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V<e |\ qeTkseTT. |$qT *Z+#T >eTsT\
qeTkseTT.
|x >e' deTTH eT< eH eTV<<
k+ eT<T jqH d <y qy qeT'
12
sk>seTT eT~+#Tq|&T <T >e\T |{yTq$. y

qH nqT |sT>\ >e Xwy T q ~. > eT] |\TesT qeTkseTT.
deTd s\qT rsT, nf rseTT\+<T kqe#]+#T |*eTT
#LsT#Tq~. n{ |$qT *Z+#T eTs\ eTs\ qeTkseTT.
jTj ds $T<+ y|+ >Y kesvZeTyT
+ <qT+ sk e+e kes+>eTyTq n\ $XeTTq+<T y|y T j
T Tq~.
u u$w\eTT\ H] jTT+&T eeT]>qTq >s|eTTq
sdT e+ qeTd]+#T#THqT.
>XXSw
>X XXSw jTX deTH# dsX'
d Tc' |jT# esq| dT<TsuH
<q eTqk y| >w+ dTK|<'
nsjT d< #e qeTksX |PjTY
<+' |eH + >y+ ew+ <X
@ |sTw&T >de #jTT#T+&TH, n $<eTT\T> y
nqTd]+#T#T+&TH n{y, d+| b+~q >e\T n+
<TsueT>T eseTT\qT |<qeTT #jTT#Tq$. >e\| m|&Tq
< w e TTqT # | eTT. n$ m\ y d T KeTT> qT+& T qT
ed`*+|eTT. y jT<yTq seTeTT\T #jTT#,
qeTkseTT #jT T, yT&qT &T eTT, M| eTTsT, \| |weTT\
qT+#T, yTT<\>T |PCeTT\ <s n]+|eTT. @ e
+~jTT&T >q, |dqT&T>q jTT+& |eTT >de
H#]+#T #T+&TH n&T n s+>eTT\+<TqT deT~ b+<>\ &T.
> seTT ` eTVeT

|jT+<T+#T=qTeTT. |P >e <T>eTT s nq|X
13
e\ seTTe k<sDeT>T seTT<T. >e seTTq >=|

n<Te T>T $\D eTVeT \<T. ><T>e TT k neTyT . +<T
dTeT+jTT d+<VeTT <T. MTsT VQ\eTT u>T> j>eTT
#dq q, k<q >$+qq, eT]jTT HH $<e TT\>T |T s |d T qT
#dqqT, y jT+<T MT d|\ \_+q<, \_+#q< nqT
d+<VeTT \T> eq<T. MTsT n j> k<q\T, |dT\T
=+#yTqq #jTqq, sT H\\ (6) |s+eTT X<ù
|PseTT\ |eTT |PeT>T >eqT MT #T\
de#jTT# >seTTqT bqeTT #jTT&T. eTsT seT bqeTT
#jTT# dd<eTT> de~d nqTu$+#>\sT. ><T>eTT
bqeTT #jTT# n<T $XweTT \_+#TqT. ><T>eTTq+<T
~e>TDeTT \<T. n<T $\D eTVeTjTTq \<T.
H & T # eT+~ qT\T u s r j T T\ | P eT> T ,
b'dsDjTeT>T >e n<T $\D eTVeTqT eTs, neT
deqeT>T >s e TTqT $& i\ , yT\ b\ eTVeTTqT n+>{
>T#THsT. nf &u\ jT+<* b\qTL& >T#THsT. {
bjTeTTqT |\T# >T#THsT. $<qeTT eTq |TseT>T
n<'|qeTTq | |eDeTT > eT] @$T? >e jTT
|seT |$ neTeTT deqeT>T ><T>eTTqT bqeTT #dq#
nH $<eTT\>T s>, XeTT\T dd<eTT> X+|sT|&TqT.
>e jTT ><T> bqeTT# nHjdeTT> de~d \_+#>\ <T.
nf j bDT\ T~ keT>TqT. eT]jTT s\eTT> qT+&
|uT uqeT+<T d+\> eTqdT&>TqT. eTTqT, |seTTqT
jsT#d d<|s#T=qTqT. n{ >eqT d+V]+ H&T >
e+deTTqT &u\jT+<T \#d $<XeTT\ |+|# <
<T\T> &\sqT d+b~+#T#THsT. sbjT\ <Xq
d|eT+<T >+#T#T+{]. ~ m{ XseTT? m{ |Ts <T'KeTT
14
*Z+#T $wjT$T~?
> eTVeT
dHq y~ <syT eTq <seTT. B eT\>+<yT y<eTT.

