B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC NNG LM THNH PH H CH MINH

B MN CNG NGH HA HC

ti: CHNG CT HN HP A CU T

Gio vin hng dn: o Ngc Duy

Lp: DH10HH
SV thc hin: Trn Hu c (10139045)
L Vn Hon (10139063)

Thnh ph H Ch Minh Ngy 17 Thng 7 Nm 2012

NI DUNG
I.
1.
2.
3.
II.
1.
2.
III.
1.
2.

I.

KHI NIM C BN
Khi nim hn hp nhiu cu t
Khi nim v chng ct
Cc ng cn bng trong hn hp nhiu cu t
TNH TON CN BNG PHA H NHIU CU T
Tnh ton cn bng pha cho h nhiu cu t n gin
Tnh ton cn bng pha cho h nhiu cu t phc tp
CHNG CT PHN ON HN HP NHIU CU T N GIN
Phng php n gin Gilliland
Phng php tnh tng mm

KHI NIM C BN

1. KHI NIM HN HP NHIU CU T

1.1. nh ngha

- Hn hp nhiu cu t n gin: l nhng hn hp m cc cu t c th xc nh

v s lng, thnh phn v chng loi.
- Hn hp nhiu cu t phc tp: l hn hp c s lng cu t rt ln v a dng
m ta khng th xc nh s lng v nng ca chng.
1.2. Nhng quy c c trng
- i vi hn hp 2 cu t, qu trnh chng ct s cho chng ta hai phn on:
phn on nh v phn on y.
- i vi hn hp nhiu cu t, s lng phn on c th l 2 hoc nhiu hn ty
theo yu cu sn xut. Sn phm ca cc phn on ny l hn hp nhiu cu t
v thng thng ta biu din cc phn on chng ct theo nhit chng v th
tch dch ngng tc l t l % th tch sn phm phn on thu c so vi nguyn
liu ban u.
- tin cho vic tnh ton ngi ta quy c mt phn on l mt cu t v phn
bit vi cu t thng thng ta gi n l cu t pseudo.
- Cu t pseudo c hai im nhit chng khc nhau nn vic tnh ton ta
thng ly nhit trung bnh. Ngoi ra, vi nhng hn hp phc tp nh quan
trng phi xy dng thm cc s liu thc nghim v khi lng ring, phn t
khi, nht, hm nhit,.. ca cc cu t pseudo.
- i vi h nhiu cu t n gin ta c th xc nh h s cn bng pha ca cu
t v suy ra bay hi tng i
- i vi h nhiu cu t n gin ta c th xc nh h s cn bng pha ca cu
t v suy ra bay hi tng i. Khi chn mt cu t lm chun so snh
bay hi gi l cu t chun hay cu t kha.

Ki: h s cn bng ca cu t i
ij: bay hi tng i cua cu t i vi cu t kha j
i vi cu t kha th ij =1, cu t nh ij >1, cu t nng ij <1
- Trong tnh ton chng ct nhiu cu t c trng hp phi chn nhiu cu t
kha, gi l kha nh (j nh) v kha nng (j nng) ty thuc vo nhit chng
ct. Cc cu t nng gia hai cu t kha c gi l cu t trung gian.
- Cc khi niu ny cng dng cho cu t
2. Khi nim chng ct
Chng ct l qu trnh dng tch cc cu t ca mt hn hp lng cng nh
hn hp kh lng thnh cc cu t ring bit da vo bay hi khc nhau ca cc
cu t trong hn hp (ngha l khi cng mt nhit , p sut hi bo ha ca
cc cu t khc nhau).
Thay v a vo trong hn hp mt pha mi to nn s tip xc gia hai pha
nh trong qu trnh hp thu hoc nh kh, trong qu trnh chng ct pha mi c
to nn bng s bc hi hoc ngng t.
Trong trng hp n gin nht, chng ct v c c khng khc g nhau, tuy
nhin gia hai qu trnh ny c mt ranh gii c bn l trong qu trnh chng ct
dung mi v cht tan u bay hi (ngha l cc cu t u hin din trong c hai
pha nhng vi t l khc nhau), cn trong qu trnh c c th ch c dung mi bay
hi cn cht tan khng bay hi.
Khi chng ct ta thu c nhiu cu t v thng th bao nhiu cu t s thu c
by nhiu sn phm. Nu xt h n gin ch c 2 cu t th ta thu c 2 sn
phm:
Sn phm nh ch yu gm cu t c bay hi ln v mt phn rt t cc cu t
c bay hi b.
Sn phm y ch yu gm cu t c bay hi b v mt phn rt t cu t c
bay hi ln.

