RELATIVE CLAUSE LIST

Chap 3
No

Relative clause in the

given text
Drilling is a process used
extensively by which
through or blind holes are
originated or enlarged in a
WP.

Type of RC

Drilling is a process used

extensively by which
through or blind holes are
originated or enlarged in a
WP.

Defining relative
clause

Replacing word
class

The most commonly

employed drilling tool is
the twist drill, which is
available in diameters
ranging from 0.25 to 80
mm
A standard twist drill
(Figure 3.16) is
characterized by a
geometry in which the
normal rake and the
velocity of the cutting
edge are a function of their
distance from the center of
the drill.

Non-defining
relative clause

Omission

Defining relative
clause

Replacing word
class

The standard helix is 30,

which together with a
point angle of 118, is

Non-defining
relative clause

Omission

Reduced relative
clause

Stratergy for
translation
Word for word

Translation into
Vietnamese
Khoan l l mt
phng php
c s dng
ph bin
khoan l thng
sut hoc l kn
hoc m rng l
ca mt chi tit.
Khoan l l mt
qu trnh c s
dng ph bin
khoan l thng
sut hoc l kn
hoc m rng l
ca mt chi tit.
Loi mi khoan
ph bin nht l
mi khoan xon
c ng knh t
0.25mm n 80
mm.
Mt mi khoan
xon tiu chun
c biu th
thng qua kt
cu hnh hc c
gc trc v vn
tc ca li ct
c xc nh
bng mt hm
ca khong cch
t tm mi khoan
n im xt.
Gc xon tiu
chun l 30 kt
hp vi gc mi

suitable for drilling steel

and CI (Figure 3.17a).

Drills with a helix angle of

20, known as slow-helix
drills, are available with a
point of 118 for cutting
brass and bronze (Figure
3.17b), and with a point of
90 for cutting plastics

Reduced relative
clause

In these processes, the tool

shape and geometry
depend upon the
machining process to be
performed

Reduced relative
clause

The most general example Defining relative

is performing these
clause
processes on a center
lathe, in which the tool
(drill, counterbore, reamer,
tap, and so on) is held in
the tailstock and the work
is held and rotated by a
chuck (Figure 3.20)

khoan ph hp
cho vt liu thp
v gang lm mi
khoan
Using dashes -; Mi khoan vi
parentheses () or gc xon bng
20 cn gi l
commas , for
mi khoan xon
explanation
chm/ thp c
gc mi khoan
bng 118 gia
cng vt liu
ng thau v
ng thic (Hnh
3.17b) v vi gc
mi khoan bng
90 i vi gia
cng nha.
Word for word
Trong nhng
thao tc ny, hnh
dng v kt cu
hnh hc ca
cng c ph
thuc vo tng
qu trnh gia
cng c thc
hin.
Replacing word
V d in hnh
class
nht cho vic
thc hin cc qu
trnh ny l trn
my tin c cc
dng c ct (mi
khoan, mi
khoan mt u,
dao doa, tar)
c lp trn
sau v chi tit
c gi v quay
bi mt mm cp
(Hnh 3.20).

Core drilling, which is

performed for the purpose
of enlarging holes, as
shown in Figure 3.19.

Non-defining
relative clause

Paraphrase

10

Core drills are of three- or

four-flutes; they have no
web or chisel edge and
consequently provide
better guidance into the
hole than ordinary twist
drills,which produces
better and accurate
performance (third and
fourth grade of accuracy).

Connective
relative clause

Splitting

11

Counterboring,
countersinking, and spot
facing,which are
performed with various
types of tools.