y<yT e<yue n |Tw+#T#Tq~.
| e\ JeqeTT q+<T q\T>TsT \T\T \sT.
yTTyTT<> qq *, s+&e~ >e, eT&e~> ue,
H\Ze eeT] >HjT>T |syTX].
|d_ &\ *b \ kqeTTq+<T >s e TT $seT>T#Tq~.
b\qT |d|\\ yTT<\T e<T\ es n+<] |PsVseTT>
qTq~. > XseTT q+<T |<TH\TZ eTT\T \e. >yeTvZw
w uT eH #T sX n d yeTT <w+ #T#Tq~. dse+X
eTVs>T ~|&T L& > d+sD #d |b| q+<qT. ~
bsD ><> qTq~. m|&T $X$TT&T edw <sqeTTq
e#H n|&T <e >e n>T eT<qTe |d+<>T $+<T uqeTT
#dq < |+<e TT \+<T \<T. d+Tw s uqeTTqT $X$TTq,
y] nqT#sT\s n+~+q eT<qTe ~s s\qT deTT
m\sq rs>\<T.
n+<T# >e\ eTVeT e]+| q\$<T. >e <e\+<]
ydkqeTT. >e\ |w u>eTT >XseTTq+<T n eTTKyTq~.
|w u>eTT q+<T leTV\<$ ed+#T#T+&TqT. <eeT]
] d+| n~cqyT jTTq~. n+<T# >e jTT u>eTT
q+<T eTqeTT V+d+q# n$ u<|&T# \T+&TqT. n+<T#
eTq ] d+|< V sT>TqT. e<e\ deqeTT> e<
>e\ L& XXSw #jTT eTq seeTT. >V >$+q#
n~ eV jT>T#Tq~. m+es >e b\qT, |sT>TqT, HsTT
qT#, >T#T+<Ts n+esL eTqTw\T qsY Tq
>T]+<TsT. m+<Te\qq> >e jTT edTe\T $THX X#
15
+&jTTq$. n+<T# >VeTT\ |\, jT L& >eTjTeTT

X~ #jTT#T+&eqT.
|x>e bXqyT eTVb HXqyT njT&~ d y
|T w. nq> |x>eeTT ds b| $HXe TT. >e jTT >eTjTeTT
+&q msTe# qeT>T Vs |<seTT\T L& kqTu*,
d>TDeTTqT |k~+#TqT. n+<T# @ >e\q, me] >e\q
L& V+d+|s<T. ||+#eTT q+<T @$<eTT> Xe\,
nvZVqT\, e<T\, $<e\ sD eed \< nf >e\
L& d+sD\jTeTT> de eed =qk>e\djTTq~.
sDeTT> q>sydT\T, >eTydT\T >eTVeTqT *jTT
nedseTT \TdT=q ysT n## |X d+sD\jTeTT
k|+#T nyseTT.
D seTT\>T >de\T $XweTT> #jTT#, sT\
y| d<eeTTqT \T>#j
T T#, >b\q d+d<T seTeTT
q+<T |\qT ]T\T> #jTT#, nT #jTT m\s d|\
#+<T# $s\T<TsT >!
> |TeTT ` #eTseTT

q\ >e\ b\ qT+& jsT #jTT HsTT | |]X<q
sT|> nH <T'KeTT\ qTq e\T s> $eTTqT
*jTT#Tq~. yeTT, w s>eTT, { T\T, q meTT\T
n+#T, +& T\T, eTTKeTT q+<T eTT&T\T @s&T, \u sT
yTT<\>T s>eTT\ > |T eTT Xsse TT> ue TT\ #T#Tq~.
{ $<eTT> d+|Tq mT esT ]>H #&TeTT.
=~ d+eseTT\ |PseTT e yeTT s>eTT u<
qqTu$+#T #T+&qT. D+#T#Tq e djTeTT>H d+|qT&T.
ku>eTT# n e< q\ >e +&qT. >e
16
H\ es |>&+f ysT VseTT #TT |\>\ wesT

