32

Inductance
CHAPTER OUTLINE
32.1
32.2
32.3
32.4
32.5
32.6

Self-Induction and Inductance

RL Circuits
Energy in a Magnetic Field
Mutual Inductance
Oscillations in an LC Circuit
The RLC Circuit

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Q32.1

The coil has an inductance regardless of the nature of the

current in the circuit. Inductance depends only on the coil
geometry and its construction. Since the current is constant, the self-induced emf in the coil is zero, and the coil
does not affect the steady-state current. (We assume the
resistance of the coil is negligible.)

Q32.2

The inductance of a coil is determined by (a) the geometry

of the coil and (b) the contents of the coil. This is similar
to the parameters that determine the capacitance of a
capacitor and the resistance of a resistor. With an inductor,
the most important factor in the geometry is the number
of turns of wire, or turns per unit length. By the contents
we refer to the material in which the inductor establishes
a magnetic eld, notably the magnetic properties of the
core around which the wire is wrapped.

*Q32.3 The emf across an inductor is zero whenever the current is constant, large or small. Answer (d).
*Q32.4 The ne wire has considerable resistance, so a few seconds is many time constants. The nal
current is not affected by the inductance of the coil. Answer (c).
*Q32.5 The inductance of a solenoid is proportional to the number of turns squared, to the cross-sectional
area, and to the reciprocal of the length. Coil A has twice as many turns with the same length of
wire, so its circumference must be half as large as that of coil B. Its radius is half as large and its
area one quarter as large. For coil A the inductance will be different by the factor 22(1/4)(1/2) =
1/2. Answer (e).
Q32.6

When it is being opened. When the switch is initially standing open, there is no current in the
circuit. Just after the switch is then closed, the inductor tends to maintain the zero-current
condition, and there is very little chance of sparking. When the switch is standing closed, there
is current in the circuit. When the switch is then opened, the current rapidly decreases. The
induced emf is created in the inductor, and this emf tends to maintain the original current.
Sparking occurs as the current bridges the air gap between the contacts of the switch.

*Q32.7 Just before the switch is thrown, the voltage across the twelve-ohm resistor is very nearly 12 V.
Just after the switch is thrown, the current is nearly the same, maintained by the inductor. The
voltage across the 1 200- resistor is then much more than 12 V. By Kirchhoff's loop rule,
the voltage across the coil is larger still: VL > V1 200 > 12.0 V > V12 .

225

226

Chapter 32

*Q32.8 (i) (a) The bulb glows brightly right away, and then more and more faintly as the capacitor
charges up. (b) The bulb gradually gets brighter and brighter, changing rapidly at rst and then
more and more slowly. (c) The bulb gradually gets brighter and brighter. (d) The bulb
glows brightly right away, and then more and more faintly as the inductor starts carrying more
and more current.
(ii) (a) The bulb goes out immediately. (b) The bulb glows for a moment as a spark jumps
across the switch. (c) The bulb stays lit for a while, gradually getting fainter and fainter.
(d) The bulb suddenly glows brightly. Then its brightness decreases to zero, changing rapidly at
rst and then more and more slowly.
*Q32.9 The wires magnetic eld goes in circles around it. We want this eld to shine perpendicularly
through the area of the coil. Answer (c).
Q32.10 A physicists list of constituents of the universe in 1829 might include matter, light, heat, the stuff
of stars, charge, momentum, and several other entries. Our list today might include the quarks,
electrons, muons, tauons, and neutrinos of matter; gravitons of gravitational elds; photons of
electric and magnetic elds; W and Z particles; gluons; energy; momentum; angular momentum;
charge; baryon number; three different lepton numbers; upness; downness; strangeness; charm;
topness; and bottomness. Alternatively, the relativistic interconvertibility of mass and energy,
and of electric and magnetic elds, can be used to make the list look shorter. Some might think
of the conserved quantities energy, momentum, bottomness as properties of matter, rather than
as things with their own existence. The idea of a eld is not due to Henry, but rather to Faraday,
to whom Henry personally demonstrated self-induction. Still the thesis stated in the question has
an important germ of truth. Henry precipitated a basic change if he did not cause it. The biggest
difference between the two lists is that the 1829 list does not include elds and todays list does.
*Q32.11 The energy stored in the magnetic eld of an inductor is proportional to the square of the current.
1
Doubling I makes U = LI 2 get four times larger. Answer (a).
2
*Q32.12 Cutting the number of turns in half makes the inductance four times smaller. Doubling the
current would by itself make the stored energy four times larger, to just compensate. Answer (b).
Q32.13

The energy stored in a capacitor is proportional to the square of the electric eld, and the energy stored
in an induction coil is proportional to the square of the magnetic eld. The capacitors energy is
proportional to its capacitance, which depends on its geometry and the dielectric material inside. The
coils energy is proportional to its inductance, which depends on its geometry and the core material. On the other hand, we can think of Henrys discovery of self-inductance as fundamentally new.
Before a certain school vacation at the Albany Academy about 1830, one could visualize the universe
as consisting of only one thing, matter. All the forms of energy then known (kinetic, gravitational,
elastic, internal, electrical) belonged to chunks of matter. But the energy that temporarily maintains a
current in a coil after the battery is removed is not energy that belongs to any bit of matter. This energy
is vastly larger than the kinetic energy of the drifting electrons in the wires. This energy belongs to
the magnetic eld around the coil. Beginning in 1830, Nature has forced us to admit that the universe
consists of matter and also of elds, massless and invisible, known only by their effects.

