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SM Chapter41
SM Chapter41
Quantum Mechanics
In chapters 39, 40, and 41 we use u to represent the speed of a particle with mass, reserving v for the
speeds associated with reference frames, wave functions, and photons.
Note:
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
CHAPTER OUTLINE
41.1
41.2
41.3
41.4
41.5
41.6
41.7
An Interpretation of Quantum
Mechanics
The Quantum Particle under
Boundary Conditions
The Schrdinger Equation
A Particle in a Well of Finite
Height
Tunneling Through a Potential
Energy Barrier
Applications of Tunneling
The Simple Harmonic Oscillator
Q41.1
A particles wave function represents its state, containing all the information there is about its location and
motion. The squared absolute value of its wave function
tells where we would classically think of the particle as
2
spending most its time. is the probability distribution
function for the position of the particle.
*Q41.3 (i) For a photon a and b are true, c false, d, e, f, and g true, h false, i and j true.
(ii) For an electron a is true, b false, c, d, e, f true, g false, h, i and j true.
Note that statements a, d, e, f, i, and j are true for both.
*Q41.4 We consider the quantity h2n2/8mL2.
In (a) it is h21/8m1(3 nm)2 = h2/72 m1 nm2.
In (b) it is h24/8m1(3 nm)2 = h2/18 m1 nm2.
In (c) it is h21/16m1(3 nm)2 = h2/144 m1 nm2.
In (d) it is h21/8m1(6 nm)2 = h2/288 m1 nm2.
In (e) it is 021/8m1(3 nm)2 = 0.
The ranking is then b > a > c > d > e.
Q41.5
The motion of the quantum particle does not consist of moving through successive
points. The particle has no denite position. It can sometimes be found on one side of a node and
sometimes on the other side, but never at the node itself. There is no contradiction here, for the
quantum particle is moving as a wave. It is not a classical particle. In particular, the particle does
not speed up to innite speed to cross the node.
463
464
Chapter 41
Q41.6
Consider a particle bound to a restricted region of space. If its minimum energy were zero,
then the particle could have zero momentum and zero uncertainty in its momentum. At the same
time, the uncertainty in its position would not be innite, but equal to the width of the region. In
such a case, the uncertainty product x px would be zero, violating the uncertainty principle.
This contradiction proves that the minimum energy of the particle is not zero.
*Q41.7 Compare Figures 41.4 and 41.7 in the text. In the square well with innitely high walls,
the particles simplest wave function has strict nodes separated by the length L of the well. The
h
p2
h2
particles wavelength is 2L, its momentum
, and its energy
. Now in the well with
=
2L
2 m 8 mL2
walls of only nite height, the wave function has nonzero amplitude at the walls. In this nite-depth
well
(i) The particles wavelength is longer, answer (a).
(ii) The particles momentum in its ground state is smaller, answer (b).
(iii) The particle has less energy, answer (b).
Q41.8
As Newtons laws are the rules which a particle of large mass follows in its motion, so the
Schrdinger equation describes the motion of a quantum particle, a particle of small or large
mass. In particular, the states of atomic electrons are conned-wave states with wave functions
that are solutions to the Schrdinger equation.
*Q41.9 Answer (b). The reected amplitude decreases as U decreases. The amplitude of the reected
wave is proportional to the reection coefcient, R, which is 1 T , where T is the transmission
coefcient as given in equation 41.22. As U decreases, C decreases as predicted by equation
41.23, T increases, and R decreases.
*Q41.10 Answer (a). Because of the exponential tailing of the wave function within the barrier, the tunneling current is more sensitive to the width of the barrier than to its height.
Q41.11
Consider the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. It implies that electrons initially moving at the
same speed and accelerated by an electric eld through the same distance need not all have
the same measured speed after being accelerated. Perhaps the philosopher could have said it
is necessary for the very existence of science that the same conditions always produce the same
results within the uncertainty of the measurements.
Q41.12 In quantum mechanics, particles are treated as wave functions, not classical particles. In classical
mechanics, the kinetic energy is never negative. That implies that E U . Treating the particle as
a wave, the Schrdinger equation predicts that there is a nonzero probability that a particle can
tunnel through a barriera region in which E < U .
*Q41.13 Answer (c). Other points see a wider potential-energy barrier and carry much less tunneling
current.
Quantum Mechanics
465
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 41.1
P41.1
(a)
( x ) = Ae (
i 5.00 1010 x
5
00
10
.
(
)
h 6.626 10 34 J s
=
= 5.27 10 24 kg m s
1.26 10 10 m
(b)
p=
(c)
me = 9.11 10 31 kg
24
kg m s )
1.52 10 17 J
m 2u 2
p 2 ( 5.27 10
17
1
52
10
K= e =
=
=
.
