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Bi 7. Vo nm 1851, Fizeau thc hin th nghim ni ting o vn tc nh sng trong mt cht lng
chuyn ng. Gi s cht lng chit sut n ng trong mt bnh chuyn ng vi vn tc v so vi phng
th nghim (PTN). ng chiu tia sng vo bnh, chiu truyn nh sng cng vi chiu chuyn ng ca
c
n
th h s k
lng ca vin n .Gi vn tc ca vin n trn phng y l u y trong h quy chiu K v u ' y trong
h quy chiu K ' . Khi lng vin n l m0 .
a) p dng nh ngha c in ca ng lng, hy so snh p y m0u y v p ' y m0u ' y , hy chng t
rng p dng cc nh ngha ny th tin ca Einstein b vi phm.
b) Gii quyt vn ng lng ca mt cht im, c hc tng i tnh a ra li khi nim ng
lng nh sau:ng lng ca mt cht im khi lng m0 , vn tc u l vector p m0 u
u2
. Lm
c2
a) Chng minh rng, ta s c biu thc bin i Lorentz cho ng lng v nng lng nh sau:
p 'x px EV c 2 ; p ' y py ; p 'z pz ; E ' E pxV vi 1 1 V 2 c 2 .
b) T biu thc ny, chng t rng i vi mt ht, i lng E 2 p 2c 2 l bt bin, n bng bao
nhiu?
c) p dng kt qu cu a cho mt h cc ht, hy chng t rng, i vi mt h ht th i lng
2
n
n
2
E
d) Ta tha nhn rng: trong h quy chiu qun tnh gn vi khi tm ca mt h ( gm cc cht im
chuyn ng thng u ), tng ng lng bng 0. Hy tm vn tc ca khi tm h so vi h quy chiu
K. T , tm mi quan h gia nng lng ton phn trong h quy chiu K v h quy chiu khi tm.
2
n
2
n
n
m
i 1
0i
2
mi m M
K i 1
c2
2M
S
c2
c2 .
d) T cc kt qu a v b, hy chng t:
v c
v c
1 M 2 M
1 S 2 S
c
c
fM 1
h
sin 2 khi b tn x bi electron. Hiu ng trn c gi l hiu ng Compton.
me c
a) Xem tng tc gia electron v photon lc ny nh va chm gia hai ht tng i tnh, chng t
h thc Compton.
b) Xy dng biu thc lin h gia gc tn x ca electron bay sau khi va chm vi photon v
gc tn x ca photon.
c) Xy dng biu thc lin h gia ng nng ca electron v gc tn x ca n.
Bi 23.
a)V th ng nng ca electron tn x v photon tn x theo gc tn x ca photon tn x trong
trng hp photon ti c nng lng bng 2 ln nng lng ngh ca electron.
b) T th v, xc nh ng nng ca electron tn x v photon tn x khi chng vung gc.
c) T th, xc nh gc tn x cc i ca photon tn x n sinh cp electron positron.
d) Chng t rng: gc tn x cc i ca photon tn x n sinh cp electron positron lun b hn
60o.
p n
Sa Bi 1
s x 2 y 2 z 2 c 2 t 2 .
y1 y1
y2 y2
v z2 z2
. T suy ra:
z1 z1
t t v x
t t v x
1
1
2
2
2 1
2
c
c2
x x vt
y y
(1).
z z
t t v x
c2
s 2 x 2 y 2 z 2 c 2 t 2
(2).
2
2
2
2
2
2
Ta c:
v
2
s s x vt ct x x 2 c 2 t 2
c
v2
2 1 2 1 x 2 c 2 t 2 0
c
Sa Bi 2
Ta chn h trc ta Oxyz sao cho: Ox song song vi v , mt phng Oxy cha r v v .
v
i
x r.v v
v
Khi , ta c: y v r v . V cc vector n v: j k i . Do :
v r
z 0
v r
rx x.i v.r .v v 2
2
ry y. j v r v v (1)
rz z.k 0
r r vt
x
x
t t v.r
v.r v 2t .v v r v
r rx vt ry
2
r
v
T (1) v (2) ta c:
v.r
v.r
t t 2
t t c 2
c
Sa Bi 3
Trong h quy chiu K, bin s hai ting st nh l A xA ,0,0, t A v B xB ,0,0, tB . Dng php bin i
v
v
t A t A c 2 xA 0 c 2
B
c2
c2
l
v l
2
2
c 2
l
v l
2
2
c 2
vl
.