Non-defining
relative clause

Omission

12

The tools used in these

processes are made of
HSS and have a guide or
pilot, which is usually
interchangeable

Non-defining
relative clause

Omission

Khoan li l
phng php
khoan rng l
nh trong Hnh
3.19
Mi khoan li l
mi ba hoc bn
rnh, khng c
g hoc li ct
ngang do vy
nn s dn
hng vo l
hiu qu hn
khoan xon
thng thng. V
vy, mi khoan
li sn xut chi
tit hiu qu v
thc hin chnh
xc hn (
chnh xc cp ba
v bn).
Khot mt u,
khot loe ming
(vt ming l),
kha mt u
c thc hin
bng nhiu loi
dng c khc
nhau.
Dng c khot
mt ch ct n
mt su nht
nh. Dng c
khot mt c
s dng trong
cc chu trnh trn
c ch to
bng thp gi v
c dn hng
hoc nh tm,

thng c th
thay th.
Omission
Dng c khot
mt ch ct n
mt su nht
nh. Dng c
khot mt c
s dng trong
cc chu trnh trn
c ch to
bng thp gi v
c dn hng
hoc nh tm,
thng c th
thay th.
Replacing word
Doa l phng
class
php gia cng
tinh cc l
c khoan
hon thin l
ng kch thc
v ng hnh
dng
Using dashes -; Tar l phng
parentheses () or php gia cng
ren trong ca l
commas , for
s dng dao tar,
explanation
dao tin ren.

13

The tools used in these

processes are made of
HSS and have a guide or
pilot, which is usually
interchangeable.

Reduced relative
clause

14

Reaming is a holefinishing process intended

to true up the hole to
obtain high dimensional
and form accuracy

Reduced relative
clause

15

Tapping is the process of

generating internal threads
in a hole using a tap that is
basically a threading tool

Defining relative
clause

16

Tapping is the process of

generating internal threads
in a hole using a tap that is
basically a threading tool

Reduced relative
clause

Word for word

17

The tapping of blind holes

where the machine should
be provided with a
reversing device together
with a safety tap chuck.

Defining relative
clause

Replacing the
word class

Tar l phng
php gia cng
ren trong ca l
s dng dao tar,
dao tin ren.
Tar l kn yu
cu mt thit b
o chiu v
mm cp tar an
ton khi gia
cng.

18

The tapping of through

holes, which does not
necessitate a reversing
device and a safety tap
chuck.

Non-defining
relative clause

Omission

19

Deep-hole drilling, where

the length-to-diameter
ratio of the hole is 10 or
more, the work is rotated
by a chuck and supported
by a steady rest, while the
drill is fed axially

Non-defining
relative clause

Addition

20

The machine table can be

moved vertically by hand
through bevels 18/45 and
an elevating screw driven
by means of a handle
(Figure 3.23).

Reduced relative
clause

Replacing word
class

21

Trepanning drills for

annular drilling of holes
over 80 mm in diameter,
leaving a core that enters
the drill during operation

Defining relative
clause

Addition

22

These machines are

especially designed for
drilling, counterboring,
countersinking, reaming,
and tapping holes in heavy
and bulky WPs that are

Defining relative
clause

Splitting

Tar l sut
khng i hi
thit b o chiu
v mm cp tar
an ton khi gia
cng.
Khoan l su l
phng php
khoan l c t l
chiu di trn
ng knh 10
v chi tit quay
bng mm cp v
c bng gi
c nh trong khi
mi khoan tin
dc trc.
C th di chuyn
bn my theo
chiu thng ng
bng tay qua cp
bnh rng cn
18/45 v mt
trc vt me nng
bng tay quay.
Mi khoan t
trn khoan
theo vnh ca l
c ng knh
80mm, khoan rt
l cho mi khoan
i vo tm khoan
trong qu trnh
hot ng.
My khoan cn
l loi my
khoan c bit s
dng cho khoan
l, khot mt
u, khot loe

inconvenient or
impossible to machine on
the upright drilling
machines.

23

Radial drilling machines

(Figure 3.24) differ from
upright drill presses in that
the spindle axis is made to
coincide with the axis of
the hole being machined
by moving the spindle in a
system of polar coordinate
to the hole, while the work
is stationary.

Reduced relative
clause

Word for word

24

Accordingly, the tool is

located at any required
point on the stationary
WP, which is set either on
detachable table (6) or
directly on base

Non-defining
relative clause

Splitting

25

After the maneuvering

tasks performed by the
radial arm and spindle
head, they are held in
position using poweroperated clamping
devices.