Inductance

*Q32.14 (a)

The instant after the switch is closed, the situation is

as shown in the circuit diagram of Figure (a).
The requested quantities are:
I L = 0, I C =

0 , I
R

IL = 0

VL = e 0

IR = e 0 /R

Q=0
VC = 0

VR = e 0
+

VL = 0 , VC = 0, VR = 0
(b)

227

IC = e 0 /R

e 0

Figure (a)

After the switch has been closed a long time, the

steady-state conditions shown in Figure (b) will
exist. The currents and voltages are:

VL = 0

IL = 0 +

IR = 0

I L = 0, I C = 0, I R = 0

Q = Ce 0

VL = 0, VC = 0 , VR = 0

VC = e 0

VR = 0
+

e 0

Figure (b)
FIG. Q32.14

*Q32.15 (i) Answer (a). The mutual inductance of two loops in free spacethat is, ignoring the use of
coresis a maximum if the loops are coaxial. In this way, the maximum ux of the primary loop
will pass through the secondary loop, generating the largest possible emf given the changing
magnetic eld due to the rst.
(ii) Answer (c). The mutual inductance is a minimum if the magnetic eld of the rst coil lies in
the plane of the second coil, producing no ux through the area the second coil encloses.
Q32.16 When the capacitor is fully discharged, the current in the circuit is a maximum. The inductance of
the coil is making the current continue to ow. At this time the magnetic eld of the coil contains
all the energy that was originally stored in the charged capacitor. The current has just nished
discharging the capacitor and is proceeding to charge it up again with the opposite polarity.
4L
4L
, then the oscillator is overdampedit will not oscillate. If R <
, then the
C
C
oscillator is underdamped and can go through several cycles of oscillation before the radiated
signal falls below background noise.

Q32.17 If R >

Q32.18 An object cannot exert a net force on itself. An object cannot create momentum out of nothing.
A coil can induce an emf in itself. When it does so, the actual forces acting on charges in
different parts of the loop add as vectors to zero. The term electromotive force does not refer to
a force, but to a voltage.

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 32.1

Self-Induction and Inductance

P32.1

= L I = ( 2.00 H ) 0 0.500 A 1 V s =

P32.2

Treating the telephone cord as a solenoid, we have:

0.010 0 s 1 H A

100 V

2
7
3
N 2 A ( 4 10 T m A ) ( 70.0 ) ( 6.50 10 m )
L= 0
=
= 1.36 H


0.600 m
2

228

*P32.3

Chapter 32

= L dI = L d ( I max sin t ) = L I max cos t = (10.0 103 ) (120 )(5.00) cos t

dt

dt

= (6.00 ) cos (120 t ) = (18.8 V) cos ( 377t )

P32.4

From

I
= L , we have
t

L=

NB
From L =
, we have
I
P32.5

P32.6

( I

B =

t )

24.0 10 3 V
= 2.40 10 3 H
10.0 A s

3
LI ( 2.40 10 H ) ( 4.00 A )
= 19.2 T m 2
=
500
N

2
4
0 N 2 A 0 ( 420 ) ( 3.00 10 )
=
= 4.16 10 4 H


0.160
6
= L dI dI = = 175 104 V = 0.421 A s
dt
dt L 4.16 10 H

L=

=L

dI
d
= ( 90.0 10 3 ) (t 2 6t ) V
dt
dt

(a)

At t = 1.00 s,

360 mV

(b)

At t = 4.00 s,

180 mV

(c)

= (90.0 103 ) (2t 6) = 0

t = 3.00 s

when

P32.7

(a)

450
B = 0 nI = 0
( 0.040 0 A ) = 188 T
0.120

(b)

B = BA = 3.33 10 8 T m 2

(c)

L=

(d)

NB
= 0.375 mH
I

B and B are proportional to current; L is independent of current.

N 2A
N B NBA NA 0 NI
=

= 0
2 R
I
I
I 2 R

P32.8

L=

P32.9

= 0 e kt = L dI
dt

FIG. P32.8

dI = 0 e kt dt

L
If we require I 0 as t , the solution is
Q = Idt =

kL e

kt

dt =

0
2

k L

I=

0 e kt = dq
kL

Q =

dt

0
k2L

Inductance

Section 32.2
P32.10

RL Circuits

Taking =
IR + L

L
, I = I i et :
R

dI
= 0 will be true if
dt

Because =

P32.11

(a)

1
dI
= I i et

dt
1
I i R e t + L ( I i e t ) = 0

L
, we have agreement with 0 = 0.
R

At time t,

I (t ) =

where

After a long time,

I max

(1 et )

I (A)
Imax

R
1

L
= 0.200 s
R

0.5

( 1 e)
=
=
R

t (s)

= (1 et 0.200 s )

At I ( t ) = 0.500 I max

(0.500)

so

0.500 = 1 e t 0.200 s

Isolating the constants

on the right,

(b)

229

0.2

0.4

0.6

FIG. P32.11

ln ( e t 0.200 s ) = ln ( 0.500 )
t
= 0.693
0.200 s

and solving for t,

or

t = 0.139 s

Similarly, to reach 90% of I max ,

0.900 = 1 e t

and

t = ln (1 0.900 )

Thus,

t = ( 0.200 s ) ln ( 0.100 ) = 0.461 s

*P32.12 The current increases from 0 to asymptotically

approach 500 mA. In case (a) the current jumps up
essentially instantaneously. In case (b) it increases
with a longer time constant, and in case (c) the increase
is still slower.