s +&Te+<\ ju (250) >eTeTT\ esL +&T jT+<T>\ y],
u\eTT, |=], |#|d\T, ||dT|, Xq>\T, >], |P\T,
|Ps\T, |#T, deTT<| |, \ |, yeTT, yT+Ls,
50`50 >eTeTT\T |~qeTT |+#T=qT#, eKsT \T
yjT T# >&T |#T+&]. yd$ \eTT e#qT. n+<T# >e n+
d#yTq yesDeTT q+<T ed+#T# s+&T |P qq
eT& T > T \+< T | ] X u | & T # T +& q T. b ' \eTT q+< T qT,
kjT+\eTTq+<TqT =+#eTT u\e TT rdT=qT#, eT&esE qT+&
>eb\qT+& >MTD |<qqTd]+, |& jsT #jT&q
|&\ y& #d |sT>TqT jsT#d, < qT+& HsTT
#jTT#T+&]. H yeTTq# sT<T#T+&qT (e*wt).
d+|Tq# XsseT>T |dq #T#dT=HqT. n+>
H y&q nH eT+~ |\T nq> q{ qsT XeTT
d|\ eT+~]. H $TT&=&T eTTq |s wH #jT e\d eqqT,
n<w s e TT> H n eTT jT+<* dq >=eTTq |q eTT
#jTT# |swH +&H s>eTTqT b+<qT. n+<T\ n&T
15`20 ~qeTT\T @$TjTT #| T #jTT#T+&qT. nT |eT
$wjT eTTqT, nq> s>eTTqT b+~q sT y eTT| ydH&T.
n+<] #|H&T. eT&T ` H\T>T sE\T q >=+Tq H
|qeTT #d sT<T=qT# >=+Tq+<T L& esTe#qT. 8`10
sE\ sTy n&T |PseTTe XdqT u>T> b+<T#T
e{&>*>qT.
eT] eT&e d+|Tq jTTe d++~+q~.
|+{+> $TwH <=] #MT< |&T# n m&eT# ns#sTT,
nf =y u>T> q*qjTqT. n # +>seTT L&
17
$]bsTT <seTT> |&bjTqT. n{ |]dT\ |swH #dq

sTy s+&Tqs H\\ n #sTT u>T|&qT. #s| u>eTT
q+<T>\ y n d]jT>T #*+|+&qT. n+<T# n
ns#sTT d]> |#jT+&qT. , >e HsTT yqT,
# u>eTTqT e*wt #dq sTy <q H\T>Ty eTs\
|#jTT s+_+q$. H e*wt |jTqT n&T =
H\\T =qk+H&T. nT|eT |PseTT e keq n$
|#jT T#T+&qT.
{ d + | T qj T eT]j T T { L & \ < T . ys D d
q>seTTq+<T de+ |]yseTT q+<T dTo\ejTT,
dT+<sejTT jT>T q yT&u>eTTq+<T nH esT \
eT#\T e#T#T+&T# ys+<s ++#T#T+&]. nesTT L&
qT djTeTT>H qqT eqeTTqT b~+#T=qT#
<dqejT <T'+#T#T+&qT. =+eT+~ d\V\# $wjTeTTqT
>V+q ysT q\>e jTT HsTT nesTT =s
y&T#T+&]. =~ H\\T >&T #T =\~ \ eT#\T q\ eT#\T>
esT#+<qT. eT]jTT H\ >&q |eT q\ eT#\T yT
#s | s+>T> esqT. u*qT |&T #qysT, yT yT&jT +<T
| &T eT#\T+&qe >T]+#q T> u* Xu| & q ~. |&T
@ >TsT\Tq |+# |P] s>e> qT+&qT.
$<e TT> #s eTT| eTs, <<T s T , H d++~ y<T \T,
XseTT| >jTeTT\T, y|\T, sT|\T, yTT{eT\T yTT<\>T nH
$seTT\ qT+& |&+|&T, nH eT+~ |\T > |TeTTqT
|#seTT> y&T# XsseTT> d|\ q+<T#THsT.
> eTeTT ` >eTjTeTT\ ~e>TDeTT\T

jTTs< >+<e TT\+<T >eq q eTVeTqT *jT#jT
18
&T#Tq~. <] nqTcqeTT\+<T |v>e |j>eTTqT >]q

