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21 THE TANGENT LINE AND THE DERIVATIVE 24.1 Definition 2.1.2 Definition 2.1.3 Definition WO THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION Suppose the function f is contiuous at 2. The tanjent line tothe graph of fat che po PG f(z) 8 (@ the line throxgh P having slope m(e,), even by snde,) =tin £0 82)= Sle) X21) =fin Ss it hin nite (i) the line r=, if tin Sete) FE) 5, aay Os I neither () nor (i) of Definition 2.1.1 holds, thn thee i:no tangent line io the grap of f the pote Fey (2) Tr we want to fnd the slope of the tangert line to the cuve at more than one point, fist find ihe limit and then make the indiated placements for =y- Howerer, we Interested in finding the tangent line at oaly ote point ard ifthe ccordinates of the point tangency ace known, seer to fis! make Whe ndicated replacement ad the Bad the it fHey+ Oa) ~ Key) foo or -asand ling MEDEA MED 0 or 6 The rormel line to & graph at given point i the Hine perpendicalar to the tangent lise att point Formla (I) forthe slope ofthe tangeat lin is special cae of the formula for the derivative ‘function. Following is one of the most important defaitions in the ealeuls The derivative ofthe function fis that funtion, denoted by f/ such that its valve ab mum 2 in the domaia of given bythe equivalent formulas 1 = tim LEASE= HE) = yy HeV= LE) 2) = tim LE +82) HE) ym a and (a! 1'2)=im FERED tm AES ) ona iC thin fmt exis, where = 3 + Ae. (f! i road “f plies” and (eis ead “f prime of 22) We also use the symbols 42 (e) and D,fiz) to represent (2) If y= f(2), then the sym Daan fds ae vont Wid to prent w H Aye dened by Ay = fie+ Ae) —fle) shen Dv =i, 22 1 ay isa pastiealar somber in the dornair of f, then to End J'(z,) wo may use either oft equivalent formeios, Geremicl He)aim, LE) ey “To we formulas (8) and (4), note that Gea)? a 2 + BeAr (Sa)? and (2-4 As) a2? +See + Bef Ae} + (2) ‘To we formulas (3") and (7), note that ere yan ‘The slope of the tangent line to the graph of 9= fe) at the point (2p, fle)) * preibely derivative of F evaluated a! zy. Thus foemlas (8), (3, (4, and |7) ane interchangable “The equation of a (tangent) line with lope m and passing through (2,8) is y= lz) +8 A nortnal me bas slope —1/f'(2) in He= Hon) a or fa) me) (eae bony 2) aster sey! 21 THE TANGENT LINB AND THE DERIVATIVE 81 Beonsins 8.1 Te Deercies 1-6 fod an equation ofthe ingot ina pie, Seth he pap aad gent of he ange hyste Go) winjess-o sn(2)= in, 224) tin, 222) pte Aw equation of the tangent i 2 ya2+4(-15) tim SE) ‘An equation ofthe tangent li 3 yatet +43; (-2,0) Me) 1-9 _ mt gS eee areca e+ (-2)) +414) +4 =A, The Cangent line iy m(—2) = Ji Exercise 4 y= 2-62 +9:(3,0) erine 3 = 68-49, Use formula (4) with ny = 2 9462+ (Az)? 18-62-49 a in SO A2)=J0) py (+8)? a, ae ao (a? = gin GOP = sm axe =0, An equson of te tangent Bne oy = (2-2) +0 9 =0 B y= 48 (1) Pe, & Let f(2)= ae (2-0) mma) = Bal = li@t+sen=3 ‘Am equation ofthe (sient lina ix y = 3(2— 1) +44 6 y=t-z4(2,-7) £2)- $0) _ ala Enatioe §2 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION Ta Beers 710, (2) ind the lope ofthe tangent at (zy. f(2))-(B) Find where the tangent is horizontal. Sketch, 7 fay 8d Te fley+ 82) —fley) ee > (0) m(ay)= fin em, Betta =e + Ba) +8 Ga = 1848) in, ese Mae BAS einen 2 (0) fey) = O when ry =2 and $2) =~ {0 Ue gba harm otzontal tangent os (2). a fe)=1-02-2 > (a) Appling formula (2) we have * ayant aioe he) toy ett, pg Tabet ent de~ (ae 74a? pat a nae —22,Ae~(Ae} =i, pa EE “Tin (-6~25,~z) 4 ores (&) may) = O when 2, = -8 and Y(-3) (C218)! Other pins on the graph me 8 f= 2-62 +92 6 so the graph has horizontal tangent at 1). (8,12), (8,18), (-1032) and (1,0). 7 (Pao ve-2)—Ueh igre) PP aap = ‘ “ 5 = Jin GH +08) = fim (a + eye bey?) —8le 2) +8] J a Bey? 124 +9 =e, —42, +3)= 364, 11-8) (me) =e when 3, =1, {0} =2and 3, 3.16 GReGaSa he boizbnud tages at (Land (2) ban? 12 iy Le). py OF =8)=08-20)9 set) 62; = 62y(%,—1) (alee trbn st JO) == Saige etna at a es banc ngn nt a te Pow me im [2a 4x2 +22) —H2 +29) ty cies 11-1 fd UL y= Verh 8,2) pb m= linLORLE) - yy VF 1=3 = hig BAS? tiny = = SS = nya aes a eat “The tangent ne hie equation y = Ye—1)+2= 42+ a(e-3)42= e414 ‘The normal line hat tlope —4 and equation 2. THE TANGENT LINE AND TIE DERIVATIVE 83 VirR (53) To find the slope ofthe tangent line fo the curve at (-B,3}, ws formala (7) wit 4(2)= VATE and 3, =—>. = seated i> I it fiz ‘ m(-8) = Jin 8) Via 4 Sin =a any Pes Use the pelatslope form with = Eto Sind an equation of the tangent line to the curve atthe point (3,8) =-He-(C0)+3 Use the pcint-slope form with m = 6 to fird an equation of the aormal lin to the curve al the point (5,3). pict adatene = in (ES-ES tm [o- (26440) ‘The normal line has dpe Jy and eauation y= fle +2) 44 = fe +B. '— 42; (0,0) > Let f(z)=2'—4z, 42)-100),. yp, (20)'A82 194 82)-10) yy (Oe =A82 28, The tangent line has equation y = —10(2 +2)+4 = —102 +10 (0) = lim, ‘The tangent line has equation (2,1) 44 HEI $0) «yg 3t 9, mO= yaaa = MEH e Sete ‘The tangent line has equation ia, dim, [(a2)?