I
500 mA

(a)

(b)

(c)

t
0
FIG. P32.12

230

P32.13

Chapter 32

(b)

6.00 V
1 e0.250 2.00 ) = 0.176 A
I = I max (1 e t ) =
4.00 (

(c)

I max =

I=

= 6.00 V =
R

4.00

0.800 = 1 e

(d)

P32.14

L
= 2.00 10 3 s = 2.00 ms
R

(a)

t 2.00 ms

1.50 A
FIG. P32.13

t = ( 2.00 ms ) ln ( 0.200 ) = 3.22 ms

120
1 e ) =
(
(1 e
R
9.00
t

1.80 7.00

) = 3.02 A

VR = IR = ( 3.02 ) ( 9.00 ) = 27.2 V

VL = VR = 120 27.2 = 92.8 V
P32.15

(a)

(b)

VR = IR = (8.00 ) ( 2.00 A ) = 16.0 V

and

VL = VR = 36.0 V 16.0 V = 20.0 V

Therefore,

VR 16.0 V
=
= 0.800
VL 20.0 V

VR = IR = ( 4.50 A ) (8.00 ) = 36.0 V

FIG. P32.15

VL = VR = 0
P32.16

After a long time, 12.0 V = ( 0.200 A ) R. Thus, R = 60.0 . Now, =

L
gives
R

L = R = ( 5.00 10 4 s ) ( 60.0 V A ) = 30.0 mH

P32.17

P32.18

dI
1
= I max ( e t )

dt

I = I max (1 et ) :
L 15.0 H
=
= 0.500 s:
R 30.0

dI R
= I max e t
dt L

and

I max =

dI R
100 V = 6.67 A s
= I max e0 = =
dt L
L 15.0 H

(a)

t = 0:

(b)

t = 1.50 s:

dI t
1.50 ( 0.500 )
= e = ( 6.67 A s) e
= ( 6.67 A s) e3.00 = 0.332 A s
dt L

Name the currents as shown. By Kirchhoffs laws:

I1 = I 2 + I 3

(1)

+10.0 V 4.00 I1 4.00 I 2 = 0

(2)

+10.0 V 4.00 I1 8.00 I 3 (1.00 )

dI 3
=0
dt

(3)
FIG. P32.18

continued on next page

Inductance

From (1) and (2),

+10.0 4.00 I1 4.00 I1 + 4.00 I 3 = 0

and

I1 = 0.500 I 3 + 1.25 A

Then (3) becomes

10.0 V 4.00 ( 0.500 I 3 + 1.25 A ) 8.00 I 3 (1.00 )

dI 3
=0
dt

(1.00 H )

dI 3
+ (10.0 ) I 3 = 5.00 V
dt

We solve the differential equation using equations from the chapter text:
5.00 V
(10.0 )t 1.00 H
I 3 (t ) =
1 e
=
10.0

(0.500 A) 1 e10 t s

I1 = 1.25 + 0.500 I 3 = 1.50 A ( 0.250 A) e10 t s

P32.19

P32.20

L
L
3.00 H
, we get R =
=
= 1.00 10 3 = 1.00 k .
R
C
3.00 10 6 F

(a)

Using = RC =

(b)

= RC = (1.00 10 3 ) ( 3.00 10 6 F ) = 3.00 10 3 s = 3.00 ms

For t 0, the current in the inductor is zero . At t = 0, it starts to

grow from zero toward 10.0 A with time constant

L (10.0 mH )
=
= 1.00 10 4 s
R
(100 )

For 0 t 200 s, I = I max (1 et ) =

(10.0 A) (1 e10 000 t s )

At t = 200 s, I = (10.00 A ) (1 e2.00 ) = 8.65 A.

Thereafter, it decays exponentially as I = I i e
I = ( 8.65 A) e
P32.21

10 000(t 200 s) s

FIG. P32.20

, so for t 200 s,

= ( 8.65 A) e10 000 t s+2.00 = ( 8.65 e2.00 A) e10 000 t s =

(63.9 A) e10 000t s

L 0.140
=
= 28.6 ms
R 4.90

I max =

= 6.00 V = 1.22 A

(a)

I = I max (1 e t )

4.90

so

0.220 = 1.22 (1 e t )
t = ln ( 0.820 ) = 5.66 ms

et = 0.820 :
(b)

I = I max (1 e10.0 0.028 6 ) = (1.22 A ) (1 e350 ) = 1.22 A

(c)

I = I max e t

and

0.160 = 1.22e t

so

t = ln ( 0.131) = 58.1 ms

FIG. P32.21

231

232

P32.22

Chapter 32

(a)

(b)

dI
For a series connection, both inductors carry equal currents at every instant, so
is the
dt
same for both. The voltage across the pair is
Leq

dI
dI
dI
= L1 + L2
dt
dt
dt

so

Leq

dI
dI
dI
= L1 1 = L2 2 = VL
dt
dt
dt

where

Thus,

(c)

Leq

VL VL VL
=
+
Leq
L1
L2

and

I = I1 + I 2 and

dI dI1 dI 2
=
+
dt dt
dt

1
1
1
= +
Leq L1 L2

dI
dI
dI
+ Req I = L1 + IR1 + L2 + IR2
dt
dt
dt

Now I and

dI
are separate quantities under our control, so functional equality requires
dt

both Leq = L1 + L2
(d)

Leq = L1 + L2

V = Leq

and Req = R1 + R2 .

dI
dI
dI
dI dI1 dI 2
=
+
.
+ Req I = L1 1 + R1 I1 = L2 2 + R2 I 2 where I = I1 + I 2 and
dt
dt
dt
dt dt
dt

We may choose to keep the currents constant in time. Then,

1
1
1
=
+
Req R1 R2

We may choose to make the current swing through 0. Then,

1
1
1
= +
Leq L1 L2

This equivalent coil with resistance will be equivalent to the pair of real inductorss for
all other currents as well.

