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Slide - Môn học: Phân tích môi trường
Slide - Môn học: Phân tích môi trường
Mc ch mn hc
Cung cp kin thc v:
- Ch th mi trng
- Tiu chun nh gi cht lng mi trng
- Phng php x l v phn tch cc thng s
cht lng mi trng.
- m bo cht lng v kim sot cht lng
trong phn tch mi trng.
Ni dung
Chng I. Ch th mi trng v tiu chun nh
gi cht lng mi trng
Chng II. Cc phng php o c v phn
tch cc thng s cht lng mi trng
Chng III. X l mu
Chng IV. m bo cht lng v kim sot
cht lng trong phn tch mi trng
Chng V. Cc bi th nghim v thc hnh
. Hunh Trung Hi - Bi ging Phn tch mi trng Vin Khoa hc cng ngh Mi trng Bch khoa.
Cc TCVN v mi trng.
APHA. Standard
* Chc nng:
o Cung cp thng tin cho cc chnh tr gia, cc nh hoch nh
chnh sch:
Vn ang tin trin th no?
Cc tin t c so vi mc tiu ra?
Quy hoch v d bo ni chung mi lin h gia pht trin
kinh t v qun l mi trng.
o Hoch nh chnh sch:
t ra cc mc tiu, ch tiu
Theo di vic thc hin chnh sch
Hoch nh, thc thi, nh gi hiu qu ca chnh sch
o Cung cp thng tin cho cng ng
Chuyn ti thng tin, tuyn truyn, nng cao nhn thc v
thay i hnh vi ca cng ng.
vai tr nh th no?
no?
S m hnh DPSIR:
D
Kinh t
- Nng
nghip
- Cng
nghip
- Nng
lng
- H gia
nh
Sn xut
v c cu
sn xut
Cht thi
Hin trng
sinh hc
- a dng
sinh hc
S dng
cng ngh
Trng thi
ha hc
- Cht lng
khng kh
- Cht lng
nc
- Cht lng
t
Chnh sch
v mi
trng
Xc nh
mc tiu
Tiu dng
Chnh sch
cho tng
lnh vc c
th
Trng thi t
nhin
- Thy vn
- a hnh
- Ti nguyn
S dng
ti nguyn
thin nhin
Cc cng
c kinh t
v m
Chc nng
ca h sinh
thi
- Nc bin
- Nc trong
lc a
- Rng
Tc ng n
mi trng
- Cc ch th
p ng
- Tc ng
n cc vn
khc
Tc ng n
nn kinh t
- Chi ph cho
nhng
bin
php
khc
phc
- Hu qu v
kinh t
u tin
(lin quan
p lc
Ngun thi cc cht
nhim: NO2, SO2, bi
(TSP, PM10), CO,
VOC
Tc ng
Nng nghip lin k
vng nhim
Din bin cc h sinh
thi trong th
Ri ro v phi nhim
nhim khng kh i vi
sc kho cng ng
p ng:
- Hiu sut nng lng: nng lng tiu th so vi pht trin kinh t
- Cc chnh sch mi trng t c mc tiu ca quc gia v mi trng (VD: tiu chun, tiu ch nhm
iu tit p lc)
- Cc chnh sch i vi ngnh (cc gii hn v kim sot s tng trng ca ngnh nhm lm gim hoc
thay i cc hot ng hay cc p lc m cc hot ng ny gy ra)
- S dng nhin liu sch hn
- Ngun nng lng sch hn
- u t cho BVMT
- Din tch cy xanh th
- Nhn thc mi trng
- Chnh sch xa i, gim ngho c th
Ch th mi trng nc:
ng lc
p lc
S gia tng dn s ni
chung.
