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Language and Linguistics / Langue et linguistique
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Sapir, E.(1921) Language. New York: Harcourt Brace,

"Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions
and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols."(p.8)
Trager, G. (1949) The Field of Linguistics. Norman, OK: Battenberg Press
"A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which the members of a
society interact in terms of their total culture."(p.5)
Chomsky, N. (1957) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, Cambridge: M.I.T. Press. (p.13)
a language is precisely a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and
constructed out of a finite set of elements.
De Sausure, F. (1916) Cours de linguistique gnrale, Editions Payot & Rivages
La langue est un systme de signes , le signe tant le doublet constitu dun signifiant phontique et
d'un signifi conceptuel. Le terme langage , lui, associe langue et parole , cette dernire dsignant
les aspects physiologiques et acoustiques de llocution et de laudition.

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langage, langue et parole

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Halliday :
.1

Instrumental function :

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" " .I want
.2 :

Regulatory function

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" " .Do as I tell you
.3
3

Interactional function :

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" " .Me and you
.4 Personal function :
.
" " .Here I come
.5

Heuristic function :

.
" " .Tell me why
.6

Imaginative function :

. " " Let us
.Pretend
.7 :

Representational function

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" " I have got something to tell
.(you
.8

Play function :

. "."Billy Pilly
.9 :

Ritual function

. " " How do
you do
-6
Universal
Grammar ).
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"Family



"" " "Phylum
macro-phylum
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Classification

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: ( lize ly al ) :
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Normally
Normalize

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Normal + ly
Normal + ize

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unkind
reaction
inaction

un + kind
re + action
in + action

isolating
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