168 THEORY AND DESIGN OF MODERN PRESSURE VESSELS and the second becomes f. Eta = M (4.9.6) where the integration is extended over the entire cross-sectional area A. Equation 49.5 shows that the centroid of the cross section must be on the x axis. if it is noted that J y%dA about the x axis is the moment of, inertia of the cross section I, Eq. 4.9.6 gives 49.7) (4.9.8) It is seen that the distribution of the normal stresses over the cross section of the ring is the same as in the bending of a straight bar; i.e. the stress is proportional to the distance from the neutral axis x, and the maximum stress occurs at the point farthest from this axis. It is well to emphasize that the twisting of a ring by uniform couples is not the same problem as the torsion of a straight bar. In this case there is no shearing stress on a diametrical section and the moment of inertia in- volved is the rectangular moment of inertia about the x axis and not the polar moment of inertia as used in problems of torsion, 2. Case H, Ring Dimensions Not Small Compared to Centerline Radius When the cross-sectional dimensions of the ring are not small com- pared to the centerline radius, the simplifying assumptions of Case I cannot be made.' For instance, if we consider the rectangular cross- sectional ring of Fig. 4.14 whose width 4 is not small compared to the @ Fig. 4.14. Rectangular Flange DISCONTINUITY STRESSES IN PRESSURE VESSELS 169 radius a of the centerline, and assume as before that the deformation of the ring consists of a rotation of its cross section through an angle ¢, the elongation of a fiber at radius r is, ene (4.9.9) and the corresponding stress is Eby (4.9.10) ‘The moment equilibrium equation comparable to Eq, 4.9.6 becomes r 2 (4 Bos2dr dy M 4.9.11) which upon integration yields E6kS x 12 iy 8 ) Replacing M with its value from Eq. 4.9.1 gives the angle of rotation as @ = ie (4.9.13) Ei loge e Substituting the value of @ from Eq. 4.9.13 in Eq. 4.9.10 gives the bending stress 12May 7 49.14) er loge. ‘The maximum stress occurs at the inner corners of the ring where rm cand y= h/2, 6Ma 7 (49.15) Be loge 3. Flange Stresses These equations are readily adaptable to calculating the stresses produced in a pipe flange or the closure flange of a vessel. Figure 4.154170 THEORY AND DES! shows a flange subjected to a force F per unit length of the inner cir- cumference of the vessel. The force per unit length of the outer cireum- ference is then F(c/d). Under the action of these forces the flange rotates thrcugh an angle 6, and the wall of the vessel rotates a like amount at the juncture and behaves as a beam on an clastic founda- tion, Fig. 4.150, Letting My and Ps be the bending moment and shear- ing force per unit length of the inner circumference of the flange re- spectively, their magnitude can be found by the conditiors of vou tinuity at the juncture of the flange and vessel. Since generally flanges are very rigid in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the vessel, the radial displacement produced in the flange by P, is negligible and the radial deflection at the edige of the vessel can be considered zero. Then, from Eq. 44.6 and letting D = El = Eh?/12(1 — ) from paragraph 5, equating the end deflection of the vessel to zero gives OF MODERN PRESSURE VESSELS 1 smpiPo — BMo) = 0 9.16) apap? 8.Mo) (4.9.16) {___——_>, al toy a — io Fig, 4.15, Vessel Flange Rotation and equating the angle of rotation of the edge of the vessel to the angle of rotation of the flange cross section, 8, gives, 1 ~ (Pr, ~ 2816) = (4.9.17) apap? ~ 28M) = 0 From Eq. 4.9.16, Po = BMo (4.9.18) DISCONTINUITY STRESSES IN PRESSURE VESSELS 171 and from Eq. 4.9.17, My = 2pD0 (4.9.19) and Po = 28-D8 (4.9.20) “The value of # is obtained from Eq. 4.5.6, wherein cis the radius of the vessel and / is its wall thickness. The twisting couple, Mf,, per unit length of the centerline of the flange is na M [re 6) — My — Oe 3 (4.9.21) and substituting the value of P, from Eq. 4.9.18 inte 4.9.21 gives A M {re —)-My-A ors (4.9.22) ‘The angle of rotation @ is found by substituting the value of M, trom Eq. 4.9.22 into Eq. 4.9.13, and then from Eq. 4.9.19, {[Fa = 9 = ato - oe (4.9.23) Further, replacing D by its value Fi?/12(1 ~ 44) gives 1 Mo-Fd-9—Gi— ms a 4.9.28) ah ) loge +o" oa (i) M8 When the dimensions of the flange and vessel, and the values of Poisson's ratio and the force Fare given, the quantities Py and M; can be determined from Eqs. 4.9.18 and 4.9.24. The bending stresses in the vessel can be found as in paragraph 4.7, and in the flange from Eq. 4.9.14. The force F is established from the total pressure load over a cross section equal to the inside diameter of the sealing gasket plus the gasket precompression load. In practice this is obtained by measuring the stress in the bolts or studs and establishing an equivalent force per inch of circumference. As an example, the maximum bending stress in the vessel of Fig. 4.15 when d = 6in.,¢ = 3in, h = 1.25 in. hy = 0.75 in, and u = 0.3 can be found as follows:172. THEORY AND DESIGN OF MODERN PRESSURE VESSELS A, The damping factor # is from Eq. 4.5.6, 1.285 “Vex 0S B. Substituting the above values in Eq. 4.9.24 gives 1 = 0.86 in. My = F6 = 3) age ae as a6 R125 1 05 e = lta + yam x alors! 