Cc lnh vc c lin quan
- Nng nghip
-Ng nghip
-Thy in
-Nc sinh hot
-Cng nghip
-Dch v
-Xy dng
-H gia nh
-Khai thc m
-Lm nghip
-Giao thng ng thy
-nh bt thy sn nc
ngt
Tc ng:
Tnh a dng sinh hc
H sinh thi: t ngp
nc, rng ngp mn
Ti nguyn thin nhin:
thy sn nc ngt, t
nng nghip b nhim
v mn ha
Con ngi: nhim
nc ung, bnh tt do
nhim nc, gim thu
nhp/dinh dng t
nh bt thy sn nc
ngt v hot ng nng
nghip, ti nh c, l lt,
kh hn.
p ng
- Hnh ng gim thiu
- Cc chnh sch mi trng t c mc tiu ca quc gia v mi trng (VD: cc tiu chun, cc tiu ch nhm
iu tit p lc)
-Cc chnh sch i vi ngnh (cc gii hn v kim sot s tng trng ca ngnh nhm lm gim hoc thay i cc
hot ng hay cc p lc m cc hot ng ny gy ra)
- Nhn thc mi trng
- Chnh sch xa i, gim ngho c th
- Qun l tng hp cc thy vc
Ch th mi trng t:
nhim mi trng t c xem l tt c cc hin
tng lm nhim bn mi trng t bi cc cht
nhim: do cc cht thi sinh hot, do cht thi cng
nghip, hot ng nng nghip.
Phn loi nhim t theo cc tc nhn gy nhim:
nhim t do tc nhn ha hc: Bao gm phn bn
N, P (d lng phn bn trong t), thuc tr su (clo
hu c, DDT, linan, P hu c), cht thi cng nghip
v sinh hot (kim loi nng, kim, axit)
nhim t do tc nhn sinh hc: Trc khun l,
thng hn, cc loi k sinh trng (giun, sn,)
nhim t do tc nhn vt l: Nhit (nh hng
n tc phn hy cht thi ca sinh vt), cht
phng x (Uran, Thori)
Chng II:
Cc phng php o c v phn tch cc
thng s cht lng mi trng
* Phng php vt l
* Phng php ha hc
im tng ng xc nh nh nhng tn
hiu c bit c th nhn thy c, v d s
thay i mu ca loi cht c thm vo vi
mt lng rt nh gi l cht ch th, hoc s
thay i t ngt ch s my o (in th,
dn,).
Cc phng php phn tch th tch: trung
ha, oxi ha - kh, kt ta, to phc.
* Cc cht ch th:
-
- ng dng:
+ V d: Phn tch hm lng Cl- trong nc:
Chun Cl- bng dung dch AgNO3 c th dng
K2CrO4 lm cht ch th v sau im tng ng,
Ag+ d s to kt ta gch Ag2CrO4.
Ag+ + Cl- AgCl trng
2Ag+ + CrO42- Ag2CrO4 gch
C th Chun Ag+ bng dung dch CNS-, dng cht
ch th l Fe3+ to phc Fe(CNS)3 mu sau im
tng ng.
Ag+ + CNS- AgCNS trng
Fe3+ + 3CNS Fe(CNS)3
B pht
tn hiu
B cm
bin tn
hiu vo
B cm
bin tn
hiu
B chuyn
i tn hiu
B pht tn hiu:
- Tn hiu pht sinh t chnh i tng cn phn tch
V d s pht bc x mu vng ca Na khi t nng cc mu
c cha nguyn t ny trong quang k ngn la.
- Tn hiu khng pht sinh t mu phn tch nhng khi i qua mu
phn tch tn hiu b bin i m s bin i c lin quan n
cu to cng nh nng cc thnh phn trong mu.
B cm bin tn hiu vo: chuyn i cc tham s ha hc hoc
vt l thnh 1 dng tn hiu khc, thng l tn hiu in.
B cm bin tn hiu: l khi thit b in t thc hin cc thao
tc nh khuych i, lc tn hiu.
B chuyn i tn hiu: chuyn cc tn hiu in c ci
bin thnh thng tin c th c c, ghi c t ngi
phn tch c th din gii c nhng vn cn tm hiu i vi
mu phn tch.