 Cc phng php chng ct:

Phn loi theo p sut lm vic:
- p sut thp
- p sut thng
- p sut cao
Phn loi theo nguyn l lm vic:
- Chng ct n gin
- Chng bng hi nc trc tip
- Chng ct
Phn loi theo phng php cp nhit y thp:
- Cp nhit trc tip
- Cp nhit gin tip
Thit b chng ct:
Trong sn xut thng dng nhiu loi thit b khc nhau tin hnh
chng ct. Tuy nhin yu cu c bn chung ca cc thit b vn ging nhau
ngha l din tch b mt tip xc pha phi ln, iu ny ph thuc vo mc
phn tn ca mt lu cht ny vo lu cht kia. Nu pha kh phn tn
vo pha lng ta c cc loi thp mm, nu pha lng phn tn vo pha kh ta
c thp chm, thp phun,
Thp mm: thn thp hnh tr, thng ng pha trong c gn cc mm c cu to
khc nhau, trn pha lng v pha hi c cho tip xc vi nhau. Ty theo cu
to ca a, ta c:
- Thp mm chp : trn mm b tr c chp dng trn, xupap, ch s
- Thp mm xuyn l: trn mm c nhiu l hay rnh
Thp chm (thp m): thp hnh tr, gm nhiu bc ni vi nhau bng mt bch
hay hn. Vt chm c cho vo thp theo mt trong hai phng php: xp ngu
nhin hay xp th t.
3. Cc ng cn bng pha

3.1. Cc phng trnh c bn

- i vi nhng hn hp l tng hoc xem l tng th c th p dng nh lut
Raoult vit phng trinh cn bng.

- Pi : p sut hi ring phn ca cu t i

- Pio: p sut hi bo ha ca cu t I
- Xi : nng phn ca cu t i trong pha lng.
- Nu chn cu t j lm cu t kha th bay hi tng i ca mt cu t i bt
k.

- Pio: p sut hi bo ha ca cu t j cng nhit

- Vi nhng h khng l tng th h s cn bng pha thng c xc nh bng
thc nghim v ph thuc vo nhit v p sut

- V bay hi tng i thay i theo nhit t hn theo p sut hi nguyn

cht do ta c th xc nh nng cn bng ca cu t kha j.

- Nng cn bng cho cu t i

bt k.

3.2. Biu pha

- Trong chng ct h 2 cu t, ng cn bng thng c biu din bng th:
t x,y v x y.
- i vi h 3 cu t, c th biu din nng cn bng trn th tam gic, tuy
nhin mi bin thin cn bng gia chng kh phc tp v thng s liu thc
nghim khng y . V vy, trong chng ct nhiu cu t ngi ta thng dng
biu dng sau:
+ Trc tung: nhit si ca dung dch
+ Trc honh: t l th tch dch ngng v th tch dung dch ban u.
a. ng cong chng ct thc (ng TBP)
- ng cong chng ct thc TBP (True Boiling Point) m t s bin thin nhit
si ca hn hp theo dch ngng thu c. ng cong c xy dng t cc
s kiu PTN vi ct chng gin on khong vi chc mm l thuyt v t s hon
lu kh ln.
- Mi hn hp c mt ng cong TBP ring, da vo ng cong TBP ta c th
quyt nh s lng phn on hoc cu t pseudo trong chng ct v tnh cht
ca cc cu t speudo.

b. ng cong chng n gin (ng ASTM)

- ng cong chng n gin cn gi l ng cong chng ct Engler, c xy

dng t cc s liu chng n gin khng hi lu theo tiu chun ASTM
(American Society for Testing Materials) nn cn gi l ng cong ASTM.
- ng cong ASTM c ngha rt quan trng trong vic phn tch mu du th
trc khi a vo sn xut.
c. ng cong bay hi cn bng (ng EFV)
- ng cong EFV (Equilibrium Flash Vaporization) hoc ng FC (Flash
Curve) m t mi quan h cn bng 2 pha hn v lng (tnh theo % th tch)
nhng nhit bay hn cn bng khc nhau vi p sut xc nh.
- ng cong EFV bt u t im si v kt thc im sng ca hn hp v
thay i theo nng ban u ca h.