Reduced relative
clause

Omission

26

These are mainly used in

Reduced relative

Paraphrase

ming, doa v
tar nhng chi
tit nng v c
kch thc ln.
My khoan ng
khng th gia
cng nhng chi
tit dng ny.
My khoan cn
khc vi my
khoan ng l
trc chnh n
khp vi trc ca
l c gia cng
bng cch di
chuyn trc
chnh trong h
ta cc vi l
trong khi chi tit
gi c nh.
Theo , dng c
gia cng bt k
v tr no trn chi
tit ng yn.
Chi tit c th
t trn bn (6)
hoc trc tip
trn b my (1).
Sau khi thc hin
xong cc chuyn
ng c bn
bng cn khoan
v u trc
chnh, cn khoan
v u trc chnh
s c gi c
nh v tr bt
k bng c cu
kha kp iu
khin bng in
My khoan nhiu

lot production for

machining WPs requiring
simultaneous drilling,
reaming, and tapping of a
large number of holes in
different planes of the WP

clause

trc thng c
dng trong sn
xut theo l
hon thnh
nhng nguyn
cng khoan
(khoan, khot,
doa v ta r)
ng thi hoc
lin tip trn
nhiu l vi cc
b mt khc nhau
ca chi tit.
Trn thc t, loi
my khoan nhiu
trc ny l nhng
my khoan kiu
bn c lp
thnh hng vi
nhau trn mt b
my chung v
bn n (Hnh
3.25)
Loi my ny
cng c thit
k gia cng
nhng b phn
nht nh c
gi trong g
kp v c vn
hnh t ng.

27

The gang machine is in

fact several upright
drilling machines having a
common base and single
worktable (Figure 3.25)

Reduced relative
clause

Addition

28

Such machines are

designed for machining a
definite component held in
a jig and are frequently
built into an automatic
transfer machine

Reduced relative
clause

Word for word

29

Such machines are usually

equipped with powerful
pumps, which deliver
cutting fluid under high
pressure, either through
the hollow drilling tool or
through the clearance
between the drill stem and
the machined hole

Non-defining
relative clause

Using dashes -; My khoan

parentheses () or ngang thng
c trang b cho
commas , for
my bm cng
explanation
sut ln- bm
chuyn cc dung
dch ct di p
sut ln qua
dng c khoan

30

This process reduces the

amount by which the drill
departs from the drilled
hole center

Defining relative
clause

Omission

31

Deep-hole drilling
machines (also called drill
lathes) are intended for
drilling hole having a
length-to-diameter ratio of
10 or more

Reduced relative
clause

Word for word

32

The chuck itself is fitted

Non-definining

Omission

with a Morse-taper shank,

relative clause

hoc khe h gia

cn khoan v l
gia cng.
Qu trnh ny
gim lch
ng k ca mi
khoan so vi tm
l khoan.
My khoan l
su (cn gi l
my khoan
ngang) khoan
nhng l c t l
chiu su trn
ng knh ln
hn 10.
Bn thn mm
cp c c

which fits into the spindle

lp vi mt chui

socket.

dng cn mooc
gn vi ng kp

33

At the end of the taper

Reduced relative Paraphrase

trc chnh
Hai mt phng

shank of the tool or the

clause

pha

cui

ca

taper shank of the sleeve,

chui dng cn

two flats are machined,

ca mi khoan

leaving a tang.

hoc ca ng kp
c mi nhn
to thnh chui

34

The body (1) has a tapered

Reduced relative Omission

dt.
Phn lm vic

shank inserted in the

clause

(1) c mt chui

machine spindle.

cn gn lin vo
trc chnh ca
my.