Section 32.3

P32.23

2
(68.0 )2 0.600 10 2
N2A
= 8.21 H
L = 0
= 0


0.080 0

U=
P32.24

Energy in a Magnetic Field

(a)

1 2 1
2
LI = 8.21 10 6 H ( 0.770 A ) = 2.44 J
2
2
The magnetic energy density is given by
B2
( 4.50 T )
=
= 8.06 10 6 J m 3
2 0 2 (1.26 10 6 T m A )
2

u=
(b)

The magnetic energy stored in the eld equals u times the volume of the solenoid
(the volume in which B is non-zero).
2
U = uV = ( 8.06 10 6 J m 3 ) ( 0.260 m ) ( 0.031 0 m ) = 6.32 kJ

P32.25

u = 0

E2
= 44.2 nJ m 3
2

u=

B2
= 995 J m 3
2 0

Inductance

P32.26

2 Rt L

dt =

*P32.27 (a)

L
2R

e
0

2 Rt L

233

2 Rdt
L 0
L
L
L 2 Rt L
e e )=
e
=

=
(0 1) =
(
0
L
2R
2R
2R
2R

P = IV = 3A 22 V = 66.0 W

(b)

P = IVR = I2R = (3A)2 5 = 45.0 W

(c)

When the current is 3.00 A, Kirchhoffs loop rule reads

+22.0 V ( 3.00 A)( 5.00 ) VL = 0.
Then

FIG. P32.27

VL = 7.00 V

The power being stored in the inductor is

I VL = ( 3.00 A ) ( 7.00 V ) = 21.0 W
(d)

P32.28

At all instants after the connection is made, the battery power is equal to the sum of the power
delivered to the resistor and the power delivered to the magnetic eld. Just after t = 0 the
resistor power is nearly zero, and the battery power is nearly all going into the magnetic eld.
Long after the connection is made, the magnetic eld is absorbing no more power and the
battery power is going into the resistor.

From the equation derived in the text,

I=

(a)

I=

= 2.00 A

The maximum current, after a long time t, is

At that time, the inductor is fully energized and

(b)

Plost = I 2 R = ( 2.00 A )2 ( 5.00 ) = 20.0 W

(c)

Pinductor = I ( Vdrop ) = 0

(d)

U=

(1 e

Rt L

P = I ( V ) = ( 2.00 A ) (10.0 V ) = 20.0 W .

LI 2 (10.0 H )( 2.00 A )
=
= 20.0 J
2
2
2

P32.29

The total magnetic energy is the volume integral of the energy density, u =

B2
.
2 0

2
B 2 R 4
R
Because B changes with position, u is not constant. For B = B0 , u = 0 .
r
2 0 r

Next, we set up an expression for the magnetic energy in a spherical shell of radius r and
thickness dr. Such a shell has a volume 4 r 2 dr, so the energy stored in it is
2 B02 R 4 dr
dU = u ( 4 r 2 dr ) =
0 r 2
We integrate this expression for r = R to r = to obtain the total magnetic energy outside the
sphere. This gives
2 ( 5.00 10 5 T ) ( 6.00 10 6 m )
2 B02 R3
U=
=
= 2.70 1018 J
0
(1.26 10 6 T m A )
2

234

Chapter 32

Section 32.4
P32.30

Mutual Inductance

I1 (t ) = I max e t sin t with I max = 5.00 A, = 0.025 0 s1 , and = 377 rad s

dI1
= I max e t ( sin t + cos t )
dt
dI1
= ( 5.00 A s ) e 0.020 0 ( 0.025 0 ) sin ( 0.800 ( 377 ))
dt

At t = 0.800 s,

+ 377 cos ( 0.800 ( 377 ))

Thus,

P32.31

2 = M dI1 :
dt

2 = M dI1 = (1.00 104 H ) (1.00 10 4 A s) cos (1 000t )

dt

(2 )max =
P32.32

dI1
= 1.85 10 3 A s
dt
2
+3.20 V
M=
=
= 1.73 mH
dI1 dt 1.85 10 3 A s

1.00 V

Assume the long wire carries current I. Then the magnitude of the magnetic eld it generates at
I
distance x from the wire is B = 0 , and this eld passes perpendicularly through the plane
2 x
of the loop. The ux through the loop is
70 mm
1.7
 
I

dx 0 I
1.70
ln
B = B dA = BdA = B (
dx ) = 0
=
0.400
2 0.400 mm x
2

The mutual inductance between the wire and the loop is then
M=

1( 4 10 7 T m A) ( 2.70 10 3 m )
N 2 12 N 2 0 I
1.70 N 2 0

ln
=
=
(1.45) =
(1.45)
0.400
2 I
2
I1
2

M = 7.81 10 10 H = 781 pH

P32.33

P32.34

(a)

M=

6
N B BA 700 90.0 10
=
= 18.0 mH
IA
3.50

(b)

LA =

6
A 400 300 10
=
= 34.3 mH
3.50
IA

(c)

B = M dI A = (18.0 mH )(0.500 A/s) =

dt

9.00 mV

(a)

Solenoid 1 creates nearly uniform eld everywhere inside it, given by m0N1I/

The ux though one turn of solenoid 2 is m0p R22N1I/

The emf induced in solenoid 2 is (m0p R22N1N2/
)(dI/dt)
The mutual inductance is m0p R22N1N2/

(b)

Solenoid 2 creates nearly uniform eld everywhere inside it, given by m0N2I/

and nearly zero eld outside.
The ux though one turn of solenoid 1 is m0 p R22N2 I/

The emf induced in solenoid 1 is (m0 p R22N1N2/
)(dI/dt)
The mutual inductance is m0 p R22N1N2/

(c)

The mutual inductances are the same. This is one example of von Neumanns rule,
mentioned in the next problem.