- ng cong EFV gip xc nh nhit chng ct phn on theo yu cu sn

xut.

d. Tnh cht ca cc ng cong

- ng cong TBP c dc ln nht th hin tnh phn on trit .
- ng cong ASTM c dc km hn nn kh nng phn on cng km hn.
- ng cong EFV khng mang tnh cht phn on khi chng ct nn c dc
rt nh. N ch th hin tng trng thi cn bng gia hai pha lng theo yu cu
ca nh sn xut.

- Trong chng ct phn on, ng cong TBP c c im khng nht qun. Nu

hn hp chng ct tch ra 2 phn on th thu c phn on nh (a) v phn

on nng (b) v tip tc em cc phn on ny chng ct tip tc (gi l ti

chng ct) th ng cong TBP s lch vi ng TBP hn hp u.

3.3. Quan h gia cc ng cong chng ct

- Ba ng cong ASTM, TBP v EFV ca hn hp nhiu cu t c quan h cht
ch nn c th chuyn i vi nhau.
- Trong chng ct du m c nhiu phng php tnh ton chuyn i gia cc
ng cong ny. Trong , phng php Edmister l phng php dn gin v
c s dng rng ri nht.
- Phng php Edmister da trn c s ca cc biu thc nghim tng hp mt
cch c bit v cho sai d trong khong 6oC khu vc 30% n 70% tt.

V d: s liu ng cong ASTM mt loi du m ti 1atm theo bng sau. Chuyn

i ng ASTM ny sang ng TBP v EFV.

1. Chuyn i ng cong ASTM sang TBP

B1: ly nhit im 50%tt ca ng ASTM lm chun dng th tra
t50%(TBP-ASTM)t50% ASTM=166oC t50%(TBP-ASTM)=3,5oC
B2: tnh nhit im 50%tt ca ng TBP t50% TBP=t50%
ASTM+t50%(TBP-ASTM) =166+3,5=169,5oC

 B3: xc nh cc gi tr hiu nhit cho cc khong th tch gn nhau ca

ng ASTM. t(x%-y%) ASTM = tx% ASTM - ty% ASTM
B4: dng th quan h tTBP v tASTM tra gi tr tTBP ng vi cc
khong gi tr tASTM tng ng t(x%-y%) ASTMt(x%-y%) TBP
B5: t nhit im 50%tt xc nh cc gi tr cn li.
Bng kt qu chuyn i

2. Chuyn i ng cong ASTM sang EFV

B1: ly nhit im 50%tt (t50% ASTM) kt hp chnh lch nhit
trong khong 10% n 30% (t(10%-30%) ASTM)ca ng ASTM tra
chnh lch nhit ti 50%tt t50%(EFV-ASTM)
B2: tnh nhit im 50%tt ca ng EFV
B3: xc nh cc gi tr hiu nhit cho cc khong th tch gn nhau ca
ng ASTM. t(x%-y%) ASTM = tx% ASTM - ty% ASTM
B4: dng th quan h tEFV v tASTM tra gi tr tEFV ng vi cc
khong gi tr tASTM tng ng t(x%-y%) ASTMt(x%-y%) EFV
B5: t nhit im 50%tt xc nh cc gi tr cn li.

Bng kt qu chuyn i

3.4. Quan h gia ng cong EFV theo p sut

-

Qu trnh chng ct phn on c th tin hnh nhiu p sut khc nhau.

Vic xc nh nhit phn on phi da vo ng cong EFV. Trn biu
, mi quan h cn bng gia nhit , p sut v % th tch dch ngng l

nhng ng thng v hi t ti m F.
Nh vy nu c s liu EFV p sut no o v im hi t ta c th xc
nh chm ng thng P T tng ng. T ta s xy dng ng EFV

p sut khc nhau.

xc nh im hi t F ta cn c d kin sau.
dc ca ng cong ASTM t 10% n 90%tt.
Nhit trung bnh th tch bng nhit trung bnh cc im: 10%, 30%,
50%, 70%, 90%.
Khi lng ring (t trng) ca hn hp.