35

Interchangeable tapered

Defining relative Using parenthesis

Cc ng kp hnh

sleeves (3) into which

clause

nn c th lp

various tools have been

ln

(3)

(nhiu

secured are inserted in the

loi dao c

chuck.

c nh vo ng)
s c lp vo

36

A safety-tap chuck (Figure

Reduced relative Omission

mm cp.
Mm cp

3.31) is used in tapping

clause

taro

an

mi
ton

blind holes on machines

(Hnh 3.31) c

having a reversing device.

s dng trong l
khoan tt ca cc
my c thit b

37

The type of work-holding

Reduced relative Omission

o chiu.
Loi thit b kp

device used depends upon

clause

phi

dng

the shape and size of the

trong my khoan

WP, the required accuracy,

ph thuc vo

and the production rate

hnh

dng

kch thc ca
phi,

mc

chnh

xc

yu

cu, v t l sn
38

39

It should be stressed that

Reduced relative Omission

xut.
Cn phi nhn

the work being drilled

clause

mnh rng vt

should never be held by

cn khoan khng

hand.

bao gi c gi

High torque is transmitted

Connective

by a revolving drill,

relative clause

especially when the drill is

Omission

bng tay.
M- men xon
cao truyn t mi
khoan ang quay,

40

breaking through the

c bit l khi

bottom surface, which can

mi khoan chm

wrench the work from the

ti b mt y s

hand.

lm

phi

trt

Standard equipment in any Non-definining

khi tay.
Thit b

tiu

workshop includes a vise

Splitting

relative clause

chun trong bt

and a collection of clamps,

studs, bolts, nuts, and

cng no cng

packing, which are simple

bao gm mt t

and inexpensive.

v mt b gm
bn

xng

kp,

gia

inh

tn, bu lng, ai
c v vng bt.
Chng u n
gin v khng
41

A small WP can be held in

Defining relative Replacing

a vise, whereas larger

clause

class

t.
word Mt phi nh c
th

gi

work and sheet metal are

trong mt t

best clamped on to the

trong khi phi

worktable surface that is

ln hn v ming

provided with standard tee

kim loi tt nht

slots for clamping

nn

purposes.

trn b mt bn

kp

gia cng, c
khe ch T tiu
chun dng ring
cho
42

Drilling using jigs is,

Reduced relative Replacing

therefore, accurate and

clause

class

mc

ch

kp.
word Do vy, vic s
dng khun dn

quicker than standard

khi

methods.

chnh

khoan

xc

nhanh hn bin
43

Jig bushings are classified

Reduced relative Omission

php tiu chun.

ng lt khun

as press-fit bushings for

clause

dn c phn

jigs used in small-lot

loi di dng

production for machining

ng lt c lp

holes using a single tool.

bng cch nn
c

dng

trong sn xut
lot nh gia
cng l khoan
m ch dng mt
44

45

According to Figure 3.32,

Non-definining

Omission

mi khoan n.
Theo hnh 3.32,

the plate jig (2) is mounted relative clause

a khun dn

on the surface of the WP

(2) c gn trn

(1), where the holes are to

b mt cn khoan

be drilled.
Figure 3.33 shows the jig

Reduced relative Omission

ca phi (1).
Hnh 3.33 minh

used for drilling three

clause

ha khun dn

holes in thin gauge

dng khoan

components.

ba l trong cc
chi tit c b

46

The press-fit drill bushings Defining relative Splitting

mng.
ng lt

mi

are pressed into a separate

khoan

rp

clause

lp

top plate that is doweled

bng cch nn

and screwed to the jig

c p vo mt

body and the base plate.

a
bit.

trn
a

ring
ny

c cht v vt
cht
khun
47

vo

thn

dn

A post jig used to make

Reduced relative Omission

thn a.
Mt khun dn

eight holes (up and down)

clause

tr c dng

in the flanges of cylindrica

khoan tm l

component is shown in

(trn

Figure 3.34.

trong cc cnh

di)

ca b phn hnh
tr c minh
ha trong hnh
48

Figure 3.35 illustrates a jig

Defining relative Omission

3.34.
Hnh 3.35 minh

design that enables a hole

clause

ha mt thit k

to be drilled at an angle to

khun dn cho

the component centerline

php khoan l
nghing mt gc
vi ng trng

49

Figure 3.36 shows an

Reduced relative Omission

tm ca v.
Hnh 3.36 minh

inverted post jig with four

clause

ha mt khun

legs, and Figure 3.37

dn

ngc

presents an indexing jig

bn

chn,

used for drilling six

Hnh 3.37 minh

equally spaced holes

ha mt khun

around the periphery of

dn chia dng

the component.

cho vic khoan

su l cch u
nhau xung quanh
mt ngoi ca
v.