c2
v
v
t A t A c 2 xA t A c 2
l
0
2
l
0
2
v l
c2 2
T , suy ra:
t v l
B c 2 2
vl
.
c2
Sa Bi 4
cv
cv
cv
c
v f 2 f1
suy ra: f 2 f0
0,5 f 0 v 108 m s . y cng l vn tc ca tri
cv
cv
cv
3
t so vi con tu.
c) Xt trong h quy chiu con tu K, thi im tri t phn x tn hiu l t1
x1 ct0
.
v
2v
t0 c t0
, con tu lc ny
1
2 v 2
v tr x2 0 .
Trong h quy chiu K, lc nhn tn hiu, con tu :
x2 x2 vt2
Sa Bi 5
v c ct0 40
.3.108 8,5.109 m .
1 .
cv 2
2
ux v
u x 1 u v c 2
x
u
1
v
c
y
u y 1 u v c 2
x
2ux v v 2 uy2v 2 c 2
1 ux v c 2
c 2 v
1 ux v c 2 1 u.v c 2 .
Suy ra: u
u v v u
1 u.v c 2
c2
ux v
u cos v
u cos
x
2
1 ux v c
1 uv cos c 2
u sin 1 v 2 c 2
b) Ta c:
.
tan
2
2
u cos v
uy 1 v 2 c 2
u sin u sin 1 v c
u y 1 u v c 2
1 uv cos c 2
c) T kt qu cu a, ta thay u c ta c u c . T kt qu cu b ta c:
sin 1 v cos c 1 v 2 c 2
sin 1 v 2 c 2
v
v 2c cos v
sin
sin sin
sin
sin cos .
1 v cos c
1 v cos c
c
1 v cos c c
cos
2
2
cos .
v
c
T ta c: sin '
Sa Bi 6
a) Trong h quy chiu K ' , khong thi gian gia hai ting tch l t0
2L0
..
c
Trong h quy chiu K , t hnh v, ta thy khong thi gian gia hai ting tch l: t .
vt
ct
2L
2
0
Ta li c:
L0
t 2 2 .
2
2
c v
T , suy ra: t
t0
v2
1 2
c
2L0
.
c
Trong h quy chiu gn vi K , khong thi gian gia 2 ting tch l t . T tin 1, cc hin
tng trong h quy chiu K din ra nh nhau trong h quy chiu K ' . Do , s gin n thi gian cng l
nh nhau.
Do : t
t0
v2
1 2
c
Ta c t
2cL
L
L
2cL
2 2 suy ra 2 2
c v
cv cv c v
L0
c 1
v2
c2
L L0 1
v2
. Ta thu c kt qu ca s
c2
L0
.
uy
2 L0
.
u 'y
t0
v2
1 2
c
v2 2
u ' y . Kt qu ny tng t nh kt qu rt ra t
c2
Sa Bi 7
u v
c 1 nv c c n.v 1 1 n 2 c
1
1
1
1 2 v k 1 2 .
2
1 uv c
n 1 v nc n
c 1 v nc n n
n
c
c
vn
.
. V vn tc nh sng trong nc l
n n
c
1 c c dn
c
.
2
n
n n n d
c
dn 2b
vn
c 2bv
3 v , thay vo ta c: u 2 .
d
c
n n
c c 1 v 2b n v c 1 1 2b v k 1 1 2b .
u
2
v
2bv 2
1 uv c
n
n nc 2
c n n 2 n 2
n 2 n 2
1 2 2
nc n c
du
du
Sa Bi 8 a) Ta c: trong h quy chiu K th ax x v ay y . (1)
dt
dt
du
du dt
dux dux dt
v a y y y
. (2)
dt
dt dt
dt
dt dt
dt 1
1
dt 1 ux v c 2
dt
dt
(3)
ux v
1 ux v c 2
u y 1 u v c 2
x
(4).
.ax
ax 3
2 3
u
v
c
x
.
a
.a
y 2 1 u v c 2 2 y 2 1 u v c 2 3 x
x
x
a. 1 v 2 c 2 2 .