Inductance

P32.35

The large coil produces this eld at the center of the small coil:

N1 0 I1 R12

3 2 . The eld is
2 ( x 2 + R12 )
normal to the area of the small coil and nearly uniform over this area, so it produces ux

12 =

N1 0 I1 R12

R22 through the face area of the small coil. When current I1 varies,

2 (x + R )
this is the emf induced in the small coil:
2

2 = N2
P32.36

2 32
1

N1 N 20 R12 R22 dI1

N1 N 20 R12 R22
dI1
d N1 0 R12 R22
M
I
=

so
M
=
32
32
32 1
dt
dt
dt 2 ( x 2 + R12 )
2 ( x 2 + R12 )
2 ( x 2 + R12 )

With I = I1 + I 2 , the voltage across the pair is:

V = L1

dI1
dI
dI
dI
dI
M 2 = L2 2 M 1 = Leq
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt

So,

dI 2 M ( V ) M 2 dI 2
+
+
= V
dt
L1
L1 dt
( L1 L2 + M 2 ) dIdt2 = V ( L1 M )
L2

and

leads to

( L L

Adding [1] to [2],

( L L

So,

Leq =

+ M2)

dI1
= V ( L2 M )
dt

+ M2)

dI
= V ( L1 + L2 2 M )
dt

V
L1 L2 M 2
=
dI dt
L1 + L2 2 M

Oscillations in an LC Circuit

1
1
2
At different times, (UC )max = (UL )max so C ( V ) = LI 2
max
2
max 2
I max =

P32.38

FIG. P32.36

dI 2 V M dI1
=
+
dt
L2 L2 dt

By substitution,

Section 32.5

P32.37

dI1 V M dI 2
=
+
dt
L1 L1 dt

C
1.00 10 6 F
( V )max =
( 40.0 V ) = 0.400 A
L
10.0 10 3 H

1 C ( V )2 =
2
max

20.0 10 3 H
L
1 LI 2 so V
=
I
=
(
)
(0.100 A) = 20.0 V
C max
max
2
max
0.500 10 6 F
C

235

236

P32.39

Chapter 32

When the switch has been closed for a long time, battery, resistor,
and coil carry constant current I max =

. When the switch is opened,

R
current in battery and resistor drops to zero, but the coil carries this
same current for a moment as oscillations begin in the LC loop.
We interpret the problem to mean that the voltage amplitude of these
1
1 2
2
oscillations is V, in C ( V ) = LI max
.
2
2
Then, L =

P32.40

C ( V )

2
I max

C ( V ) R 2
2

(0.500 10

F ) (150 V) ( 250 )

(50.0 V)

f=

(b)

Q = Qmax cos t = (180 C) cos ( 847 0.001 00 ) = 119 C

(c)

I=

(0.082 0 H ) (17.0 106

F)

(a)

2 LC

FIG. P32.39

= 0.281 H .

= 135 Hz

dQ
= Qmax sin t = ( 847 )(180 ) sin ( 0.847 ) = 1114 mA
dt

P32.41

This radio is a radiotelephone on a ship, according to frequency assignments made by

international treaties, laws, and decisions of the National Telecommunications and Information
Administration.
1
The resonance frequency is f0 =
2 LC
1
1
C=
=
= 608 pF
Thus,
2
6
( 2 f0 ) L 2 (6.30 10 Hz ) 2 (1.05 10 6 H )

P32.42

(a)

f=

(b)

Q = C = (1.00 10 6 F ) (12.0 V) = 12.0 C

(c)

1
1 2
C 2 = LI max
2
2

1
2 LC

I max =

P32.43

(0.100 H ) (1.00 106

F)

= 503 Hz

FIG. P32.42

C
1.00 10 6 F
= 12 V
= 37.9 mA
L
0.100 H

(d)

At all times

1
=
LC

1
1
2
U = C 2 = (1.00 10 6 F ) (12.0 V ) = 72.0 J
2
2
1

( 3.30 H ) (840 1012 F )

Q = Qmax cos t , I =

(a)

= 1.899 10 4 rad s

dQ
= Qmax sin t
dt

105 10 6 cos (1.899 10 4 rad s ) ( 2.00 10 3 s )

Q2
UC =
=
2C
2 (840 10 12 )

continued on next page

= 6.03 J

Inductance

(b)

UL =
UL =

(c)

237

Q 2 sin 2 ( t )
1 2 1
2
LI = L 2Qmax
sin 2 ( t ) = max
2
2
2C

(105 10

C ) sin 2 (1.899 10 4 rad s ) ( 2.00 10 3 s )

= 0.529 J
2 (840 10 12 F )
2

U total = U C + U L = 6.56 J

Section 32.6 The RLC Circuit

2

P32.44

(a)

d =

1 R

=
LC 2 L

Therefore,

P32.45

fd =

7.60

= 1.58 10 4 rad s
3
6
3
( 2.20 10 ) (1.80 10 ) 2 ( 2.20 10 )
1

d
= 2.51 kHz
2

(b)

Rc =

4L
= 69.9
C

(a)

0 =

1
1
= 4.47 krad s
=
LC
( 0.500 ) ( 0.100 10 6 )

(b)

d =

1 R

= 4.36 krad s
LC 2 L

(c)

= 2.53% lower
0

P32.46

Choose to call positive current clockwise in Figure 32.15. It drains charge from the capacitor
dQ
according to I =
. A clockwise trip around the circuit then gives
dt
Q
dI
+ IR L = 0
C
dt
+

P32.47

Q dQ
d dQ
+
R+ L
= 0, identical with Equation 32.28.
C dt
dt dt

(a)

Q = Qmax e Rt 2 L cos d t

so

I max e Rt 2 L

0.500 = eRt 2 L

and

Rt
= ln ( 0.500 )
2L

t =
(b)