I A.N 0 .e
Ek
/KT
I: cng ca vch ph
A: hng s
N0: s nguyn t ca nguyn t trng thi hi c trong 1 cm 3
hi nguyn t .
K: hng s Bolzman (1,38.10-23J)
Ek: th kch thch
T: nhit
+ I ph thuc N0 (tc cng l ph thuc nng C), th kch thch,
nhit . S ph thuc I vo C c biu din bi h thc
Lomakin:
I = a.C.b
a, b: l h s ch s ph thuc iu kin kch thch v vch
quang ph cng nh trng thi vt l ca mu nghin cu.
C : l nng ca nguyn t cn xc nh trong mu.
lgI = lga + blgC, l biu thc c s cho php phn tch quang
ph nh lng.
lgI
th mi quan h gia I v C
c dng ng thng
lgI
lgC
lgC
- Nng C0 ban u:
l nng ca nguyn t phn tch m khi thu
c vch ph c trng cho nguyn t .
S thay i cng vch ph ny s xc nh
lng nguyn t cn phn tch.
Xc nh C0: Pha long dn dung dch n nng
Cmin = C0 nhiu vch ph mt i do cng b, ch
cn 1 vch ph gi l vch cng hng.
Nu pha long tip n nng C<C0 th vch
cng hng mt i, thit b khng pht hin c,
l ngng pht hin ca thit b.
Mu
H tn
sc
B thu v x l
tn hiu
lg(I0/I) = A = k.b.C
A: hp th;
k: h s hp th;
b: khong ng nh sng b hp th (v d chiu
rng ca ngn la);
C: nng (c th tnh theo mol/l, g/l...).
lg(I/Io) = A = k.b.C
hay A = lg(I/Io) = K.C
o hp th A c th xc nh C (nng ), c th
tin hnh tnh C theo hai cch: Xy dng ng
chun v phng php thm chun
- Nguyn tc:
S hp th bc x t ngoi v trng thy:
Phn t ca cc cht c kh nng hp th mt cch chn
lc cc bc x chiu qua n. Khi hp th nng lng bc
x, trong phn t xy ra cc bc chuyn nng lng ca
in t, bc chuyn nng lng dao ng, bc chuyn
nng lng quay ca ton phn t ph hp th rt phc
tp, khng c dng vch sc nhn m l nhng bng ph
tri rng.
s hp th in t: s hp th bc x lm bin i nng
lng ca in t.
Trong phn t, cc e (lp ngoi) c vai tr khc nhau: tham
gia lin kt gi l in t ha tr, khng tham gia lin kt gi
l cc in t khng chia hay in t c thn.
**
Io
I
C
2. H tn sc
3. Cuvt ng dung dch (mu)
4. Detect (t bo quan in, nhn quang)
5. B ghi o (a. in k, b. my t ghi hay hin s, c. my tnh)
Nguyn tc:
Dao ng ca phn t 2 nguyn t:
A,
A m1
B, m2
r
r0
f = - K. r, vi K: gi l hng s lc (dyn.cm-1)
+ Khi r b, dao ng ca A,B c coi l dao ng iu ha v h A-B
gi l h dao ng iu ha. Tn s dao ng ca dao ng ny (tn
s dao ng ring) tnh theo h thc:
1
s
2
K
M
Dao ng lin kt
i xng
Dao ng lin kt
khng i xng
A
Dao ng bin dng vung gc v hai pha
mt phng kiu ci qut (ngoi mt phng)
Dao ng bin i
kiu con lc (trong
mt phng)
X +
A
Dao ng bin dng kiu xon (ngoi
mt phng)
Ph dao ng v cu to phn t:
+ Cc kiu dao ng v tn s dao ng lin quan n
cu trc phn t.
V d: T 4000 2500 cm-1: s hp th c trng cho dao
ng co dn ca nguyn t H vi cc nguyn t c khi
lng 19.
V d lin kt C H trong C C H tn s dao ng co
dn lin kt xut hin 3300 cm-1, trong hp cht vng
thm v cha no khong 3000 3100 cm-1. Vng tn s
trung gian 2500 1540 cm-1 thng l vng cha no.
