Ccd7 Tinh Ngan Mach

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH
7.1. KHI NIM CHUNG

7.2. CC DNG NGN MCH CHNH
7.3. CC GI THIT C BN
7.4. TNH TON IN KHNG CC PHN T
7.5. TRNH T TIN HNH TNH TON NGN MCH
7.6. TNH NGN MCH MNG IN IN P CAO
7.7. TNH NGN MCH MNG IN IN P THP

7.1. KHI NIM CHUNG
Ngn mch l tnh trng s c nghim trng v thng

xuyn xy ra trong h thng cung cp in.
Do , cc phn t trong h thng cung cp in phi
c tnh ton v la chn sao cho khng nhng lm
vic tt trong trng thi bnh thng m cn c th chu
ng c trng thi s c trong gii hn quy nh cho
php.

7.1. KHI NIM CHUNG
la chn c tt cc phn t ca h thng cung

cp in phi d on c cc tnh trng ngn mch
c th xy ra v iu quan trng hn l tnh ton c
cc s liu v tnh trng ngn mch nh dng in ngn
mch cc thi im khc nhau, cng sut ngn
mch...

7.1. KHI NIM CHUNG
Cc s liu v tnh trng ngn mch l cn c quan

trng gii quyt mt lot vn khc nh la chn
cc thit b in, thit k h thng bo v rle, nh
phng thc vn hnh...
Tnh ton ngn mch l mt phn khng th thiu c
khi thit k cung cp in.

7.2.1. nh ngha
Ngn mch l hin tng cc pha chp nhau (i vi

mng trung tnh cch in vi t) hoc l hin tng
cc pha chp nhau v chm t (i vi mng trung tnh
trung tnh trc tip ni t).
Ngn mch l hin tng mch in b ni tt li qua
mt tng tr rt nh c th xem nh bng khng.

7.2.1. nh ngha
Lc ngn mch tng tr h thng b gim xung v ty

theo v tr im ngn mch xa hay gn ngun cung cp
m tng tr h thng gim xung t hay nhiu.
Khi ngn mch, trong mch xut hin qu trnh qu
ngha l dng in v in p u thay i, dng in
tng ln rt nhiu so vi lc lm vic bnh thng, cn
in p trong mng in th gim xung.
Thi gian in p gim xung xc nh bng thi gian
tc ng ca bo v rle v my ct in t gn im
ngn mch nht.

7.2.2. Cc dng ngn mch
K hiu
Xc xut
xy ra [%]
Ngn mch ba pha
N(3)
Ngn mch hai pha
N(2)
10
Ngn mch mt pha
N(1)
65
N(1-1)
20
Dng ngn mch
S nguyn l
Ngn mch hai pha

chm t
K hiu v xc sut xy ra i vi tng dng ngn mch

7.2.2. Cc dng ngn mch
Cn nghin cu ngn mch ba pha v:

- Tuy t xy ra nhng vn c kh nng xy ra.
- C lc n quyt nh tnh trng lm vic ca h thng
in chng hn khi xy ra ngn mch trn ng dy
lin lc gia cc h thng in vi nhau hay gia cc
nh my in vi h thng.
- T ngn mch ba pha c th dng phng php
thnh phn i xng tnh dng in v in p ca
cc dng ngn mch khc (nh ngn mch hai pha,
mt pha, hai pha chm t)...
- Trong tnh ton chn my ct in v cc kh c in,
cn kim tra n nh lc in ng ca chng xut
pht t dng ngn mch ba pha.
8

7.2.3. Nguyn nhn ca ngn mch
Do cch in b hng:
- Do vn hnh lu ngy cch in b gi ha m khng
pht hin kp thi bng cc th nghim nh k.
- Do st nh vo cc ng dy ti in trn khng
hoc st nh trc tip vo thit b phn phi ngoi
tri hoc do qu in p ni b.
- Do nguyn nhn c hc khc nh ct in b , khi
o t chm phi cc ng dy cp.

