Q™ ow 7 Thermodynamics... @ ny ae asithin which ,the baans: bens oa te Kinds awe et one gon © eee, prey plo ‘The Laue Thea, ol The ech, (ars oF therm: pula aantuchons on the duasekion. re Acascki a actial phos © Cencephial cue ae fe f a differ ct 8 Bee fens qt $y heak and work, wcoita soma. wnaight ino 2°4 bass Heok ca), Work Cw), cy, Heat to nob convertod b werk o Readily bAancfernd bob : int werk oe hook 64 oto unde Winn vaaefilen me, any other oar gers 4 Teams proeeny= : Nicenve.sis sn pron cp, Heak i Leys uneful & |Wesk io mem | card lear valuable than mee Voliushle fran ths, some quanbly Q wo some PE Q hook > Statemonla A, MF dows a Stakement 41> a The flow ce heak tokee plage dpe two bodies Alusay, and never wm the hotter to the coolti foo! the Aavernre drircbien.” Lom Statement 2 C Kelvin Plank Stakement) © "No con operate 9 such, @ way thak its ra ee exten and «.i0Uudi: ve to cenvesk Reok abse hed by a siotem Comnplatily into 3 F wort Ok, coSte is impossible by A cyclic pic coVWest Hae heat a cyebic pron sbotiment ab) ameunla bo the sam2 Umitabion. an thet iuntroducad. the weida ek w statement oat 4 4H Thits the second Lar dpes not prohibit the produchion wei jrom hoab eub ik dows place a Umik en chon. the hoor that may be convene ee “ode any clic proces, The davelopment a quantitative, Arion. the eHici Bus conversion “fea. mele aap. E me — HEAT ENGINE & The © ohSmical Approach, Crnacrnscopie ~ieopoint) to the 2 Las axrese drom rvs shady Othe heat me, AaHeh OF moding thot produces wel gem hook wm aw eyelrc. proca> s Stearn ~ Power Pianr. ~«x Taminologyte used in the theorabeal (3) ta2akm: hook oi 7s Set Bodies Umayined copable ake ou ecki an wmfinire qty. ot hook Owe ae eaatuuns, ange asa ested. hast nacenvetae > Theunal_« Seep ne! woe |) heat engine abserbs Ren A) ob eae om a, hot Vegeta. Produces mn hae "ee dinesads hoab Qc) bo & cold renee. and Aaiiand it ty i inital Stale than trot law. bu=z Q-Weo “According +0 aired. ayes § o We Q = 1Onl- tae) aga vere Thema ielery engine ens neb work, 6: selena 9), engine #7 eb see it hook input = A . z (Ar) is 4 (On) -!@) 2 1- 14h o — ¢». 4! Qn) 1Qxh m oh 2 ym be 4 1Ge) = 0. Alo hs hoeYaren boon bui usich, this vo tie, gome haat in Obes asyecked, bo cotd sabres ae oo ae a O CLD. °P wma ltly ny mon fod ord a a anne Poaint oad pe Susans oe on 7g, wero NeA-S. = ($24 . ee rca Cosnot Srgine is **s * Cosnok sane ela". L Z “4 = Heak yereier at Ty Weak verervioy ct«) AK Carnot CScle for an deal Gas:- e Workivg Fiuia + Tdea geo CPev diagram) * Four Yeversibte steps of cCammot cycie are as under!- 4) A->b 5 Adiabatic Ccombression Until bemfescdurt Vise from Te —>Th. 2) b—-e 5 Isotnermel expansion With absorbiou of Heat [Gul at TH. Adiabatic enbasion with temberahie doeveare Pow Th->Te . 4) da 3 Isotwmeal Combression With redecthou of Heat 1@.f oF Te. —y From Fisch tad for closed system ond for amy “evercitets Pricer), du- dar dw - de: du-dw “ daz Cvdt —C-Pdv) dae cydt+ Pdv ----@ 2) cwd;For Iscrwrwmel siebs — From eg cD. dt=0 (5) + Foy SteP b-wcy ni (au) = - dv = (aah. dv (atte = aver (@ul= Rt MM Lay Bimrironty ..- for sep da Vd Nv, lQj- AT WM + 9 C Va Ve Foow eg” 2) 308); - 1Qu) aly im Oe) ta 1) Te” mn Wha) Fos Adiobaic Wels. Frm eg’ ci) -_- dazo w —-Cydts P dv ty dpe Ra Ay (* adeat gd Vv @v= at cape dt : dv ----(5) a Vv sFot Wer ab > ef 5) - Te Vv dt a av in Mb =e v Va T Na © TH 3 at = bas ne oo Ch) amd fox ont Eb Prom of C5) “(ogy dt avs in Nd TH Lae Ve v VeTr #, 12 dt ~ i Na ce Oly ce) pS ae | — Tt © T 2 From eg 6) Bc): Combari Qn (2) = (*) v . Ya, Vd > Mes Nd Ve Ve. Ve Va in “) = gn (4) Juveirte af can in eg" cu) Iu) Ta 2 ena 1@.