V d: t s liu ng cong ASTM v EFV ca v d trc xc nh im hi t

F v t suy ra s liu s liu ng EFV 5atm, t trng hn hp d=0,87.
Hng dn
B1: xc nh dc ng ASTM t 10%tt n 90%tt m=(266-66)/(9010)=2,5(oC/%tt)
B2: xc nh nhit trung bnh th tch t qo% n 90% ca ng
ASTM tv=(6+124+166+210+266)/5=166oC
B3: xc nh t s A. A=(tv+17,8)/(m+8,9)
B4: t tv=166oC dng theo trc tung ln ng t trng (d=0,87), tip tc
dng theo truc honh qua ng dc (m=2,5), ri dng theo trung tung
ln ng t s A=16,12.im ny s cho chng ta gi tr im hi t F.
B5: dng th logarit v xc nh cc im gi tr ca ng EFV p
sut 1atm trn th.
B6: ni cc im va xc nh c vi im hi t F tao thnh chm
ng thng quan h t 0%tt n 98%tt.
B7: t gi tr p sut 5atm ko qua cc ng xy dng c B6 suy ra
cc gi tr nhit ng cong EFV tng ng 5atm.
%tt
toC

II.

0
159

10
172

30
202

50
224

70
240

90
265

100
273

TNH TON CN BNG PHA

1. Cn bng pha h nhiu cu t n gin

-

Thng thng khi tnh ton cn bng pha trong chng ct ch yu cn phi
xc nh cc yu t sau:
Nhit si cn bng
Nhit ng ngng t (im sng)

p sut chng ct
Nng cc pha (ch xc nh vi h nhiu cu t n gin)
Sut lng pha tnh theo % th tch hoc theo mol
Cc yu t ny thng quan h cht ch vi nhau, ta c th bit trc 2

hoc 3 yu t t tnh cc yu t cn li.

Qu trnh tnh ton cn bng pha cho h nhiu cu t n gin thng da
vo bay hi tng i hoc h s cn bng.

Cc h s cn bng Ki c cho t thc nghim da vo cc ton .

Cc bc tnh ton theo phng php lp: gi thuyt tnh ton kim
tra gi thuyt Vic kim tra da trn h thc.

1.1. Tnh nhit si cn bng

-

Cc d kin cho trc l: nng ca hn hp lng si (xi ) v p sut

chng ct (P).
Quy trnh tnh ton theo s .

V d 1: xc nh nhit si ca hn hp 3 cu t (C3=0,3mol; C4=0,5mol;

C5=0,2mol) 10atm.

Hng dn
B1: gi thuyt nhit t=50oC
B2: dng gin xc nh h s cn bng Ki theo nhit v p sut. KC3

= 1,52; KC4 = 0,55; KC5 = 0,21

B3: tnh cc gi tr yi =Ki.xi.yC3 = 0,456; yC4 = 0,275; yC5 = 0,042
B4: tnh tng yi yi = 0,773 mol/mol
B5: do yi < 1 nn gi thuyt khng ph hp.
B6: gi thuyt li nhit v tnh li nh bc trn.

Bng kt qu tnh ton

Vy nhit si hn hp l 64oC
1.2. Tnh nhit in sng (ngng t)
-

Cc d kin cho trc l: nng ca pha hi (yi ) v p sut chng ct

(P).
Quy trnh tnh ton theo s .

V d 2: xc nh nhit ngng t ca hn hp 3 cu t (C3=0,3mol; C4=0,5mol;

C5=0,2mol) 10atm.

Hng dn
B1: gi thuyt nhit t=90oC
B2: dng gin xc nh h s cn bng Ki theo nhit v p sut. KC3

= 2,70; KC4 = 1,20; KC5 = 0,54

B3: tnh cc gi tr xi =yi/Ki.xC3 = 0,111; xC4 = 0,417; xC5 = 0,370
B4: tnh tng xi xi = 0,898 mol/mol
B5: do xi < 1 nn gi thuyt khng ph hp.
B6: gi thuyt li nhit v tnh li nh bc trn.

Vy nhit ngng t hn hp l 85oC

1.3. Tnh nhit to hn hp lng hi cn bng
-

Trng hp hn hp trng thi lng hi, ta phi xc nh nhit hn

hp trong hi chim mt t l V%, pha lng chim L% (L + V = 100%).