50

In peripheral milling, the

Reduced relative Omission

Trong

phng

cutting occurs by the teeth

clause

php ny, chuyn

arranged on the periphery

ng ct c

of the milling cutter, and

to ra bng cc

the generated surface is a

li ct b tr

plane parallel to the cutter

trn chu vi ca

axis.

dao phay, v b
mt gia cng
l

mt

phng

song song vi
51

52

This means that the cycle

Non-definining

of operation to remove the

relative clause

Omission

trc ca dao.
iu ny c
ngha l chu k

chip is first a sliding

chuyn ng to

action at the beginning and

phoi

then a crushing action

bng

takes place, which is

ng trt sau

followed by the actual

l nghin, tip

cutting action.

theo l tch phoi

Flat WPs or plates that

Defining relative Omission

khi chi tit.

Phi phng hoc

cannot be firmly held can

clause

dng tm khng

bt

chuyn

be machined by down-

th gi chc chn

milling.

c th c gia
cng bng phay

53

Cutter with higher rake

Connective

Replacing

angles can be used, which

relative clause

class

thun.
word Dao phay c gc
nghing ln hn

decreases the power

c th dng c

requirements.

do loi dao ny
gip gim nng
lng cn thit.

54

Down-milling is

Non-definining

Replacing

characterized by fewer

relative clause

class

word Phay thun c xu

hng

gy

tendencies of chattering

ting n v rung

and vibration, which leads

lc, nh ci

to improved surface finish.

thin cht lng

b mt chi tit

55

When using cutters of

Connective

Replacing

large diameters, it is a

relative clause

class

hon thin.
word Khi s dng dao
phay c ng

good practice to tilt the

knh ln, tt hn

spindle head slightly at an

nn u trc

angle of 13 to provide

chnh

some clearance, which

nghing mt gc

leads to an improved

t 13 to

surface finish and

mt gc sau dao

eliminate tool blunting

ct, nh ci

(Figure 3.38b).

thin cht lng

hi

b mt chi tit
hon

thin

trnh dao b cn
56

Face milling is usually

Non-definining

performed on vertical

relative clause

Splitting

(Hnh 3.38b).
Phay mt u
thng

milling machines; for this

thc

hin

reason, the process is

my phay ng,

called vertical milling,

do qu trnh

which is more productive

ny cn c gi

than plain milling.

phay

trn

ng.

Phng php ny
cho

nng

sut

cao hn so vi
phay ngang.

57

End mills are tools of a

Non-defining
shank type, which can be
relative clause
mounted on vertical
milling machines (or
directly in the spindle nose
of horizontal milling
machines)

Omission

58

Key-cutters are also of the

shank type that can be used
on vertical milling machines

Defining relative
clause

Omission

59

Inserted tool milling cutters

have a main body that is
fabricated from tough and
less- expensive steel.
Gear cutters are formrelieved cutters, which are
used to mill contoured
surfaces

Defining relative
clause

Omission

Non-defining
relative clause

Omission

61

General-purpose milling
machines, which are used
for piece and small-lot
production

Non-defining
relative clause

Omission

62

Special-purpose milling
machines, which are
designed for performing one
or several dis- tinct milling
operations on definite WPs

Non-defining
relative clause

Omission

63

The principal difference is

that the table can be
swiveled about its vertical

Connective
relative clause

Splitting

60

Dao phay ngn

l dng c ct c
chui, c lp
trn my phay
ng (hoc c
sn ti cc mi
trc chnh ca
my phay
ngang).