V d: Lin kt c m ph hp th 2500 2000 cm-1,
Lin kt = c m ph hp th 2000 1540 cm -1.
Nhm
Tn s cm-1
Nhm
Tn s cm-1
O-H
3650-3250
2200
N-H
3500-2900
CC
C=O
1850-1650
C-H
3300-2700
C=C
1650
S-H
2550
C-O-
1300-1000
1
2
Ch thch:
1.Ngun bc x hng
ngoi
100
2. Cuvet ng mu
2. Cuvet ng dung dch
so snh
3. Quang k n sc
Truyn
quang
(%)
4. Detector
5. Cu trc ghi ph
S sng
Ph hng
ngoi ca
C3H6O
3000
, cm-1
1724
1430
1370
1218
Xc nh tp cht :
+ Khi mt cht c ln tp cht, s xut hin thm cc
m ph s lm nhe ph. Khi tp cht hp th mnh
mt bc x IR m thnh phn chnh khng hp th
th vic xc nh rt thun li, v d trong mt
hidrocacbon c ln mt lng nh xeton th tn s hp
th 1720 cm-1 chng t iu v hidrocacbon thc
t khng hp th vng ph ny.
Phn tch nh lng:
Vic phn tch nh lng cng da vo h thc Lambert
Beer: A = lg(Io/I) = abC
Nguyn tc chung:
Nguyn tc ca phng php l o in th cn bng ca cc ch th
xc nh nng cn bng ca cht cn phn tch hoc theo di
s bin thin nng ca n khi cht tham gia phn ng vi mt
cht khc (phng php chun in th).
T nm 1966, phng php phn tch o in th c mt bc tin
ln nh s pht minh ra mt loi in cc mi gi l in cc chn
lc ion (sau y s k hiu l CLI) tc l cc in cc phn hi mt
cch chn lc i vi cc ion khc nhau.
Khi o in th, ta khng xc nh th cn bng tuyt i ca mt
cc ring bit m ch xc nh th ca n so vi th ca mt cc
dng lm chun, c th khng thay i nh cc Ag/AgCl hay
Hg/HgCl2, gi l in cc so snh. Cc m th ca n bin thin theo
nng (chnh xc l hot ca cht cn o gi l cc ch th).
Nh vy in th o c E = ct ss + j
Trong :
ct: th ca in cc ch th; ss: th ca in cc so snh;
j: th khuch tn.
Gii thiu:
in cc mng rn: c th l mng ng th hay d th. Cc mng rn
ng th thng c ch to t cc loi n tinh th, v d n tinh
th LaF3, t mui nng chy ng rn, t bt mui nn di p sut
cao. in cc mng rn d th: tinh th cc cht c kh nng dn in
bng ion c phn b u vo khung to mng thch hp nh
polietilen, PVC, ...
in cc mng rn ng th tuy cho lp li v chnh xc cao
nhng kh ch to, in cc mng rn d th v mng mng ch to
hn.
Dung dch
Dung
d?ch
trong
trong
C?c
Ccso
sosnh
snh trong
trong
Ag/AgCl
Mngch?n
chn l?c
lc ion
Mng
Ion
in cc chn lc mng
rn
Cc Ag/AgCl
Ag/AgCl
C?c
Chtl?ng
lng h?u
hu c
Ch?t
c
trao i ion
trao
?i ion
Mng polyme
in cc chn lc mng
lng
C?c so
snh trong
2
Cc so
Dung dch
Dung
d?ch
trong (2)
aj (2)
C?c
Cc ClI
CLI
Mng ClI
M
Dung d?ch
phn tch (1)
aj (1)
Dung dch
C?c so
snh ngoi
1
Cc so
RT
j(1)
M
ln
ZF a j( 2 )
aj(1), aj(2) l hot ion j trong cc dung dch tng ng; aj(2) =
constant v Z l in tch ion nn c th rt gn biu thc trn
CLI = f(lnaj(1))
Nu trong dung dch c cc ion cn tr l i, hot l a i, h s chn
lc ca ion j i vi i l Kij th theo cng thc Niconsky, ta c:
CLI
Zj
RT
const
ln a j K ji a i
Z jF
Zi
0,059
E Ea
lg a j(1)
Z
lgf
0,5Z 2
1
1
C i Z i2
2
ng dng:
o pH bng in cc thy tinh:
+ in cc thy tinh l loi in cc chn
lc ion (ion H+) ra i sm nht. Mng
chn lc ion H+ l mng thy tinh c cu
to theo s hnh sau. S mch o
cng tng t mch o in th in cc
chon lc ion, ch khc l dung dch trong l
mt dung dch m c xc nh. Cng lp
cc php tnh nh i vi in cc chn
lc ion, cui cng ta s c:
E = const = 0,059 pH (vi pH = - lgaH+).
