Nhm:

Nguyn Hong V13110193

L Minh c

13110035

Gii thiu:
Theo nh ti liu ny th SHA-1 vn cha b b kha. Ngha l, cha c ai c th
chng minh mt k thut c th b kha SHA-1 vi thi gian ngn hn brute-force.
Tuy nhin, SHA-1 s dng cc cu trc v cc thao tc ton hc c s dng
cho MD5 v SHA-0, v c 2 u b ph v. V vy nn, SHA1 c xem l khng
an ton v c thay th bng SHA-2.
SHA-2, c bit l phin bn 512-bit, c thit k khng th b tn cng. Tuy
nhin n cng s dng nhng cu trc v thao tc ton hc tng t nh ngi tin
nhim ca n, v l iu ng quan tm. Bi v trong thi gian chng ta tm ra
phng n thay th cho SHA2, n c th b ph v, NIST quyt nh qu trnh pht
trin mt chun bm mi.
Theo , NIST t chc mt cuc thi nm 2007 tm ra th h hm bm NIST k
tip, c gi l SHA-3. NIST mong mun c c tiu chun mi vo thi im cui
nm 2012, nhng nhn mng rng khng phi l khong thi gian c nh, lch
trnh c th ko di hn khong . Nhng yu cu c bn ca ngi ng k tham
gia SHA-3:
Bt k mt ng dng no s dng SHA-2 u c th c thay th bi SHA-3 mt
cch n gin nht. Do SHA-3 phi h tr di gi tr bm 224,256,284,512
bits.
SHA3 phi duy tr c tnh cht trc tuyn t nhin ca SHA-2. C ngha l, thut
ton phi x l tng block nh (512 hoc 1024bit) thay v phi np ton b thng
ip vo trong b nh trc khi x l n.
The Sponge Construction:
Sponge Construction l mt hm bm c s dng trong Keccak chuyn mt
chui u vo bt k thnh mt chui bm vi di c nh: 224,256,384,512 bits.
Hm hon v c thc hin trong mt trng thi vi kch thc c nh.
Trng thi c chia thnh 2 phn c kch thc r(rate) v c(capacity), vi r l s
lng bit u vo c x l khi hon v 1 block. C (capacity) trong hm Sponge i
din cho s lng bit cn li. Cc tc gi ca KECCAK xut gi tr ca r v c trong
ti liu c t. v d: b=1600 bits, r=1088 bits, v c=2n=512, trong n l di
ca chui kt qu.
Thut ton bm s thc hin theo cc bc: u tin state s c khi to vi 0^b
v chui u vo s c thm vo t c di l bi s ca r. Sau n s
c ct thnh khi c kch thc r. Trong sut qu trnh khi to, thng ip s

c XORed vi r bit u tin bng hon v n f. Sau qu trnh hp th thng ip

hon tt, n s chuyn sang ch ng bng ti y cc bit s c lp li.
Php hon i KECCAK-f:
Cc tc gi ca KECCAK xut 7 trng thi hon i KECCAK-f c s dng.
Nhng hm hon v ny c k hiu bi KECCAK-f[b], b = 25 x 2^l. Vy hm ln
nht ca KECCAK l KECCAK-f[1600] v KECCAK-f[800].
KECCAK-f t chc b-bit trng thi thnh mt mng 3 chiu vi s phn t ln lt l
5 x 5 x w, trong w =2^l. Ma trn ny c th c ct thnh slides v lanes. Mt
slide l mt ma trn cha 25 bits: 5 hng 5 ct. Mt lane cha w bit vi x y l hng
s. Chng ta c th xem cu trc ca n trong hnh 1.

Php hon i KECCAK-f l mt hm hot ng theo nhiu vng, mi 12+2l vng

gm 5 bc nh Theta (), Rho () and Pi (), Chi (), Iota (i):
: Hm Theta bao gm 3 phng trnh c lin quan n XOR v dch bit theo chu k.
Phng trnh (1) gi php ton XOR gia cc lane ca cc mi dng trong ma trn
trng thi v cho ra kt qu l 5 ouput lane. Chu trnh khi to s thc hin hon
i sao cho lane cui cng s l lane u tin v lane k cui s tr thnh lane cui
trong phng trnh (2). Sau chu trnh dch vng bn phi s c thc hin trn
cc lane sao cho lane u tin s tr thnh lane cui cng v lane th 2 tr thnh
lane u tin, sau ng vi mi lane cc bit s c dch vng bn tri thay i
v tr ca cc bit trong lane. Phng trnh (3) s gi hm XOR gia ma trn trng
thi u vo v cc lane u ra nhn c t bc 2.
, : Hai bc Rho, v pi c th c gp thnh 1 cng thc v n u thc hin trn
mt mng ph 5x5 c rt t mng trng thi A. Thc hin mt chu trnh quay
chnh n ph thuc vo gi tr ta x, y c cho bng 3.

 : Chi c thc hin trn lanes, Chi s ly thc hin php AND gia lane v tr
[x+1,y] lane v tr [x+2,y] sau XOR vi lane ti v tr [x,y].
: Iota l bc n gin nht ca thut ton KECCAK. N ch thc hin php XOR
gia bit cho trc RC phng trnh (3) vi lane v tr [0,0].