J
=
= 95.5 eV
2 me
2m
1.60 10 19 J eV
( 2 9.11 10 31 kg)
2
P41.2
Probability
P=
( x) =
P=
Section 41.2
P41.3
a
a 1
1 x
a ( x 2 + a 2 ) dx = a tan a a
1
1
1
tan 1 1 tan 1 ( 1) = =
4 4
2
E1 = 2.00 eV = 3.20 10 19 J
For the ground state,
P41.4
E1 =
h2
8 me L2
h
= 4.34 10 10 m = 0.434 nm
8 me E1
(a)
L=
(b)
h2 h2
= 6.00 eV
E = E2 E1 = 4
8 me L2 8 me L2
For an electron wave to t into an innitely deep potential well, an integral number
of half-wavelengths must equal the width of the well.
n
= 1.00 10 9 m
2
(a)
(b)
so
2.00 10 9 h
=
n
p
Since
(h2 2 ) = h2
p2
n2
2
K=
=
2 = ( 0.377n ) eV
2 me
2 me
2 me ( 2 10 9 )
For
K 6 eV
n=4
With
n = 4,
K = 6.03 eV
FIG. P41.4
466
P41.5
Chapter 41
(a)
Since
h
h
=
2d
p=
2
34
1 ( 6.626 10 J s )
p2
h2
K=
=
=
2 me 8 me d 2 d 2 8 ( 9.11 10 31 kg )
Next,
Evaluating, K =
(b)
h
and =
2
p
6.02 10 38 J m 2
d2
K=
3.77 10 19 eV m 2
d2
In state 1,
d = 1.00 10 10 m
K1 = 37.7 eV
In state 2,
d = 5.00 10 11 m
K 2 = 151 eV
In state 3,
d = 3.33 10 11 m
K 3 = 339 eV
In state 4,
d = 2.50 10 11 m
K 4 = 603 eV
FIG. P41.5
When the electron falls from state 2 to state 1, it puts out energy
E = 151 eV 37.7 eV = 113 eV = hf =
hc
34
8
hc ( 6.626 10 J s ) ( 3.00 10 m s )
=
= 11.0 nm
E
(113 eV ) (1.60 10 19 J eV )
42
4 1
32
31
21
E ( eV )
264
452
565
188
302
113
( nm )
4.71
2.75
2.20
6.60
4.12
11.0
Transition
*P41.6
For the beads energy we have both (1/2)mu2 and h2n2/8mL2. Then
n=
2L
L
1
8 mL2 2 muL
mu 2 2 =
note that this expression can be thought of as
=
d NN
2
h
h
Evaluating, n =
P41.7
E =
hc h 2 2 2
3h 2
=
2
1
8 m L2
8 me L2
e
L=
3h
= 7.93 10 10 m = 0.793 nm
8 me c
Quantum Mechanics
P41.8
P41.9
E =
hc h 2 2 2
3h 2
=
2 1 =
2
8 me L
8 me L2
so
L=
467
3h
8 me c
(6.626 10 34 J s )
p2
h2
1
mu 2 =
=
=
2
2
2 m 2 m 2 2 (1.67 10 27 kg ) ( 2.00 10 14 m )
2
K=
FIG. P41.9
3.29 10 13 J
= 2.05 MeV
=
1.60 10 19 J eV
In the rst excited state, level 2, the node-to-node distance is half as long as in state 1. The
momentum is two times larger and the energy is four times larger: K = 8.22 MeV .
The proton has mass, has charge, moves slowly compared to light in a standing wave state, and
stays inside the nucleus. When it falls from level 2 to level 1, its energy change is
2.05 MeV 8.22 MeV = 6.16 MeV
Therefore, we know that a photon (a traveling wave with no mass and no charge) is emitted at the
speed of light, and that it has an energy of +6.16 MeV .
Its frequency is
f =
6
19
J eV )
E ( 6.16 10 eV ) (1.60 10
=
= 1.49 10 21 Hz
34
h
6.626 10 J s
c 3.00 108 m s
=
= 2.02 10 13 m
f
1.49 10 21 s 1
This is a gamma ray , according to the electromagnetic spectrum chart in Chapter 34.
P41.10
(b)
(6.626 10 J s )
E =
= 8.22 10 J =
8 (1.67 10 kg ) ( 2.00 10 m )
For an electron ( m = 9.11 10 kg ) in the same size box:
(6.626 10 J s )
E =
= 1.51 10 J =
8 ( 9.11 10 kg ) ( 2.00 10 m )
34
22
27
10
10
31
34
18
(c)
5.13 10 3 eV
31
9.41 eV
The electron has a much higher energy because it is much less massive.
h2
.
8 mL2
468
Chapter 41
h2 2
*P41.11 En =
n
8 mL2
(6.626 10 J s )
8 (1.67 10 kg ) ( 2.00 10
34
E1 =
27
E1 = 0.513 MeV
14
m)
= 8.22 10 14 J
E2 = 4 E1 = 2.05 MeV
E3 = 9 E1 = 4.62 MeV
Yes; the energy differences are ~1 MeV, which is a typical energy for a g -ray photon as radiated
by an atomic nucleus in an excited state.