-4)= ~4 ij 4e-+ y= 0. The normal line bas equation y andy =0. ‘The normal line has slope | and equation y= 1(2~2)+ Fett) Toad the slope ofthe tagent line tothe curve at (4), ase formal (2) with f(2) m(e,) tim L)=H) 5 Be yen eg GAM Hal 2) vet? m= By aI aoa ES aye Yo eee OME =n oe ae oe pita with =He- 444) Usps mh S4 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 1 Beles 17-20, (a) Tabulae [/(2-} Ae) ~ /(]/Se when Ae = 010 to 0.01 otap —0.01 and -0.10 to -0.01 step 0.01 and guess the limit. () fo 201 step 001 ard 1.90 to 1.99 1d FQ) wing forma (4). () Tabula [f(2) ~ f@2)\e ~2) when £ = 2.10 ‘step 0.01 and uss the lit. (4) Find (2) wing forma (7) > The symmetric cifferesce quotien: of 2.8 is included for comparsen. It exact for quadratic fanctions 17, f(z) =e! Te ae {0+42)- 02) ee s0)= 102) (N24 Bz) — f(2—Ax)|/2dz Ae 2s 1-42) 102) _ J)- 12) ‘a = (2+ As)— f(2—Ary|/2dz (0) fn BO ant 12Ae 48s? Tae 1 fee a ea 1242) —7(2)_ fl6)~ J12) ee f(2+82)—J@- 2s) dha 10402) -90)_ H0)= 412) (2+ A) (3.87.2) Bet 4 404 Ant) — 7004 An) —(2.22 Tables for (3) aed (c) The limit appears tobe 5. 0. 0.99 08 0.07 0.06 0.05 O04 203 0.02 0.01 21 299 208 207 208 205 201 203 2.02 201 5a 5:27 824 521 518 SAH S12 5.09 5.06 5.00 5 8 & 5 6 5 & 8 <0 09 08-07 -06 -05 04 ~03 -02 —01 Lo Lat 192 1.93 1.94 195 97 198 199 410 473 476 479 482 485 488 Lol 404 497 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 8 219) (9.98-7.3) @ in 2) inst) (ale +2)—7) = amyo—aa0% Tables fora) aud (c). The lle appears to be 12 O10 0.09 R08 0.07 0.06 0.05 “O04 0.03 0.02 0.01 210 209 208 207 208 205 204 203 202 2.01 1241 1255 1249 1245 19.8 1A 12.24 12.18 12.1 12.06 120100 1.006 12.0086 2.0016 12.0004 Ye00si 12.0019 120025 12.009 12.0001 M -99 08 —0T —06 —05 04 -03 02 —01 190 131 182 193 194 19 196 197 1.98 LO 1141 MAT 11.93 1.98 11.08 1170 1.76 1182 1188 1194 048s) 0—A2) ra0i00 aoe, 206 sean 120m ar "2006 ond ad haan no aeasit—# : © ea © ine P43. Ars 3-2ar? 4 A2?—2? 2. 2) fn BS Hans aa a Ines eez yen ia? = ia. (12462-4424) = 12 18. )@)=VO > Table foc a) and (©). The init eppests tbe —f 2 ox» a0 gos cot oae ous or 008 Sor 00! tae OOS 28) Sit SMe is aot 205 20h Sat Fibed= f=) yn ete-ana-ant-atn 0-208-620-2502 posds rato 230012 — 2008 2500, — 21001 ae an nn on a0 as i ike ok ys ae on Pao ih ih 9b as us ise ase tt ae aa eee ~.2485 --2486 -.2488 ~.2489 -,2491 —.2492 ~ 2494-2495 —2497 ~ 2498 £2402) ~s(0~ 4s) aaa We we Thenem 1102, SOF) ed iy HOE = Oo = agents peht=1O1s= i > We use Theeeem 1.10.5. tim C2807 Az) 0060 cow as ano = Taso Ae ° > In(a), lt 2—fr = Ae to get the same solution as (0). - = im SBQe+AS) —sin fe Ae asf came AF = jm « > In (a), le i = Ar toget the same solution as (b). sae so CU) As) con fe fUO= Se ope ESS 26. (2) = 0 86 ‘THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION mt. Je)=woni, > Were Thesrem 1.103. (a) (0) = mse B20 poll — aL) = nS = Ines flO = 1-0-=0 a ae St madeleage roa) —— » Wee Theorem 1.102. ke a one et finger ais © 1h (a), Wt e— fe = Ar to got the same solution as (b)- in OUT +A) iy cane im tim, ren, B= (nA SM teens fim In (a), et 2 }e-= A to get the same solution as (b)- Vsin(ja +A) esez—eche — eselin +Az)—ese feos Az —1 rhe anegt se sn MS = nee = Im see Seas BS tn Beco 51-36, od J) hy apg fra (3) Bepeyet Sm fm LeFRA TE. ay lg z je)=u0 > e)= fm, 2H IE 3. fle) =T243 Fe) 3. fle) =! Be » se) 3. fla)=445r—2e? > JG) timid -22) — 45224) ROSIN Fw a cL se ve tan (G24 Be 4 Az) — 22 As) (Se 20 oe «ine 940—9 tn Bets 3740, the dea a a H fi8-2) = fn, BHAA), gy Posto teaen tela? Caso aatae— Selah aap eae inte ae 1 [2rbade) + SirFBr) ([2r-48) 4 2ADHGr —2) ~@r-+31(Gr—2) 4 3421 ‘Brlste Ae) 212) tm 24Gr=2)—Br(Or 4.3} _ 1347 = Se apes ay -ae 9 — AAT SD he =13 = (STH ae ‘2.1 THE TANGENT LINE AND THE DERIVATIVE 87 oy a plait s “yg gree (82? [1 deeds J; to 2 al Dataset em al ee ashat| otgia|- iogeas sn 41-44, fad 4 > Let fle) = 3245 (o-+8)-60+8)] =v + es fey 2. 16 fs __i/s fom Ot elm oF - 1 + GaP TE, alg Tea = Bt Sah Tay @ TP (eV) eH (AR GNA) + OY Noe ile yi dined 9 0, Een. ee 1-75 » lt fe)= she Be jn f=1 LL) = tin 2-1) cr 2 vse a aa PTS TERT ae AOD Ho-sty © Let fe)= hy E Here) S00) _ 5, MFA Qe —8)[%(24 Az)—5] Fee in OS sn a IS] — [Me + Ae) athe =4 jim Fe Sie Bs olae | EOIN Ba HRS 4m papas: (eee 4B Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve y = 2s? +3 that is parallel to the line 82—y +3.= 0. > 82-9490, cey =Oe-+3, has slope. Let (2) = 242+ 3. We wi to find an 2 for which m=) = Sz, +A2)~ Fey [2 +Az)*4 3) - (22;'+3) pels fe a = ge, nee | fim, (oy #202) = ‘Therefore, we have 4z, = 8 2; +2 Soan equation ofthe tangent line at (2,11) y= 8(2—2) +11 ~ 82-5, 46. Find on equation of the tangent ine to the curve y= 32? —4 that is parallel tothe line Sr-ty = 4 Fyn Bett haste 5 tt fle) nett Wee Bd ang fon rhch mn) = im FE) HE) = ny O2*—4)- Bey mF 88 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 4% End an egptog ofthe normal ie to he hve y= 2— fe? thai pall oe Ine == Theme sy 0; oryare ha slope Lao live perpendicular ot bas slope—1 Les fiz) 52 et We wih to find an 2, for which (ey) =—1 fey tha)-fle)_ 4, Po Hat aeyl- OF) e =a =< We have —Jay= yds en perenay 448, Pind wn equation f each normal line the curve y = 28 —2z that a pavalel o the line 22+ 18y '> We fist fad the slope ofthe tangent lie tothe given carve, Let f(z) =z" —3e. mayen SAG Hen eel tan, +2) —-Ne—n) (+e, +573) iei2=3 ‘rence the slope of the normal lve is ——}—. eps We find the slope ofthe given line by vnitng the given equation in slopeintereept form, 2241899 Bysate+% ye-petd ‘Because fi te slope of the given nd the normal linet parallel to the given Hin, we have 1 cdl eum teas atah =e? We tave fon the Zeoniiaae ofeach plat onthe given carve where she normal ie i parallel othe gh Meee muouients 02 i te