7.2.3. Nguyn nhn ca ngn mch
Ngn mch xy ra i khi cn do thao tc nhm ln ca

nhn vin vn hnh hoc do cc nguyn nhn ngu
nhin khc nh chim bay hay ng vt chm phi cc
phn dn in trn.
10

7.2.4. Hu qu ca ngn mch
- Khi ngn mch, dng in tng ln rt nhiu gy t

nng cc b cc b phn c dng in ngn mch i
qua d thi gian tn ti ngn mch rt ngn.
- To ra lc in ng ln c th ph hng cc kh c
in, s hoc lm un cong thanh dn...
- in p mng b tt xung c th lm cho ng c in
ngng quay, sn xut b ngng tr hoc ng c quay
chm li v lm h hng sn phm.
- Ph hoi s lm vic ng b ca cc my pht in
trong h thng mt n nh v tan r.
- Lm gin on vic cung cp in cho cc h tiu th.
11

7.2.5. Mc ch tnh ngn mch
- La chn cc thit b in v kh c in nh my ct
in, dao cch ly, s cch in, thanh dn...
- La chn cc bin php hn ch dng ngn mch.

- Tnh ton thit k bo v rle.
12

7.2.6. Ni dung tnh ton ngn mch
- I : dng ngn mch siu qu , l gi tr ban u ca

thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch. N c lm
cn c tnh ton cc s liu khc nh ixk, Ixk.
- ixk : dng ngn mch xung kch tc thi l gi tr tc
thi cc i ca dng ngn mch ton phn. N dng
kim tra cc thit b in, thanh ci, s ... v kh
nng n nh lc in ng.
- Ixk : dng ngn mch xung kch hiu dng.
- I0,2 : dng ngn mch sau thi gian 0,2 giy, dng
kim tra kh nng ct ca my ct.
13

7.2.6. Ni dung tnh ton ngn mch
- I : dng ngn mch thi gian n nh t = dng

kim tra kh nng n nh nhit ca cc thit b in
thanh gp, s ...
- S0,2 : cng sut ngn mch lc 0,2 giy, dng kim
tra kh nng ct ca my.
- tN : thi gian xy ra ngn mch. Thi gian ny c
tnh bng tng thi gian tc ng ca thit b bo v v
thi gian tc ng ca my ct. tN = tbv + tMC
- tgt : thi gian gi thit (cn gi l thi gian quy i) l
khong thi gian cn thit dng ngn mch c th
pht ra mt nhit lng ng bng nhit lng do dng
ngn mch thc t pht ra trong thi gian tN.
14

Tnh chnh xc dng in ngn mch trong h thng

in phc tp l mt iu kh khn, bn thn dng in
ngn mch ph thuc vo nhiu yu t.
n gin ha vic tnh ton s gi thit:
15

- Cc my pht in khng c dao ng cng sut,

ngha l gc lch pha gia sc in ng ca cc my
pht in khng thay i trong thi gian ngn mch.
- Tnh gn ng ph ti, thay ph ti bng mt tng tr
c nh tp trung ti mt im nt chung.
Vi ng c in c ln, khi ngn mch gn cc ca
chng, ti thi im ban u c th xem nh my pht
in cung cp dng cho im ngn mch.
16

- B qua in tr qu ni ngn mch.

- Khng tnh n s bo ha t ca cc h thng t.
- B qua dng in t ha ca my bin p.

- B qua dung dn ca ng dy (tr trng hp in
p cao U 220kV v ng dy di).
- H thng in ba pha l i xng.
17

Tnh ton ngn mch trong mng in p cao U>1000V

ch xt n nhng yu t c in khng nh hng ln
n dng ngn mch nh my pht in, cun in
khng, ng dy trn khng, my bin p
18

7.4.1. in khng my pht in
XF =
2
Xd
[]
trong :
- Um = Utb : in p trung bnh nh mc ca my pht [kV].
- SmF : dung lng nh mc ca my pht [MVA].
- XF : in khng my pht in [].
- Xd : in khng siu qu dc trc ca my pht in [],
tra bng.
19

7.4.1. in khng my pht in
in khng siu qu dc trc ca my pht in
Thit b in
Xd []
- My pht in tucbin nc khng c cun cm

- My pht in tucbin nc c cun cm
- My pht in tucbin hi
- My b ng b
- ng c in ng b
0,3 0,38
0,14 0,3
0,125
0,15 0,2
0,18 0,38
in p trung bnh nh mc ca cc cp
Cp in p
nh mc [kV]
500
220 110
35
in p trung bnh
500
nh mc [kV]
230 115
37
15
10
15,75 10,5 6,3 3,15
0,38
0,4
20

7.4.2. in khng my bin p
XBA =
% 2
100
[]
trong :
- Un% : in p ngn mch phn trm ca my bin p cho
trn nhn my hoc tra trong s tay k thut.
- Um = Utb : in p trung bnh pha th cp ca my bin p
[kV].
- SmBA : dung lng nh mc ca my bin p [MVA].
21