| Te. came oy) eee Gee ee eo 14u] 7 Ty » : eg ca) omd clo) ave Anon of Carnot Ceara > Whew Tern. are i Kew rich Is an eal ge CThounody¥namic tent) Seale. fer YL 2 | st 100c/. efhetewy, Sw Ty—w0 or Ero OY Carty yahuve Previled heat Yeserviors ob Netw of Hume Condinero } aU heath engine oPeedte ot tagumal §=ofAiclenied = Redd From Unity, Gnd. a < Van <4 teal Dogme Ccammet4k Concert of entrehy :- (#) For carnot engi - (QuJ 1@.) ta ope x For ate au _-& Th Te, . Oa, @ 2.0 ..-- O Thus, eg" ci) Suggests tno existance of a -Poiur Prvheny Whose Chang ov? He Camot cycle ts Zan. Vi. An Oxbitory YXeversibie cyciic Proceed on PV dicagrann Let us devise Hw entre closed area of arbitory cyctic Rrecess AY a Sevied of ‘xeversibie adiabuttc Cuwes > since Such Cues Can not imrersece , they may be drawn arbitariiy clese tp one cimotusn. —? We connect adjacent adiabatic curves by two Shovt xeversibie isotwmmd Which aPProximale fund cune oF te General cycle aD Closely aD borrinie.> The abbroximeasen cleorty jmProves as He ediabese™ Curves are move ciosert Spaced ond by raking Hw Sekorahon = arbirarviy Small, We may abbroximate tur Original Cycle ad closery oD We Please. —¥ Each paix of ad jocenk curves and tuade _sotugrinal : i eat ited . Connecti curves p¥etresoaks ee earner wae ‘ov hich Cquetion 21) akbLied. Cas shen in Fig.) ry When fit adiabatic Curves Ore so closety shuced treat Hur isotwormred geebs ore infinitesimal , tue heat Guahien aloo become day ond d@, so eqeiy__- den, d& 2 0. Tu Te —¥ Anteqrahen gives sum of all da for tue Quive cyce Ceyeric) T CoF Rev. Processes) a darey c O “* PTW, He guatied Grey /-- suw to zero for any seried of weversiew AProcessen fyat couad a Syst to Undergo Q cyeic Process, Ler ud tnorfose inten tre Cnistance of O broberty of tut SYsten Whose differatiad changen one Given bY tnsre quantities, tus Atreoteuy is cated Entrofy Cnd is ditfereos chong are given by-- ata ds . d@rey ~--- (2) Tt ABs yvaust be same for Yeversivie or iyreversibie ut pss ( dew we3) J Giff. Fokus , wherner = 2, ~ S is state funchon , AS Creat Reservior) ~ = ee Whert Qe Quay of feat transferred fo or from +ut heat Yesertey at few. T. * When a Procesd is xeversivie and adiabatic: da, 20 Yo ds-o 5 TW proceed Ts Sal tp 62 (sentrbic Coorstawk ebro) process.4K Enreory Change for an deal gas CAs‘) ) * For one role of an gdeal gus from fiver 10d of tmennoiynamics fey veversinie -Procomd-_ du: deat dw e due AG rey -~ dy --—-W Nome es Ut PV '. dae dut edvt vdP 2 dt =Cdeey 2dD + Pd0+ VdP (ves da. = dk-vde (9 da. . cis dt -7Rt de ( : dea gev, 5 ¢ (=) eve Rt dey. cpt des _ Rg de = ds 7 T e ~¥ Integrafion absve 2s Frown Bate 4°, Vs, 7, —y Stode 2( Pe Na,Te) - 4 Py “(ds 2 ferar -(& 4 T e Ty P, As? - “Tere — Rin (BY _--(2) ty ALL tems in RH-S. of He of ove State Properhe) So, uber? as Cs is State funchou.) 4 “Nod, for He AS perm of tre Rts. of W___ i 7 3 = i, Cel Atattettar = flr) aR 1 t8wr nia nn tor) de UO * (ee dt = R \Bre res ot ) dt + an TT (ene 7 Am(B) + 8Cm-W+S CET) R —D fl -L 2 Ge = | equation by AnN(Ta/z,) on bok. sie A+ 8 Cut) e Cit) CRT) (n B 2 \n To y Ty + D> CTF) CT-N) un) 9 in . Ti C. HEME AA BI +S Tay Ty +P Tea Tm R wt im 74 gm Where -- - Te i8 ta _~~-- G) cis (ce = | WW TZ mean Heat cabucity Frms Ty y for onrtwhy caleulatoy L.