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i
ii
2000 .
.
.
, .
.
()
.
.
.
. . .
.
, 2008
iii
-
/
/
iv
, .
, .
, .
, .
,
, .
:
.
:
, , , , , :
,
. . (),
. , . , . , . , . , . .
, .
. (), . , . , . ,
. , . , . .
. . . .
. , .. .
, . . ,
.. . .
.
... , COSMOTE, ... General. Electric
:
John Bardeen, William Shockley
Walter Brattain, 1947.
.
3.1
....................................................................................................................................
LC ..................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
...............................................................................
.........................................................................................
- .......................................................
13
..........................................................................................................................
14
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16
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16
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19
.................................................................................................................
19
..........................................................................................................................
20
.......................................................................................................
21
......................................................................................................
22
......
23
..............................................................................
24
.
Fourier ...................................................................................................................................
28
..........................................................................................................................
33
...........................................................................................................................
34
...................................................................................................................................
36
- .............................................................................................................
43
3.2
....................................................................................................................................
47
.......................................................................................................................
47
- .............................................................................
49
vi
Huygens ......................................................................................................................
50
............................................................................................
51
......................
51
.............................................................
52
................................................................................................................
55
.................................................................................................................
56
................................................................................
57
.............................................................................................................................
58
.............................................................................................
58
...........................................
59
.........................................................................................................................
61
..................................................................................................
61
.....................................................................................
65
.................................................................................................................................
66
Young ........................................................................................................
67
...........................................................
68
................................................................................
70
..........................................................................................................................
72
.............................................................
73
...................................................................................
74
.........................................................................................................
75
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76
......................................................................................
78
..........................................................................................................................
79
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81
...................................................................................................................................
83
- .............................................................................................................
88
4.1
....................................................................................................................................
95
......................................................................................................................
95
vii
..........................................................................
97
............................................................................................................
97
Bernoulli ...................................................................................................................
99
Torricelli ........................................................................................................
102
Bernoulli .....................................................................
104
..........................................................................................................................................
107
.......................................................
109
.........................................................................................................................
111
..........................................................................................................................
112
...........................................................................................................................
112
...................................................................................................................................
114
- .............................................................................................................
118
4.2
....................................................................................................................................
121
- ...................................................................................................
122
.........................................................................................................................
122
.......................................................................................................................
122
..........................................................................................................................................
124
...................................................................
126
- ......................................................
127
- ( Steiner) .....
129
Steiner ...............................................................................
131
( ) ...
133
.............................................................................................................................
136
............................................................................................
136
.............................................................................................
136
..................................................................................................................
139
...........................................................................
140
- ........................................................................
142
viii
.....................................................................................................................
143
.............................................................................................
146
...........................................................................................
147
.................................................................................................
147
..........................................................................
148
...........................................................................
149
: .......................................
159
..........................................................................................................................
157
...........................................................................................................................
158
...................................................................................................................................
159
- .............................................................................................................
163
4.3
....................................................................................................................................
171
...................................................................
173
...........................................................................
175
......................................................................................................
176
...................................................................................
179
.................................................................................
182
...........................................................................................
184
....................................................................................
185
............................................
186
........................................................................................................
187
............................................................................................................................
188
....................................................................................
189
............................................................................
189
...............................................................................................
192
, , .....................................
193
...................................................................................
194
..........................................................................
195
....................................................................................................................
196
ix
Doppler ....................................................................................................................
201
Doppler ..................................................................................
205
..........................................................................................................................
207
...........................................................................................................................
208
...................................................................................................................................
210
- .............................................................................................................
216
4.4 EI
....................................................................................................................................
225
..............................................
226
......................................................................................
226
Michelson - Morley ....................................................................................
229
Michelson - Morley ..............................................
231
..........................................................................
233
.........................................................................................
234
Lorentz ........................................................................................
236
.......................................................................
237
: ..................................................................................................
238
- ......................................................................
242
........................................................................................................
245
.........................................................................
247
............................
249
...................................................
255
.................................
258
.................................................................................................
260
..........................................................................
262
............................................................................
263
..................................................................................................................
263
...................................................................................................................
263
...............................................................
264
........................................................................................
266
................................................................................................................................
270
..........................................................................................................................
273
...........................................................................................................................
274
...................................................................................................................................
275
- .............................................................................................................
279
4.5
....................................................................................................................................
285
................................................................................................
285
........................................................................................................
288
- .......................................................
288
Einstein .....................................................................................
291
- ....................
292
Compton .............................................................................................................
295
- Bohr () ...................................................................
298
De Broglie ..........................................................................................................
299
...........................................................
301
Schrdinger ..................................................................................................................
302
.............................................................................................
302
................................................................
303
.......................................................
306
................................................................................................
308
...........................................................................................
308
...............................................................................
309
....................................................................................................................
310
() .........................................................................................................
314
() ............................................................................................................
315
................................................................
319
..........................................................................................................................
324
...........................................................................................................................
325
...................................................................................................................................
326
- .............................................................................................................
332
xi
, ,
.
~ : ;
: . ,
.
. , ,
, .
.
.
,
, .
. , ,
, , , .
.
. ~ ,
, , , , . ~
, , ,
.. .
,
,
. ,
.
~ ,
. , ,
(.. , )
, .
.
.
,
.
, ,
Timeo Hominem unius libri, (
)* . ,
* OHANIAN, . .
xii
. ,
,
. ,
. o
.
.
.
(SI) SI.
.
, .
,
. , . resistance reactance
, , ,
. mol (o)
, , .
, , .
( ), (molar)
(;) , . resistore, , , .
, . ,
.
, .
. .
, , u = 5 2 /8 m/s,
u = 3,24 m/s. , ,
, .
, .
.
3 .
~ , , , .
.
.
. ~
. 1984 IUPAC ( International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry, ~ ),
Comimission on Thermodynamics (
),
1 atm (101,325 k Pa) 100 k Pa (1 bar).
22,4 L 22,7 L.
273,15 (0 oC), 273 .
xiii
101,325 k Pa .
. .
,
, .. .
.
. ,
, .
. = 0 cos ,
0 . .
, , 0 q q q/ 0
B.
,
, , ,
.
, , , ,
.
, , , ,
, .
.
.
xiv
3.1
~E m (.
3.1), ,
. ,
. -
. T
k x, x k
, .
.
.
,
r 0 (. 3.2).
r = r r0 , r
r0 ,
.
C L, .
L, C
LC
C, ( )
L .
. ~E , ,
Q m .
t = 0 (. 3.3),
, .
, .
,
m . A
, ,
.
Q m .
t = 0.
.
.
3.1
.
3.2
.
3..3
L, C .
q i .
C,
q, C =
1
q . i C
R
R
i =
R
R
3.4.
MA
3.4
R
.
f (t), t
t = t2 t1 , f (t)
f = f (t2) f (t1) . f (t)
(t1, t2) ,
bg bg
f t2 f t1
f
=
t
t2 t1
f
t
()
t, .
df
dt
f ( t ) =
f (t)
f
, t .
t
bg
df
f
= lim
t 0 t
dt
f t =
bg
f t =
df
dt
, t, -
f (t).
t t
f .
bg
f f t t
t << 1
. :
d sin t +
dt
g = cos bt + g
d cos t +
dt
g = sin b t + g
m
k 3.1, x
F = kx.
F = m = m
d
dt
d
= kx
dt
(3.1)
LC 3.5. C
( )
, C = L .