2L
2L
ln ( 0.500 ) = 0.693
R
R

2
U 0 Qmax
and U = 0.500U 0

t =

so

2L
2L
ln ( 0.707 ) = 0.347
R
R

Q = 0.500Qmax = 0.707Qmax

(half as long)

238

Chapter 32

Additional Problems
P32.48

(a)

Let Q represent the magnitude of the opposite charges on the plates of a parallel plate
capacitor, the two plates having area A and separation d. The negative plate creates electric


Q
Q2
eld E =
toward itself. It exerts on the positive plate force F =
toward the
2 0 A
2 0 A
Q
. The energy density is
negative plate. The total eld between the plates is
0 A
1
1
Q2
Q2
u E = 0 E 2 = 0 2 2 =
. Modeling this as a negative or inward pressure,
2
2
0 A
2 0 A 2
we have for the force on one plate F = PA =

(b)

Q2
, in agreement with our rst analysis.
2 0 A 2

The lower of the two current sheets shown creates

 J
above it magnetic eld B = 0 s k . Let
and w
2
represent the length and width of each sheet. The
upper sheet carries current J s w and feels force

( )

Js
Js

y
x


 
J
w
J s2
F = I
B = J s w
0 s i k = 0
j.
2
2

( )

z
FIG. P32.48(b)

J2
F
= 0 s .
The force per area is P =
2

w

(c)

0 J s 0 J s
k +
k = 0 J s k , with
2
2
magnitude B = 0 J s . Outside the space they enclose, the elds of the separate sheets are

Between the two sheets the total magnetic eld is

( )

( )

in opposite directions and add to zero .

P32.49

J2
1 2 02 J s2
B =
= 0 s
2 0
2 0
2

(d)

uB =

(e)

This energy density agrees with the magnetic pressure found in part (b).

(a)

L = L dI = (1.00 mH ) d (20.0t ) =

(b)

Q=

dt

dt

Idt = (20.0t ) dt = 10.0t

VC =

20.0 mV

Q
10.0t 2
=
= (10.0 MV s 2 ) t 2
C 1.00 10 6 F

(10.0t 2 ) 1 1.00 103 (20.0t )2, then

Q2 1 2
LI , or
When
(
)
2C 2
2 (1.00 10 6 ) 2
2

(c)

100t 4 ( 400 10 9 ) t 2 . The earliest time this is true is at t = 4.00 10 9 s = 63.2 s .

Inductance

P32.50

(a)

L = L dI = L d ( Kt ) =

(b)

I=

dt

dQ
,
dt

dt

LK
Q=

so

When

Q
Kt 2
=
2C
C

1 K 2t 4 1
2 2
C
= L (K t )
2 4C 2 2

1
1
2
C ( VC ) = LI 2 ,
2
2

t = 2 LC

Thus
1 Q2
1 Q 1 2
=
+ LI
2 C 2C 2 2
2

P32.51

Idt = Ktdt = 2 Kt

VC =

and

(c)

239

so

The ux through each turn of the coil is

I=

3Q 2
4CL

B =

LI
Q
=
N
2N

3L
C

where N is the number of turns.

*P32.52 (a)

(b)
(c)
(d)

The inductor has no voltage across it. It behaves as a short circuit . The battery sees
equivalent resistance 4 + (1/4 + 1/8 )1 = 6.67 . The battery current is
10 V/6.67 = 1.50 A. The voltage across the parallel combination of resistors is
10 V 1.50 A 4 = 4 V. The current in the 8- resistor and the inductor is
4V/8 = 500 mA .
U = (1/2) LI 2 = (1/2) 1 H(0.5 A)2 = 125 mJ
The energy becomes 125 mJ of additional internal energy in the 8- resistor and the 4-
resistor in the middle branch.
The current decreases from 500 mA toward zero,
I
showing exponential decay with a time constant of
500 mA
L/R = 1 H/12 = 83.3 ms.

t
0

83.3 ms

FIG. P32.52(d)

*P32.53 (a)
(b)
(c)

(d)

Just after the circuit is connected, the potential difference across the resistor is 0 and the
emf across the coil is 24.0 V.
After several seconds, the potential difference across the resistor is 24.0 V and that across
the coil is 0.
The resistor voltage and inductor voltage always add to 24 V. The resistor voltage increases
monotonically, so the two voltages are equal to each other, both being 12.0 V, just once.
The time is given by 12 V = IR = R /R(1 eRt/L) = 24 V(1 e6t/0.005 H).
This is 0.5 = e1 200 t or 1 200 t = ln 2 giving t = 0.578 ms after the circuit is connected .
As the current decays the potential difference across the resistor is always equal to the emf
across the coil. It decreases from 24.0 V to zero.

240

Chapter 32

*P32.54 We have 9 V = 2 A R + L (0.5 A/s)

and

5 V = 2 A R + L (0.5 A/s)

Solving simultaneously, 9 V 5 V = L(1 A/s) so L = 4.00 H

*P32.55 Between t = 0 and t = 1 ms, the rate of change of current
is 2 A/s, so the induced voltage
Vab = L dI/dt is 100 mV. Between t = 1 ms and
t = 2 ms, the induced voltage is zero. Between t = 2 ms
and t = 3 ms the induced voltage is 50 mV. Between
t = 3 ms and t = 5 ms, the rate of change of current is
(3/2) A/s, and the induced voltage is +75 mV.

and 7 V = 2 A R so R = 3.50
Vab (mV)
100
0 0

t (ms)

100
FIG. P32.55

*P32.56 (a)

= (LC)1/2 = (0.032 V s/A 0.000 5 C/V)1/2 = 250 rad/s

(b)

2
2
1

1
4

=
=
= 242 rad/s

5 2
2 0.032 V s/A
LC 2 L
1.6 10 s

(c)

2
1
R
=

LC 2 L

1/ 2

1/ 2

1/ 2

1
15

5 2
2 0.032 V s/A
1.6 10 s

= 87.0 rad/s

2
2
1

1
17
gives an imaginary answer. In

=
=

5 2
2 0.032 V s/A
LC 2 L
1.6 10 s
parts (a), (b), and (c) the calculated angular frequency is experimentally veriable.
1/ 2

(d)

1/ 2

1/ 2

Experimentally, in part (d) no oscillations occur . The circuit is overdamped.