Nng pha lng (xi ) ti thi im cn bng c xc nh:

Trong Zi : nng ban u ca hn hp.

Quy trnh tnh ton theo s .

V d 3: xc nh nhit hn hp 3 cu t (C3=0,3mol; C4=0,5mol; C5=0,2mol)

trng thi lng hi, trong lng hi chim 40%, p sut 10atm.
Hng dn
B1: gi thuyt nhit t=69oC
B2: dng gin xc nh h s cn bng Ki theo nhit v p sut. KC3
= 2,05; KC4 = 0,81; KC5 = 0,33
B3: tnh cc gi tr xi =Zi /(1+V.(Ki 1)). xC3 = 0,211; xC4 = 0,541; xC5 =
0,273
B4: tnh tng xi xi = 1,025 mol/mol
B5: do xi > 1 nn gi thuyt khng ph hp.
B6: gi thuyt li nhit v tnh li nh bc trn.
Bng kt qu tnh ton

Vy nhit hn hp lng hi cha 40% hi l 73oC

2. Cn bng pha cho h nhiu cu t phc tp
-

H nhiu cu t phc tp ta khng bit nng cu t I do khng th

tnh cn bng pha theo nh phn trn m ta phi s dng ng cong EFV.

Trong chng ct du m ta phi chng ct phn on nhiu ln do vic

xy dng ng cong TBP cho cc phn on ti chng ct l cn thit t

chuyn sang ng EFV.

Mi quan h gia ng cong TBP ca hn hp u vi ng cong TBP
ca phn on nh (a) v phn on nng (b) theo phng php
Obrjadchikov.

V d 4: s liu ng cong TBP mt loi du m theo bng sau. Xc nh ng

cong TBP ti chng ct cho chng ct phn on V = 40%tt.

Hng dn
B1: v ng cong TBP cho hn hp u
B2: tnh dc ng TBP hn hp u t 10%tt n 70%tt m = (t70%
t10%)/(70 10) = 2,45 (oC/%tt)
B3: t gi tr dc m tra th suy ra ( bay hi). T m = 2,45 (oC/
%tt) = 36
B4: Cho cc gi tr X khc nhau (t nh n ln), dung thi hoc cng

thc tnh cc gi tr Y
B5: tnh cc gi tr v v l. l = L.X; v = V.Y
B6: xc nh a = v + l

 B7: ng vi cc gi tr a% tng ng dng thi TBP ca hn hp u xc

nh nhit ti cc gi tr .
B8: thu nhn s liu toC v% cho phn on nh v toC l% cho phn
on nng.

III.

CHNG CT PHN ON HN HP NHIU CU T N GIN

1. Phng php n gin ha gilliland

1.1. H thc n gin ha
-

Trong qu trnh chng ct, hai i lng qun trng nht m thng phi
xc nh l: t s hi lu (R) v s bc thay i nng (N). Hai i lng
ny c mi quan h cht ch vi nhau.

Vic tnh ton hai i lng trn trong vi hn hp nhiu cu t khng n

gin, thng thng ta phi tnh t s hi lu ti thiu (Rmin), s bc bin

i nng ti thiu (Nmin) trc, t mi suy ra R v N thch hp.

Gilliland da trn c s gi thuyt ca chng ct hn hp 2 cu t xy
dng mt h thc n gin ha cho biu din mi quan h gia R v N cho

hn hp nhiu cu t.
H thc n gin ha Gilliland.

Quan h gia hai h thc ny c biu din bng th thc nghim.

1.2. Cng thc Fenske xc nh Nmin

-

S bc bin i nng ti thiu (Nmin) ng vi trng hp hi lu hon

ton. i vi h 2 cu t Nmin c th xc nh bng th nhng vi h
nhiu cu t n gin th ngi ta thng phi dng n cng thc Fenske.

a. i vi h 2 cu t

Khi hi lu hon ton (R=) hai ng lm vic s trng nhau v trng vi

ng phn gic gc phn t th nht (ng y=x).

Xt mt thp vi n+1 bc bin i nng trong bao gm ni un (bc
n+1).