3
3 1 uv c 2
dv
dv
v
at c
adt
at v c.
3
dt
1 v2 c2
1 a 2 t 2 c 2
1 v2 c2 2
a c
1 a2 2 c 2
at c
1 a 2 t 2 c 2
xem
dt
1 a t c
Sa Bi 9
uy
2 2
c
ln
a
dt
1 a 2 t 2 c 2
1 a2 2 c 2 a c
uy 1 v2 c2
1 ux v c
u y 1 v 2 c 2 . Do : py m0uy m0u y 1 v 2 c 2 p y 1 v 2 c 2 .
Hai quan st vin thy tc dng ca vin n ny khc nhau, do ng lng trn phng y do hai quan
st vin ny quan st l khc nhau. iu ny mu thun vi tin 1 ca Einstein.
b) Quan st vin A thy vin n bay vi vn tc 0; u y cn quan st vin B thy vin n bay vi vn
tc v; u y 1 v 2 c 2 .
Do , u A u y v uB v 2 uy 2 uy 2v2 c2 .
m0u y
1 u y2 c 2
m0uy
m0u y 1 v 2 c 2
1 uB2 c 2
1 v2 c2 1 uy 2 c2
py .
m
1 v2 c2
2v cos .
1
2mv
cos .
t 1 v2 c2
C khi kh gy ra mt lc l:
dF n.v.
2mv
1 v c
2
p sut tc dng ln mt cu ti im , l p
dF
dS
2nmv 2
1 v c
2
2nmv 2
1 v2 c2
cos 2 cos .
2
2
1 u 2 c2
1 v2 c 2
1 v c
nng lng v ng lng, vi M l khi lng qu cu, ta c:
M
m
M
2
2
2
2
1 v c
1 u c
1 v2 c 2
2v
Gi h phng trnh, vi lu M m v v c , ta c: v v v u
.
1 v2 c2
bin thin ng lng ca phn t kh l: p0,0
mu
1 u 2 c2
2mv
1 v2 c2
1 v2 c2
2nmv 2
1 v2 c2
m0 u
dp
ng theo phng x. Tht vy, bi v ta c: F
p 0 Fdt p Ft
Ft .
dt
1 u 2 c2
0
T y, ta tm c vn tc ca ht l u
b) x a 2 c 2t 2 u
Ft m0
1 F t m c
2 2
2 2
0
x x0
0
Ft m0
1 F t m c
2 2
2 2
0
dt m02c 4 F 2 c 2t 2
m0u
m c 2t
dx
c 2t
dp m0c 2
p
0 F
dt
a
dt
a
a 2 c 2t 2
1 u 2 c2
m0 u.a c 2
m0
d p d m0 u
a
u
Sa Bi 12 a) Ta c: F
3
2
2
dt dt 1 u 2 c 2
2
2
1
u
c
1 u c
m0 u.a c 2
0
2
3
m u.a c
u F
2
2
1
u
c
F / / a th 0
u
/
/
a
do F / / a . Vy lc tc dng cng
3
2
2
u
/
/
F
1 u c
u
/
/
a
Khi u F th F
m0
1 u c
2
m0
1 u c
2
m0 u.a c 2
1 u c
2
m0 u.a c 2
1 u c
2
m0
1 u c
2
m0
1 u 2 c2
a.
a.
Sa Bi 13 a) Ta c: F
m0 v
m0 v0
dp
qE
qEt . Do v0 / / E v / / E
dt
1 v2 c2
1 v02 c 2
T , ta suy ra c:
v
1 v c
b) Tng t cu a, ta c :
m0 v
1 v2 c2
v0
1 v c
2
0
qEt
v ...
m0
m0 v0
1 v02 c 2
qE.v0t
2
2
2
2
v v0
1
v
c
1
v
c
1 v02 c 2
0
qEt
tan
1 v02 c 2 ( do v0 E ).
m0 v0
v.v0
m0 v v0 m0 v0 v0
q
E
v
t
q
E
v
t
0
0
2
2
1 v02 c 2
1 v c
c) F
m0
dp
q v B , ta thy rng F v nn t kt qu cu 12, ta c: F
a . T suy ra
dt
1 v2 c2
m0
1 v2 c2
v2
proton c ln khng i. Gia tc a lc ny l gia tc hng tm: a .
