INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR MECHANICAL SCIENCES COURSES AND LECTURES - No. 345 PASSIVE AND ACTIVE STRUCTURAL VIBRATION CONTROL IN CIVIL ENGINEERING EDITED BY T.T. SOONG AND M.C. COSTANTINOU STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO. ‘SPRINGER - VERLAG & WIEN - NEW YORKLe spese di stampa di questo volume sono in parte coperte da contributi del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. This volume contains 202 illustrations This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. © 1994 by CISM, Udine Printed in Italy In order to make this volume available as economically and as rapidly as possible the authors’ typescripts have been reproduced in their original forms. This method unfortunately has its typographical limitations but it is hoped that they in no way distract the reader. ISBN 3-211-82615-7 Springer Verlag Wien-New YorkPREFACE In structural engineering, one of the constant challenges is to find new and better means of designing new structures or strengthening existing ones So that they, together with their occupants and contents, can be better protected from the damaging effects of destructive environmental forces such as wind, wave loads, and earthquakes. As a result, new and innovative concepts of structural protection have been advanced and are at various stages of development. Structural protective systems can be divided into three groups as shown in Table I. The technique of seismic isolation is now widely used in many parts of the world. A seismic isolation system is typically placed at the foundation of a structure which, by means of its flexibility and energy absorption capability, partially absorbs and partially reflects some of the earthquake input energy before it is transmitted to the structure. The net effect is a reduction of energy dissipation demand on the structural system, resulting in an increase in its survivability. Table I. Structural Protective Systems Seismic Passive Energy Active Isolation Dissipation Control Elastomeric Bearings Metallic Dampers Active Bracing Systems Lead Rubber Bearings Friction Dampers Active Mass Dampers Elastomeric Bearings with | Viscoelastic Dampers | Active Variable Energy Dissipating Devices Stiffness or Damping Systems Viscous Dampers Sliding Friction Pendulum Pulse Systems Tuned Mass Dampers Flat Sliding Bearings with Aerodynamic Appendages Restoring Force Devices Tuned Liquid Dampers Lubricated Sliding Bearings with Energy Dissipating Devices Much progress has also been made in research and development of passive energy dissipation devices for structural applications. Similar to seismic isolation technology, the basic role of passive energy dissipation devices when incorporated into a structure is to absorb or consume a portion of the input energy, thereby reducing energy dissipation demand on primary structural members and minimizing possible structural damage. Unlike seismic isolation, however, these devices can be effective against wind excited