P41.12
(a)
h2
n 2 . Its energy gain in the quantum
8 me L2
h2
( 4 2 12 ) and this is the photon
8 me L2
15h
h 2 15
hc
= hf =
energy:
. Then 8 me cL2 = 15h and L =
2
8 me L
8 me c
(b)
Then
*P41.13 (a)
(b)
(a)
hc
h2
h2
12h 2
42
22 =
=
.
2
2
8 me L
8 me L
8 me L2
2 2 2 x
2
1 1
4 x
dx
sin
dx = x cos
L
L
L
L0 2 2
1 x2
x =
L 2
1 L2
L 16 2
0.510 L
(b)
2
2
hc h 15 (8 me L ) 5
=
= and = 1.25 .
2
2
hc
8 me L 12h
4
P41.14
12
Probability =
0.490 L
4 x sin 4 x + cos 4 x = L
L
2
L
L 0
L
2 2 2 x
1
1 L
4 x
dx = x
sin
sin
L
L
L 4
L 0.490 L
L
Probability = 0.020
0.510 L
1
( sin 2.04 sin 1.96 ) = 5.26 10 5
4
x
1
4 x
sin
= 3.99 10 2
Probability
L 0.240 L
L 4
0.260 L
(c)
(d)
In the n = 2 graph in the texts Figure 41.4(b), it is more probable to nd the particle
L
3L
either near x =
or x =
than at the center, where the probability density is zero.
4
4
L
Nevertheless, the symmetry of the distribution means that the average position is .
2
Quantum Mechanics
P41.15
Normalization requires
L
dx = 1
or
n x
L
sin 2
dx = A 2 = 1
L
2
The probability is
1 dx =
2
L
n x
sin 2
dx = 1
L
A=
or
L /3
*P41.16 (a)
all space
L /3
sin
2
L
x dx = 1
L
L
L /3
2 x dx
L
1 cos
0
L /3
=
(b)
1
2 x
1 1
2 1 0.866
L
=
sin
sin
x
=
= 0.196
L 0
3 3
2
3 2
L
2
Classically, the particle moves back and forth steadily, spending equal time intervals in
each third of the line. Then the classical probability is 0.333, signicantly larger .
L /3
(c)
The probability is
99 dx =
2
L
L /3
sin 2
99 x
1
dx =
L
L
L /3
198 x dx
L
1 cos
0
L /3
1
198 x
1
1
1
L
sin
=
sin ( 66 ) = 0 = 0.333
x
L 0
L
198
3 198
3
2 x
of the sine function ranges from 0 to 2 . The probability
L
2
2 x
density sin 2
reaches maxima at sin = 1 and sin = 1 . These points are at
L
L
2 x
2 x 3
=
=
and
.
L
2
L
2
Therefore the most probable positions of the particle are at x =
L
3L
and x =
.
4
4
469
470
Chapter 41
*P41.18 (a)
Probability =
2
1
dx =
x
2
1
2 x
sin 2
dx
dx = 1 cos
L
L
L 0
L 0
1
2 x
1
2
L
=
sin
sin
x
2
L
L 0
L 2
L
(b)
Probability
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.5
1.5
L
FIG. P41.18(b)
(c)
The wave function is zero for x < 0 and for x > L. The probability at l = 0 must be zero
because the particle is never found at x < 0 or exactly at x = 0. The probability at l = L must
be 1 for normalization: the particle is always found somewhere at x < L.
(d)
Thus,
2
1
1
.
3
dx =
2
3
1
2 2
sin
= ,
L 3
L 2
2
, and between x =
3
or
2
1
sin 2 u =
3
2
can be solved by homing in on the solution with a calculator, the
L
= 0.585, or = 0.585 L
L
to three digits.
Quantum Mechanics
L3
P41.19
(a)
P=
The probability is
L3
2
dx =
2 2 x
2
dx =
sin
L
L
L
L3
2 2 cos
0
471
2 x
dx
L
1
3
x
1
2 x
1 1
2
P=
sin
=
sin =
= 0.196
L 2
3 2
L 0
3 3 4
L3
(b)
(c)
Section 41.3
P41.20
L
.
2
Thus, the probability of nding the particle between
2L
x=
and x = L is the same 0.196. Therefore,
3
the probability of nding it in the range
L
2L
is P = 1.00 2 ( 0.196 ) = 0.609 .
x
3
3
The probability density is symmetric about x =
FIG. P41.19(b)
Classically, the electron moves back and forth with constant speed between the walls, and the
probability of nding the electron is the same for all points between the walls. Thus, the classical probability of nding the electron in any range equal to one-third of the available
1
space is Pclassical = . The result of part (a) is signicantly smaller ,
3
because of the curvature of the graph of the probability density.
