Formation of Pairs
Origin of Attractive Interaction
Outline
1
Cooper-Pairs
Formation of Pairs
Origin of Attractive Interaction
BCS Theory
The model Hamiltonian
Bogoliubov-Valatin-Transformation
Calculation of the condensation energy
Finite Temperatures
Excitation Energies and the Energy Gap
Determination of Tc
Temperature dependence of the energy gap
Thermodynamic quantities
5 / 52
Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Formation of Pairs
Origin of Attractive Interaction
Formation of Pairs
6 / 52
Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Formation of Pairs
Origin of Attractive Interaction
Formation of Pairs
Look for the groundstate wavefunction for the two added electrons,
which has zero momentum:
X
gk e ikr1 e ikr2 (|i |i)
0 (r1 , r2 ) =
k
gk = gk .
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Formation of Pairs
Origin of Attractive Interaction
Formation of Pairs
Inserting this into the Schr
odinger equation of the problem leads to
the following equation for the determination of the coefficients gk
and the energy eigenvalue E :
(E 2k )gk =
Vkk0 gk0 ,
k>kF
where
Vkk0 =
Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Formation of Pairs
Origin of Attractive Interaction
Formation of Pairs
V
0
, EF < k < EF + ~c
, otherwise
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Formation of Pairs
Origin of Attractive Interaction
Formation of Pairs
With this approximation we get:
1
V
Z EF +~c
d
1
=
= N(0)
2k E
2 E
EF
k>kF
1
2EF E + 2~c
N(0) ln
.
=
2
2EF E
X
2
N(0)V
< 2EF .
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Formation of Pairs
Origin of Attractive Interaction
Negative terms come in when one takes the motion of the ion
cores into account, e.g. considering electron-phonon interactions.
The physical idea is that
the first electron polarizes the medium by attracting positive
ions;
these excess positive ions in turn attract the second electron,
giving an effective attractive interaction between the electrons.
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Outline
1
Cooper-Pairs
Formation of Pairs
Origin of Attractive Interaction
BCS Theory
The model Hamiltonian
Bogoliubov-Valatin-Transformation
Calculation of the condensation energy
Finite Temperatures
Excitation Energies and the Energy Gap
Determination of Tc
Temperature dependence of the energy gap
Thermodynamic quantities
12 / 52
Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
BCS Theory
Having seen that the Fermi sea is unstable against the formation of
a bound Cooper pair when the net interaction is attractive, we
must then expect pairs to condense until an equilibrium point is
reached.
We need a smart way to write down antisymmetric wavefunctions
for many electrons. This will be done in the language of second
quantization.
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
BCS Theory
nk ck
ck .
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
X
k
k nk +
Vkl ck
ck cl cl ,
kl
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
X
k
k nk +
Vkl ck
ck cl cl .
kl
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Bogoliubov-Valatin-Transformation
Define:
bk hck ck i
Because of the large number of particles involved, the fluctuations
of ck ck about these expectations values bk should be small.
Therefor express such products of operators formally as
ck ck = bk + (ck ck bk )
and neglect quantities which are bilinear in the presumably small
fluctuation term in parentheses.
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Bogoliubov-Valatin-Transformation
X
k
k ck
ck +
Vkl (ck
ck bl + bk cl cl bk bl )
kl
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Bogoliubov-Valatin-Transformation
Defining further
k =
Vkl bl =
Vkl hck ck i
X
k
k ck
ck
(k ck
ck + k ck ck k bk )
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Bogoliubov-Valatin-Transformation
ck = uk k + vk k
ck
= vk k + uk k
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Bogoliubov-Valatin-Transformation
Inserting these operators in the model-hamiltonian gives
X
k + k
k )
HM N =
k (|uk |2 |vk |2 )(k
k
+2|vk |2 + 2uk vk k k + 2uk vk k
k
X
+
(k uk vk + k uk vk )(k
k + k
k 1)
k
+(k vk 2 k uk 2 )k k
+(k vk2 k uk2 )k
k + k bk .