7.4.3. in khng ng dy cp v ng dy trn khng
Xd = xo.l []
trong :
- l : chiu di ng dy [km].
- Scb : dung lng c bn t chn [MVA].
- xo : in khng trn mt n v chiu di dy dn
[/km].
in khng trn mt n v chiu di dy dn
Loi ng dy
x0 [/km]
ng dy trn khng U = 6220kV

ng dy trn khng U 1000V
Cp ba li U = 35kV
Cp ba li U = 310KV
Cp h p U 1000V
0,4
0,3
0,12
0,070,08
0,060,07
22

7.5.1. Trnh t tnh ton ngn mch
Xc nh im ngn mch.
Xc nh in khng cc phn t trong mch in ngn
mch. Sau dng php bin i a v mt s
ng tr c mt in khng tng. Mt u l sc in
ng v u kia l im ngn mch.
S tnh ton
ngn mch
ng dng nh lut Ohm xc nh dng in ngn

mch. Nh vy xc nh in khng l mt bc quan
trng trong tnh ton ngn mch.
23

7.5.2. Chn im ngn mch
chn thit b in, phi kim tra iu kin n nh lc

in ng v n nh nhit.
Khi cn gi thit rng ngn mch ti mt im no

m dng in ngn mch chy qua thit b l ln nht.
24

Xt s mng in tnh ngn mch chn thit b

in.
25

Mun chn my ct MC1, tnh ngn mch ti N-1. Chn

MC2, tnh ngn mch N-2. Chn MC3 tnh, ngn
mch N-3.
Nh th c qu nhiu im ngn mch phi tnh. Thc
ra s ny ch cn tnh mt im hai im ngn mch
m thi.
26

C th tnh im ngn mch N-4 t im N-1 v N-2 v

im ngn mch N-1 v N-2 so vi im N-4 rt gn
nhau (ch qua thanh gp, in khng khng ng k).
Nu thit b ca 2 my bin p hon ton tng t th
c th tnh mt im v suy ra IN-4 = 2IN-1 = 2IN-2.
27

Cn i vi MC3 chn ly gi tr dng ngn mch no

trong 2 dng IN-1 v IN-2 l ln nht.
V chn im c dng ngn mch ln nht nn khi tnh,

gi thit my ct MC3 ng li.
Nh vy khi tnh ton cn nghin cu k s sao cho
ch chn mt vi im ngn mch l c th tnh c
cho vic la chn hu ht cc thit b trong mch .
28

7.5.3. Thnh lp s thay th
Mun tnh dng in ngn mch, trc tin phi thnh

lp s thay th.
y l s n tuyn, trong mi phn t ca h

thng in c thay bng mt in khng tng ng,
vi my pht in c thay bng mt in khng v
mt sc in ng.
Trong s thay th, mi phn t ca mch in c
biu din bng mt phn s, t s ghi s th t ca ca
phn t cn mu s ghi tr s in khng ca phn t
.
29

7.5.3. Thnh lp s thay th
Xt mt phn t bt k ca h thng in ba pha c cc

thng s nh mc: in p nh mc Um [kV], dng
in nh mc Im [kA], cng sut nh mc Sm [kVA],
in khng nh mc xm [].
Chng lin h vi nhau bi cc iu kin:
Sm = 3 Um Im
Um
xm =
3 Im
30

7.5.4. Xc nh tng tr khng
Nu trong s c nhiu cp in p khc nhau, in

khng cc phn t trong s phi c quy i v
cng mt cp in p c bn.
Cp in p c bn ny l cp in p tnh trm ngn
mch, tc l im ngn mch cp in p no th Ucb
c ly l in p trung bnh nh mc ca cp in p
.
31

Cng thc quy i in khng: XUcb =
2
XUtb
trong :
- XUcb : in khng quy v in p c bn tnh ton []
- XUtb : in khng ng vi cp in p trung bnh ca phn
t in khng []
Khi c c gi tr in khng cc phn t quy v cng

cp in p c bn tnh ton, tnh c in khng tng
t ngun n im ngn mch.
32

Xt s mng in tnh in khng cc phn t
33

Cp in p c bn tnh ton l Ucb = U4

Gi tr in khng cc phn t quy i v cp in p c
bn tnh ton nh sau:
- My pht in:
- My bin p 1:
- ng dy 1:
- My bin p 2:
- ng dy 2:
X1q =
2
X1
=
1
4 2
X1
1
X2q =
2
X2
=
2
4 2
X2
2
X3q =
2
X3
=
3
4 2
X3
3
X4q =
2
X4
=
3
4 2
X4
3
X5q =
2
X5
=
3
4 2
X5
3
34