*P32.57 B =

0 NI
2 r
b

(a)

0 NI
NIh
hdr = 0
2
a 2 r
NIh b
ln
= 0
a
2

B =

BdA =

dr
r

L=

N 2h b
N B
ln
= 0
a
2
I

L=

0 ( 500 ) ( 0.010 0 ) 12.0

ln
= 91.2 H
10.0
2

FIG. P32.57

(b)
(c)

2
0 N 2 A 0 ( 500 ) 2.00 10 4 m 2

= 90.9 H , This approximate result is

=
2 R
2
0.110

only 0.3% different from the precise result.

Lappx =

Inductance

P32.58

(a)

B=

At the center,

N 0 IR 2

2( R + 0
2

2 32

241

N 0 I
2R

N 0 I

R 2 cos 0 = N 0 IR
2R
2

d B
dI
dI
= N
N N 0 R = L
2
dt
dt
dt

So the coil creates ux through itself B = BA cos =

When the current it carries changes,

so
(b)

2 r = 3 ( 0.3 m )

2
N 0 R
2

r 0.14 m

so

2
(1 ) ( 4 107 T m A ) (0.14 m ) = 2.8 107 H
2
L ~ 100 nH

(c)
P32.59

L 2.8 10 7 V s A
=
= 1.0 10 9 s
270 V A
R

L
~ 1 ns
R

Left-hand loop:

( I + I 2 ) R1 I 2 R2 = 0

Outside loop:

( I + I 2 ) R1 L dI = 0

dt
dI
IR L = 0
Eliminating I 2 gives
dt
This is of the same form as the differential equation 32.6 in
the chapter text for a simple RL circuit, so its solution is of the
same form as the equation 32.7 for the current in the circuit:
I (t ) =
But R =

R1 R2
and
R1 + R2

(1 e

R2
, so
R1 + R2

Thus
P32.60

R t L

FIG. P32.59

= R2 ( R1 + R2 ) =
R R1 R2 ( R1 + R2 ) R1
1 e R t L
I (t ) =
R1

From Ampres law, the magnetic eld at distance r R is found as:

I
Ir
B (2 r ) = 0 J ( r 2 ) = 0
r 2 ) , or B = 0 2
2 (
2 R
R
The magnetic energy per unit length within the wire is then
R

I2
I2
I 2 R4
U
B2
=
( 2 rdr ) = 0 4 r 3 dr = 0 4 = 0

0 2 0
4 R 0
4 R 4
16
This is independent of the radius of the wire.

242

P32.61

Chapter 32

(a)

While steady-state conditions exist, a 9.00 mA ows clockwise around the right loop of
the circuit. Immediately after the switch is opened, a 9.00 mA current will ow around
the outer loop of the circuit. Applying Kirchhoffs loop rule to this loop gives:
+ 0 ( 2.00 + 6.00 ) 10 3 ( 9.00 10 3 A ) = 0

+ 0 = 72.0 V with end b at the higher potential

(b)

FIG. P32.61(b)

(c)

After the switch is opened, the current around the outer loop decays as
I = I i e Rt L with I max = 9.00 mA, R = 8.00 k, and L = 0.400 H.
Thus, when the current has reached a value I = 2.00 mA, the elapsed time is:
9.00
L
I
0.400 H
t = ln i =
ln
= 7.52 10 5 s = 75.2 s
3
R I 8.00 10
2.00

P32.62

(a)
(b)

2U
is non-zero.
I2
Every eld line goes through the rectangle between the conductors.

It has a magnetic eld, and it stores energy, so L =

w a

(c)

= LI so

1
L = = BdA
I I y=a
L=
L=

Thus
P32.63

1
I

w a

w a
I
0 I 2 0 Ix
2 0 x
=
xdy 0 +
=
ln
dy
y
2
2 y 2 ( w y) I 2 y
a

0 x w a
ln
a

When the switch is closed, as shown

in Figure (a), the current in the
inductor is I:
12.0 7.50 I 10.0 = 0 I = 0.267 A
When the switch is opened, the initial
current in the inductor remains at
0.267 A.
IR = V :

(0.267 A) R 80.0 V
R 300
P32.64

For an RL circuit,
I (t ) = I i e

( R L )t

R
t = 10 9
L

I (t )

Ii

= 1 10 9 = e

FIG. P32.63

( R L )t

Rmax =

R
t
L

(3.14 10 ) (10 ) =
( 2.50 yr ) ( 3.16 10 s yr )
8

so

1
9

3.97 10 25

(If the ring were of purest copper, of diameter 1 cm, and cross-sectional area 1 mm 2 , its
resistance would be at least 10 6 .)

