sore Critics plats - Wikpoda, to fro eneetopodia Orifice plate From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia An orifice plate is a device used for measuring flow rate, for reducing pressure or for restricting flow (in the latter two cases it is offen called a restriction oe plate). Either a volumetric or mass flow rate may be determined, depending on om BL Se a the cakculation associated with the orifice plate. It uses the same principle as a =e fey Venturi nozzle, namely Bernoull’s principle which states that there is a } [yeas relationship between the pressure ofthe fluid and the velocity of the fluid. When The cho Binder the velocity increases, the pressure decreases and vice versa diy = once eiameter diye = vena contract oameter Flat-plate, sharp-edge orifice Contents #1 Description = 2 Uses = 3 Incompressible low through an orifice = 4 Flow of gases through an orifice = 4.1 Calculation of expansion factor = 5 Permanent pressure drop for incompressible fluids = 6 See also = 7 References = 8 External links Description An orifice plate is a thin plate with a hole in the middle. It is usually placed in a pipe in which fluid flows. When the fluid reaches the orifice plate, the fuid is forced to converge to go through the small hole; the point of maximum convergence actually occurs shortly downstream of the physical orifice, at the so-called vena contracta point (see drawing to the right), As it does so, the velocity and the pressure changes. Beyond the vena contracta, the fluid expands and the velocity and pressure change once again. By measuring the difference in fluid pressure between the normal pipe section and at the vena contracta, the volumetric and mass low rates can be obtained from Bernoulli's equation, Uses Orifice plates are most commonly used to measure flow rates in pipes, when the fluid is single-phase (rather than being a mixture of gases and liquids, or of liquids and solids) and well mixed, the flow is continuous rather than pubating, the fluid occupies the entire pipe (prechuding sift or trapped gas), the flow profile is even and well- developed and the fluid and flow rate meet certain other conditions. Under these circumstances and when the orifice plate is constructed and installed according to appropriate standards, the flow rate can easily be determined using published formule based on substantial research and published in industry, national and international standards, {1 hpslon wikipedia og wik/Orifice_plete wrane Cree late - Wipe, ero encyclopedia Plates are commonly made with sharp-edged circular orifices and installed concentric with the pipe and with pressure tappings at one of three standard pairs of distances upstream and downstream of the plate; these types are covered by ISO 5167 and other major standards. There are many other possibilities. The edges may be rounded or conical, the plate may have an orifice the same size as the pipe except for a segment at top or bottom which is obstructed, the orifice may be installed eccentric to the pipe, and the pressure tappings may be at other positions. Various of these possibilities are covered in various standards and handbooks. Each combination gives rise to different coefficients of discharge which can be predicted so long as various conditions are met, conditions which differ from one type to another. |!) Once the orifice plate is designed and installed, the flow rate can offen be indicated with an acceptably low uncertainty simply by taking the square root of the differential pressure across the orifice's pressure tappings and applying an appropriate constant, Even compressible flows of gases that vary in pressure and temperature may be measured with acceptable uncertainty by merely taking the square roots of the absolute pressure and/or ‘temperature, depending on the purpose of the measurement and the costs of ancillary instrumentation. Orifice plates are ako used to reduce pressure or restrict flow, in which case they are offen called restriction plates, (213) Incompressible flow through an orifice By assuming steady-state, incompressible (constant fluid density), inviscid, laminar flow in a horizontal pipe (no change in clevation) with negligible frictional losses, Bemnoull’s equation reduces to an equation relating the conservation of energy between two points on the same streamline: 1 , a Pty Wa Pty i Ve or: 2(Pi-P2)/p 1 — (Ap/A1)? hpslon wikipedia og wik/Orifice_plete arsoe Critics plato - Wikpoda, to fro eneetopodia 1 Q= Aa Tapa V2 (Pi Palo The above expression for C) gives the theoretical volume flow rate. Introducing