R
m0v qB
v2
qvB
T y ta suy ra: qvB
v a
R
1 v2 c2 .
2
2 R
2
2
m0
1 v c
1 v c
m0
px
py
Sa Bi 14 a)Ta c:
p
z
m0ux
1 u c
2
m0u y
1 u 2 c 2
m0uz
1 u 2 c 2
m0 c 2
1 u c
2
px
py
mu y
(1) v
p
mu z
z
mc 2
E
mu x
m0u x
1 u 2 c2
m0u y
1 u 2 c2
m0u z
1 u 2 c2
m0 c 2
1 u c
2
mu x
mu y
(2).
mu z
mc 2
ux V
u x 1 u V c 2
x
u 1 V 2 c2
u
V
c
x
2
2
u u z 1 V c
z
1 u xV c 2
T y ta tm mi quan h gia m v m :
m0
m0
m0
m
2
1 u 2 c 2
u2 uy2 uz2
ux v u y2 uz2 1 V 2 c 2
1 x
1
2
c2
c2 1 u v c2
m0 1 u xV c 2
1 u c
2
1V c
2
1 u xV c 2
1V c
2
m 1 u xV c 2 m
py muy mu y
p p y
y
pz muz mu z
pz pz
E mc 2 1 u V c 2 mc 2
E E p V
x
x
E
x, y, z, t .
c2
E
x, y, z, t , ta c c kt qu:
c2
p p x E V c 2
x
py p y
i Lorentz cho h:
.
pz pz
E E px V
E p
2
d) Gi s ta chn h K l h quy chiu ta ang kho st, K l h quy chiu gn vi khi tm ca h. Khi
vn tc tng i gia hai h quy chiu V cng chnh l vn tc khi tm ca h. Ta c: php bin
i Lorentz t h K sang h K l:
p px E V c 2 E V c 2
x
p y py 0
p E V c 2 E V c 2 .
pz pz 0
E E px V E
T y, ta tm c vn tc ca khi tm l: VG
phe
.
Ehe c 2
m c
2 2
Ehe2 phe2 c 2 Ehe2 G phe2 G c 2 . M nh ta cp, tng ng lng trong h quy chiu khi tm
bng 0, do :
m c
2 2
m c m c
2
(2)
2c 2 m c 2
Ehe2 phe2 c 2 Ehe2 phe
m c 2
2
m c
2
m u
c
2
2
m c
2
m u
m u
.
m
m m m
2
u 2 c 2 1 u 2 c 2 m .
m m2 ... mn m M
K 1
2
2M
Sa Bi 17 p K o o
a)
c2
m
Tng t cu 16, ta c: K
Ko
mo m m p
2
2m p
3
pK 0 y p0 sin 0, 424.10 MeV c
p 0 p2 0 p2 0
K x
K y
3
K
pK 0 2,12.10 MeV c
pK 0 y
o
11 33
tan
pK 0 x
c 2 769MeV
p c
m p c m2 c 2 p2
0, 73c
(2)
Dng php bin i Lorentz gia h quy chiu PTN v h quy chiu khi tm:
px px EV c 2 ; py p y ; pz pz ; E E pxV
3
3
pK 0 x 0,0715.10 MeV c
pK 0 0,83.10 MeV c
Thay s, ta c
pK 0 y 0, 424.10 3 MeV c
30o13
e ht nhau bi lc ht tnh in, dn n s hy cp, to thnh photon tr li. Mun sinh cp, sau
E1 E2
E1 E2 2 E1E2
Cch 3: Gi s photon t do c th sinh cp, khi ta c:
.
2
2
2
p p1 p2
p p1 p2 2 p1. p2
M ta li c:
v 2 p1c p2c 2 p1 p2c 2 2 p1c p2c nn 2 p1 p2c 2 2E1E2 .
2
2 2
2
E p2 c E0 0 p2c E2
Do , v phi ca phng trnh (1) lun ln hn khng. Hiu ng sinh cp ca photon t do khng th
xy ra.