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Bogoliubov-Valatin-Transformation
Choose uk and vk so that the coefficients of k k and k
k
vanish.
k
2
2
2k uk vk + k vk k uk = 0
u2
k
2
k vk
k vk
+ 2k
|k |2 = 0
uk
uk
q
k vk
= k2 + |k |2 k Ek k
uk
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Bogoliubov-Valatin-Transformation
k
1
Ek
.
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Y
(uk + vk ck
ck ) |0i
k
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
X
k
kl
2
k k
Ek
2
V
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Ek
V
|k|>kF
2
1
2
1
=
N(0)2
= N(0)2
V
2
V
2
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Outline
1
Cooper-Pairs
Formation of Pairs
Origin of Attractive Interaction
BCS Theory
The model Hamiltonian
Bogoliubov-Valatin-Transformation
Calculation of the condensation energy
Finite Temperatures
Excitation Energies and the Energy Gap
Determination of Tc
Temperature dependence of the energy gap
Thermodynamic quantities
27 / 52
Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
HM N =
(k Ek + k bk ) +
Ek (k
k + k
k ).
Ek =
q
2k + k2
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Eks
Ekn
3.5
Ek/
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
-3
-2
-1
0
k/
Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
E
D
l l
l
Vkl ul vl 1 l
Vkl ul vl (1 2f (El ))
Vkl
l
El
tanh
2El
2
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
31 / 52
Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Determination of Tc
0
( 0.577...: the Euler constant)
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Determination of Tc
Critical temperatur Tc
kTc = c1 1.13~c e 1/N(0)V
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Determination of Tc
For small temperatures we find
1
=
N(0)V
=
Z
0
~c
( 2
d
+ 2 )1/2
~c
2~c e 1/N(0)V ,
sinh(1/N(0)V )
which shows that Tc and (0) are not independent from each
other
(0)
2
1.764
kTc
1.13
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Rewriting again
1
1 X tanh(Ek /2)
=
.
V
2
Ek
k
Z
0
~c
tanh 12 ( 2 + 2 )1/2
d,
( 2 + 2 )1/2
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Near Tc we get
Temperature dependence of
(T )
T 1/2
,
1.74 1
(0)
Tc
T Tc ,
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Thermodynamic quantities
With q
(T ) determined, we know the fermion excitation energies
Ek = k2 + (T )2 . Then the quasi-particle occupation numbers
will follow the Fermi-function fk = (1 + e Ek )1 , which determine
the
electronic entropy for a fermion gas
X
Ses = 2k
((1 fk ) ln(1 fk ) + fk ln fk ).
k
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Thermodynamic quantities
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Thermodynamic quantities
X fk
dSes
= 2k
d
Ek
k
1 d2
Ek2 +
2 d
2 2
N(0)k 2 T .
3
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Thermodynamic quantities
d2
2
9.4N(0)k Tc
dT
Tc
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Thermodynamic quantities
Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Type I superconductors
1
0.8
Normal-State
0.6
0.4
M-O-State
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
T/Tc
Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Vortex-State
Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
45 / 52
Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Define
Ginzburg-Landau parameter
1 :
2
1 :
2
Type I superconductor
Type II superconductor
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Type II superconductors
3
2.5
Normal-State
1.5
Vortex-State
0.5
M-O-State
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
T/Tc
Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
(ixy y 2 )
1 X
exp
+ in
N n=
1 =2
2
i(2n + 1)
(x + iy ) + i n(n + 1)
+
1
1
N =
1/4
1
=2
exp
2=2
1
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Vortex-State
2
-1
-1
-2
-2
-1
-2
-2
-1
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Vortex-State
1
Y2
0.5
2
1
0
-2
0
-1
2
1
0
-2
0
-1
-1
0
x
1
Y2
0.5
x
2 -2
-1
0
1
2 -2
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
Summary
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Outlines
Cooper-Pairs
BCS Theory
Finite Temperatures
The END
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