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2.2

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2.4

. . 56

2.5

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2.6

. 73

. 76
. 80

, 1927-1936.

1930-1940, .
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, 19271936,
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, 1922
1933.

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Novo.

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. fascio,
. Fascio Littorio,
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.
1815 .
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R. Paxton, , , . 14

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2.
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1929.
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2

, , , 1995, . 113-125

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.
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(1927)

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30 1922.
, - Fasci di Combattimento
23 1919 3.
.

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23 1919 ,

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4
. , . 15-16, E. Burns, ,
, - . , , . 326-327, .
2: 1919,
,
, , ,
, 85% ,
.
1920,

10

,
Squadrismo
,
. 1920
, ,
.
.


5.
1921 . PNF (Partito Nazionale
Fascista)
. ,
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.
5
,
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6
24 1922 ,
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, , . 84, 86-94, 124-128

11

12

PNF.
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)
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.
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1938,
.
(1935),


.
1922
.
, 1935,
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1912,
9

. , . 153-156

12

13

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10.
, ,
, 1930
. ,

.
11.
1.2
1919 (DAP)
, . ,
24 1920
- NSDAP
25 , ,
.
, ,
,
.
,
.
10

George L. Mosse, Towards the final solution. A history of European racism, Howard Fertig, Inc
Publisher, New York, . 200-202
11
. , 201-202

13

14

51%
. , ,
, ,
. ,
.
.

.
,
, .
1921 .
. ,
, - SA12.

, 1923
, 13,
1923. ,
, NSPAD
. ,
14.

12

, , , 1995, . 222-228

.

. . ,
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14
. , . 228-236
13

14

15

1925
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,
15. ,

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.
, 1924
1928 .
16. ,
.
. ,
, ,

17.

18. , 30
1933

15

. , .235
., . 235
17
. , . , . 94-98
18
1930 , ,

1930. 31 1932
37,2%,
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16

15

16

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1933

20.
1935 ,
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21.
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19

, . , . 150-151
. , .152-153
21
G. O. Mousse, . , . 208-209
20

16

17

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193224,
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26 . 1935.
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25
. , . , . 376- 380
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1939(

25%28.
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1930
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30. 1938
1940

29

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1927
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31

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. , ,
, , 72, 2002
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21

22

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34.
.
1937 200.000 35.
1938
.
, .

33

George L. Mosse, . , . 197-198

. , . , . 393- 396
35
1931 . 1933
, .
1933 ,
.

. 1934
.
34

22

23

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, .
1940 ,
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.
,
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36.
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37.

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Heimwehr, 1919-1920.

. ,
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George L. Mosse, . , . 198

(1881-1907),
1882. ,
, 1897-1910.
, .
37

23

24

,
.

(
1903-1904). 1918 DAP
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.

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NSAP.
1935.
. ,
1930 Heimwehr.
1932,
16,4%.
1932
, 1933
.
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, .
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25

25
.
. 1938
,
,
38.
1.4
,

1910.

Nacionalismo Lusitano-NL,

.

,
39.
1923
Revolution NL, ,
. NL ,
Integralismo Lusitano,
. ,

38

. , . , . 347-356
Antonio Costa Pinto, The blue shirts, portuguese fascists and the new state, Social Science
Monographs, Boulder, Distributed by Columbia University, New York, 2000, . 2-4
39

25

26

1925
.
, IL
,
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.
, ,
. .

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40.
1926,
.
, National Syndicalism
1932.
,
.
1926
Gomes da Costa. ,
.
40

Antonio Costa Pinto, Contemporary Portugal. Politics, society and culture, New York, SSMColumbia University Press , . 20-22

26

27

1932, .



.
UN- Uniao
Nacional, 1930
.

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41

. , . 23-27

27

28

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Movimento Nacional Sindicalista42,
1932
.

1936 ,
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1932,
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. , . 32-39

28

29

,
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,

.
, ,

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. ,
.

.

44

Gerald Bender, Angola under the Portuguese: The myth and the reality, University of California
Press, Berkley and Los Angeles, .3-4

29

30

2 :
,
.
,

, . ,

,
.

.
1928 . ,
,
.

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45.


1927-1936.
2.1
45

, , , 1995, . 55

30

31

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http://www.ime.gr/chronos/14/gr/1923_1940/society/index.html

31

32

47.

193048.
(1928-1932)

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47

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476-479,
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50.

51.
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1918, ()
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. , , , 1972, . 292, 303

36

37

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1912
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63.
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. , 1912,
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82, 2003, . 54-56

38

39

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,
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. 37
, , , 67.


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Mark Mazower, . ,
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39

40

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.
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. , . 1, . 118-120
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40

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M. Mazower, . , . 399-408
, . , . 118-120

41

42

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