Ehe
Cch 4: Gi s photon t do c th sinh cp, khi :
2 p 2c 2 Ehe2 phe2 c 2 .
p phe
p dng kt qu cu 14: Ehe2 phe2 c2 E0i E0i 0 E0i 0 . Cc ht sinh ra phi c khi
2
4me2 M 2 2
c , tc l cc photon nng lng cao c kh nng
2M
p p1 p2 p3
E1 E2 E3 p1 p2 p3 c 9 E0
E1 E2 E3 p1 p2 p3
p p0 p1 p2 p3
9 E0
Li c: E p0c
E02
4 , t suy ra: E 2E02 8 50000MeV
E p0c
E0 0,5MeV
2E0 T 1 2
.
p
1
2
2 2 E0 T T
2E0 T
cos
T 2 E0
2 E0 T
f) T nh lut bo ton nng lng, ta thy, nu photon 1 c bc sng nh nht (nng lng ln nht)
th photon 2 c bc sng di nht (nng lng b nht).
2 E0 T 1 2
2 E0 T 1 2
p p1 p2
2 E T 2 E0 T T
1 0
2 E0 T 1 2
1 2 2 E0 T
pc p1c p2c
1 2 pc
2 E0 T 2 E0 T T
2
2hc
2hc
2 E0 T 2 E0 T T
2 E0 T 2 E0 T T
Sa Bi 19 p dng bin i Lorentz p 'x px EV c2 ; p ' y py ; p 'z pz ; E ' E pxV cho trng
hp ca photon.
a) Ngun ng yn, my thu chuyn ng vi vn tc v:
v
v
1 cos M
1 cos M
vpSx
c
c
hf M M S
hf S f M
fS
2
2
v
v
v2
1 2
1 2
1 2
c
c
c
M vpMx
v2
1 2
c
v
v
1 cos S
1 cos S
c
c
hf M f S
fM
2
v
v2
1 2
1 2
c
c
1 2
1 cos M
1 v cos S c
c
c
fM
fS
fS
fS
2
2
1 v cos S c
v
v
1 2
1 2
c
c
1 v cos S c
fS
fM
v2
1 2
c
Vy kt qu cu a v cu b l ph hp vi nhau.
d) Gi s ta c mt my thu pht ng yn trong h quy chiu K. Khi , ngun pht ra f S v my
thu nhn f M . My thu pht ng yn ny nhn tn hiu t ngun vi tn s f v pht ra tn s
cho my thu.
T kt qu cu a v cu b, ta c:
v2
v2
v
v
1
1 cos S
1 cos M
c 2 f v f
c2 f .
c
c
fS
f f
f
S
M
M
v
v
v2
v2
1
cos
cos
S
M
1 2
1 2
c
c
c
c
v2
c2
v
1 cos M
c
3
3
Sa Bi 20 Trong h quy chiu K d xd p dxdydzdpx dpy dpz .
1
fM
v2
c2
v
1 cos S
c
fS
dx dx cdt
dpx dpx c d
dy dy
dp dp
v y
y
dz dz
dp dp
z
dt dt dx
z
d d c dpx
c
dpx
d
c
p
Sa Bi 21
a) Hiu ng Comptonch yu ch xy ra vi cc bc sng cc ngn, c tia X.
Do khi , electron trong mng tinh th c cng thot khng ng k so vi
nng lng ca photon. T nh lut bo ton ng lng v nng lng, ta c:
2
2
2
2
1 Ee 2 E
1 2 Ee E
E Ee 1 2 21 2 2 Ee 1 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
p c p1 c p2 c 2 p1c p2c
p1 p2 p
p p1 p2
1 2 1 cos Ee 1 2
hc
hc
hc
h
1 cos 2 sin 2
Ee
me c
p2
sin 1
p
2
2 pp1
p
c
1 1 cos
Ee
1
Ee
Ee
Ee 1
2 Ee
cos 1 2
1
1 2
Ke
2
2
Ke
1
Ke
cos
Ee
2
1 1 tan 1
1
a) Ta c: p dng kt qu ca bi 22:
21 sin 2
Ke
2sin
2
Ee
8Ee sin 2
4sin
cn
1
Ee
1
sin
2 Ee
4sin 2
60o
do , thay vo ta c
1
Ee
1
sin 2
2 Ee
1 1
1 1 sin 2 60o
4 4 2 Ee
2