( x ) = A cos kx + B sin kx
= kA sin kx + kB cos kx
x
2
= k 2 A cos kx k 2 B sin kx
x 2
2m
2 mE
( E U ) = 2 ( A cos kx + B sin kx )
2 mE
k 2 ( A cos kx + B sin kx ) = 2 ( A cos kx + B sin kx )
P41.21
We have
= Aei( kx t )
so
= ik
x
and
Since
k2 =
( 2 )2
2
( 2 p )2
h2
p2
2
and
2 k 2
.
2m
2
= k 2 .
x 2
2
2m
= k 2 = 2 ( E U ) .
2
x
E U =
p2
2m
472
P41.22
Chapter 41
(a)
( x ) = Axe x
If
L2
or
U ( x) =
and
(b)
P41.23
d 2
e x L
= ( 4 Ax 3 6 AxL2 ) 4
2
dx
L
2
2
2
d (4 x 6L )
=
( x)
dx 2
L4
Then
FIG. P41.22(b)
2 4 x 2
2 mL2 L2
Problem 41 in Chapter 16 helps students to understand how to draw conclusions from an identity.
(a)
x2
( x ) = A 1 2
d
2 Ax
= 2
dx
L
Schrdingers equation
d 2
2m
= 2 ( E U )
2
dx
becomes
2
2 2
2
2A
2m
x 2 2 m ( x ) A (1 x L )
+
=
EA
1
L2
2
L2 2
mL2 ( L2 x 2 )
1
mE mEx 2 x 2
=
+ 2 2 4
L2
2
L
L
1 mE
= 2
L2
and
mE
1
4 =0
2 2
L
L
d 2
2A
= 2
dx 2
L
E=
For normalization,
x2
2x2 x4
2
2
L A 1 L2 dx = A L 1 L2 + L4 dx
L
(b)
2
L2 m
2x3
x5
2
2
L
16 L
L
1 = A 2 x 2 + 4 = A 2 L L + + L L + = A 2
3L 5L L
3
5
3
5
15
L3
(c)
P=
L 3
=
P=
L3
2 dx =
L3
15
2x2 x4
15
2x3 x5
1
x
+
dx
=
+
16 L L 3
16 L
3 L2 5 L5 L 3
L2
L4
30 L 2 L
L
+
16 L 3 81 1 215
47
= 0.580
81
A=
15
16 L
Quantum Mechanics
P41.24
(a)
1 ( x) =
x
2
cos
;
L
L
P1 ( x ) = 1 ( x ) =
x
2
cos 2
L
L
2 ( x) =
2
2 x
sin
;
L
L
P2 ( x ) = 2 ( x ) =
2 2 2 x
sin
L
L
3 ( x) =
2
3 x
cos
;
L
L
P3 ( x ) = 3 ( x ) =
2
3 x
cos 2
L
L
(b)
473
n=3
n=2
n=1
L
2
L
2
L
2
L
2
x
FIG. P41.24(b)
P41.25
(a)
With ( x ) = A sin ( kx )
d2
= Ak 2 sin kx
dx 2
h 2 ( 4 2 )
2 d 2
2 k 2
p2
m 2u 2
1
A
kx
Then
=+
sin =
=
=
= mu 2 = K
2
2
2
2 m dx
2m
2m
2m
2
4 ( ) ( 2 m )
d
A sin kx = Ak cos kx
dx
(b)
Section 41.4
and
2 x
= A sin kx , the proof given in part (a) applies again.
With ( x ) = A sin
P41.26
FIG. P41.26
474
P41.27
Chapter 41
(a)
(b)
Section 41.5
P41.28
C=
= 3.62 10 m
9
P41.29
FIG. P41.28
13.816 = 2 ( 3.62 10 9 m 1 ) L
New L = 1.91 nm
L = 1.91 nm 0.950 nm = 0.959 nm
*P41.30 T = e2CL where C =
(a)
2CL =
(b)
2CL =
(c)
2CL =
(d)
2CL =
2 m (U E )
2 2 ( 9.11 10 31 ) (1.6 10 19 )
1.055 10 34
(10 ) = 0.102
10
(10 ) = 1.02
1.055 10 34
2 2 (8 ) (1)
( 0.02 ) = 1.52 10 33
1.055 10 34
T = e1.02 = 0.359
10
T = e0.102 = 0.903
(10 ) = 0.875
15
33
T = e0.875 = 0.417
33
/ln 10 )
= 10 6.5910
32
Quantum Mechanics
P41.31
2CL =
P41.32
2 m (U E )
T = e2CL where C =
2 2 ( 9.11 10 31 ) (8.00 10 19 )
1.055 10 34
( 2.000 10 ) = 4.58
10
(a)
(b)
FIG. P41.31
( 2m (U E ))1 2
2 ( 2 9.11 10 31 kg ( 20 12 ) 1.6 10 19 J )
12
6.626 10 34 J s
= 1.448 1 1010 m 1
hc 1 240 eV nm
=
= 2.27 eV, to make the electrons new kinetic
546 nm
energy 12 + 2.27 = 14.27 eV and its decay coefcient inside the barrier
2 ( 2 9.11 10 31 kg ( 20 14.27 ) 1.6 10 19 J )
12
C =
6.626 10 34 J s
= 1.225 5 1010 m 1
Section 41.6
P41.33
Applications of Tunneling
CL
With the wave function proportional to e , the transmission coefcient and the tunneling
Then,
P41.34
475
476
Chapter 41
Section 41.7
P41.35
= Be( m 2 )x so
2
d
m
d 2 m 2
m
=
=
x and
x +
dx
dx
2
P41.36
.