equation ofthe cur, we abla y =2*~3(2) = 2, Thus, 2) ithe po ‘Shee te oral line itesecs the given eure, Berane the slope of the normal Ine iy ¥e may wte Setar aloe fos a he uation. y-2=He-2) 24-00 Similarly, if 2 = (-2)* 3-2): 42a Hata, sty tio 5) that is tangent to the he parabola y = 424 {22 Snce tangent ine ot (2,46) bas sep Bey whi Ihe eu he alt) nd (1) aoe SF we ma ve SE ante? bata tte? tay 44a ead Site the last eaten as no elution thee canbe none through (18) tangent tothe curve S50, Prove tha het sw line through th point (1,2) tha is angen tothe the prntola y= 4—2%- ‘> At any point (,7,)on the curve we have yy =4~2;" Sic a tangentine at (=y4—5,") bas lope ~2r hile the tine through the points (25542, and (2,2) thas slope “71, we mst have Piha ty tint aatay banat dest= ile? ihc the nt uatin has no seution ther canbe no ine through (1,2) tangent f the curve (x —a)g(z), find #"(a). al) (a= 0)910) — fy g(2) = aa), since gis continuous ata. 49. Prove that ther i no line through the point '> At any print (7,3h) of the curve we have yy 1 Ig oningan ata 20d J) ee ie in ae S52 A pi cosinuois a a ad /@) = @?— oP ind He) y= Pie) A=) (5 ge) =) atin a he > s(@)= bm, 2.1 THE TANGENT LINE AND THE DERIVATIVE 89 ean $8 a 4, we th ra (= in PEALE, [ale + Ac} + b(e +4291 —( Sz}= az" +b. a a ne ey = fin aeesanyrhaaorsh ()= gm, BEA SEDO) Se) = 4. f'(2)= lin Fe) hi IJ") ets, rove that (@) = im, tim £452) —fla~ ae) = fn, [OP AD=O, Led= Hom 80)] ig LOAD MO, hy Hed=fle= 88) * eso | z z “aro zor Aro Bar +4 lim, lim, Leary BO+Y'O =!"ehas deine’. Lat f be s function whow domain ie Rand (F) (a+b) ~ f(e)-4(0) for all and L. Pusthermors, suppose that (i) /(0) =1 and (ii) /"(O) exists, Prove that f"(e) exist forall x and that fe Bets ny veal wander 1(e)= fin Et SI= IO) Has Az) fla) Ha-As)~Fl0) yg) 43 Hat (Az) ~ 40) ae See OY ie (ano (a) tim Lala) — Ht ae aye #254 (2) fim LAI=*Y 402) tim KOLO yay (0) Pot the parabela y = 2? and is tangent line y, at (21) and explain what happens as you room in rea in ind(e42)=1. y= 14-2) =2-1 “Dh tangent line and the curve ecome inctinguisheble, «chareteristic ofthe tangent line. [52 Plot the perabola y ~ /F and ite target line at (11) and explain wht happen a# you 00m Bsn un Stn eg nie ii= fort (22 DIFPRRENTIADILITY AND CONTINUITY Differeniable A function is ssid to be diferentiahle al zy if f(z) exists. 2.2.1 Theorem If = fonction ix differentiable at 3, then f'is continous a2 “The theorem implies that if f(r) exists, then there must be no break in the graph of fat the point where #=2,. The converse of Theorem 2.21 is not tue. That is, a fonction ‘hat ie continuous st mj may not te diGerentiable at 2, Por example, the abealutevalue function defined by f(z)=!21 18 not diffeentible at 20 although f is continuoys there. Note that the graph of=\has « sornsr at (0,0). If function fs differentiable at a point, then the graph of the function must be smooth at that point, Furthermore, if a fonction is Aifteentinble i a print, then the tnrgnt line to Une graph of the fonction at that point fot be vertical. ‘That is ifthe tangeat line to the geaph of f a: 2; vertical, then fis not Siffeentieble at x. ‘A fanetion f defined on an open interval containing 2, is dileentiable if and only if ‘both one-sided derivatives exist and ate equal. Ouesided delvatives ace defined as follows. 22.2 Definition If the function f ie defined at xy, then the derivative from the right of J at, denoted by Sule) is defined by retin SEMI ay 90 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION ifthe limit exists 22.3 Definition Ifthe function J is defined at x, then the derivative from the left of J at =. denoted by Pfa\hdetna by Pte) atin FBIM) y Go yaty Mm Hed if the limit exits ae = A Fiscontios fom height and i") exis then te, f'@) = Flay. (2) ests then Bim, oP) HC ta contingons fot the et an tim, “) In Berens 1-2, do the falling: a) Skech the graph ofthe function J. () Deermine i jf eantinnous a 3 (6) ind fey cod fate) tng Cs) Dewey aaron : dita t BAS regent >) lim fe) = fim, (2-6) a “in, fp To Fiero On ST ie LOM. esac) 05 fim FOES 25 tim LAM) i ee zHE (@ Sine FLA) # 1-8), 4 dno ext 0 fo denial at A a tof ESE pasate. 2 © Jig. f= ly =22) =; im, f(0)= lim (82-1) ‘| Tere H/C) e t= 72) Td emi (9 S20)= im! 150)= tie £G1= $0) (@) Since $112) 4/42), 1"@) dows no exist 50 snot differentiable a 2 3 fia) =le—31 19) =0. © 0) Jim 1G) = tm [— (2-3) =05 tim, Je) = im, (2—9 (@). Thus: 7 is contimuots nt 3 Teter, Lin 1) (0 £10) = im LILO) F() = tim, LI={O) (Since $118) £419). 1") doesnot exit 0 Fe not diferentiable a 8 4 fla)=14le425 2)=-2 fen Paz) Mece 14 (232) 23-2 “tess (a) A sketen ofthe graph i shown atthe right. (b) Because / then f is continuous at ~2 (6) By Dentin 223, an a a war erg wenn A (0) sg enone of UO t= ono ort spuw o = (z)f amerea (a) saya ogy ye amon «oe ou 70 noT0Hs ¥ (8) eae Be wen re gunman 4 fo 10 = (040 = (0d = (od 28) tS =F Aint = (0) ee we eran Ose ov mongrgo Fg f0/ = 052 “al sop i" 0= Ge) Nat =(2ys “en 10= etn @) 3 208 hg igen “lO p rw xgrnenayy oo a fc ap ye sop (OS Holts # OS 6 weet get ey 09 Se ah . set ae ae oe caer oe tay fe < gizey =e we onan foo (Os =0= 2 Sor ves =O 5 a 52 =orer oars (po = 2 ye ato» 99 Mon a sw apeyenegtp You 9 J St. "HER U OP os mn VEY fsa (PY pee Het ted=2 ey ers Gar ay ee Eos nonmayed £q poe oe Get ges pee eater 2p al sop 9 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION Ry Definition 2.22, 15 (2)= tim LELO) — gy VED 25(2)= 9 LE FO) — hm tim, too oer alin (@) Because £52) =+00, {"(2) does not exist, and J is not diferentinble at 2 In the figure, note th pea {VITg Ht jayac-nten ‘ > (0) fim fle) = Hin YI=E=0; tim, ((2)= tim, =a) =0 ‘ ‘Therefore Jn f(z) = 0-= (1)."Thusf i continuous at 0. a a (0.0) in 2 ff li aie 5) = im, =f) cy, O=s=0 a amas unui bauacucy Seaman 10. 