C =
= L
di
,
dt
3.5
LC
q
di
= L
C
dt
L
di
1
= q
dt
C
(3.2)
(3.1) (3.2)
.
Rq x U
||L m||
S 1 kV
|| C ||
Ti W
(3.3)
H (3.1)
k
m
x = x 0 cos t + 0 , =
, , (3.3)
q = Qm cos (t + 0 ),
q:
Qm :
:
0:
(3.4)
LC
,
.
(3.4)
i =
dq
= Qm sin t + 0
dt
i = I m sin t + 0
I m = Qm
I m = Qm
(3.5)
1
LC
(3.6)
t = 0
, Q m 0 = 0
(3.4) (3.5)
q = Q m cos t
i = I m sin t
3..6
q
i
(3.7)
q i,
, 3.6.
2
T =
,
(3.8)
T = 2 L C
U =
1
k x2
2
K =
1
m 2
2
(3.3) U
LC
UE =
1 1 2
q ,
2 C
UB =
1
L i 2 , .
2
q, i (3.7)
1 1
Qm 2 cos 2 t
2 C
1
2
= L Im
sin 2 t
2
UE =
UB
U|
V|
W
U = UE + UB
U =
(3.9)
1 1 2 1 2
q + Li
2 C
2
(3.9) (3.6)
U =
1 1 2
1
2
Qm = L I m
2 C
2
(3.10)
,
(. 3.7).
U
UE
U
3.7
.
3-1
, ,
C = 10 F
L = 0,10 H. A
= 100 V
, : )
, )
;
) = 100 V
Qm = C Qm = 10 10 6 10 2 C Qm = 1 ,0 10 3 C
LC
1
0 ,10 10 10
rad / s
= 1,0 10 3 rad / s
I m = Qm I m = 1 ,0 10 3 10 3 A I m = 1,0 A .
, (3.7)
e j b q C, t sg
i = 1 sin e10 t j , b i A, t s g
q = 10 3 cos 10 3 t ,
3
) UB = UE , UB + UE = U 2UB = U
2
1
1
L i 2 = L I m2
2
2
i=
Im 2
2
i = I m sin t = 1 sin t +
(),
(. 3.8).
3.8
Im
sin =
2
2
Im
2
2
,
t1 = t 1 =
/4
t1 =
s
10 -3
t=
10 3 s = 7 ,9 10 4 s
4
3-2
LC,
.
i - q.
UE + UB = E
i2 =
1 1 2 1
1 1 2
q + L i2 =
Qm
2 C
2
2 C
1
Q 2m q 2 ,
LC
i 2 = 2 Q m2 q 2
1
= 2
LC
i 2 = 2 Q m 2 q2
2
i 2 + 2 q 2 = 2 Qm
Qm
2 q2
Qm
i2
2
Im
i = Q 2m q2
i 2 = 2 Q m 2 q 2
i2
q2
2
Qm
2
2 Q m
2
Qm
= 1
Q m
I m . 3.9.
;
,
i q .
q i,
Qm m .
3.9
,
. ,
.
, ,
.
,
3.10.
- ,
,
.
,
( ),
3.10
.
10
.
() ,
.
.
,
(3.11)
F = b
, ,
. b
(
) .
.
F = F + F
3.11
.
F = kx
F = b
F = kx b
m = F
m = k x b
(3.12)
,
. (3.12)
x = A e tcos t +
=
=
3.12
.
b
2m
b2
4 m2
gU|
||
V
||
|W
(3.13)
,
=
k
m
,
, .
. ,
U ,
1
k A 2 = U
2
(3.14)
t = nT, n = 1, 2, 3, ...
At = A e t
11
(3.15)
x,
t, b (b 1 < b 2 < b 3 < b 4 )
(3.13) 3.13.
A (3.13) .
)
t
at = A e
. -
b. b
.
)
T =
2
=
2
2
b2
4 m2
b ,
b, .
x(t)
[x (t + T ) x (t) ],
cos (~t + )
.
. ,
.
)
2 <
b2
4m
~ ,
, . ' ,
,
( )
(
).
3-3
, R cm,
b,
20 C,
b = 6 ,0 10 4
3.13
x (t)
b (b 1 < b 2 < b 3 < b 4 ).
Ns
m
cm,
k = 36
N
.
m
12
0,20 m .
, .
) .
) ,
, ;
d = 2 ,7
g
cm 3
g = 10 m/ s2.
) V = 4 R 3
3
m
V
d =
m = dV
m = d
4
R3
3
FG
H
4
3 g
3
m = 2 ,7
IJ
K
m = 3 ,6 10 2 g
1
s -1
1200
36
rad / s
0 ,36
k
=
m
m = 0 ,36 kg
b
6 10 4 -1
=
s
2m
2 0 ,36
= 10 rad/s
=
2 2
10 2
1,44 10 6
rad / s
10 rad/s
(3.13)
x = 0 ,2 e
t
1200
cos 10 t
(x m, t s)
H = 0, t = 0
x = 0,2 m, cos = 1
) A t = 0 ,2 e
t
1200
. At = 0,10
0 ,10 = 0 ,2
t
1200
t
= ln2
1200
t = 1200 ln 2 s
t 830 s
t 14 min
U =
FG IJ
H K
1
1
A
k A2 k
2
2
2
U =
FG 1 36 0 ,2
H2
IJ
K
1
36 0 ,12 J
2
U = 0 ,54 J
, .
.
, ,
().
,
, ,
..
.
.
,
F = Fm cos d t
(3.14)*
* ,
( Fourier).
13
14
F = kx b + Fm cos d t.
2 F = m.
ma = k x b + Fm cos d t
(3.15)
,
,
( ).
(3.15)
U
||
1
F
A =
|
F
k I |
b + Gm
J |
K V
H
||
k
m
|
tan a =
||
b
W
b
x = A sin d t a
(3.16)
.
,
.
3.13()
- .
,
3.13() -
. ,
,
- , ,
. ~
- ,
.
(, ,
..) .
(3.16)
. 3.14
,
d , b.
.
, b,
. b
, ,
, . 3.14
b 3 > b 2 > b 1 3 max < A 2max < A 1 max 3 < 2 < 1 < ,
1 , 2 , 3 .
15
3.14
.
(). =
b2
2m2
dx
dt
x (t), t, (3.16),
= d cos d t a
(3.17)
= 0 cos ( d t a )
0 = d =
Fm
FG
H
b 2 + m d
k
d
IJ
K
(3.18)
= 0 cos ( d t ) F = F m cos d t ,
.
0
d , (3.18)
3.15.
(3.18),
FG m
H
m d =
k
d
IJ
K
= 0
d =
k
m
3.15
d
.
16
d = ( )
(3.19)
(3.16) tan , , tan = 0
= 0, .
3.16
T
, P = F P = Fm 0 cos 2 d t
( 3.16)
.
,
( ),
( ),
: ) )
.
3-4
m.
- 45 .
().
10 m/s2.
A
,
= d
3.17
d = 2 f = 2
l = g2
d
45
rad / s
60
d = 4 ,71 rad / s
l = 10 2 m
4 ,71
l = 0 ,45 m
LC
.
, R ,
Joule.
.
3.18
M LC.
3.18
= L
= iR +
q
C
(3.20)
di
di
q
= iR +
, L
dt
dt
C
L
17
di
1
+ iR +
q = 0
dt
C
(3.21)
(3.21) (3.12),
FL mI
GG R b JJ
GG C1 k JJ
GG q x JJ
Hi K
(3.13)
U
||
R
|V
=
4L
||
1
x
|W
LC
q = Qm e
Rt
cos t +
2L
(3.22)
, (. 3.19).