2
Problem 41 in Chapter 16 helps students to understand how to draw conclusions from an identity.
= Axe bx so
2
2
d
= Ae bx 2bx 2 Ae bx
dx
and
2
2
2
d 2
= 2bxAe bx 4bxAe bx + 4b 2 x 3 e bx = 6b + 4b 2 x 2
2
dx
2 mE
m 2
6b + 4b 2 x 2 =
+
x
2
P41.37
(a)
Therefore
(b)
and
(c)
6b =
b=
E=
2
2 mE
m
2
and
4
b
=
2
m
2
3b 2
3
=
m
2
The longest wavelength corresponds to minimum photon energy, which must be equal to the
spacing between energy levels of the oscillator:
9.11 10 31 kg
m
hc
k
= =
so = 2 c
= 2 ( 3.00 108 m s )
8.99 N m
k
12
= 600 nm
Quantum Mechanics
P41.38
(a)
dx = 1
all x
becomes 1 =
2 2( m 2 ) x 2
B e
dx = 2 B 2 e( m )x dx = 2 B 2
2
2 m
(b)
m
and B =
m
14
m
dx = ( 0 ) = B e =
2
2
P41.39
(a)
< x < is
2
2
12
2 0
m1
m + m1
u1 = 2
u1
m2
m2
and
u1 =
m2 u
m1 + m2
m2
u2 + u2
m1
m1u
. Then
m1 + m2
1
1
1
1 m1 m22 u 2
1 m2 m12 u 2
1 2
kx
m1u12 + m2 u22 + kx 2 =
2 +
2 +
2
2
2
2 ( m1 + m2 )
2 ( m1 + m2 )
2
=
(b)
1 m1 m2 ( m1 + m2 ) 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
u + kx = u + kx
2
2 ( m1 + m2 )
2
2
2
d 1
1
u 2 + kx 2 = 0 because energy is constant
dx 2
2
0=
1
du 1
dx du
du
2u
+ k 2x =
+ kx =
+ kx
2
dx 2
dt dx
dt
kx
. This is the condition for simple harmonic motion, that the
acceleration of the equivalent particle be a negative constant times the excursion from
Then a = kx , a =
k
= 2 f and
f =
1
2
k
.
477
478
P41.40
Chapter 41
(a)
With x = 0 and px = 0, the average value of x 2 is ( x ) and the average value of px2
2
is ( px ) . Then x
2
(b)
requires
2 px
px2 k 2
px2 k 2
+
=
+
2 m 2 4 px2
2 m 8 px2
1
1
dE
k2
=0=
+
( 1) 4
2
2m
8
dpx
px
Then
k2
1
=
8 px4 2 m
and
Emin =
2
2 mk 2
px2 =
8
so
mk
k2 2
+
=
2 ( 2 m ) 8 mk 4
k
+
m 4
12
mk
2
k
m
k
=
m
2
Additional Problems
P41.41
Suppose the marble has mass 20 g. Suppose the wall of the box is 12 cm high and 2 mm thick.
While it is inside the wall,
U = mgy = ( 0.02 kg ) ( 9.8 m s 2 ) ( 0.12 m ) = 0.023 5 J
and
E=K=
1
1
2
mu 2 = ( 0.02 kg ) ( 0.8 m s ) = 0.006 4 J
2
2
2 m (U E )
=
Then C =
2 ( 0.02 kg ) ( 0.017 1 J )
1.055 10 34 J s
= 2.5 10 32 m 1
P41.42
)(
2 2.51032 2 10 3
(a)
= 2 L = 2.00 10 10 m
(b)
p=
h 6.626 10 34 J s
=
= 3.31 10 24 kg m s
2.00 10 10 m
(c)
E=
p2
= 0.172 eV
2m
Quantum Mechanics
P41.43
(a)
(b)
FIG. P41.43(a)
FIG. P41.43(b)
(c)
(d)
Since y is symmetric,
479
dx = 2 dx = 1
2
or
2 A2 0
2 A 2 e2 x dx =
(e e ) = 1
2
0
This gives A = .