100= {2a | ay=t . Bn F(0)= Hin (1 =26)=4 4 5 M2) = 1= F1. Ths fs continues at 1 OAC tie LOAM jig Pate tn ce ~ Ns ea) a at =. nets tim SOLED. py, CBE + (@) Since P(-1) = (1) = 2, 1) = 25 0 fi diflerentable at —1 wea QRot EESt pyanat—ass. (i) im J(e) = Jin et =9)= 5, a, fe) = im, (Ge -)= 8 a Tees ag J) = 9% 2) Tho fn oon a 2 ‘ (© .1@)= iw m 22H I=8 _ yy MO-2Ke- sag Ge=1)-5_ y_, 80=D_y a ig (@) Smee $102) = 2) =8 f'2) =8: mo fis ferentnbe at 2 we se)={feniy Esa | a? Ga) A cate af te grav i shown a che o (b) Because J(3) =6(8)~18=0, and : ip JQ)

1 26. (0) 12) oc) set i ee Oh) cepa 120) = 140) ~ fglI=FO (0110)~ BqtSEIO= sy Poh £) by e184 -1_ (F,0)= jim FSET = {h) J i ot dtereninble at 2 oeause f° (-1) 4 (98 1 boease J) dove wet exit 8, The samge of fs 10,450}; f fe ifereiiable at every number acept =9, 0,9 £12) fe) F10) 1) reise 29 2. DIPFERENTIADILITY AND CONTINUITY 7 © of fie Ry f" xiate except at ~2, 0,25 f(-2) =05 4 f 1: 1,0) range of f is (~20,t00); fis differentiable at every number except 0 and 4 f(—2) £2)~ 40) set tin L2)— 1G) hott 145 aan 24 nmi re) = [22 HOSES Noord ese = Bn tim = 12) = ia! Jin 44 20)= 36 yy A= 16 = si a(t42)= ats JL in West lim 16 = 16. Since (2) = v2), ris diferentable at 2 Pa Vife <1 and 1-2 1a $1. im fe) = i (2? =1) =8= fim 9G) = Jn, my. f-tpocontinnnn 74-1 2 ‘tm Wee “= {2.57 HUSES® (oy rnd uo ss comtinoue a (0) Shah (68 f ditt a 7 FW) =P; ig Ko) = =e = ee a a 2 Be icienen tiiisjs— Onno e-nesiyers ae a ie: f is continuous at b if b sliver -2; since b> 0, only isadmissibe. = ~* P ve F.0)— in LDL hy ated = fy CED a és = 70) Saar a Ba *)=0/0= tig, B® clin, Tim, $2 =f once (3) dos ot exist nd fis no dione at . ifr 0 (b) im P(e) =O and “lin, f=) =O. (c) Sketch 2 qi Lia)=10) — ae = See e al H40)= jim, wt tin, Eg = 0 { sm [af [mS nF) = tin, [.0)]= tim [im EI] in, =0 ‘ : es} Find a and & such that fis differentiable at 1. Sketch q ity we need 4 ay SIFY 2 g2}=20) 1575 im eye dig lor+8)=204 li, 10) in, 24-1) =7 Sh ws i ison at To a0 +827 Ps LED yy BAD AT gg EDGED, ale —2) 98 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION tig, C2MAT Sg, 6 {willbe differentiable st 21/2) = /4(2)in0 a= 8. Since 20-48 tn Fxereses 37-40, treat the vasiabe representing # nonnegative integer oa iit was a nonnegative eal aumber, BTA tap is fer up to 250 shudents. For up to 190 stodents the ost i 815 per student and decreases by 30.09 per fudest foreach sadent aver 150. (9) Expres the Income as function fof the number of students (b) Prove that is eentinvous on its domaia.(e) Ef eiflerentiale at 150? 1» (2) Let f(o) dollars be the ross incom Ifzstudeats make the ip. iee2c150 _ [152 0<2< 150 18h <¥ £250 Yaa.se— 6s? ABO wae (me oce<% (600 f020 gone 18: ita << 60 (&) s(20) = 60420) = 12000; mp2) 124005 fine) = im, (02 — 1594 ‘Therefore, ti fle) = 12000 = /(20). Thae continous at Oe n 600 29) a= f fa fle)— 100). ii £400) 7 Hei=f00) ns (ae 00) 00 F400) = Since #20) #7',(20), J/(0) does not exis 40.4 cub's annual dines io 8100 per member, les $0.50 foreach member over O€0 and plus $0.80 for each ‘merce lus tian G00. (a) Find a mathematical moda expressing the club's revenue J(e) a8 function of the ‘umber «of member (b) Prove that J i contimons on ie domain,(c) I f differentiable at 6007 22 DIFFERENTIABILITY AND CONTINUITY 99 (6) f(z) = e110 — {(2—60)] =2(400~Jx)= dade}? 0< + ¢ 200 (8) and (€)Beconse fina polynomial itis continmous and diferentiabe om (0,0. Let fle) =I21 Tind (2), 220 HF 20, then since 121= Vet we havelz? = 220 = Jin, f+ 28) Asiviel_ ,, (et Ael-iaide+Az/+i2) Cl =o Ae ly Bafa tele = (e#z—2? 4 _tede (Asi tthe _ 99 lal Bale +Az]sia) arto ale SeTtie0 avto[r+Ar[eizi” Sel” = Given f(2)= fe} find Joy) i i ot a integer Prove hat £2) doesnot eit, isan integer Ife, Sau iteer, wlat can yousy sbout f” (2) and $4 (2,2 fs no an integer, then thee ison Integr Wh that N ) F(a) = 27 and Gle) = 2" s'(@)E s(0). Thereore, by Definition 1.8.1, is continuous at then (f+ 9 all real numbers then (F + G)(e) = O for 2 0. 100 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 2.3) THE NUMERICAL DERIVATIVE ‘Symmetric Tiflronce Quotient of f at «ix (/(a+Az)—fla~Az)/(2d2). As Az—0, this approaches £"@), NDER(J(2}2) = Brerenes 23 In Raereoe 1 1. See Byercise 21.17 seomgare th GMally muuch faster than the ordinary difference quotient used in the definiiog, sd Nonetimes approaches « limit when (6) door not exist. The value of Ax is called the {erance, With aay tolerance, the result 6 exact for lnear and quadraste fonetons. We shall ned a fied folerasee of 0.001. Thus f(e+ 0.01) ~ (20.001) a TH [Note that some graphics ealeulaters can plot the tangent line to a graph at any point ad give the valur of RDER in a single operation. Hf your graphics calculator can use ‘tes of eifrentiation to get (a decimal expresion for) the exact value DER (DER? The exond derivative) of the derivative, You should use that capability (exept in Euertes 27-40), The FRAC capability may’ be usol to get the answer as. fraction: we aymmetie diferente quotient with