Ti nh thp: mm th n

y1 = yD
y2 = x1

Ti ni un (y thp): mm th n+1
xn+1 = xw
yn+1 = xn
Phng trnh cn bng pha cho Nmin=n+1 bc tng qut:

Cng thc Fenske h 2 cu t

b. i vi h nhiu cu t
- Phng trnh cn bng pha trn cc mm cho cu t i.
Mm 1: xiD = yi(1)= (Ki.xi)(1)
Mm 2: xi(1)= yi(2)= (Ki.xi)(2)

Mm n+1: xi(n)= yi(n+1)= (Ki.xi)(n+1)

- Chuyn v bin i sau thay xi(n+1)=xiW ta c:xiD = Ki(1). Ki(2)

Ki(n+1).xiW
- Vit phng trnh cn bng pha cho cu t kha j v lp tl gia cu t i v cu
t kha j ta c:

- Chuyn v dng bay hi tng i ta c.

- Nu ta xem bay hi tng i ti cc mm thay i khng nhiu v ly gn

ng bng bay hi trung bnh ij th phng trnh chuyn v dng.

- Cng thc Fenske cho h nhiu cu t

1.3. T s hi lu ti thiu (Rmin)

- Vic xc nh Rmin cn ch mt s vn sau:
- Vic hi lu cu t kha l c s chnh cho vic tnh ton.
- Vic hi lu cu t nh v nng cng nh hng nhng thng tnh ton b sung
di dng hiu chnh.
- Nng nhp liu ra c s kim tra hi t ca cc cu t trong tnh ton.

- Nhp liu trang thi lng nhng khng lng hon ton v c cu t nh bay hi.
- Nhp liu trang thi hi nhng khng lhi hon ton v c cu t nng khng bay
hi.
- Trng hp nhp liu trng thi trung gian lng hi th da vo kt qu ca
trng thi lng v hi lm c s ni suy.
- T cng thc n gin ha Gilliland, Maxwell a ra cng thc tnh t s hi lu
ti thiu c dng sau:

- Cng thc

tnh t

s hi lu

ti

thiu c

mt s

c im

ch

sau:

S hng th nht m t quan h ca cc cu t kha.

S hng th 2 l quan h ca cc cu t nh.
S hng th 3 l quan h ca cc cu t nng.

-Trng hp nu c cu t trung gian th cu t trung gian nh tnh theo cu t

nh; cu t trung gian nng tnh theo cu t nng.
- Cng thc c th p dng cho c trng hp nhp liu trng thi lng hoc hi.
- Li c trung cho thnh phn cu t c trong nhp liu ph thuc vo trng thi
nhp liu v c tnh theo bng sau:

V d 1: Tin hnh chng ct phn on hn hp nhiucu t p sut 10atm c

s mol nh sau:

- Nhit nhp liu 65oC.

- Nng propan sn phm y khng qu 1%.
- Lng pentan trong sn phm y nhiu hn 99% lng pentan ban u.
a. Xc nh s mm ti thiu Nmin
b. Xc nh ch s hi lu ti thiu Rmin.
c. Xc nh s mm l thuyt khi R=2.Rmin.
Hng dn
1. Chun b d kin v gi thuyt
a. Xc nh s phn b nng cc cu t
- Chn C3 l cu t kha nh (j nh).

- Chn iC5 l cu t kha nng (j nng).

- Do x(C3)w 1% nn xem etan khng c sn phm y: x(C2)w = 0 v ly gn
ng x(C3)w =1%.
- Cu t trung gian nh iC4 phn b nh nhiu hn y 1 t.
- Cu t trung gian nng nC4 phn b u nh v y.
- Lng pentan sn phm nh bng 1% v c phn b u cho 2 cu t: nC5
v iC5.
- Bng kt qu tnh ton t c s gi thuyt nh bng sau.

b. xc nh bay hi tng i nh thp

- ha hi bay ln nh thp (mm 1) c thnh phn bng thnh phn dng sn
phm nh.

- T thnh phn pha hi da vo cc bc tnh ton xc nh nhit ngng t

phn cn bng pha (tnh lp) ta xc nh thnh phn pha lng trn mm nh
bng sau.

c. Xc nh bay hi tng i y thp

- Pha lng ti y thp (mm n+1) c thnh phn bng thnh phn dng sn phm
y.
- T thnh phn pha lng da vo cc bc tnh ton xc nh nhit si
phn cn bng pha (tnh lp) ta xc nh thnh phn pha hi trn mm nh bng
sau.

d. Xc nh bay hi tng i nhp liu

- Nhit nhp liu 65oC c nh nn gi s phn trm bay hi (V).