7.5.5. Bin i s thay th v dng n gin
Sau khi thnh lp s thay th v tnh in khng ca

cc phn t, cn phi tin hnh cc php bin i
a s v dng n gin nht.
35

7.5.5.1. Ghp song song cc nhnh c ngun
Et
Xt
Ghp song song

cc nhnh c ngun
S thay th
S
ng tr
36

7.5.5.2. Bin i tng ng cc nhnh khng c ngun
Cong thc bien oi
S o tng ng
S o ban au
X1
n
1
1
X i 1 X i
X2
S1
S1
X3
Xn
Xn
X2
X1
S1
S1
i 1
S1
X12
S1
X Xi
S2
S2
X1
X23
X13
X3
S3
S3
S1
S2
X1
X1
X 12 X 13
X 12 X 13 X 23
X2
X 12 X 23
X 12 X 13 X 23
X3
X 23 X 13
X 12 X 13 X 23
X2
X12
S1
S2
X 12 X 1 X 2
X1 X 2
X3
X 13 X 1 X 3
X1 X 3
X2
X 23 X 2 X 3
X2X3
X1
X2
X23
X13
X3
S3
S3
S1
S1
n 1
S2
X I X 1 X n 1
XI
X1
i 1
X2
S2
XII
n 1
X II X 2 X n 1
Xn+1
i 1
Xn
Xn
Sn
1
Xi
Sn
n 1
X K X n X n 1
i 1
1
Xi
1
Xi
37

7.6.1. Ngn mch ba pha trong mng in n gin
Dng in ngn mch

38

T hnh v cho thy dng in ngn mch t tr s ln

nht sau na bn chu k (t = 0,01sec). N bng tng tr
s tc thi dng in chu k v khng chu k v gi l
dng in ngn mch xung kch.
ixk = ick(t = 0,01) + ikck(t = 0,01)
Hay:
ixk = Ickm + Ickm.
0,01
(1+
0,01
) Ickm
ixk = kxk.Ickm = kxk. 2 Ick

trong :
kxk =
1+
0,01
l h s xung kch ca dng in ngn mch.

39

- Nu mch in thun cm (x = 0) th Ta = v Kxk = 2,

ngha l dng in khng chu k khng tt dn.
- Nu mch in thun tr (r = 0) th Ta = 0 v Kxk = 1,

ngha l thnh phn khng chu k khng xut hin.
Nh vy:
1 Kxk 2
H s kxk c th tra c theo ng cong kxk = f(Ta),
Kxk = f
hoc tra bng s tay k thut.
40

7.6.2. Tr s hiu dng ca dng in ngn mch ton phn
Dng in ngn mch ton phn trong qu trnh qu

khng phi l ng cong hnh sin v c s tham gia
ca dng in khng chu k.
Nh vy tr s hiu dng ca dng in ngn mch ton
phn ti thi im t l IN(t) c th tnh gn ng nh gi
tr trung bnh bnh phng trong bn chu k (0,02sec)
m thi im t nm gia.
iN(t) = I2ck(t) + I2kck(t)
41

7.6.2. Tr s hiu dng ca dng in ngn mch ton phn
Tr s hiu dng ca dng in xung kch Ixk ti thi
im t = = 0,01sec v vi iu kin Ikck(0) = Ickm (trc

2
lc ngn mch l khng ti)
Ikck(t) = ixk Ickm = kxk.Ickm Ickm = (kxk 1)Ickm
Ikck(t) = 2(kxk 1) Ick(t)
Cui cng tnh c:
iN(t) =
I2ck(t)+2(kxk 1) I2ck(t)
iN(t) =
1 +2(kxk 1)2 Ick(t)

42

7.7.1. Cc gi thit
V phn ln cc my bin p phn xng u c
cng sut b hn nhiu so vi cng sut ngun cung

cp. V vy trong tnh ton c th xem cng sut ca
ngun cung cp l v cng ln. Do , thnh phn chu
k s khng i trong sut thi gian ngn mch v bng
Ick = I
in tr ca cc phn t trong mng in, my bin
p, ng dy, in tr tip xc ca cc my ct in ...
c nh hng ln n tr s ngn mch nn khng th
b qua c.
43