standaed one forthe given Exerese of 1 Mj See Exercise 2.119 A. See Exorese 2.1.20 2 See Bxercses 2.1.18 1 Brercias 8 plot the geaph ofthe numerical derivative a= t2 support the wniue found inthe piven Exerc B. (a) Bxeeise 2.1.38, 6. (a) Exercise 21.38 7. (a) Exercise 21.39 8. (a) Exercise 2.1.40 (Exercise 21.35, (0) Beers 21.80 (6) Exerine 21.41 (6) Baereise 2 (c) Bxemine 21.87 (Bern 21.38 (6) Beri 2143 () Beorine 214 I [ft | Li. a a. ta Exacies 9-20, (2) ue NDER to find the slope r of te tangent Tine to ft (ey) her ite the squat of the angen line Tc) plot te tangent line ad the gph of 9. fle)=(-1he =? iQ) aie m= PQ) =2 Ue y= He 2)+ ATs ya dle-pt)—1aae to 8 10. fz) =2 422-24 2 ML. f(e)=#8-22—! (e-1) late 18 12, fle) = (2-2 45, = pois 4 D vy = fa) = 2A) 45 =. Using NDER we find m = /"(1) =A. ‘Therese the oqation ofthe tangent line fe Ae t)+ 8 yade=7 VPA a, (3) = 8.10 ie =. Tee 1.66.2 5.8. a ba M8) = 4. maf") = 08. Te y= TE) tA TOG by TIO) =O m= fi) 0A. TE y = Oale—1)+0 = 42-04 (15400001536 (using NDER) “Therefore the equation ofthe targent fine it y= 0.64(2-42)—0.2, y = 0.642 +L 2 2.0.THE NUMERICAL DERIVATIVE 101 (1) LBBB, y= LB81G(2 1) + 0.8415 = 138182 ~ 0.5103, = (2) 8.9018. y = —5.3018(2—2)— 1.6016 = /S018e $8,938) (2) -Q91T. Ty “08312 2) —0.4092 = ~088072 + 1.9591 f(s) =ten(sina): =, = tan(gin a) 0.421 m= #9) = ~1.00987279 (using DER!) = —1.009972957 (using NDER) “Therefore the equation ofthe tangent lines approximately y=~1.0100(2—3)=0.181, y= —101002 +3720 and 2. Prove that i fis « linear or quadzetic feelin then NDER(/(e),2) 8 xacly JG). Let f(e) = 42+ be + (e may be 0) NDER( Je).2)= AE 92) SE 8) _ let e)+ Wer a) te) [ale aay? +He— Ae) +e] 9 the et + tance + wae? te HBAs) —[ar?— tere aa? +82— 132) eather i By b= Fle) Beers 29-26, (a) plot f and NDER(/(2).2). For what values of ofr is (9) NDEI > 0 and (e) NDER< oF ‘what values of = does f(=) appear to be (2) inereasixg and (e) decreasing.) Compave your anavers in pants snd (@) and in pars (c) and (. (9 The answers are identical: a function increases if its derivative f" i positive ard deceases if is negative Heaay2 » (b)and (4) => 0; @)and (e) 2 <0 fea ue "The gue atthe right tow f ack anh. a (band (2): NDRR 0 and (2) neoning it <0 (6) and (): NDER <0 aod fo) decreasing itz > 0 J f()= vi-e » (b) and (a) <0; ©) and (@) 2 >0 + 7 se)= > (b)and (@) 2>2:(@) and (@) 2 <2 4 Let f(z) = 21!, Compute NDER(f\2),0) and explain why it exists even though {7(0) does not exist DER ~ (001479 001)*/9y.002~ (.14-1)/.002 ~ 100. NDER always existe since we don't divide by 0 Exercises 38 and 29, (a) show that /'(0) dees not exist: compute NDER(/(e,0)(b) by formal (4) and) by {) Explain why NDER exists. (e) Plt the graph of NDER({(=),#). () Compace ie behavit at 9 the rena of (0). Be. us (6) 0) = Beg fad Feyays oor! — (01) a (b) and (6) NDER(2!70) = = 25119, (4) NDER always exists ance we dow’ divide by 0 (6) The figure st the ight shows NDER. dock and flight. lin. oh Se)= 29 1100) = Jig 2 ge = tig t= ~c $.0) Bernie J 8 an even fonction, NDER(S (2) 0) = als Bh incominliy in Eanes ten nb iin es cry 102. THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 2.4 TABOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION OF ALGERAIC FUNCTIONS AND HIGHER ORDER-DERIVATIVES ‘The eifrentinton formalas that ace preved inthis seen tay be wed to dlfereatate any rational fiction aud should br menorae. Algebra fondo ate dscused in Seton 2.0 241 Theorem Hee constant, Gicncant Rare bye=o ‘he derivative ofa constant i aero 2.3 Tene Ua comand ff) exis et Dife- Ha}} =e-D, fle) The devine ofa constant tie tncon the kom in We davai of de fenton he dea ont 244 Tieres, If Df) and Dag) 85 ‘Sun Dye) 2) =Dafle) + Date) ‘The derivative ofthe sam of fanetions isthe autn of tis derivatives if these derivatives exist ‘This rule holds for any nurnber of terms. 246 Theorem If D,f/(=) and Dys) " Dy{Pe)-afe)] = Se) -Dga(2) + af2)-D_fl2) = DS (2) ole) + £(2)-Dyale) "The derivative of the praduet of two fonctions is Uh firs fanetion times the derivative ofthe second Sinetion. plas the second finetion tims the derivative of the fst fumetion, f these ‘evivatives vist. Warning: In the frst form, the produet and quotient rales have their temas interchanged; in the second form the prosnet and quotient rls are in the same order Gonaral Product (Peorsion 53.) I fs) os) Me) are dillorentian Rade [j(2)a(z)h(a2)l = f(2) se) Mz) + fle)-2)- Te the fi brn, item the ot fc nthe oon fieon, es Tie rule hold for any number of tors 241 Theorem If s(z) #0 ard D, f(z) and D,o() ex, then ‘Guotient ale + fle) ale): h(a) rw differentiate the nevond (2) Fle}-Dasl2) Tote) ‘The derivative of the qutien: of two function isthe denominator limes the derivative of ‘umerator minus the numerator times the derivative of danominato, all divided by the ‘ofthe denominator, if Ue derivatives ex 24.2 Thewcun Ir is « pnitve integer oF + a negative integer and 940, then Power mle - e D, (es!) = era ‘A power in the derominstor is moved vo the mumerstor, changing tbe sign of its exponent. formula for the derivative of the power function vas proved only for the case in which ‘exponent r is an integer. In Section 2.0 ve show that the formula beds whea + is any ra fhumber, and in Section 8.5 we show that i is valld when ris aay seal number. When convenient, we replace a given product by an equivalent sum before diferent ing, because the fers fr Use