.
) () Qm ( t ) = Qm e
Rt
2L
) () R
T =
) 2 <
R2
4 L2
2
=
2
2
R2
4 L2
() .
3-5
L = 5,0 mH C = 2,0 F.
R = 1,0 .
.
3.19
.
R R.
18
R2
4 L2
1
LC
5 10
H 2,0 10 -6 F
rad
s
= 10 4
12
10 8
4 5 10
= 10 4 0 ,999
1
10
rad
s
rad
s
10 8 10 4
= 104 1
rad
s
rad
s
b z g
rad
s
1 ,0 10 4
f =
10 4
=
Hz = 1600 Hz
2
2
.
Qm ( t ) = Qm e
Rt
2L
Qm ( t ) =
Qm
2
Qm e
Rt
2L
Qm
2
t =
Rt
2L
1
2
Rt
= ln 2
2L
2 5 10 3
ln2 s
1
19
t = 0 ,0069 s
,
,
,
, (. 3.20)
.
.
RLC
.
3.20
U
|
= V cos t |
|
= iR
V
di
= L
||
dt
q
||
=
C
W
= R + L + C
m
(3.23)
Vm cos d t = i R + L
L
di
q
+
dt C
di
q
=
i R + Vm cos d t
dt
C
(3.24)
(3.24) (3.15), ,
bg
q t = Q m sin d t
Qm =
1
d
FG
H
R 2 + L d
L d
tan =
1
C d
1
C d
3.20
U
|
||
||
IJ |V
K |
||
||
|W
2
(3.25)
20
q (t) t, (3.25)
i = d Qm cos d t a
(3.26)
d Qm m ,
Vm
Im =
R2
F
+ GL
H
IJ
K
C d
(3.27)
(3.23) (3.27)
R = I m R cos d t a R = V R cos d t a
VR = I m R
g UV
W
(3.28)
L = L
c b
di
= L d I m sin d t a
dt
gh
IJ U|
K V
|W
F I
cos G + J = sin
H 2K
FG
H
L = V L cos d t a +
V L = Im L d
(3.29)
=
C
q
I
= m sin d t a
C
d C
FG
H
C = V C cos d t a
VC =
g
U
|
V
||
W
IJ
K
Im
d C
FG
H
cos
(3.30)
IJ = cos FG IJ = sin
K
H2 K
~
.
(3.27)
Im =
FG
H
Vm
R 2 + L d
1
C d
IJ
K
3.21
, R.
Vm ,
m , d
R, (3.21).
L d
1
= 0
C d
d =
1
LC
d = ( )
,
Im =
(3.31)
Vm
R
tan = 0
i .
P = i = Vm I m cos 2 d t
.
.
RLC
,
P = I 2r R
Ir =
Im
2
'
P =
20
b
2
(3.32)
21
22
.
) ,
.
,
,
.
.
) .
,
,
.
.
) , , .,
,
,
. '
. Tacona
Narrows Puget Sound, Washington ( 3.22), 1940,
, .
,
.
, .
) ~ , ,
,
.
3.22
H Tacona - Narrows .
"
"
,
a = A cos t +
A
,
(.
).
x ,
cos t + =
a = A cos t +
()
:
,
(. ).
= + x = x + x
x , x x
.
.
,
= cos t
(I)
= cos t +
= +
= cos t + cos t +
,
(. ).
= cos t +
= +
2 + 2 + 2 cos
tan =
sin
+ cos
()
23
24
)
)
,
x1 = A 1 cos t
x2 = A2 cos t +
x = x 1 + x2
x = A1 cos t + A 2 cos t +
3.23 (
)
x = A cos t +
A =
A12 + A 22 + 2 A1 A 2 cos
2 sin
tan =
1 + 2 cos
U|
|V
||
W
i) = 0, (3.33)
3.23
= 1 + 2 tan = 0 = 0 ( 3.24)
3.24
3.24
.
x 1 = A 1 cos t
x 2 = A 2 cos t
x = x 1 + x 2 = (A 1 + A 2) cos t
ii) = , A = A1 A2
tan = 0
= 0,
1 > 2
= ,
1 < 2
(3.33)
x = (A 1 A 2 ) cos t
1 > 2
x = (A 2 A 1 ) cos (t + )
1<2
3.25 3.25
3.25
3.25
.
3-6
x 1 = 3 cos 3 t
FG
H
x2 = 3 cos 3 t +
IJ
K
(x 1 , x 2 m, t s). .
x = x 1 + x 2 = A cos (t + )
A=
A12 + A22 + 2 A1 A2 cos
A = 3 2
=
2
12 + 22
( 3.26)
tan =
2
3
=
= 1
1
3
x = 3 2 cos
FG 3t + IJ
H 4K
3.26
[x m, t s]
3-7
x 1 = 5 cos 100 t
FG
H
x2 = 5 sin 100 t
IJ
K
[S.I.]. .
25
26
FG 100 t IJ = 5 cos FG 100 t IJ
H
H
6K
6
2K
2I
F
= 5 cos G 100 t
J [x m, t s]
H
3K
x2 = 5 sin
x2
2
rad
3
. 1 = 5 m, 2 = 5 m =
A=
A12 + A22 + 2 A1 A2 cos =
52 + 52 + 2 5 5 +
2
.
3
FG 1 IJ
H 2K
m = 5m
( . 3.27)
=
FG
H
x = 5 cos 100 t
3.27
.
3
IJ
K
)
. 1 = 2 = f1
f2 . f 1 f 2 f 1 f 2.
x = x 1 + x 2 = A cos 1 t + A cos 2 t = A (cos 1 t + cos 2 t)
x = 2 A cos
2 t
2
cos
+ 2 t
2
x = 2 A cos mod t cos av t
(3.34)
mod =
1 2
2
( 1 > 2 )
av =
1 + 2
1 2
2
.
t = 2 A cos mod t .
x (t), t,
A t cos av t
.
3.28
.
3.28()
av ,
t .
0 2.
3.28
T mod =
1 2
=
2
1
f1 f2
(3.35)
f =
f = f1 f2
f1 < f2
=
1
f2 f1
f = f2 f1
(3.36)
27
28
,
, .
(. 3.29).
3.29
, .
(. 3.30). ()
2, () ,
: () ,
() ,
, ()
, () .
(), () ... , ,
' ,
1 =
2 =
2k
M
g , l , k
.
.
'
, . k, 1 2.
. FOURIER
x 1 = A sin 1 t x 2 = B sin 2 t,
2 = 2 1.
x = x 1 + x2
3.30
.
x = A sin 1 t + B sin 2 t
, x1, x2
, ( )
T = T1 =
2
1
x1 ,
.
1 = 0 ,
2 = 2 0 ,
3 = 3 0 , ....
0
(),
T0 =
2
0
. 1822 J.
Fourier
,
,
Fourier,
:
f(t) 0 ,
,
f0 ,
f0 =
1
T0
( 0 =
2
)
0
, f (t + T0 ) = f (t) t
bg
f t = A 0 + A1 sin 1 t + 1 + A 2 sin 2 t + 2 + A 3 sin 3 t + 3 + . . .