(e)
P( 1 2 )(1 2 ) = 2
1 2
2 2 2
e2 x dx =
1) = (1 e1 ) = 0.632
(e
2
x=0
( a)
2
*P41.44 If we had n = 0 for a quantum particle in a box, its momentum would be zero. The uncertainty in
its momentum would be zero. The uncertainty in its position would not be innite, but just equal
to the width of the box. Then the uncertainty product would be zero, to violate the uncertainty
principle. The contradiction shows that the quantum number cannot be zero. In its ground state
the particle has some nonzero zero-point energy.
*P41.45 (a)
With ground state energy 0.3 eV, the energy in the n = 2 state is 22 0.3 eV = 1.2 eV. The
energy in state 3 is 9 0.3 eV = 2.7 eV. The energy in state 4 is 16 0.3 eV = 4.8 eV.
For the transition from the n = 3 level to the n = 1 level, the electron loses energy
(2.7 0.3) eV = 2.4 eV. The photon carries off this energy and has wavelength
hc/E = 1240 eVnm/2.4 eV = 517 nm .
(b)
For the transition from level 2 to level 1, the photon energy is 0.9 eV and the photon
wavelength is l = hc/E = 1240 eV nm/0.9 eV = 1.38 mm . This photon, with wavelength
greater than 700 nm, is infrared .
For level 4 to 1, E = 4.5 eV and l = 276 nm ultraviolet .
For 3 to 2, E = 1.5 eV and l = 827 nm infrared .
For 4 to 2, E = 3.6 eV and l = 344 nm near ultraviolet .
For 4 to 3, E = 2.1 eV and l = 590 nm yellow-orange visible .
480
P41.46
Chapter 41
(a)
1 = Aeik1x + Be ik1x
[region I ]
2 = Ceik2 x
[region II ]
FIG. P41.46(a)
Where
k1 =
2 mE
and
k2 =
2m ( E U )
( 1 )0 = ( 2 )0
gives
A+B=C
d
d
and 1 = 2
dx 0 dx 0
gives
k1 ( A B ) = k2 C
Then
B=
1 k2 k1
A
1 + k2 k1
and
C=
2
A
1 + k2 k1
B 2 (1 k2 k1 )
R= 2 =
A
(1 + k2 k1 )2
2
=
(b)
( k1 k2 )2
( k1 + k2 )2
With
E = 7.00 eV
and
U = 5.00 eV
k2
=
k1
E U
=
E
2.00
= 0.535
7.00
(1 0.535)2
= 0.092 0
(1 + 0.535)2
R=
T = 1 R = 0.908
Quantum Mechanics
P41.47
R=
481
( k1 k2 )2 = (1 k2 k1 )2
( k1 + k2 )2 (1 + k2 k1 )2
2 k 2
= E U for constant U
2m
2 k12
= E since U = 0
2m
(1)
k
= E U
2m
(2)
P41.48
FIG. P41.47
2
2
k22
U
k
1
1 1
= 1 = 1 = so 2 =
2
k1
E
k1
2 2
2
and therefore,
(1 1
R=
(1 + 1
) =(
2)
(
2
2
2
)
2 + 1)
2 1
2
2
= 0.029 4
(a)
The wave functions and probability densities are the same as those shown in the two lower
curves in Figure 41.4 of the textbook.
(b)
P1 =
2
x
2
dx
1 dx =
sin 2
1.00 nm
1.00 nm 0.150
0.150 nm
0.350 nm
0.350
0.350 nm
2 x
x 1.00 nm
= ( 2.00 nm )
sin
4
1.00 nm 0.150 nm
2
x
1
In the above result we used sin 2 axdx = sin ( 2ax ).
2 4a
0.350 nm
1.00 nm
2 x
sin
Therefore, P1 = (1.00 nm ) x
1.00 nm 0.150 nm
2
0.350
2
x 1.00 4 x
2 2 x
sin 1.00 dx = 2.00 2 8 sin 1.00 0.150
1.00 0.150
0.350
(c)
P2 =
1.00 nm
[sin ( 0.700 ) sin ( 0.300 )] = 0.200
2
0.350
1.00 4 x
P2 = 1.00 x
sin
1.00 0.150
4
1.00
[sin (1.40 ) sin ( 0.600 )]
4
= 0.351
(d)
Using En =
n2h2
, we nd that E1 = 0.377 eV and E2 = 1.51 eV .