desivative of a sum is ensiee te apply shan the formala for disivative of a product, a6 iustrted jn Exercine 20. Also, if posible, we replace a gi (quotient hy an equivalent sum before difleeatinting, as ilustraced in Bxercise 82. igher Order ‘The fit derivative of te function ft denoted by J; the stoud derivative of f i the fw! Derivatives derivative of {an is denoted by {¥; the third derivative of fis the fist derivative of "sae Is denoted by 7; and 0 forth, provided theve destsatives exis. In Is an integer greater thas I, the nh devivative of fis notes by 7°"), and f°) i the fine derivative of "7 Fe pig) OE (0), £8 = prey 4 = 12), and s000 (e) Ba 10), £3 = Pe) 4 = 12) ead Furthermore if y = f(2). then ‘24 THBOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION OF ALGEARAIC FUNCTIONS AND DERIVATIVES OF HIGHER ORDER 108, Teibnis Rule (Bxercse 58) If all derivatives exis, folowing the pattern ofthe binomial theocem, Ua) = S94 289 + 19 Sal" = Sot fa +a" + fo", ote rinse Bd Exercises 1-24, diferetiate the fnction by applying the thearems of this section. f(a) =D,7z 5) = 0,72) ~D,(3) =7 =) = Dy{8 8) =0,(6)~Dxde) = 3 (2) =,{)—2e—2) = 0,0) + D,(-22) + D, whet] Dade?) +, (4e)+D,(0) = 402s!) 4404s") c0=ae+4 #2) = Dafa —$22-4 52-2) = Dete!) + D827) +0,(62) + D-2)= 327-6245 f(a) = D3" 518 1) = D,(be4) ~D,(622) +D,(0) = Its? te Fe) =Daffe? 21) = Dj") +D,(-28) = 27408 H455°—Te FE 1525-8) 4 5829-1) — 1621) = Taf et 4 et 7 Pie) = DiGet He) = DGe) +D (40) = =D,G2")-D,(2)+D,@) =" (e)=D,{o? +42. +4) =D,{z*) +D,(3z| +D,(2) een {e. ie) =, (tet a1,) = Dae) + Dye Ao Ppa t PO) =A 94 2. Ae )= y+ 8) =D) +D,6=4 B=) =0J 54) = Dyer) = Be 5) = Pyle 52) = YD, st) = Blast — 29) = 0214 5)ite—1) fexpees (3) aa sm and ne the le ia) 82a 4 Me 5, aa) =a? 62-420 TE SOLUTION: We uae the product rls. 2? +5)D,(42 1) + (32 1)D,22" +) = (224 +99) + (Ae — 1K) Ms? 42 £20 D,l(2=*~1)(S0° 4 6a)] = 22*—1)D, (52 +62) + (62° +62)D,(22*—1) = 22" 1)a9e" +0) + (92 + 62)(8e") = we" +1224 1529-6 4 402" +488" Fes) = Dyll4e? 4 9)7]= D,|(42?-4 le? 42)] = Dee? 42) - (40? 4 9) (ee? 22), (4=? 48) = 24a 43) = 609 4B 2420 + 162 ae jus" + 024 — 152% —5 104 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 2. Gy) = Dy l(t —359)7] = Dy? 4A) By] =F — 307)DYIT— BP) +(7—3PYD,T B09) —3P)(- B02) + (1 -3y)(-994) = —1897 394) 2. FU) = (264 NP +30) We use the product rule, PG) (Bae (ee +20 + (24-4 30D (0 “a1 1) = (Ba trg NL -E)+ BF + 207-2) Beta 40+ 88—6t 43-4604 90 — 4? ~61 = 10 = 127 — 12? 8143 ALTeneat® 90107708, F F() = 2043 — 4040431 In Pxercines 25-16, compute the derivative, In Exercies 25-0, check by ploting your answer nd NDER. 3. Dita? de# 202 +1) =(e! Be $2)D,029 +1) +(229 + D2? 2242) 22-32 4.2) 62) +(229 4 1)(ae—3) = Got — 18s? 412s + det Get 4 22-3 Ox — De? 4 122? + 22-3 D.fee)- (e+ 9) —200,(e48) _we>8)—20 6. (25) ; aes G+) ray = Wye ad, 2 ea a vee) =e i $1) Oot Dita 1) bya +4) y= we fase ay +4N2)— v4) __5 i Gur? wea 2 (tte 4 1)D,(02 422 41) [29 422 4 1)D (Be : Ba 2) _ 2 —1)%(2+1)- 22+ Ne D 1e-F (+1) = (-8-2nfe-2) tee) soa e-3F a {) = 4102-202 _ 5-102 + athe aP) Grae “aaa? Ga 2. ofc pent) > We divide and we the formula forthe derivative of « sum. ptoresiet). di aet ise 4e Hde*— 1524-4) ae 38, £8). +Oar) var wire __ so? id Oa 4a) +8)" e+e re fat) ALP ses) toe? 40%)— (ads __ tate TAS a= ere} rae ae a. o2efplce—] =H), -—1)+ 62-002) 2 Ges +e fe 2S= CE tet eR DP yat a Get sWe-+s) (oe o “het s96 41542709 _ fe? 460e-+6 _ Ber + 1e +1) 2 Ke = $4835 $1942T2—9 ty GreP (Foy co ee) 2. THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION OF ALGEBWAIC FUNCTIONS AND IIGHER-ORDER DERIVATIVES 105, aa +) nftatog ote +1 Fas Fas fi P+ Se)D alot AP 4 2-2) (oF oot 242 2)D (2 432) . (erie) at seo yaa 30 oy Gp tp 2G 8) _ 5 4 1 get oa 42 6 rar Fete 37 and 38 Gall the drives off Ge) = 62! 4 get 308 et be 8, He) = Pj asides ae 12, fy = Moe. Pj sti se Apa re oe ser Fon ae be 1 a Tehp)= 02) 2 +80, $4.2) = 168023 — 1202, fx) = 50802" Pe) = 10080, fz) = if nd 8 Pa) at 1 Pa (5 via tf ~ 3) DDD AD, 202? + 360-120 + 10 ig) ea 10g ee) faz" — 09 +30, 129, Fe) = 10080, (DAF) = BO} = Dee) = 108 5)) = D_D,D,(5e4+}e°*) = D,D,(002? ~22"7) = D,( 60" + Me) = 120 1125" Bxerenes 4] and 42, fd ©, Check by plating your answer and roureulstr’s seotdeivative tat 7 babe yf ate 229 yf 24 Het 8 yatta yf abet ate? Exercises 4) 46, Find an equation of the tangent fine or noual Hine, t the points Check by plotting the line the curve. y= 24, (24), tangent line» Let f{e)=24—4. Teen M2) = 82%, 20 "C2 tangent line has slope 12; 0 an equation of the tangent line is y = 12(e—2) +4, y= 122-20. y= 8/(22+ 4) (2,1), tangent lin > sma he soe ofthe gn ine the vale ofthe erative, neat eae Fintan Cifioa reef tevin sions] cote he a i = 10 normal Fine tat s¢2) = 20 e)= we gldgp GB). onal line» Let sta) = Hy Then fe) = (7M) wee ee a -) sip op tony y=t2?—Be, (1,4), normal line © Let f(z) = 42? 82, Then f'( Uojudppwlgeye ye yar T. Pind an equation of the line tangent to y ~ 327 — tw and pacallel to the line 2x —y 43 ~ 0. 4z. Thea f'(z)=@2—4. The given line has the equation y= 2243 and bas slope 2. ‘non ak Bose (8) ~ ye dal henge ne pe rongh (he) and bas ope Bsa eqain n= Hei) le y=2e 2. Find an equation of ech of te tangent Ins to ec by ploting te cre andthe Bee Be, Sede Tiere! om nd et (et elt at wba ‘is tangent to the curve, The slope of L, is given by m(z,) =v'(x,). @ @ =4)—Sor ae % 8; 40 J'(1) =8. The normal fine al 324044 that is parallel to 2r—y +3-=0. 