the beta factor 3 = dy / das vwellas the coefficient of discharge Cy: — Q=Ca Aa me V2. - Plo And finally introducing the meter coefficient (’ which is defined as C” fo obtain the final equation for the volumetric flow of the fluid through the orifice: (1) Q=C Ap ¥2 (Pi— Po) /p Muttiplying by the density of the fluid to obtain the equation for the mass flow rate at any section in the pipe! ISI (2) m=pQ=C Ay 2p (Pi- Pa) where: Q = volumetric flow rate (at any cross-section), m/s riz = mass flow rate (at any cross-section), kg/s CC. = coefiicient of discharge, dimensionless C= orifice flow coefiicient, dimensionless Aj = cross-sectional area of the pipe, m? Ag = cross-sectional area of the orifice hole, n? dj ~ diameter of the pipe, m dda = diameter of the orifice hole, m {5 ~ ratio of orifice hole diameter to pipe diameter, dimensionless V;, ~ stream fluid velocity, m/s Vo = fluid velocity through the orifice hole, m/s P, = fluid upstream pres ure, Pa_ with dimensions of kg/(m's? ) Py = fluid downstream pressure, Pa with dimensions of kg/(m's* ) (P= fiuid density, kg/m? Deriving the above equations used the cross-section of the orifice opening and is not as realistic as using the minimum cross-section at the vena contracta. In addition, frictional losses may not be negligible and viscosity and turbulence effects may be present. For that reason, the coefficient of discharge C’, is introduced, Methods exist for determining the coefficient of discharge as a function of the Reynolds number,1 hapitenvipecacrg Orifice plate wrane tc pat - Wipe te ee anton The parameter y/] — 34 is often refered to asthe velocity of approach factor! and dividing the cocfcient of discharge by that parameter (as was done above) produces the flow coefficient (. Methods also exist for determining the flow coefficient as a fiction of the beta fiction B and the location of the downstream pressure sensing tap. For rough approximations, the flow coefficient may be assumed to be between 0.60 and 0.75. For a first approximation, a flow coeficent of 0.62 can be used as this approximates to filly developed flow. An orifice only works well when supplied with a filly developed flow profile. This is achieved by a long upstream length (20 to 40 pipe diameters, depending on Reynolds number) or the use of a flow conditioner. Orifice plates are small and inexpensive but do not recover the pressure drop as well as a venturi nozzie does. If space permits, a ‘venturi meter is more efficient than an orifice plate. Flow of gases through an orifice In general, equation (2) is applicable only for incompressible flows. It ean be modified by introducing the expansion factor Y’ to account for the compressibility of gases, (3) th=p1Q=CY Ay 2 —1 (Pi - Ps) Y’is 1.0 for incompressible fluids and it can be calculated for compressible gases.!°) Calculation of expansion factor For flow measurement purposes, the expansion factor Y, which allows for the change in the density of an ideal gas as it expands isentropically, is given by the empirical formub:51 (4) Y=s1- (=) (oa +0253") where: Y ~ Expansion factor, dimensionless r= Po/P, K.~ specific heat ratio (c,, / C,); dimensionless and the pressures are measured at orifice plate tappings (such as flange, comer or D+D/2), B is in the range 0.2 to 0.75 and certain other conditions are met. For smaller values off (such as restriction plates and discharge ffom tanks but not generally in flow measurement), 'Y may be calculated fom first principles and the effect of f neglected, giving: : k (Pa/ P,)2/* — (Pp/ Py e+0/8 ee (=) ° BP ( P,— Pa) and: hpslon wikipedia og wik/Orifice_plete arcor Orie pato- kp, ts ro eneylopia . : | k Pf P,)2/k — (Px/ P,)e+0/) ac afte GE) AIR 5 P,) and thus, the final equation for approximating the non-choked (ce., sub-sonic) flow of ideal gases through an orifice for vahes of Bless than 0.25: (6) m=O Ay 2B (Eo) [cpyrye —(eyryenir] Using the ideal gas law and the compressibility factor (which corrects for non-ideal gases), a pra obtained for the non-choked flow of real gases through an orifice for vahues of f less than 0.25: . 