85 Mg = 1A3F ©. From Eq. £9.18, 86 x 143F = 1.23F Po = BMo D. The maximum bending stress in the vessel is 6My _ 6 x 143F emul = 15.25F AP 0.758 PROBLEMS ing af the fong thin tube of Fig 416 subjected toa crural cing onding Fee are rene, denne he radal elton Arecsiyunde he a Aine th fbe we n= 08 amas ooe(2) Fig. 4.16. Deflection of Thin Tube Under Circumferential Ring Loading sragraph 4.7.2, 2. tn Fg. 4.10 using the dimensions given in the example of paragraph 4.7 eterntoe ) the total adil stres inthe lat heal at ts junetare withthe clyindrical Shell ponion,() the total radial stress a dhe center ofthe flat head Ans, (a) +12,603 pi (sie surface) FY0as ps outed surface) ( ~ 9,397 psi (inside surface) 310.315 poi (outsice sacle) DISCONTINUITY STRESSES IN PRESSURE VESSELS 173 3. In the example given in paragraph 4.9.3, determine the maximum bending sess in this vessel wall ifthe flange is assembled with eight 3/4 in. diameter bolts stressed to 10,000 pai in the shank Ans, 28,600 psi 4. Inorder to prevent contamination ofthe coolant fui by rust particles in auclear reactor vewels fabricated of carbon steel, the inside of the vesl is frequently clad with avery thin layer of stainless steel (Which does not afect is strength or deflection), and solid wall stainless steel nozzles are welded into the vessel wall because ofthe difficulty ‘or inability to clad relatively small-diameter nozzles internally. Ifa stainless steel nozzle (cocfcient of thermal expansion a = 0.000003) of r = 20 in, h= 1/2 in 4 = 0.3 and E = 26,000,000 ps is welded into a thick carbon steel veste! (coeficent of thermal expansion a = 0.000007) 50 a8 to simulate a builtin edge, what is: (a) the value of the nozzle characteristic, and (b) the flexural rigidity D? What is: (¢) the Shearing force and bending moment per inch length of circumference atthe built-in edge, and (4) what are the maximum thermal strecs at this location when the reactor vestel is operating to give a uniform increase in metal temperature of 30°F? ‘The nozzle is free to expand in itt axial direction Ans, (a) B = 0.4063 in-* (6) D = 207,600 Ib in, (© Po= 960 Ib Mg= 1,181 in. Ib () o1 = $28,349 psi longitudinal) , = —24,105 psi (circumferential) 5. Solve Problem 4 assuming that the edge atthe juncture of the nozzle and reactor -vessel is simply supported. Ans. (a) 8 = 0.4063 in? (6) D = 297,600 tb in 480 Ib in. Ib psi (longitudinal) = 15,600 psi (cincumferentiall 6. As part of an external support system fora cylindrical nuclear reactor ves, a narrow ring of crosmacctional area 4 is fastened anugly around the outside of ie vewel ata distance well removed from the ends. Assuming zero clearance between the out- side diameter of the vessel and the inside diameter of the ring, establish an expression for (a) the load P, per inch of circumference of the vese, (6) the maximum Fencing moment My in the vessel wall, and (c) the maximum bending stress produced in the vesel wall, due tothe radial dilation of the vessel of radius rand thicknest&eesulting from an internal pressure p, all material being steel, and y= 0.3 (Hint: The total unrestrained outward dilation of the vessel due to internal pressure is given by Eq, 2.4.3 a58 = prX(2 ~ u)/2KE. At the ring location ths total amount must be absorbed by a local decrease in the radius of the vesel equal (0 (Pi6/2A) (Bq, 43.72 and Bq 445.3), and an increase in the radius of the ring equal to (Py/AB) (Eq. 2.2.3 and Eq, 2.4.1. The maximum bending moment ean be found from (Eq. 4.3.98)]146 THEORY AND DESIGN OF MODERN PRESSURE VESSELS Likewise, taking the successive derivatives of Eq. 4.4.5 gives the slope, moment, and shear as (4.4.7) (4.4.8) V = = Pl ge — 2MoBBye (4.4.9) ‘The deflection and slope are a maximum at the end, x = 0, where “gone, = TEE. _ 2M (4.4.10) max. =p 7 Oman, = — 2 4, AM 4.) ra, ‘ 7 ‘These equations, in conjunction with the principle of superposition, can be used in the solution of problems involving discontinuity stresses at the juncture of heads and shells in vessels, etc., paragraph 4.7. 