--- (6) alent T+ = Arinmeic mean “Tew. 2 Twat Tart c ogeritnmnie mean Tent £ (nT tN = Geometrical mean temf, Dubshhe Pca) in ¢2)a + Mathematical statement ef the &™@ lao Consides boo heat aAecesvolws, ene at temperakuse. TH and second at Lower Te. heb a quantity ef heat '8l be EX ilk Re the nee to the cooles. eavota. ent Accisane. cd the AacewetA ab TH ae aoe = =a and the since t g the AgcewotsA, Gk Te w Ase = ws i lal AStron = SSH + AS, = “tal + ‘el . © . AStrat = 10l( TH: ten) le THe Since TH>Te, tne botal enkaopy chanee an a Aonult. tun inreversible coca % penitive. Aloo = ASeint becomes Smaller, an the diffesance. Ta - Te gue smailer. When Te Orly fini tesima higher, than Te, the heat taanafer a vessible and. 45 labs, approache “exo. rT Reversiaie “uy Poth. Inseversibie adiobaric Proce. Se Cyde ae, Sereaininy op ime on iene t auiababe phos Consider now adiabatic PV diagram. An, iAncyescib! ANCIADES ON, AOE _ , adiakahic expancleaa iniBal qq! stake ob Rocenm Aout 2 AN. entro) e the t id, then theie must “he. et tao 3 ing tre Agvooible <2oteiahOry prod Such thak AS = Sa- Sa = f sox c 7 The etiginot, Idevercible proce together Lith thy reversible, Aaotoratkion. procins conatibike. de. bet which, 4Us0 and fp which the we... We Witt + Waev = Qaev = (AQaw- However, a tw the and 1 Qasy cannot aa dizocked. into the. syotem. , Apa the eyale woul then be G paocena fei the compte, converoion. Fe cb we. This, (dQsau io -ve, and U sevens theok Sa-Se <0°; whence Se >6A. i) the Miginal larevernibe PROC Ww adsabohc, Astetat= Se- Sa >O. In assiving Gt thio Adoulk, our pAreumphiy wor that thr eriginal, Lrieversile procom Arouls WM an enlaop ch tha feud. I) we armume | that ES Digital 2O CLITD eer 0 Change qed, then we can aoe. to tlm. to” inttiol stole ao Simple eroLble. adiabamic procter. This cycle to accomplishs with no hoar trangfer and with. no nee werk. Thire “tho ber WW arotorod. tris implies ou ginal OWI Lo aguedoibie, Aathos, thon. “cAreU todo. We howe the some aooutl adiabatic’ pAocamece that we feand heok bAans ara JH! ASret UW abs pocitive, opproachy, 22D ar Umit toon. E the phocerm become ngyversible . Thio sama- conclusien. con bt daronctrated proce ishakevesi., and we anyon habethe general equation: c@ ASwtel BO _-------- CL). Ke” C4) w& knowr as the mathematical statement the second low. It aljiams that er pro proceada in euch & dizsechon tho” the toto entropy change ameociated. vo tht, ik to positive , the Ghnikin value ae toaing tneemnhed’ by SD Acveroi pao No~phowrm to posible fe whidhi. the entropy Aarcizancey. > Sol” af dimitation 9 aM Law OR, SA dows: ng, ines te Qe (ow CS in CalanlOked but absolute. a ene cannot be calaulatid. Fon thir pote qvew by ae & Plantk ! “The abso eneopy to Cee mere ob lang“ gictnnens ree teealake cork) ies sae BY law theam omica . During ealeulokions different stodine, font cf the some chemical specien, entnopl aL Oppeaas bo be the same OWL is. When fois te nore skaUine. ameiphous 6 glanoy , let Mts ahate thar au st the mee fandone fm... © Qisotnr than. a ia TOLL ine ay. mie _— ae rl om eanurement . FO 1.S* O then + ee oL Te. so “fe eat vas Ol Ce ty aie Cops at 7 Whee. the only Sahindiea eee htolk oh aang those _ fuston ob TH ond CU zetion af Ww. Ond it “i” amumed thet a solid. phos transition, does not oceus otherwise, a tem. 2H, © added. Te