- Da vo cc bc tnh ton xc nh nhit nhp liu dng lng - hi

phn cn bng pha (tnh lp) ta xc nh cc thng s ti mm nhp liu nh bng
sau.

e. Xc nh bay hi tng i trung bnh

- bay hi tng i trung bnh c tnh trn c s trung bnh nhn.

- Kt qu tnh ton theo bng.

2. Xc nh Nmin
a. Kim tra d liu gi thuyt

- Tnh Nmin ng vi cc cu t vi cu t kha.

- Cc gi tr Nmin chnh lch vi nhau kh ln v vy mt s gi thuyt nng

ban u khng hp l.
- Thnh phn j nng lun nh hng nhiu n qu trnh chng nn ta da vo
thnh phn ny hiu chnh.
b. Hiu chnh nng
- Tin hnh t n s ca s mol tnh kim tra.

- ng nht cc biu thc tnh Nmin to thnh h phng trnh 4 bin.

- gii h phng trnh ny ta dng phng php gi thuyt v lp.

- Gi thuyt bin a tnh gn ng gi tr Nmin.

- Kim tra gi thuyt bng cch tnh b vi iu kin b=8mol.
- T gi tr Nmin xc nh cc bin s c, d.
- Kt qu ta c: a=0,175mol; c=8,58mol; d=16,1mol
- Bng kt qu tnh ton theo bng sau

- Sai khc s liu gi thuyt v s liu tnh ton khng ln, ch c cu t trung gian
l thay i nhiu nhng khng nh hng.
- T bng s liu tnh s Nmin theo Fenske suy ra Nmin=4,923.
Xc nh Rmin
- Da vo kt qu tnh ton 1.d ta xc nh c phn trm bay hi V=25%.
- tnh ton Rmin ti 25% ta tin hnh tnh cho 2 trng hp bin 8% v 78%.

- Gi tr Rmin cho 2 trng hp ny

- Ni suy suy ra Rmin25%=0,6074.

Xc nh N v R hp l
- Xc nh R hi l.
R = 1,2.Rmin = 2.0,607 = 1,214
- T th thc nghim gia (N) v (R) ta xc nh c N thch hp. N =
8,74 mm

2. Phng php tnh tng mm

2.1. Nguyn tc chung
a. C s tnh ton
- Khng c s tng tht nng lng trn mm nn khng tnh n cc phng
trnh cn bng nng lng.
- S mm tnh l s mm l thuyt, tc l ti mi mm qu trnh truyn khi u
t n cn bng pha.
- Ta ch thp chng ct thnh 2 on ring bit:
- on ct ta tnh t nh thp xung, khi ta c xiD=yil (yi1 nng mm th
1 ca on ct).
- on chng ta tnh t y thp ln, khi ta c xiW=xi0 (xi0 nng mm th
0 ca on chng tc ni un).
-Lu lng pha hi v pha lng mi on thp l khng i:
+on ct (luyn): V=const; L=const.
+on chng: V=const; L=const
- Trn mi mm ta tnh cn bng pha trc ri tnh cn bng vt cht xc nh
nng cu t mm tip theo.
- Hai on chng v ct u ko di n mm nhp liu nn vic tnh ton kt thc
mm nhp liu.
- Nng cui cng tnh ton ca on chng v ct phi ng nht cho nn phi
xt iu kin hi t qua tng mm.

- Cc phng trnh tnh ton trn mm

y, x: nng pha hi v pha lng on ct.

y, x: nng pha hi v pha lng on chng.
i=1, 2,l: s cu t trong hn hp.
b. Cng thc hiu chnh nng
- Ban u vic tnh ton ta phi gi thuyt phn b nng sn phm nh v y,
sau kim tra gi thuyt da vo hi t trn mm nhp liu. Nu khng t ta
phi gi thuyt mi v tnh ton li.
- Thng thng khi tnh ton, nng ti mm nhp liu ti 2 giai on khng
ging nhau nn phi hiu chnh.
- Cng thc hiu chnh nng :

- liD, liW: s mol cu t i gi thuyt ti sn phm nh v y.