1 =
2
= 0 ,
0
2 = 2 0 ,
3 = 3 0
0 , 1 , 2 , ..., 1 , 2 , 3 , ...
f(t).
sin a + = sin a cos + sin cos a
,
f (t) = a 0 + a 1 cos 1t + a 2 cos 2 t + ... + b 1 cos 1 t + b 2 cos 2 t + ...
0, 1, 2, ...., b1, b2, .....
.
Fourier.
29
30
Fourier
, .
,
, ,
, .
Fourier 0 , 1 , 2 , ...,
b 1 , b 2 , ... . ,
,
,
.
)
.
,
y' y xx'
y = A y cos 2 t +
x = A x cos 1 t
xy,
x , A y , 1 2 ,
.
.
) , 1 = 2 =
i) = 0
x = A x cos t ,
y = A y cos t
x
A
1
= x =
y
Ay
3.31
,
.
y = x
.
r (. 3.31)
r =
x2 + y 2
r =
A 2x + A 2y cos t
r = r 0 cos t
r0 =
A x2 + A 2y
'
.
ii) =
,
2
x = A x cos t
y = A y cos
FG t + IJ y = A
H 2K
sin t
U|
V
|W
31
x2
si n 2 t =
Ax
y2
cos t =
A y2
,
x2
A 2x
y2
A 2y
= 1
(3.37)
(3.37) . '
2x 2y . ( 3.32)
iii) =
3
,
2
.
3.33
Ay
Ax
=1
Ay
Ax
=2
3.33
.
) .
'
,
Lissajous. Joules Antoine Lissajous,
1857.
1/2 x=Ay,
,
3.34.
:
, 1 / 2 ,
,
.
3.32
,
/2.
32
3.34
Lissajous .
,
,
... 3.34
( )
.
1
1 ..
=
2
3 ,
, ""
2Ax 2Ay ,
.
Lissajous
,
, .
,
3.34.
Lissajous
.
,
.
Lissajous.
,
.
.
A N Adrasthriothtes
R ~ LC
q = Qm cos (t + 0)
1
i = Im sin (t + 0), =
UE =
UB
LC
1 1 2
1 1 2
q =
Qm cos 2 ( t + 0 )
2C
2C
1
1
= L i 2 = L I m2 sin 2 ( t + 0 )
2
2
R
F = k x
F a = b
x = A e t cos (~t + )
=
b
2m
b2
4m2
k
m
R ~
F = F m cos d t,
x = A sin (d t ) = 0 cos (d t )
,
Fm
A =
d b
kI
F
+ G m
H JK
d
m d k
d
tan a =
b
0 = d
,
,
,
(, ) d = ,
.
R LC
R
q = Qm e
Rt
cos +
2L
R2
4 L2
R
RLC
= V cos d t.
q i
bg
q t = Q m sin d t
Qm =
1
d
FG
H
R 2 + L d
L d
tan =
1
C d
1
C d
U
|
||
||
IJ |V
K |
||
||
|W
2
i = Im cos (dt )
Im = d Qm . K
d = , =
1
LC
33
34
x q
i
k
m L
b R
Fm
Vm
P = I r2 R
p = 2r b ,
RLC
r =
0
2
drasthriothtes
1. BARTON
8
, 0,25 m 0,75 m.
, ,
.
,
.
. ,
0,50 m
,
,
.
2.
1 2.
.
3.
.
.
.
,
.
-
.
( ,
).
4.
-
.
-.
45 /
.
,
(
1
2
k0
< 45 / .
m
.)
5. LISSAJUS
.
,
400 Hz 200 Hz.
,
.
,
Lissajous.
,
1:3, 2:3, 3:4 .
.
6.
..
,
(.. ).
,
1 =
k ),
.
(: k
l
k = 0 k0 l 0 , k 0 l
l .
2 =
l
2k
M
, g
l , k
.
35
36
2k
M
<<
g
,
l
.
...
...
k
,
Hooke
.
N
,
.
2
LC
- .
L, C, q, i, U E , U B , t
x, t, , U, K, m, k
3
LC
.
:
()
()
()
. ;
4
:
LC,
t = 0,
, .
() . . . . . .
() . . . . . . .
() . . . . . . .
() . . . . . . () . . . . . ..
5
LC
,
:
()
,
.
()
,
.
()
.
()
I m .
.
37
()
()
LC.
;
()
()
.
() ,
.
()
.
()
LC () .
, i)
, ii) , iii)
()
, iv)
v) .
8
LC ,
,
;
9
()
()
LC,
:
()
.
()
.
() .
()
.
10
t = 0,
i = ,
.
38
11
LC .
, :
i)
ii)
;
() 2,
() / 2,
() T 2 ,
() /
12
LC,
, m
;
.
14
LC,
;
15
.
;
16
LC L.
t = 0
i ,
LC
.
(:
)
17
3.10,
;
k.
.
13
18
:
,
()
. . . . . . , () . . . . . .
() . . . . . .
() . . . . . .
19
()
()
()
()
20
m,
m<< m.
m
k.
,
.
,
;
7/1000 .
21
<< 0, =
b 0 =
b
,
2m
k
m
.
E =
1
k A t2 , t 2
.
E t.
22
k1 k2 .
39
; ( ).
24
()
()
()
()
;
25
;
()
()
,
()
,
()
26
:
() . . . . . . ()
. . . . . . . () . . . . . .
() . . . . . . ()
. . . . . . ()
. . . . . .
27
.
.
() k1 k2;
() t
;
.
23
, -
.
.
;
40
28
F = F0 cos t ,
= max cos (t ).
,
.
() 2 = 1,
() 2 = 2 1,
() 2 = 1 / 2,
() 2 =
A1
2
;
32
P = F ().
;
29
01 02
, 01 > 02.
F1 = F2 = F0 cos t
;
30
,
.
;
.
- ,
m k,
, (b 0), .
b.
F,
,
.
33
RLC
R R.
,
() ,
()
()
;
.
34
RLC, t,
,
31
. ,
b1
.
1.
b2 = 2 b1
(
) .
41
35
RLC,
, ,
;
() (
7/1000 )
()
() Joule,
,
36
R .
, .
41
()
()
()
;
37
:
() . . . . . .
.
() . . . . . . R
() . . . . . ..
38
, VR ,
RLC
.
39
34
( )
.
40
RLC
.
()
= 100.
. q - t.
;
.
.
7/1000
.
42
1 2.
1 2 .
2 1.
LC;
42
46
RLC
= V cost.
( ) ,
;
.
43
:
()
1)
.
()
2) ,
,
) - 3) ,
)
4)
44
RLC
:
() C
() L
()
R
()
;
45
RLC,
,
.
;
RLC,
.
()
.
()
.
()
.
() i
q
, q = C .
:
q = C + q0 cos (t )
)
.
47
= A cos t
= B cos t.
;
() 0,
() /2,
() /3,
() ;
> 0 > 0
48
= A cos t = B sin t.
; (, ).
()
()
()
()
43
50
0,
/ 2,
3 / 2
) ;
;
)
;
49
1 2
, ()
:
mod =
1 2
2
51
3.32
. (:
( x , 0) y < 0).
52
,
,
;
-
1
LC
L = 10 mH C = 1,0 pF. )
, )
.
2
L = 2 ,0 mH
C1 = 30 F C2 = 60 F .
.
3
q0 = 2,0 Cb,
U = 2,0 J.
1,0 mA.
L .
4
LC
t = 10-4 s.
L = 10 mH.
5
LC .
t = 0
Q = 2 C.
t =
10 4 s
3
q =
Q 3
,
2
.