+ in cc thy tinh l in cc tt nht
o pH trong khong pH = 2 10. T pH
11, php o khng chnh xc v nh hng
ca cc ion Na+, K+
C?c
so snh
Cc
sotrong
snh
Ag/AgCl
trong (Ag/AgCl)
Dung
d?chdch
trong
Dung
trong
Mng th?y tinh
Mng thy tinh
Cu to in cc thy
tinh
nhm cc
Xt trng hp ip phn vi vi
in cc l git Hg, ng vai tr
catt v ant l mt lp Hg y
bnh in phn. Sau ny ngi ta
Gi E l in th gia 2 cc, A l
th ant, K l th catt, R l in
1. Ngun in
3. Ant
5. in k
2. Bnh in phn
4. Catt
6. Bin tr
* Sng cc ph.
E1/2
Sng cc ph.
I
b
a
E
Cc cc i trn sng cc ph
a: Cc i loi 1
b: Cc i loi 2
E1/2
Xc nh E1/2 trn
sng cc ph
ln
I I
d
nF
gii hn )
E1/2
tR
Nng
Sc
ca mt
cht
tM
Thi im
np mu
- Sc k kh (GC):
Nguyn tc:
+ GC da trn nguyn tc sau: khi mt hn hp cc cht
bay hi c kh mang (pha ng) vn chuyn qua ct
cha mt cht hp ph rn hoc thng thng hn l qua
mt pha lng hp ph ln mt cht rn (pha tnh), mi
thnh phn hi c phn b trong kh mang v cht
rn hoc cht lng.
+ Ty theo thi gian lu, mi thnh phn hi s thot ra
khi ct sc k cc thi gian khc nhau v c xc
nh bi detector thch hp, c th xc nh nh tnh
cng nh nh lng.
+ u im :
Kh nng phn tch rt cao, ngay c i vi nhng hn
hp phc tp;
nhy, chnh xc v tin cy rt cao;
Thi gian phn tch ngn,
C th phn tch hng lot.
Thit b GC:
1. B cung cp kh mang;
3. B o lu lng;
5. Ct sc k;
7. Detector;
9. B x l tn hiu
2. B iu chnh p sut;
4. B np mu;
6. Bung n nhit;
8. B khuch i in t;
+ Kh mang:
Trong GC, kh mang l kh dng vn chuyn cc cht kh
nghin cu qua ct sc k, chnh l pha ng. Kh mang phi
l cc kh tr, khng tng tc vi mu, vi pha tnh, vi cc b
phn tip xc, phi c tinh khit cao (t nht l 99,995%), phi
chn cho ph hp vi Detector v cc yu cu khc v phn
tch. Ngoi ra phi chn kh mang c gi thnh r v an ton, ty
tng trng hp c th dng N2, H2, He, Ar, O2 v khng kh.
+ Detector:
Ghi cc tn hiu thu c t qu trnh sc k, phn tch tn hiu v
bit c cc cht cn phn tch, tch.
Trong GC hin nay ngi ta s dng Detector dn nhit, Detector
ion ha ngn la, Detector hp th electron