-liD, liW: sai lch s mol cu t I ti sn phm nh v y

- Nu sai lch khng ln th c th khng gi thuyt li.
- Nu sai lch ln th ta hiu chnh li ga thuyt nh sau:

- Vi liD, liW ta xc nh c nng xiD v xiW t tnh li t u cho

on ct v on chng.
V d 2: Tin hnh chng ct phn on hn hp nhiu cu t p sut 10atm c
s mol nh sau:

- Nhit nhp liu 65oC.

- Nng propan sn phm y khng qu 1%.
- Lng pentan trong sn phm y chiu hn 99% lng pentan ban u.
- Ch s hi lu R=1.
Xc nh s mm l thuyt.
Hng dn
1. Chun b d kin v gi thuyt
- La chn cu t kha: C3 l j nh; iC5 l j nng.
- Gi thuyt s phn b nng nh v d 1 t tnh ton c bng s liu sau:

- Xc nh cc thng s ti mm nhp liu ging nh v d 1 t nhit nhp liu

65oC.

Xc nh t s hi t A ;

2. Tnh s mm n ca on ct (luyn)
- Bt u tnh t mm n=1 (mm nh): yiD=xiD
- Gi thuyt nhit mm sau tra v tnh cc gi tr i
- Xc nh nng pha lng trn mm xi(1)
- Tnh cn bng vt cht trn mm bng cc phng trnh rt gn nh sau:

Do R=1L=DV=L+D=2D=92,6 mol. 2.yi(2)= xi(1) + xiD hoc tng qut

2.yi(n+1) = xi(n) + xiD
- Xc nh hng s cn bng trn mm: KiC5 = yiC5/xiC5
- Tra gi tr nhit ng vi KiC5 thu c, nu nhit trn lch nhiu th gi
thuyt li nhit trn mm.
- Xc nh t s hi t xC3/xiC5
- Nu xC3/xiC5 > A th tnh mm tip theo.
Bng kt qu tnh on ct (luyn)

3. Tnh s mm n ca on chng
a. Cc bc tnh ton trn mm
- Bt u tnh t mm m=0 (ni un): xi(0)=xiW
- Gi thuyt nhit mm sau tra v tnh cc gi tr i
- Xc nh nng pha hi trn mm yi(0)
-Tnh cn bng vt cht trn mm bng cc phng trnh rt gn nh sau:
W=53,7 mol (theo bng phn b nng )
L=L+75 = 121,3 mol (nhp liu c 25% hi)
V=V 25 = 67,6 mol (nhp liu c 25% hi) 1,7943.xi(1)= yi(0)+ 0,7943.xiW
Tng qut: 1,7943.xi(m+1)= yi(m)+ 0,7943.xiW
- Xc nh hng s cn bng trn mm: KiC5 = yiC5/xiC5
- Tra gi tr nhit ng vi KiC5 thu c, nu nhit trn lch nhiu th gi
thuyt li nhit trn mm.
- Xc nh t s hi t xC3/xiC5
- Nu xC3/xiC5 < A th tnh mm tip theo.

b. Hiu chnh nng C2

- Do C2 ti mm y c nng bng khng nn khi tnh t mm y ln th C2
ti cc mm on chng u bng khng, khng hp l.
- Phng trnh cn bng ca on chng tnh cho C2
1,7943.xC2(m+1) = yC2(m)(xC2W=0); yC2(m)=KC2.xC2(m)
- Nhit nhp liu 65oC, nhit y thp khong 103oC, nn ta xem nhit
trung bnh 84oC tra hng s cn bng trung bnh: KC2=6,2.
Tnh t mm nhp liu xung v tm ly nng C2 bng nng mm cui
cng ca on ct: xC2(m+1)=0,0178.
- Tnh nng trn cc mm kt qu nh bng sau:

- Theo bng tnh ta thy t mm th 5 tnh t mm nhp liu xung hay mm (m3) tnh t y ln th nng C2 gn nh bng 0 v ta c th xem t mm y n
y thp khng c C2.
Bng kt qu tnh on chng

4. Hiu chnh kt qu
- S mm on ct: n=5 mm + 1 mm nhp liu = 6 mm.
- S mm on chng: m = 5 mm + 1 ni un = 6 mm.

- Nng nhp liu tnh on chng v ct khng ng nht, nn ta kim tra

mc hi t ti mm nhp liu.
- S sai khc khng ln nn t yu cu hi t.