C = 2 nF.
6
LC
V = 300 V.
L = 20 mH
C = 2,0 F.
.
:
()
()
() di/dt.
7
44
, q .
U q
U q.
.
13
k = 100
N
m
LC L = 2,0 mH
C = 20 nF t = 0,
Q = 2,0 Cb.
t .
m = 0,10 kg. ,
14
L
C.
.
C1 = 3 nF C2 = 8 nF
,
t = 7,0 s.
;
f1 = 25 kHz f2 = 50 kHz 3
.
. 2 = 10
10
.
LC
,
1 = 5 10 - 6 s 2 = 2 10 6
s .
,
C 1 C 2
C 1 C 2 = 10 - 8 F 2 .
11
, m
k,
.
b.
12
,
=
1
2
)
. )
b = 0 ,6
kg
.
s
15
b,
3.10
.
k
k
.
d 1 d 2
=
d1
. d2
b =
4k m 2 2
1
16
k
100 N/m m 4,0 kg.
,
.
0,80 m.
b = 0,40 kg/s : )
.
)
1/5
. ;
17
F = 2 2 cos 8t
(S.I.).
k = 56 N/m,
m = 1,0 kg
b = 1
kg
, :
s
()
()
()
.
45
0 = 5,0 10 4 rad/s.
.
23
200 V
i = 2,0 A.
R = 5,0
L = 2,0 mH, :
)
, )
18
,
/4.
, 20 watt.
19
f1 = 9,0 Hz f2 = 4,0 Hz
,
.
.
)
.
24
33 10 5 Hz . R
R = R,
20
LC
C = 19 F
L = 2,5 m.
L C
9/10
;
;
f0 = 6 105 Hz.
21
C = 8,0 F
V = 320 V
L = 5,0 mH
R = 0,30 .
t = 0
.
.
22
RLC,
,
25ln2 s,
25
x1 = 3 sin 10 t
x 2 = 4 cos 10 t
;
26
x = 3 sin 10 t
y = 3 cos 10 t
,
.
46
() .
KYMATA
47
3.2
~ ,
.
. , ,
. ~
,
,
.
.
, .
, .
,
, ( )
.. , ,
(
).
, : ) ,
( )
.. . ) ( )
..
) , ,
.
. ,
. ,
.
(
).
( ) (
) . ()
, x,
y(x, t)
y (x, t) = A 0 sin (t kx)
,
y (x,t) = A 0 sin (t kx + )
(3.38)
(t kx + )
, x = 0 t = 0 (
[0, 2), 0 < 2).
3.35
.
48
(3.38)
x.
(3.39)
y (x, t) = A 0 sin (t + kx)
k ( )
() .
k =
(3.40)
.
= 2 f
f ( v) ,
.
3.36
t1 t2 (t1 > t2). .
3.36, .
,
t1 kx 1 + = t2 k x2 +
(t2 t1) = k (x2 x1)
=
t
k
= f
(3.41)
A / B ,
. ..
=
(3.42)
F , ( )
( ).
KYMATA
,
(.. ). y (x, t)
Fourier () .
,
, ,
. , ,
(
).
. .
3-8
m = 2,0 kg L = 10 m.
800 ,
.
FL
m
, ,
t =
t =
mL
F
3.37
F .
t =
2 ,0 10
s
800
t 0 ,16 s
-
, ,
b g
y r,t =
A
sin t r
r
r
.
, ,
.
t kr = . , t
r = . , ,
,
.
(. 3.38).
, ,
.
,
, .
3.38
.
49
50
3.39
.
,
(. 3.39).
, ,
(. 3.40),
.
, ..
.
HUYGENS
3.40
.
S 1,S 2, ... .
Huygens, ,
,
. Huygens,
.
t1 S1 (.
3.41). S1
Huygens
,
.
Huygens
,
,
.
Huygens
Fresnel.
3.41
Huygens.
. t2 S2
(),
(t2 t1 ). ~, ~, ~, ... (
) S2
, t3 S3 ,
(t3
t2) ... , , , ... ~, ~, ~,...,
.
KYMATA
51
,
,
. ,
,
. (
).
,
.
3.42 ,
1 2 1 2 .
1
2 :
) 1 > 2 ,
.
(. 3.43).
) 1 < 2 ,
(. 3.44).
) ,
2 , .
, ,
' , 3
( ) ,
.
(. 3.45). .
, x x = 0,
, ,
y1 = A0 sin (t kx)
( x)
3.42
.
3.43
( 1 > 2 ).
3.44
(1 < 2).
3.45
.
y2 = A0~ sin (t + kx) ( x)
x = 0, y1 + y 2 = 0,
0 sin t = A0~ sin t,
0 sin t = 0~ sin (t + )
.
) ,
,
. 3.46
, -
. ~
3.46
.
52
,
, .
( 1),
(1) ( 2),
, .
~ 1 , 1 ~ 2 ,
(. 3.47) ,
3.47
.
.
:
:
1 = 1~
(3.43)
:
n21 (2) (1),
sin 1
= n2 1
sin 2
(3.44)
n2 1 = 1 , 1, 2 (1)
2
(2) . Snell.
, , ,
,
,
.
.
.
KYMATA
Huygens. ,
, ~ - Fermat
,
, ()
.
,
c
c , , n = .
(2), (1),
n2 1 =
n2
n1
3-9
.
( )
2.
3.48
= 2 + 2 ( )
2 + 2 = 180 2y + 180 2x = 360 2(x + y)
x + y = 180o
= 360 2 (180 )
= 2 .
53
.
( 0 = 589 nm)
1,309
1,544
2,417
( ) 1,52 - 1,80
. 20 C
M
1,329
1,333
1,36
1,473
1,501
54
3-10
(
) d.
s. n1
n2 .
3.49
sin
n
= 2
sin
n1
sin
n
= 1
sin
n2
sin
n
= 2
sin
n1
sin
sin
=
sin
sin
= , , , sin = sin , = .
,
,
.
s
s = AB sin = sin ( ) s = AB sin ( )
AB =
d
d
=
cos
cos
s=
d
sin cos cos sin
cos
KYMATA
LM
N
s = d sin
cos sin
cos
OP
Q
sin =
cos =
n1
sin
n2
1 sin 2 =
n12
n22
sin 2
LM
OP
n
cos
M
P
n
s = d sin M1
M 1 n sin PP
MN
PQ
n
OP
L
n cos
s = d sin M1
MN n n sin PQ
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1, 2 3
3.50,
3.50
.
. ~ , S1
. ,
t =
, 1 .
1
t,
= t =
FG
H
HE = 1 t = 1 t
BH
1
IJ
K
BH =
55
56
HE =
3.51
=
2
2
S1~.
,
. 1 = 1~ . , 1 = 1~
1 ~1 (. 3.51).
(. 3.52) t =
,
1
,
AZ = 2 t =
3.52
.
HE = 2
FG t BH IJ = FG 1 IJ =
H K H
2 K
HE =
AZ
2
S2 (
).
sin 1 =
sin 2 =
~
sin 1
=
=
sin 2
sin 1
= 1
2
sin 2
1 = 1 2 = 2 , .
sin 1
= 1
sin 2
2
KYMATA
57
(1)
(2) (. 3.53),
3.53
- .
(1) (2 > 1 ), ( )
c , 2 = 90.
c ,
.