7.7.1. Cc gi thit
V in tr tng i ln nn thnh phn tt dn tt rt

nhanh, c th b qua khng tnh n thnh phn ny.
Tnh ton cho thy rng i vi my bin p c dung
lng S=1000kVA th dng in tt dn s tt nhanh
theo thi gian vi t = 0,3sec.
Tng tr my bin p v cc phn t ni bn th cp
my bin p l khng ln, do khi ngn mch bn
th cp my bin p th c th xem in p bn s cp
l khng thay i.
44

7.7.1. Cc gi thit
in khng tng i ca ngun ti mng in in p

thp khng nh hn tr s x*tt > 0,43.
x*HTm = x*Fm + x*BAm + x*dd + x*BIm

= 0,125 + 0,105 + 0,105 + 0,105 = 0,43
Khi tnh ton trong mng in p thp thng dng h
n v c tn U[V], I[A], R[m], x[m], S[kVA].
45

7.7.2. Tnh cng sut ca h thng in
Trng hp h thng cung cp in c u vo my

ct in, bit c cng sut ct ca my ct, lc ly
cng sut ngn mch ca h thng bng cng sut ct
ca my ct SNHT = Sct.
46

7.7.3. Tnh dng in ngn mch
Tnh dng in ngn mch 3 pha d c dy trung tnh

hay khng cng dng cng thc:
3
IN =
2
2 . 10
3. +
[kA]
trong :
- Utb : in p trung bnh nh mc ng vi im ngn mch
[V]
- R, X : in tr tng, in khng tng t ngun n im
ngn mch [m]
47

Tr s tc thi ca dng ngn mch xung kch:

ixk = kxk. 2.IN
Tr s hiu dng ca dng ngn mch xung kch:

Ixk = IN
1 + 2 kxk 1
vi Kxk l h s xung kch

V tr ca im ngn mch
Trn thanh ci my bin p
- S = (500 1000)kVA , Un% = 5,5
- S = (100 320)kVA , Un% = 5,5
xa my bin p
H s kxk
1,3
1,2
1,0
48

Trong trng hp ngn mch ngay u cc ca ng

c khng ng b th ng c ny c th tr thnh my
pht in, cung cp dng in c tr s tc thi khong
6,5 ln dng nh mc ca ng c.
Do dng in xung kch tnh:
ixk = Kxk. 2.IN + 6,5mC
49

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Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

7.1. KHI NIM CHUNG

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

Ngn mch l tnh trng s c nghim trng v thng

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

la chn c tt cc phn t ca h thng cung

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

Cc s liu v tnh trng ngn mch l cn c quan

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

Ngn mch l hin tng cc pha chp nhau (i vi

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

Lc ngn mch tng tr h thng b gim xung v ty

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

Ngn mch ba pha

Ngn mch hai pha

Ngn mch mt pha

Dng ngn mch

Ngn mch hai pha

K hiu v xc sut xy ra i vi tng dng ngn mch

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

Cn nghin cu ngn mch ba pha v:

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

Ngn mch xy ra i khi cn do thao tc nhm ln ca

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

- Khi ngn mch, dng in tng ln rt nhiu gy t

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

- La chn cc bin php hn ch dng ngn mch.

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

- I : dng ngn mch siu qu , l gi tr ban u ca

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

- I : dng ngn mch thi gian n nh t = dng

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

Tnh chnh xc dng in ngn mch trong h thng

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

- Cc my pht in khng c dao ng cng sut,

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

- B qua in tr qu ni ngn mch.

- B qua dng in t ha ca my bin p.

- H thng in ba pha l i xng.

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

Tnh ton ngn mch trong mng in p cao U>1000V

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

- My pht in tucbin nc khng c cun cm

15,75 10,5 6,3 3,15

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

ng dy trn khng U = 6220kV

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

ng dng nh lut Ohm xc nh dng in ngn

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

chn thit b in, phi kim tra iu kin n nh lc

Khi cn gi thit rng ngn mch ti mt im no

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

Xt s mng in tnh ngn mch chn thit b

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

Mun chn my ct MC1, tnh ngn mch ti N-1. Chn

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

C th tnh im ngn mch N-4 t im N-1 v N-2 v

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

Cn i vi MC3 chn ly gi tr dng ngn mch no

V chn im c dng ngn mch ln nht nn khi tnh,

Chng 7: TNH TON NGN MCH

xHTm = xFm + xBAm + xdd + x*BIm