4.5 Cylindrical Vessel Under Axially Symmetrical Loading One of the most important applications of the theory of beams on. elastic foundations is to thin-walled pressure vessels. Considering the cylinder of Fig. 4.6a which is subject to rotationally symmetrical loading, but variable along its length, sections through the cylinder we) % @ Fig, 4.6, Cylindrical Vessel Under Axially Symmetrical Loading, { \ | | DISCONTINUITY STRESSES IN PRESSURE VESSELS 147 normal to the axis will remain circular because of symmetry, aad the radius will undergo a displacement 4r = which will be different for each cross section, Fig, 4.60. This radial displacement can be con- sidered as deflection of a longitudinal element of unit width of the cylinder setting up bending so that the element acts as a “beam’” on an “elastic foundation” created by the remainder of the supporting cylin- der. The radial displacement y at any cross section of the longitudinal element results in a corresponding shortening of the radius of the cylin der at this location giving rise to a compressive strain in the hoop direction of y/r (Eq. 2.4.1). The accompanying hoop stress is Ey/r, or a hoop force per unit length of the longitudinal element of (Fig, 4.6c) y= 7 (45.1) The angle @ subtended by this unit width longitudinal element is 1/r, so the radial resultant of these forces is 1_ Eh P ord 45.2) ‘This reactive force P opposes the deflection and is distributed along the length of the longitudinal element in proportion to the deflection, where Eir/7 is the proportionality factor. Hence, a longitudinal ele- ment of a cylindrical vessel loaded symmetrically. with respect to the axis behaves as a beam on an elastic foundation, the modulus of which is Ek # & (4.5.3) Since the sides of each longitudinal element are not able to rotate to accommodate the lateral extension and compressiou resulting frum the Poisson effect, i.e., any change in the shape of the cross section of the longitudinal clement is prevented by the adjacent elements of the cylinder, a bending moment in the circumferential direction is created equal to Me = uM (45.4) where M, is the longitudinal bending moment and w is Poisson’sratio. This is similar to the condition occurring in flat plates and is taken into account by using D = EI = Eh/12(1 — 2) for its flexural148 THEORY AND DESIGN OF MODERN PRESSURE VESSELS rigidity, paragraph 3.2. Introducing this value for ET, and that for from Eq. 4.5.3 in Eq. 4.2.7 gives the factor § as afk 55 Sapa (4.3.5) B= ger : For stecl with » = 0.3 this becomes (4.5.6) 4.6 Extent and Significance of Load Deformations on Pressure Vessels 1, Atenuation Factors It is wen from Fig. 4.1 that the value of the deftection, slope, bend- ing moment, and shear all have the characteristic damped wave form of rapidly diminishing amplitude. The length of this wave is given by the perjod of the functions cos x and sin 6x which is equal to a : of (46.1) ‘and the factor 8 is called the “damping factor.” It is noted that these Values are all very small at about a distance x = 7/8 on either side of the load, This means that a beam of length 2r/9 (x/8 on each side of the point of loading) will have essentially the same deflection curve as fan infinitely long beam, and Eqs. 43.7a, 43.8a, 4.3.92, and 4.3.10a nay be used without appreciable error. A cylindrical steel vesel then, of lengih greater than 2r-y7h/1.285 = 4. 94yrh acts asif itwere infinitely Jong, This is particularly helpful since the solution of finite beams be comes more complicated and time consuming because the constants of integration in Eq. 4.2.8 are not so readily determined? 2, Equivalent Elastic Foundation —Cantilever Beam Length ‘Another observation that can be made from the nature of the curves of Fig. 4.1 is an appraisal of the extent to which the influence of the lasti¢ foundation characteristics may be considered of primary con- cern; 38 for example, the distance beyond the application of the load at Schich structural reinforcing of a pressure vessel may be assumed to DISCONTINUITY STRESSES IN PRESSURE VESSELS 149 have no significant effect. Obviously, it i i . Obviously, it is not at a distance = / tren gifs int, tony ont» ef the point of load application. One simple approach is to approximate the elastic foundation defiection and slope characteristics with those of a Similarly loaded equivalent length cantlever beam, wich bas similar deflection and slope curves, to give the same maximum values of these characteristics. The equivalent length cantilever beam is taken athe farthest distance from the point of application of the load at which a significant effect is registered. It is found, referring to Fi ty cating the end defections and slopes of a beam Gn ar clase foundation loaded by a force P and moment My with those for a similarly loaded cantilever} hence, Fig. 4.7. Blastic Foundation—Cantilever Beam Comparison A. Deflection Consideration: (@) Load P only Elastic beam from Eqs. 4.4.6 and 4.2.7 P ER (462) 2 Cantilever beam (4.6.3) and substituting the value of y at x = 0 from 6 eee from Eq. 4.6.2 into ld L=-—— 2 (4.6.4) when itis noted that the / ofthe elastic beam is equal ¢ elastic beam is equal tothe Jof the cantilever beam divided by 1 — i, paragraph 3.2, anda value n = 0.3 for steel is used ,