8 mL2
482
P41.49
P41.50
Chapter 41
(a)
f =
1.60 10 19 J
E
(1.80 eV )
= 4.34 1014 Hz
=
34
h ( 6.626 10 J s ) 1.00 eV
(b)
c 3.00 108 m s
=
= 6.91 10 7 m = 691 nm
f
4.34 1014 Hz
(c)
E t
(a)
6.626 10 34 J s
h
=
=
= 2.64 10 29 J = 1.65 10 10 eV
so E
2 t 4 ( t ) 4 ( 2.00 10 6 s )
2
E=
h2
nx2 + ny2
8 me L2
For a normalizable wave function describing a particle, neither nx nor ny can be zero. The
ground state, corresponding to nx = ny = 1, has an energy of
E1,1 =
h2
h2
12 + 12 ) =
2 (
8 me L
4 me L2
5h 2
h2
22 + 12 ) =
2 (
8 me L
8 me L2
h2
h2
22 + 22 ) =
2 (
8 me L
me L2
5h 2
h2
2
2
1
3
+
=
(
)
4 me L2
8 me L2
h2
h2
2
me L 4 me L2
energy
E1, 3 , E3, 1
E2, 2
h2
me L2
E1, 2 , E2, 1
E1, 1
Energy level diagram
FIG. P41.50(b)
Quantum Mechanics
P41.51
x2 =
dx
2
n x
.
sin
L
L
L2
L2
2 2 2 n x
x
sin
dx
=
L
L 0
3 2 n 2 2
L
Thus, x 2 =
P41.52
(a)
dx = 1 becomes
L 4
2 x
L
L x 1 4 x
= A 2 = 1
cos 2
+ sin
dx = A 2
4
L
2
2
L
L
L 4
L 4
L 4
A2
or A 2 =
(b)
4
2
and A =
.
L
L
L8
2
dx = A 2
P41.53
cos
L
is
8
2 x dx = 1 + 1 = 0.409
L
4 2
( x) =
2 x a
e
a
for x > 0
for x < 0
and 0
(a)
( x ) = 0, x < 0
(b)
Prob ( x < 0 ) =
Normalization
2 2 x a
e , x > 0 as shown
a
( x ) dx = ( 0 ) dx = 0
2
(c)
2 ( x) =
and
( x ) dx =
2
dx + dx = 1
2
2 2 x a
2 x a
0dx + 0 a e dx = 0 e 0 = ( e 1) = 1
Prob ( 0 < x < a ) =
2
2 2 x a
0 dx = 0 a e dx
a
= e2 x a 0 = 1 e2 = 0.865
FIG. P41.53
483
484
P41.54
Chapter 41
(a)
E=
( pc )2 + ( mc 2 )
h nh
n
= L so p = =
is still valid.
2
2L
2
2
nhc
En =
+ ( mc 2 )
2L
2
K n = En mc 2 =
(b)
nhc + mc 2 2 mc 2
)
2L (
(6.626 10 34 J s )
h2
14
Nonrelativistic, E1 =
J.
=
2 = 6.02 10
8 mL2 8 ( 9.11 10 31 kg ) (1.00 10 12 m )
2
2
7 ke e 2
e2
1 1
1
( 7 3) e
)
=
1
=
+
+
1
1
(
4 d
4 0 d
3d
2 3
2
0
(a)
U=
(b)
(c)
E = U + K and
2h 2
h2
=
.
2
36 me d 2
8 me ( 9 d )
7 ke e 2
h2
=0
3d 2 18 me d 3
dE
= 0 for a minimum:
dd
6.626 10 34 )
(
3h 2
h2
d=
=
=
( 7 ) (18 ke e2 me ) 42 me ke e2 ( 42 ) ( 9.11 10 31 ) (8.99 10 9 ) (1.60 10 19 C )2
2
= 0.049 9 nm
(d)
Nm
Since the lithium spacing is a, where Na 3 = V , and the density is
, where m is the
V
mass of one atom, we get:
Vm
a=
Nm
13
m
=
density
13
1.66 10 27 kg 7
=
530 kg
13
m = 2.80 10 10 m = 0.280 nm
The lithium interatomic spacing of 280 pm is 5.62 times larger than the answer to (c). Thus
it is of the same order of magnitude as the interatomic spacing 2d here.
Quantum Mechanics
P41.56
(a)
= Bxe( m 2 )x
485
2
2
2
m 2 ( m 2 )x 2
d
m
= Be( m 2 )x + Bx
x e
2 xe( m 2 )x = Be( m 2 )x B
2
dx
2
m
m 2 m ( m 2 )x 2
d 2
m ( m 2 )x 2
= Bx
B
xe
2 xe( m 2 )x B
x
xe
2
dx
m 3 ( m 2 )x 2
d 2
m ( m 2 )x 2
= 3 B
xe
+ B
xe
dx 2
2
2E
3
; it is true if E =
.
2
This is true if 3 =
(b)
(c)
y is maximized if
(d)
We require
d
m
= 0 = 1 x2
, which is true at x =
.
dx
m
dx = 1:
1=
2 2 ( m ) x
dx = 2 B 2 x 2 e( m )x dx = 2 B 2
B x e
2
Then B =
(e)
(f)
21 2 m
1 4
34
4 m 3 3
=
3
1
4
B2 1 2 3 2
3 =
32
2 ( m )
( m )
14
1
1
4
, the potential energy is m 2 x 2 = m 2
= 2 . This is larger than
m
m
2
2
3
the total energy
, so there is zero classical probability of nding the particle here.