2M k (8) tn =C ta Pf (>) [Pe Pame — (Pa POM] m P Remembering that Q; = “and py = M ——*— (ideal gas law and the compressbilty factor) pt ZRT, (8) Q@=c a2 FBR E ) (pyre — (pyr yer] where: k ic heat ratio (c,, / Cy); dimensionless riz ~ mass flow rate at any section, kgs Qy = upstream real gas flow rate, m'/s C= orifice flow coefiicient, dimensionless Ag ~ cross-sectional area of the orifice hole, n? P1~ upstream real gas density, kg/nt P, = upstream gas pressure, Pa with dimensions ofkg/(ms*) Pp = downstream pressure, Pa. with dimensions of kg/(ms?) M = the gas molar mass, kg/mol R= the Universal Gas Law Constant = 8,3145 J/(molK) T, = absolute upstream gas temperature, K Z = the gas compressibility factor at P, and J}, dimensionless A detailed explanation of choked and non-choked flow of gases, as well as the equation for the choked flow of gases through restriction orifices, is available at Choked flow. hpslon wikipedia og wik/Orifice_plete srrane tc pat - Wipe te ee anton The flow of real gases through thin-plate orifices never becomes filly choked. Cunningham (1951) first drew attention to the fact that choked flow will not occur across a standard, thin, square-edged orifice. The mass flow rate through the orifice continues to increase as the downstream pressure is lowered to a perfect vacuum, though the mass flow rate increases slowly as the downstream pressure is reduced below the critical pressure!) Permanent pressure drop for incompressible fluids For a square-edge orifice plate with flange taps/""] AP, AP, 1 — 0.248 — 0.528? — 0.168% where: AP, = permanent pressure drop AP, = indicated pressure drop at the flange taps B= dyfdy And rearranging the formula near the top of this artic @ (1-8) _ Qp (1-84) 207 AB 22 A? BF AP, = P, - P; See also * Accidental release source terms = Choked flow * De Laval noe = Flowmeter * Pitot tube = Restrictive flow orifc = Rocket engine noe = Venturi effect References 1. 44 Miller, Richard W (1996). Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07- 042366-0. 2. "Orifice Plates for Flow Measurement & Flow Restriction" (http:/www.wermac. org/specials/orificeplate. htm). Retrieved 1 February 2014. 3. * Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings and Pipe. Ipswich: Crane, 1988, p. 2-14, 4, 4 Lecture, University of Sydney (http://www.aeromech.usyd.edu.au/aero/cvanalysis/node3.shtmlinode43) 5, *@€4 Perry, Robert H. and Green, Don W. (1984). Perry's Chemical Engineers’ Handbook (Sixth Faition ed.) McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-049479-7, hpslon wikipedia og wik/Orifice_plete arzo Orie plat ipa, te feo eneycopodia 6. 845 Handbook of Chemical Hazard Analysis Procedures, Appendix B, Federal Emergency Management Agency, US, Dept. of Transportation, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1989. Handbook of Chemical Hazard Analysis, Appendix B (http://nepis.epa. gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/10003MKS.TXT? ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client-EP A&Index=1986! Thrut 1990&Docs=& Query=& Time=&EndTime=& Search Method=1 &TocRestrict-n& Toc~8 Toc Entry~& QField~pubmumber%5E%220S WERHCHAP%228&QField Year-& (QEieliMonth=& QFieldDay=& UseQFieki=pubnumber& IntQFiekiOp=1 &ExtQFieldOp=1 & XmiQuery=&File-D%3A %SCzyfiles%SCIndex%20Data%5C86ihru90%SCTXT%5C00000003%5C10003MKS. TXT &UserANONYMOUS &Password-anonymous8SortMethod=h%7C- &MaximumDocuments=10&FuzzyDegree-08ImageQuality-175g8/t75g8/x150y150g1 6/425&Display-p%7CI&D efSeekPage=x8SearchBack=Zy ActionL &Back=Zy ActionS&BackDese=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&7ZyB. ntry=1&SeekPage-x) Click on PDF icon, wait and then scroll down to page 391 of 520 PDF pages. 7. 44 Risk Management Program Guidance For Offsite Consequence Analysis, U.S. EPA publication EPA-550-B- 99-009, April 1999. Guidance for Offsite Consequence Analysis (http:/yosemite.epa. gov/oswer/ceppoweb.nsfivwResourcesByFilename/oca-all.péf/Sfile/oca-all pdfOpenElement) 8. * Methods For The Calculation Of Physical Effects Due To Releases Of Hazardous Substances (Liquids and Gases), PGS2 CPR 14E, Chapter 2, The Netherlands Organization Of Applied Scientific Research, The Hague, 2005. PGS2 CPR 14E (hitp:/vrom.nl/pagina.html?id=20725) 9. * Cunningham, R.G., "Orifice Meters with Supercritical Compressible Flow", Trans. ASME, Vol. 73, pp. 625-638, 1951 10. * Section 3 -- Choked Flow (http:/www.engsoft.co.kt/download_e/steam_flow_e.htm) 11. * Catalog section by AVCO (hitp:/www.avcovalve.com/products/pdfs/Orifice’420Plates. pal) External links = Tierling Orifice flow calculators (itp:/terling.home.texas.net/) = Lenox Laser Orifice Caleulator (http://www. lenoxlaser. convindex.php?dispatch-pages. view&page_id=43) Retrieved from "http//en. wikipedia. org/wlindex.php?title-Orifice_plate&oldid-597983014" Categories: Fluid dynamics | Chemical engineering | Mechanical engineering | Control devices | Piping = This page was last modified on 3 March 2014 at 1738 = Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. hpslon wikipedia og wik/Orifice_plete uw