.
c 2 = 90.
sin c
sin 90
= n2 1
sin c =
1
2
(3.45)
3.53 ,
( 1) (
2). ,
(2) (1)
90 ,
c .
.
, , ,
(. 3.54). ' ,
' . ,
( )
.
3-11
c ( ),
- , ()
n1 1,33 n2 1,00.
h = 5,20 m 60
, ;
3.54
(
).
3.55
58
sin c =
sin c = 0,752
n2
1
=
n1
1,33
c 48,8
1882 1962.
.
.
Sommerfeld.
,
(1909).
1910 P. Debye
,
.
.
,
.
1912.
.
60 ,
L = 2h tan60o,
.
,
. ,
,
,
(. 3.56).
3.56
3.57
uygens.
. , ,
,
.
.
3.57 ,
.
,
, .
,
.
.. .
,
(. 3.58,
3.59).
KYMATA
3.58
3.59
.
.
( )
:
.
, '
y1 (x, t)
y2 (x, t),
y (x, t) = y1 (x, t) + y2 (x, t)
.
.
,
, .. ,
, ().
~
, .
y1 = A0 sin (t kx),
y2 = A0 sin (t kx + )
y = y1 + y2 = A0 sin (t kx) + A0 sin (t kx + )
59
60
sin + sin = 2cos
+
sin
2
2
y = 2 A 0 cos
FG
H
sin t kx +
2
2
IJ
K
(3.46)
cos
A = 2 A 0 cos
= 1
2
= 2n,
(3.47)
n = 0, 1, 2, ... = 20.
.
cos
= 0
2
= (2n + 1)
n = 0, 1, 2, ... = 0.
(. 3.60).
3.60
() , (.. = 0) ()
(.. = n).
3-12
.
y 1 = 5 sin (4x 2t)
y2 = 5 cos
FG 2t 4 x + IJ
H
6K
( y 1 , y 2 , x cm, t s)
.
KYMATA
y = y1 + y2
y2 = 5 cos
FG 2 t 4 x + IJ = 5 sin LM 2 t + 4 x OP
H
6K
6Q
N2
I
F
y = 5 sin G 4 x 2 t + J
H
3K
FG 4 x 2 t + IJ
H
3K
F
I
y = 10 cos
sin G 4 x 2 t + J
H
6
6K
F
I
3 sin G 4 x 2 t + J [ y, x cm, t s]
H
6K
b
y = 5 sin 4 x 2 t + 5 sin
y = 5
, 5 3 cm 8,66 cm
x.
.
. ,
.
(x = 0) ,
3.61. ,
y1 = A0 sin (t + kx)
3.61
61
62
, x = 0,
,
y 2 = 0 sin (t kx)
()
y = y1 + y2 = A0 [sin (t + kx) sin (t kx)]
sin sin = 2 sin
+
cos
2
2
(3.48)
y = 2 A0 sin k x cos t
,
. , , .
,
(x) = 2 A 0 sin kx
(3.49)
x
sin kx = 1
k x = n +
x = n
+
2 4
(3.50)
n = 0, 1, 2, ...
2 0
.
x ,
sin kx = 0
x = n
k x = n
(3.51)
n = 0, 1, 2, ...
3.62
2, 2, 2,...
. 1, 1, 1,...
.
,
(. 3.62).
.
,
x = 0, x = L
, '
(. 3.63 - 64).
, y = 0 x = 0,
y = 0 x = L.
(3.48) ,
2 A0 sin kL cos t = 0
sin kL = 0
kL=n
KYMATA
63
2
L = n
n
,
n =
2L
n
(3.52)
n = 1, 2, ...
,
(3.52).
fn =
3.63 - 64
.
()
=
fn = n
1
2L
n = 1, 2, 3, ...
(3.53)
L:
F: ( )
:
,
f1 =
1
2L
(3.54)
.
fn n - . ,
,
(. 3.65).
,
,
(. 3.66), :
) , ,
,
.
) f, ,
.
) x = 0,
x = n
, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
2
) ,
,
3.65
.
3.66
.
64
.
' .
,
, .
.
3-13
L = 1,00 m ,
b g b
y = 4 ,00 sin 5 x cos 1250 t
(x m, y cm t s)
m = 0,01 kg () :
) .
)
)
.
)
y = 2A 0 sin kx cos t
k =
2
2
=
2
L
k =
n
L
= 2f
= 2
n
2L
n
L
y = 2 A0 sin
FG n x IJ cos FG n
HL K HL
F
t
I
JK
20 = 4,00 cm
0 = 2,00 cm
n
x = 5 x
L
n=5
5 .
)
5
L
F
t = 1250 t
F
= 250
0 ,1
F
= 1250
F = 625 N
KYMATA
65
)
y1 = A0 sin (t + kx) y1 = 2,00 sin (1250 t + 5 x)
y2 = A0 sin (t kx) y2 = 2,00 sin (1250 t 5 x)
, ,
.
.
) .
,
.
3.67.
n
L
=
2
n
n =
1
2L
n
n = 1, 2, ...
(3.55)
3.67
fn = n
, n = 1, 2, ...
2L
(3.56)
L .
f1 =
2L
.
) :
.
3.68.
2 n + 1
L
=
4
2n + 1
2 n + 1 =
4L
, n = 1, 2, ...
2n + 1
(3.57)
3.68
.
f2 n + 1 =
f2 n + 1 = 2n + 1
g 4L
2n + 1
, n = 0, 1, 2, ...
(3.58)
L .
f1 =
4L
66
,
f3 = 3 f1 , f5 = 5 f1 , f7 = 7 f1 , ...
.
.
3-14
L = 0,75 m.
, :
) .
) .
340
m
s
) ,
fn = n
2L
n = 1, n = 2 n = 3
f1 = 227 Hz,
f2 = 453 Hz
f3 = 680 Hz
) ,
f2 n + 1 = 2n + 1
g 4L
n = 1, n = 2 n = 3
f1 = 113 Hz,
3.69
f3 = 340 Hz
f5 = 567 Hz
,
.
, S1 S2
3.69. ,
,
. ,
S1 S2, (1 t
k r1 + 1) (2 t k r 2 + 2 ) .
, 1 = 2 f1 = f2 ,
.
( )
, r1 r2
. , ,
P, , .
S1 S2 ,
KYMATA
67
y1 = A 0 sin (t k r1)
y2 = A 0 sin (t kr2)
y = y1 + y2
y = 2 A0 cos
cos
k r2 r1
2
g FG t k br + r gIJ
2
H
K
k r2 r1
sin
2
g = 1
k r2 r1
(3.59)
g = n
r2 r1 = n,
n = 0, 1, 2, ...
(3.60)
2A 0 .
cos
k r2 r1
2
g=0
k r2 r1
2
g = n +
2
FG
H
r2 r1 = n +
1
2
IJ , n = 0, 1, 2, ...
K
(3.61)
()
.
, ,
. r1 r 2 = .
,
. 3.70 ()
.
YOUNG
,
. ,
108 s,
.
, ,
, ().
, ,
. ~, ,
, .
, ,
.
Thomas Young, 1801,
.
3.70
.
68
3.71.
1 S0
. S0 S1
3.71
Young .
S2 2,
. S1 S2
3,
,
(. 3.72).
3.72
Young.
E
3.73 3 D S1
S2 D >> , .
x << D
r1 r2
KYMATA
r2 r1 = S2 B
S2 BS1 S2 B = a sin , ,
r2 r1 = sin
()
x << D r D ,
x
x
r
D
sin =
(b)
~, , r
r2 . () (b)
r2 r1 =
x
D
x=
D
r2 r 1
, , r2 r1 = n,
, ( )
xmax =
D
n , n = 0 , 1, 2 , . . .