106 TH DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION Brcaust the slopeinterceptfeem of the equation of the given line js y= 2248, the slope of this Hine i 2 Because Ly bs parallel tothe given line, the slope of Ly isalso 2. Therefore, m(z,) =2, and by Bay (2) we have wataty th spa 000 gn? ‘then by Ba. 2) y=, Thus 1, contains 0), §) and bas slepe 2 An equation of 1 is yotes$ then y = 4(2) — (2)* +22) + = 4. Therefore an equation of the second of the requized Ines is ota Xe, pot 49, Find aa equation ofeach somal Ine toy =2"~ de that is parallel to the line 2+ 8) ~8= 0. D Le fla) a te. Tien fe) =3a? =A, At the pot (2,f(2)) the cave, the slope of the normal i FESS aL These tn nthe quo y= Je 41 an hes lage Sic th nora is Bente give tine, we must have gS =f det —A= 85 = Now f(2) =0 and J(-2) = 0 the rquinee normal Ine ae at (20) ae (~2,0) ad ea tne haw ope Renee, heir equations are y= —He—2 2 +8y—2=Oand y= —[(e +2}; 2+8¥42=9 50, Find an equation of the line tangent to y = 2*~ 6s and perpendicular tothe tne = 2946 > The given line hos entation y =x +8 sad slope $y a perpendicular has slope ~2. Let (2 Playa de? "6. Av the polit (e,/(2) on the cure, Ue slope of the tang Becave /() = 5. the required fine is y= -2(2—1) ~$ of y= =22— S51. Find on equation ofeach Ine though (33) that & tanget to the parabola y= 25° 1. Dee fle) 2st Then fe) = es Aline through the pointe P(aj2nj!~ 1) and (18) has ope CEE) 18 page tbe mg at Pit soy) NaN anys Now f(7)=97 82. Given f(z) —}e2-+28" +5245, show that {'(2) 20 forall values of & fe)= asd = (242) +12 br alls 133. Prove the general product rule for three factors.» Applsng the praduct rate twice, we have AUC): ge BC@)! = C0) aa)! -Me) + UE) 02] MC) (a) a2) + fl2)-g2)) Bla) = LF) 92) HE) a) ae) We) + He) (2): Wa) + 4(2)-9(2) Ma) In Bxercines 54-57, use the general product rule to fine the derivative. BA. [Cer 43)(22-—5) ee +2 = (ae 3) 22 — 5] +2) + (2? 49) Ee—SY(Oe-+2) +(e? +N EHS AY = dele —6)(Se+2) + (22+ 3)2){ Se + 2)4(2? +3)22 —5)8) (12 225" 20a) e (62? 4dr" + e+ 12) +02 ~ 100" 185 — 99) = Bee? 992" + 16e— 89 55. (ae 42 eF— 1 = 82 4)824 Het — YY (Se 2) (Ge +2\er 1) + Be F212 42) PI) + (Be $2)Ge +2127 —D Bde 2)62?~ 1) 4p 42)0K3? 1) + e+ (02 4 2)C2) (Gat 2)802 3-4 Set 1-4 Gah + de) = (Be +2)(120 +e —6) = 202 420084 22-3) Se (ae 44g +390? 91 (Pte Sylar aiat—5) + bet 4x Yes3)(e? 0) +98 ge He 49)62"-5) (2 = 32 -h(e4 3X22 3) 482 427) Det— 9) + Be ra He +28) (a4 24 450) —1h2?—3a"!— 95-2 + bg 9b Ae) (Be + 2 52%) + (608 + BA De + Stes? + et = 00e9— 18582 — 26? + 10a 4 a st Kae ge +1 =Dfet ges Meet HHH) (Qa? +24 Let tet Qe +241) $(2e 42+ )Or +241 Ostet) 4 Gxt +24 2s? +24 1) +2+h = (42 + 122" 42+ 1)(22* +241) +(2e +24 Nat et +a + 1) + et +24 eet Hees = Mae + 2s? +241)? 24 TIBOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS AND HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES 107 ‘Prove the Leibniz rue for th second deivatve. (fa) =(9Y = Ula Sol = U0) U9) = at 9) +09 + a= M9 t2T a Tot Now assume the formals i ue for DEAE) = plik + tet = (kD Le) ‘Thus the formula hold trve for n= b+ 1 and hence for any integer = Lim Pe pcre" Pat) a aNd a (terme) = mat Prove that i aud 9 ae difercniable fanctons seh tht (0) = O and 0) =0 then (Cz) cannot be 2, Suppose f(2)a(2)= s. By the product mle: (xg) + f(a)gx) =1. At: f70)-040-¥(0) =041. Sow bow tree thoren on diferentatign enable ws to difereatate ay polyoaiah aah egayt Preheat cle CegePY H eg ath oneal) + (eae eH HS Lamy eg CaP) bt (ty eet PE nee (2 eget the RECTILINEAR MOTION ‘2541 Definition If isa fonction civen by the eauation s = 2) and a article is moving long a stright ine ‘0 that sis she number of units inthe directed distance of the partele from a fixed point on the line att units of time, then the instantaneous relorly ofthe particle a unit of Gime is nitvof velocity, where =rw # 0nd UF it existe. The instantaneous site of change of the velocity ie elled the instantaneous nes 1-8, n partite is moving along a herizonal line acconding ta the given equation, where « meter ie ‘rected distance of the particle from a point O at { seconds, ind the iastantaneous velocity o(0) meters per ‘att seconds, and then Find e{,) forthe partiular value of 4 =i MO DAat 4) = 40% oo) = 4-259 =; 1) a 422-1; Ke) Ht 120842: 0G) =5 24.030 Ska aa ale slong. horizontal line according tothe given equation where s meter is the {point O at L seconds. "The postive direction iste the right. Determine the ‘SS hes the partic is moving tothe right ed when it 3 moving tthe left. Also determine when ‘e Svon. Simulate the motion on jour eraphiescalslatr, In Exercises U5 and 16, plot she motion 20g THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION Pugh ates ste 34619 =P 4-3) =H +992) and t= fe2 11a _ panics - Te Sorin tote 1573 b — a hanging dieton fom right et “Jetcit ~~ moving tothe let 6 hanging diction from ot opt FLA ovine to te nent PsP — 12048 = a dea? at —12=40 -9. | 4 O'when = Land 1=2 3 AS movies to the rite d= 3 Ghangng deeetin from ight to kt 5 Sfeteas =~ movieg to te let Eo Tee? 0 hanging deton fom Beto right pet 24 + movieg tothe ght 1, 930 4 JP 204 a5 u(t) = BE = 262+ 81-2 = (64 2)2E—1} WG) = De (42 tate paride is _ roving to tbe Heh hanging deci ‘moving to he et ‘Singing rection om eft to ight roving tthe right com right to let sel e4] The instartaneous velocity is given, by ace 40 = Hota) ae aa heed a