2
At x = 2
( m 2 ) x
Probability = dx = Bxe
2
Probability =
2 m
1 2
32
) = B x e
2
2 ( m ) x 2
4 e( m )4( m ) = 8 m
m
12
e4
486
Chapter 41
x
x 2 x
2 x
+ 16 sin 2
+ 8 sin
dx = 1
A 2 sin 2
sin
L
L
L
L
0
P41.57
(a)
dx = 1 :
L
L
x 2 x
L
sin
A 2 + 16 + 8 sin
dx = 1
L
2
2
L
0
L
17 L 16 L 3 x
17 L
x
x
+ 16 sin 2
A2
cos
dx = A 2
+
sin
L
L
L
3
0
2
A2 =
=1
x=0
2
2
, so the normalization constant is A =
.
17 L
17 L
(b)
x= L
dx = 1:
x
x
x x
2
cos 2
dx = 1
sin
+ B sin 2
+ 2 A B cos
2a
a
a
2a
The rst two terms are A a and B a . The third term is:
x
2A B
cos
x sin x dx
2a
2a
a
so that a A + B
2
P41.58
(b)
x1=
(c)
a
x
(a)
A + B =
2
1
.
a
4a3
x
) = 1, giving
12
01
8a A B
x
cos3
=0
3
2a a
x 2 (
12
2
1
x
2
1
x + x 0 ( x ) 1 ( x ) dx
2 1
The rst two terms are zero, from (a) and (b). Thus:
01
a
= x
14
2a 2
= 2
12
1
2a
ax 2 2
4a3
14
xe
ax 2 2
2a 2
dx = 2
1
, from Table B.6
4 a3
12
12
x e
0
2 ax 2
dx
Quantum Mechanics
P41.59
P1 = 1 or P2 = 2
P = 1 + 2
Pmax = ( 1 + 2
Pmin = ( 1 2
Now
P1 1
=
2 = 25.0 , so
P2 2
( 1 + 2
P
and max =
Pmin ( 1 2
)
)
2
2
(5.00
=
(5.00
487
1
= 5.00
2
2
+ 2
)
)
2
2
( 6.00 )2 36.0
=
= 2.25
( 4.00 )2 16.0
1
2
P41.4
(a) 4
P41.6
9.56 1012
P41.8
3h
8 m c
e
P41.10
(b) 6.03 eV
12
(a) 5.13 meV (b) 9.41 eV (c) The much smaller mass of the electron requires it to have much
more energy to have the same momentum.
12
P41.12
P41.14
P41.16
P41.18
15h
(a)
(b) 1.25
8 me c
L
(a)
(b) 5.26 10 5 (c) 3.99 10 2
2
1
2
(b) See the solution. (c) The wave function is zero for x < 0 and for x > L.
sin
L 2
L
The probability at l = 0 must be zero because the particle is never found at x < 0 or exactly at x = 0.
The probability at l = L must be 1 for normalization. This statement means that the particle is always
found somewhere at x < L. (d) l = 0.585L
(a)
P41.20
P41.22
(a)
2 k 2
2m
2 4 x 2
2 mL2 L2
488
P41.24
Chapter 41
(a) 1 ( x ) =
x
2
cos
L
L
P1 ( x ) =
P2 ( x ) =
2 2 2 x
sin
L
L
3 ( x) =
2
x
cos 2
L
L
2
3 x
cos
L
L
2 ( x) =
P3 ( x ) =
2
2 x
sin
L
L
2
3 x
cos 2
L
L
P41.28
1.03 10 3
P41.30
(a) 0.903
P41.32
85.9
P41.34
3.92%
P41.36
P41.38
m
(a) B =
P41.40
P41.42
(a) 2.00 10 10 m
P41.44
P41.46
P41.48
(b) 0.200
(b) 0.359
P41.52
b=
m
2
m
(b)
(b) E =
3
2
(c) 0.351
(c) 0.172 eV
h
5h
h
5h
,
,
,
2
2
2
4 me L 8 me L me L 4 me L2
2
(a)
(b) 0.409
L
(a)
32
12
(b) 3.31 10 24 kg m s
P41.50
14
(d) 10 6.5910
(c) 0.417
3h 2
4 me L2
P41.54
P41.56
P41.58
nhc
(a)
+ m 2 c 4 mc 2 (b) 46.9 fJ; 28.6%
2L
14
4 m 3 3
3
(a)
(b) x = 0 (c)
(d)
3
2
m
(a) 0
(b) 0
(c) ( 2a )
1 2
m
(e) 0 (f ) 8
12
e4