FG
H
r2 r1 = n +
1
2
(3.62)
IJ
K
,
xmin =
FG n + 1 IJ ,
H 2K
n = 0 , 1, 2 , . ..
(3.63)
x =
a
x
D
(3.64)
' oung x
D, .
Young .
:
Young
. 2 ,
.
3-15
Young
. S1 S2 = 2,00 10 - 2 mm,
3.73
69
70
D = 1,50 m.
d = 13,1 cm.
(c = 3,00 108 m/s).
x
D
c
f
d
3
x =
c
d
=
f
3D
f =
3D c
ad
f =
3 1,5 3 10 8
2 ,00 10 13 ,1 10
5
f = 5,15 1014 Hz
( 5,0934 1014 Hz)
3.74
3.75
, X, .. .
, c.
. ,
LC ( Tomson) . (3.74)
LC,
.
. ,
Tomson, , .
,
(. 3.75).
,
"" ,
.
/2 , . '
,
.
/2 ...
" ".
.
KYMATA
) .
,
, 3.76. ,
3.76
.
(). ,
. ,
. ,
()
. ~
, (),
. .
, 3.77,
,
.
) : ,
. 3.78
.
3.78
.
,
, .
( )
( ).
.
3.79 E B .
, .
x, .
b
g
sin b t kx g
E = E 0 sin t kx
B = B0
(3.65)
3.77
71
72
3.79
.
. Maxwell
.
3-16
1000 W, 6 km ()
5,66 10 -2 V/m.
4 MHz ()
= c B,
.
= 2 f = 8 106 rad/s (Hz)
B0 =
1
10 2
E 0 = 1,89
T = 1,89 10 10 T
c
10 8
c=
k =
8 10 6 -1
=
m
8
c
3 10
k = 8 ,37 10 2 m 1
= 0 sin (t kx)
B = B0 sin (t kx)
E = 5 ,66 sin 8 10 6 t 8 ,37 10 2 x
B = 1,89 sin 8 10 6 t 8 ,37 10 2 x
10 2 (S. I. )
10 10 (S. I. )
,
. .
KYMATA
, ,
,
, .
.
,
.. . ,
, , ,
.
, .
(50 Hz)
,
, ,
.
.
,
. ..
.
( ), .
Fourier .
Rngten
.
, ,
,
c,
.
.
(. )
bg
I =
p 20 4
2
32 c 0 r
sin 2
:
c:
0:
(, , ).
r:
: r
p0: .
()
73
74
,
,
,
P = () S
:
P =
p02 4
12 0 c
()
,
.
, ""
. () p0 p0 = q0 l,
l 10-10 m
q0 = e
. , P 10-74 4 .
1014 Hz
P 10-18 W
m = Qm . :
p0 = Qml
p0 =
Im l
()
P =
I m2 l 2 2
12 0 c
, 0 = 20 ,
= 2 5 10 6
l = 30 m
rad
s
400 W.
() ,
,
' .
.
,
() , ,
() (FM - Frequency Modulation
), .
.
KYMATA
()
, .
3.80 ()
3.80
.
. ,
3 1011 Hz ,
, ,
.
:
(nm)
f (1014 Hz)
390 455
455 492
492 577
577 597
597 622
622 780
7,69 6,59
6,59 6,10
6,10 5,20
5,20 5,03
5,03 4,82
4,82 3,84
3.80()
(LF)
(VF)
(VLF)
X (LF)
M (F)
Y (F)
(VHF)
- (VHF)
Super (SHF)
E
(HF)
Y
()
30 Hz 300 Hz
107-106 m
300 Hz 3000 kHz
106-105 m
3 kHz 30 kHz
105-104 m
30 kHz 300 kHz
104-103 m
103-102 m
300 kHz 3 MHz
3 MHz 30 MHz
30 MHz 300 MHz
300 MHz 3 GHz
3 GHz 30 GHz
30 GHz 3000 GHz
102-101 m
101-1
1-10-1
10-1-10-2
10-2-10-3
m
m
m
m
0,7-10 m
0,410-6 m
0,810-6 m
75
76
3.80()
.
, :
) :
,
(. 3.81).
3.81
, ' .
' .
30 kHz 3 MHz .
( ) 1500
km, ,
VHF, Very High Frequency ( ).
) : ,
,
( 30 MHz),
(. 3.82).
3.82
80 km 500 km '
,
.
.
, .
,
(Fade),
.
KYMATA
) :
.
, ,
. VHF, UHF (Ultra High
Frequency, ) .
150 km.
, ,
, .
.
(. 3.83).
3.84
3.83
(. 3.84).
(. 3.85)
( )
,
().
3.86
:
3.85
3.86
77
78
TH
3.80() ,
.
.
:
1) (ELF - Extremely Low Frequencies): 30 Hz 300 Hz.
, (
) 50 Hz, .
2) (VF - Voice Frequencies):
300 Hz 3000 Hz.
.
20 Hz 20000 Hz,
, VF.
3) X (VLF - Very Low Frequencies):
3 kHz 30 kHz.
(15 kHz 20 kHz)
.
VLF
.
4. (LF - Low Frequencies):
30 kHz 300 kHz.
.
(). ,
,
.
5. (MF - Medium Frequencies):
300 kHz 3000 kHz.
( ) (535 kHz
1605 kHz.), .
6. (HF - High Frequencies):
3 Hz 30 MHz .
(),
.
, ,
. ,
,
CB.
7. (VHF - Very High Frequencies): 30 Hz 300 MHz. E
. ,
,
, FM
( ) (88 Hz 108 MHz)
( 2 13).
.
KYMATA
8. (UHF - Ultra High Frequencies): 300 Hz
3000 MHz. UHF ( 14
83) (
). ,
, ,
o .
9. (SHF - Super High Frequencies): 3 GHz 30 GHz
.
.
10. (EHF - Extremely High Frequencies): F 30 GHz 300 GHz.
,
,
.
, .
EHF
.
: 1 GHz
,
Adrasthriothtes
N A
R
x
y 0 = A sin (t kx + )
2
= 2 f k =
R Huygens
,
,
.
R ~
,
.
1 = 1~, (
= )
sin 1
= n 21 = 1
sin 2
2
1 , 2
1, 2
79
80
.
n=
c
,
c
.
,
,
.
c
sin c =
1
2
R ,
.
y = 2 sin kx cos t
+
2 4
x = n
x = n
n = 0, 1, 2, ... ( 2 0)
( ) .
:
fn = n
1
2L
F
, n = 1, 2, 3, ...
fn = n
, n = 1, 2, ...
2L
f2 n + 1 = 2n + 1
g 4L , n = 0, 1, 2, ...
.
R
() :
r2 r1 = n
n = 0, 1, 2, ..., ( )
r2 r1 =
FG n + 1 IJ
H 2K
n = 0, 1, 2, ...
( )
R Young,
x
,
D ,
=
x
D
R
, . ,
.
Maxwell.
()
:
= 0 sin(t kx)
B = B0 sin (t kx)
.
, ,
,
.
KYMATA
drasthriothtes
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
. ,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.. 80 Hz.
500
mV. ,
.
.
1000
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
d .
1
f
81
82
( ).
F .
.
,
, .
, .
1 cm
1 cm,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
, .. .