Dao phay rnh

cng thuc loi
c chui c s
dng trn my
phay tr ng.
Dao phay gn ht
cu to chnh t
thp cng c gi
thnh r
Dao phay bnh
rng l dao phay
ht lng, c s
dng phay bin
dng b mt.
My phay a
nng, c s
dng sn xut
theo n v l
hoc theo l.
My phay chuyn
dng, c thit
k thc hin
mt s kiu gia
cng c bit trn
tng phi xc
nh.
S khc bit
chnh l phn
bn c th xoay

axis through 45, which

makes it possible to mill
heli- cal grooves and helical
gears

64

The work is fixed on a

compound table that travels
horizontally in two mutually
perpendicular directions.

Defining relative
clause

Omission

65

The WPs being machined

Reduced relative
are clamped in fixtures
clause
installed on the rotating table
(2) (Figure 3.47)

Replacing word
class

66

Figure 3.46 shows a singlehousing machine with two

spindle heads traveling
vertically and horizontally.

Reduced relative
clause

Omission

67

Interlocking (staggered) side

mills (Figure 3.41g)
mounted on the arbor of the
horizontal milling machines
are intended to cut wide
keyways and cavities.

Reduced relative
clause

Omission

68

Angle milling cutters, used

on horizontal milling
machines, for the production
of longitu- dinal grooves
(Figure 3.41i) or for edge
chamfering.

Reduced relative
clause

Omission

quanh trc thng

ng ca n
thng qua gc
45, nh my
c th phay cc
mng xon v
bnh rng xon
Phi c gn
trn bn a nng
di chuyn ln
xung theo 2
chiu vung gc
nhau.
Phi kim loi gia
cng c kp c
nh v t trn
bn xoay (2)
(Hnh 3.47).
Hnh 3.46 l hnh
v mt my n
nh c hai u
trc di chuyn
theo chiu dc v
chiu ngang.
Dao phay ghp
cn ba mt (hnh
3.41g) gn trn
trc chnh ca
my phay ngang
ct nhng
ng rnh then
v l.
Dao phay hnh
nn l loi dao c
chui c s
dng trn my
phay ngang,
to rnh chiu
dc (hnh 3.41i)
v ct vt mp.

69

The name knee has been

adopted because it features a
knee that mounts the
worktable and travels
vertically along the vertical
guideway of the machine
column.

Defining relative
clause

Omission

70

The ram-head milling

machines (Figure 3.44)
differ from the universal
type in that they have an
additional spindle that can
be swiveled about both the
vertical and horizontal axes

Defining relative
clause

Splitting

71

In ram-head milling
machines, the spindle can be
set at any angle in relation to
the WP being machined

Reduced relative
clause

Omission

72

The spindle head containing

a speed gearbox travels
vertically along the
guideways of the machine
column and has a separate
drive motor.

Reduced relative
clause

Word by word

Tn gi "u gi"
xut pht t c
im my c mt
phn u gi gn
vo bn lm vic
v di chuyn theo
dc theo ng
rnh ct my.
Cc my phay
u ba (Hnh
3.44) khc vi
cc loi my phay
thng im,
l my phay
u ba s c
thm mt trc
na, trc ny c
th xoay v theo
c hai trc dc v
ngang.
Trong my phay
u ba, cc trc
c th c t
bt k gc lin
quan n phi
kim loi c gia
cng.
Cc u trc
chnh cha mt
hp s tc di
chuyn theo
chiu dc ng
dn ca ct my
v c gn mt
ng c ring
bit.

Newmark, P. (1988). Introduction. In A textbook of translation (Vol. 1, p. 22). New York:

Prentice-Hall International.
Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary & Thesaurus. (2007). Cambridge University Press
Williams, J., & Chesterman, A. (2002). Areas in Translation Research. In The map: A beginner's
guide to doing research in translation studies (Vol. 1, p. 12). Manchester, U.K.: St. Jerome Pub.