Because ot) =0 when t=1 and (= —1y the particle reverses dinection at each of these times. Table te indisten the ge ofeach fotor of v when ts in each interval. The siga of vis negative when » hus onc (odd factor, The partite is moving tothe right when «> O and is moving tothe ef. when v <0. The behav Sr'the motion i illustrated in the figure, Table 12b gives values of # and v for specie replacements of $ ‘Where wo use the orginal equation of motin to caleulate « and Ba. (1) 10 eaeulate 2 ties — a esa a felis fe eta. | | staat 25 RECTIUNEAR MOTION 100 1 ads 948-2008 aH? BF 8) oy a ae Ont yaa ase aeey he Suda (020! pale a Bok 0 + +O larga dct fin a et 2 sage 3 and 0 changing direction from ight to left = roving tothe left (P44)— C4 1)29 P2144, oa eee ra} aay +4 (442 w _ perticleis when (= <1 = vB 0 +O ctingdiretion Hom left to right + +E moving to the right 0 +O changing eiertion from sight vo left f>-14V5 = = mong to he Tak pec tcecia ern crete bean eg cia Be erences ics Be cal eine Bat aie See Perea erates Sue kn etae [A chancelics is dropped from a height of 160 8. (4) Wits Its oquatin of motion. (b) Pind the velocity at 1 Sst 1.5 sc. (e) When does it rach the ground? (dl) How fast is ping then? @ ee + 160 (2) (0 “et. vd) = Be, Thetefore, 1 see afer tie dropped ite CCocky ie “20h Jc. w( 1.8) = 48, Thus, 1.9 oar tix dropped its vdocity is ~H8 Ite. (6) It traces le ground when s = 0. Then 1624-100 =0; 2 = 10, €= 10. Thus is reaches the ground in about 32 ae. (@i eiy10) = 22/10. Hence when it reaches the greund is velocity i about ~101.2 face ‘A chaneleeis thrown éown rom height of 180 Ra 48 (4) Write its equation of motion. (2) Fiad the felcity at 1 and 15 mec (c) Whey docs it reach the run? (@) Go) ope tbs oy = 100. = 60 ae 10 1) rots velit i ~BD/e. (15) = ~96, Ths, 1.5 after it js dropped ite velty teaches the gound wher ¢=d, Then ~i6t*—48¢ +160 =0; 0= --3¢~ Feaches Ihe ground in 2 .(@)o@2)= 112 Hence when it reaches the grotnd [Aball thrown up from the ground at 32 fee. (0) Wate its equation of motion. (s) Sula ite motion sour eapiin eestor sl mtinate when and wher its Hehe point wil be (} Calculate the emul {Gh Te Se clon and () its peed at 3 see and 125 see (0 Find spend hen I reaches the ground (hay 82 yn a 18 894) ot) f= ~ 821 +82. The ball reaches phe! point when © = hate, when''=1 ood ().=16 There Haken ce al ee to each ts maxima bright of 16 (4 M8) 8. Hence, 15 or ater iia thrown ie veeity iy 8/5ec (25) =. Ths 1.25 ote after it jee (e) In oth comes ie sped is € ff (1 rates the proud when = 0 162 T= 2. HD) =2E Hence when fe aches the ground ite speed i 32 {lees the same as when twas throm. ‘velo is 112 Meee 110 THE DERIVATIVE AND DIFFERENTIATION 21. A roche is fred up from the ground at 660 f/ece (a) Write ite equation of motion. (b) Simulate its motion fn your gzaphies calculator and estimate when and whew ils highest point will be. (e) Calculate the reals. {Pius velit an (c) lia spend t 10 ex and 25 soe (0) Find its speed when it reaches the grousd. > (a) ny = 860, 4, =0. «= —160 8600 (c) ut) = de/dt= ~B21+ 560. ‘The reckel reaches its highest point Mihen? =O; dish io, when €= 178 and (17.5) — 4000, Therefore it takes the rocket 17.5 see to reach ita Taxdmern beight of 4300 ft, (d) (10) =240. Kenee, 10 see alter it is Gred ite velocity is 240 ft/sec NQ5) 2 240. Thao, 25 se aero fed ite vlad ir 240 Te/ae. (e) In eth ses, its speed is 240 fuse G1 aches the ground when 40. Then —16? + 560¢ =0; 0 = —160(¢~35); 1= 35 w(85) = 560. Hence When ft reaches the proud Si spon! i 560 ft/sec, the same az whom it was thrown, 422. Plot the path of the ballin Exercie 20 with 28, Plot the path of the rocket in Bxercse 21 with and y= and ako the velocity. ‘Land y= and abo the velocity a ao at NF |e 24, Simulate the motion ofthe particle of Be. $.0n your graphics calalator. Bxplain why this supports te results. tle Example 3 me have #2302 aad v=4¢= 61-30, For sibility, me simulate the motion of the pariicle om the Be ‘our exleulaof Sn pacemetic mode, w> let 2y(0) = 0— 120 +361 24 and GO=2. In the window [-1,4)x[—35] we let [(Min (Mac) = [0,4] and tatep = 0.05. We now press the ERREE) ey and then pees the’ key and hold itdown until the cursor is at t= 0. Notice the infoumatien at the botion of the sere: ¢ =O, 2=0, 9 =2. We pres the > Key and hold It down. The cursor represents the pprticle mosing along the lice y= 2. Note that the particle is moving to the right until ¢= 2 and == 4, when A stops and chenges dretion. ‘The particle then moves tothe left and disappears off the sereen to the left In yercses 25 and 2%, a particle is moving along a lite arcording the the equation, where + is the position at {CO see, Find the tine when the acederation is 0 and the position and velodty at that time. W sndO-Yeyael vat —atete =) @-4 2 eH PPP ERA ve OP 12, a= BE = 12E—12 =O when C= 1. (=H a1) =F In Exoscines 27 and 98, make a table giving , 1, Inchide the intervals of time whes the particle is moving ta) the lef aud right, and when the velocity or sped i increasing or decreasing. Plot with x= and y= t+ Wy. om BOF 4 St HP — 914 19) = H(t ~ 1 Kt —t), where the roots of |? — 9+ 15 = O are ye AEE =H" Val s2atena yo Yay =or TBE ee yee Ser is) =A fe 8) a= Dye = HI 18 = 62} =o OF > avis atthe origin and ir moving to the right "The velocity by decreasing. The speed is decieasing. (

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