,
,
.
.
/8,
,
.
d
. d
: ,
.. 100,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
523,3 Hz
(;).
,
.
, L0, 0,6
.
L = L0 + 0,6 D
( )
. I
L =
=
2
2f
= 2 f (L0 + 0,6 D)
.
,
.
KYMATA
83
;
2
;
() y (x, t) = 5 cos (3x 5t)
() y (x, t) = 2 sin 2 (2t x)
() y (x, t) = 3 sin (10t 0,1x) + 2 cos (10 t = 0,10 x)
() y (x, t) = 6e - sin (2 t x)
() y (x, t) = 8 -3 x sin (5x 3t)
3
.
() y (x, t) = 6 cos (5t 3x)
() y (x, t) = 7 sin (6x 10t)
() y (x, t) = 12 sin (2x 5t)
() y (x, t) = 6 cos (3x + 2t) + 7 sin (3x 2t)
4
i) 6sin (3t 2x)
() 2,00 m/s
ii) 7 cos (4 x + 5t)
() 1,25 m/s
iii) 6 cos ( 5x + 6t) () 1,50 m/s
iv) 2sin ( 3x 6t)
() 1,20 m/s
.
7
,
,
1 2
r1 r2 ,
:
r2
I1
= 2
I2
r 12
8
,
;
()
()
()
()
()
9
;
;
6
.
.
()
.
()
.
()
.
()
,
. :
() 1
2.
()
.
()
.
()
.
10
d2 d1
84
13
Huygens.
14
, d 2 = 2 d 1 .
;
() 1 = 2 2 ,
() 1 =
2 2
() 1 = 42
() 1 =
1
2
:
() . . . . . . , () . . . . . .
.
() . . . . . .
() . . . . . . .
15
:
() . . . . . . ,
() . . . . . .
, () . . . . . .
.
16
11
17
Huygens
.
18
.
19
.
.
12
:
()
()
()
() .
()
(), ;
20
KYMATA
21
;
.
22
;
23
85
( ), .
.
()
.
()
.
()
, ,
.
26
( ),
.
(
( ).
24
,
.
2 ).
27
t = 0 .
25
y x ;
28
. ( )
86
.
31
:
, ()
. . . . . .
. () . . . . . .
() . . . . . .
32
29
.
.
()
.
()
.
()
.
()
.
33
,
sin,
()
1
,
2
()
2
,
3
()
3
,
4
()
8
,
9
()
16
27
3
2
.
30
.
1 cm/s.
() 2 s () 2,5 s () 3 s () 3,5 s () 4,5 s
2 cm
4 cm.
34
, L,
F.
.
.
()
1
2L
()
.
() ,
.
KYMATA
()
.
35
, ,
,
.
87
1)
1
2L
2)
2L
()
3)
4L
()
()
36
42
.
. ;
:
,
() . . . . . . .
() . . . . .
.
37
; ( ,
).
43
Young
38
,
;
39
,
;
40
%
% ,
:
f1
=
f2
b100 + g
b100 + g
.
;
44
Young
;
;
45
Young
() ()
Hooke.
41
.
() 61014Hz
() :
88
i) 7,5 1014 Hz
ii) 5,5 1014 Hz
iii) 5 1014 Hz
46
:
() 1)
()
2)
()
3)
47
()
,
.
()
.
()
Huygens
(
).
48
:
,
() . . . . . . () . . . . . .
() . . . . . .
.
() . . . . . . .
52
(
)
:
() 10 %, () 50 %, () 0 %;
53
49
54
50
;
51
,
;
:
()
, .
()
.
() .
.
-
1
y = 10 sin 3t 0 ,1 x
g b x , y cm
t s
:
()
() y
()
( ).
2
16 z
20 000 z, ,
.
1450 m/s
340 m/s .
3
y = 10 sin x 100 t
()
()
()
()
g bx , y cm
t s
( ).
KYMATA
, ,
10 m 4,0 s. 10
20 s
.
5
y = 10 sin
FG b x 2 tgIJ b x , y cm
H4
K
t s
()
() x = 5,0 cm,
t = 1,0 s.
6
,
,
16,0 cm .
0,210 kg.m-1
F = 30,0 N :
()
() y (x, t)
.
7
0,15
mm F = 200 .
.
7,8 103 kg.m-3.
8
.
1,44 m
.
g = 9,80 m/s2
9
30 m
15 m.
1,0 mm.
89
.
8,9 103 kg.m-3 ,
7,8 103 kg.m-3 600 N.
10
589nm. )
()
1,50; )
60 ,
, .
1,00.
11
.
60,
.
1,52 1,00,
.
12
40 1,58.
.
n = 1,00
13
560 nm
.
50,0
30,0.
(n = 1,00)
14
1,660 1,620.
50 (
)
60, ,
.
15
30
.
90
4/3 ()
( )
16
450 nm 400 nm.
- .
4/3
() 1 ().
. =
10 m/s.
.
() t = 4,5 s
() t = 5,0 s
() t = 5,5 s
() t = 7,0 s
19
g FG y , x cm IJ
= 4 cos b x + t g
H t s K
y1 = 3 sin 3 x 2 t
17
y2
() x = 1,75 cm, t = 1,50 s
() x = 8,75 cm, t = 2,25 s.
20
y1
y2
FG x t IJ
H 10 0,001 3 K FG y , x cm IJ
I
F
H t s K
tJ
= 2 ,5 sin G x
H 10 0,001 K
y1 = 2 ,5 sin
y2
y1 + y2.
.
21
.
.
. 1,00.
18
b
g FG y , x cm IJ
= 1,5 sin b2 t 5 x g H t s K
y1 = 1 ,5 sin 5 x 2 t
y2
y1 + y2
x = 1,65 cm.
( )
22
y1 + y2
b
g
I b x , y cm,
F
= 3 sin G2 t + 3 x + J
H
3K
y1 = 3 sin 2 t 3 x
y2
t s
;
x = 2,5 cm .
KYMATA
23
.
y = 12 sin ( 0 , 6 x ) cos ( 150 t )
b x, y
c m, t s
.
( ).
24
91
4,00 %.
.
30
444 Hz
.
0,5 m 8100
f1 .
,
10000
f2 = 100 Hz. f1 .
25
40,0 cm 1,00 mm
f 360 Hz
,
.
, = 7,86 103 kg .m- 3.
26
F
f.
.
27
0,600 m
60,0 .
0,0100 kg.m-1
.
16 Hz 20000 Hz.
28
1,00 m
0,800 mm.
F = 800 N, :
()
()
()
,
1 = 4,00 cm 2 = 3,00 cm .
8,89 103 kg m-3.
29
100 Hz
.
.
.
340 m/s-1 .
31
350 Hz.
340 m.s-1.
3
.
32
0,600 m
698
Hz.
.
33
L = 0,50 m
, 675 Hz
1010 Hz .
.
92
34
.
= 340 m/s-1.
.
.
80 cm 80 cm 2,10 m,
,
100 Hz 2000 Hz.
340 m/s.
Young
590 nm. 0,30 mm
x = 0,30 cm.
.
35
39
500 m.
;
340 m/s.
3,00 m. A
10,0 m .
0,100 m.
,
342 m/s-1.
( )
0,50 mm, ,
650 nm.
D = 1,5 m.
:
.
2 cm
;
37
40
36
256 Hz.
38
Young
-
.
0,3000 mm
3,000 m. 3,584 cm
6
,
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