Inductance

P32.65

243

2
1 2 1
LI = ( 50.0 H ) ( 50.0 10 3 A) = 6.25 1010 J
2
2

(a)

UB =

(b)

Two adjacent turns are parallel wires carrying current in the same direction. Since the loops
have such large radius, a one-meter section can be regarded as straight.
I
B= 0
Then one wire creates a eld of
2 r
This causes a force on the next wire of F = I
B sin
F = I

giving

0 I

I 2
sin 90 = 0
2 r
2 r

(1.00 m ) ( 50.0 10 3 A )
F = ( 4 10 N A )
= 2 000 N
2 ( 0.250 m )
2

Evaluating the force,

P32.66

1.00 10 9 W
= 5.00 10 3 A
V 200 10 3 V
I
From Ampres law, B ( 2 r ) = 0 I enclosed or B = 0 enclosed
2 r

P = I V

(a)

I=

At r = a = 0.020 0 m, I enclosed = 5.00 10 3 A

and B =

( 4 10

T m A ) ( 5.00 10 3 A )

2 ( 0.020 0 m )

FIG. P32.66

= 0.050 0 T = 50.0 mT
(b)

At r = b = 0.050 0 m , I enclosed = I = 5.00 10 3 A

B=

and
b

(c)

U = udV =

T m A ) ( 5.00 10 3 A )

2 ( 0.050 0 m )

2
[ B ( r)] ( 2 r
dr ) = 0 I 2

= 0.0020 0 T = 20.0 mT

2
dr 0 I
b
ln
=
a
4 a r
4

2 0

( 4 10
U=

( 4 10

T m A ) ( 5.00 10 3 A ) (1 000 10 3 m )
2

5.00 cm
ln
2.00 cm

= 2.29 10 J = 2.29 MJ
6

(d)

The magnetic eld created by the inner conductor exerts a force of repulsion on the current
in the outer sheath. The strength of this eld, from part (b), is 20.0 mT. Consider a small
rectangular section of the outer cylinder of length
and width w.

It carries a current of
(5.00 10 3 A) 2 (0.050
0 m )

and experiences an outward force

(5.00 10 A ) w

3

F = I
B sin =

The pressure on it is

2 ( 0.050 0 m )

P=

( 20.0 10

T ) sin 90.0

3
3
F F ( 5.00 10 A ) ( 20.0 10 T )
=
=
= 318 Pa
2 ( 0.050 0 m )
A w

244

P32.67

Chapter 32
7
0 NI ( 4 10 T m A) (1 400 )( 2.00 A)
=
= 2.93 10 3 T ( upward )


1.20 m

(a)

B=

(b)

(2.93 103 T) = 3.42 J m 3 1 N m

B2
u=
=
(
) 1 J
2 0 2 ( 4 10 7 T m A)
2

= 3.42 N m 2 = 3.42 Pa
(c)

To produce a downward magnetic eld, the surface of the superconductor must carry a
clockwise current.

(d)

(e)

The vertical component of the eld of the solenoid exerts an inward force on the superconductor. The total horizontal force is zero. Over the top end of the solenoid, its eld diverges
and has a radially outward horizontal component. This component exerts upward force on
the clockwise superconductor current. The total force on the core is upward . You can
think of it as a force of repulsion between the solenoid with its north end pointing up, and
the core, with its north end pointing down.
2
F = PA = ( 3.42 Pa ) (1.10 10 2 m ) = 1.30 10 3 N

Note that we have not proved that energy density is pressure. In fact, it is not in some cases.
Chapter 21 proved that the pressure is two-thirds of the translational energy density in an
ideal gas.

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

P32.2

1.36 H

P32.4

19.2 Wb

P32.6

(a) 360 mV

P32.8

See the solution.

P32.10

See the solution.

P32.12

See the solution.

P32.14

92.8 V

P32.16

30.0 mH

P32.18

(500 mA)(1 e10t/s), 1.50 A (0.250 A) e10t/s

P32.20

0 for t < 0; (10 A)(1 e10 000t) for 0 < t < 200 s; (63.9 A) e10 000t for t > 200 s

P32.22

(a), (b), and (c) See the solution.

P32.24

(a) 8.06 MJ m 3

P32.26

See the solution.

(b) 180 mV

(c) t = 3.00 s

(b) 6.32 kJ

(d) Yes; see the solution.

Inductance

(b) 20.0 W

P32.28

(a) 20.0 W

P32.30

1.73 mH

P32.32

781 pH

P32.34

(a) and (b) m0p R22N1N2/

P32.36

(L1L2 M 2)/(L1 + L2 2M)

P32.38

20.0 V

P32.40

(a) 135 Hz

P32.42

(a) 503 Hz

P32.44

(a) 2.51 kHz

P32.46

See the solution.

P32.48

(b) m 0Js2/2 away from the other sheet

P32.50

(a)

P32.52

(a) a short circuit; 500 mA (b) 125 mJ (c) The energy becomes 125 mJ of additional internal
energy in the 8- resistor and the 4- resistor in the middle branch. (d) See the solution. The
current decreases from 500 mA toward zero, showing exponential decay with a time constant of
83.3 ms.

P32.54

L = 4.00 H and R = 3.50

P32.56

(a) 250 rad/s (b) 242 rad/s (c) 87.0 rad/s (d) In parts (a), (b), and (c) the calculated angular
frequency is experimentally veriable. In part (d) the equation for w gives an imaginary answer.
Experimentally, no oscillations occur when the circuit is overdamped.

P32.58

(a) L (p /2)N 2m 0R

P32.60

See the solution.

P32.62

(a) It creates a magnetic eld. (b) The long narrow rectangular area between the conductors
encloses all of the magnetic ux.

P32.64

3.97 10 25

P32.66

(a) 50.0 mT (b) 20.0 mT (c) 2.29 MJ

(b) 119 mC

(c) 0

245

(d) 20.0 J

(c) They are the same.

(c) 114 mA

(b) 12.0 C

(c) 37.9 mA

(d) 72.0 J

(b) 69.9

L = LK

(b) Vc =

Kt 2
2C

(b) ~100 nH

(c) m 0Js and zero (d) m 0Js2/2

(c) t = 2 LC

(c) ~1 ns

(d) 318 Pa