$XweTT\T ` ds$~eTT. >e jTT |& m+j |$yTq~>
qTq~. nq> >eTjTeTT# n\&# jTd\eTT |$eTT
> q~. >eTj T eTT q+< T > \ s> ys D > T DeTT\T
XsqeTT> qTq$. >eTjTeTT qT+& e#T ydq#
$wseT>T, V#jTT JeC\eTT q+#T#Tq~. nH deTT\T
L& eTsD+#TqT. > eTeTTqT >T]+ ue |X >+<eTT
T #|#Tq~. >eTeTT jTT |TqeTT, ydq\#,
_>TT>qTq meTT\T, ny&, sTbe, sT>, rDeTT#
e>sTqeTT, sTe *> qT+&T, n|B|eTT, yT<X
*Z+#T, |eTTqT rdyjTT, yeTT, XS\eTT, >T\eTT,
<sy<T\T, <Ts<\T, +{ s>eTT\T, eTTK s>eTT\T, <VeTT
q+<* b&eT#\T, nJs y<T\T, dseTT +&T, ws>eTT,
dueeTTq+<* |eTT\T, Xd d++~ y<T\T, y|\T, yTs
s>eTT, nf b+&T s>eTT yTT<\>T T\jTT q+#T#Tq$.
#$jT+<T >eTeTTqT uT> ydq# #$bT ysDjT>TqT.
+>j
T dT|T\jT+<T | ] j Tq yTT<{ u>eTT>
TqT u>T> nDyjTT#THsT. T |\T#&q s
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q+| > \ e * j T T# T q~. B qT+& * j T Tq~ @eTq>
XseTTq+<* d eTT\T ;se TT> s jT+<T |y + |&+ #T
$<eTT> u<\T, yTT<\>Ty# T T\ Xs $seTT\T
*Z+#T#Tq$. s>eTTqT D+|#jTT#Tq$. |]j T
u<|&T e\T q\T~ ~qeTT\T >eTeTTqT q# B qT+&
$eTT b+<T<TsT. ~ H nqTue |PseTT> #|#THqT. MT
L& nqTu$+#>\sT.
+<* d$TTq~, >e+XeTT =s d+|Ps us<XeTT
TTDeTT rs~jT jT>TqT. m+<Te\qq> nH~\eTTqT+& M|
<s|& eTq u, nf < JeqeTT\T <s|&jTTq$.
19
= <X\ jT+<T yC |j > sDeTT\# Vs d eTT\T

q+|#j
T &T#Tq$. CsT q+<T >|T eTqT &u\jT+<T+
$sTT+#T# |qT\T sT>T#Tq$. { <XjT+<T eTq >e+XeTT
nsVqyT, n|ryT k>T#Tq~.
HdjTT, d#> #sD $<qeTTqT, <s<sqeTT q+<*
| ueeTTqT, k>T#T+&T# >e jTT <]eTT, |s+|s
jTT $\Te\T |\T eTsbe sT>T#Tq~. n+> H&T
>e+XeTT| T \ T sTe# nV+djT T, uj
T eTTqT q$. >e+X
sD =s +<qjTT, d>VeTT\T L& ejTqT.
n|& eTq |Ps d|\ \_+#>\<T. m|&T eqe d+|Ps
deeTT > eTVeTqT >TssT>T#Tq<, qT\s >eqT
u$TjT+<* es<q bD> s+#T T\T>\sT.
n+, @ |<XeTT\, <XeTT\ nedseTT <T.
> eTT
eTT <s nq> bDeTT <s <e>D |<seTT\

sd T \qT s$ Ty# T sT>T#Tq~. ~jT > eT #| &T#Tq~.
nq> >e, bDeTT\T, y qT+& qeT>T >e, bDT\T s +&Tq
>y jT>T#Tq$.
> bDeTT\T ndTsT\ $s<y T jTTq$. sDyTeTq>
$ bsd++~ bDeTT\>TjT. nq> bDeTT\T ds
d++<e TT *j
Z T Tq$. ~ y>e' nqT s jT uVDjT X
+<T beDyTq~. n+<T# >e ~T& #|&T#Tq~.
n+<T# ndTs $HXeT>T X dsT jT+<T \<T. X
>`bDeTT\+<T > d++<eT>T bDT\ jT+<TqT L& \<T.
>e jTT Xd |XdeTT\T, >eTeTT, >eTjTeTT. ><T>e TT,
<~, >ds yTT<q $ n X \ dVyT q $. nf >bDeTT\T
ds dVeTT.
20
> XeTTq >T> <Te qT+& s#qeTT X|<

uVD D jT+<T $<eTT> #|&q~. yT y >'
jT~ +#q ># e+ H ># :` X <seTT
>X s#qeTT ># >' (beq<~j n~jT >e) nf
>eT >' nqTq~L& nseTT #|&T#Tq~. @~ >o\y
n~jT >e nT>qq, ># b|+ #T d jT >e. X jT+~T
\<T, eT&TeTT \+<T > o\yT jTTq~ @~j n~jT
>e. n~ ># b|+#Tq~L& >yjT>TqT.
n<s y<eTT q+<T ||< XK T |b~+#T #Tq~.
>o\eT>T @ |<syTqq >e> #|&TqT. m+<Te\qq>
n< >s kssJ nq> >bDeTT, nf >bDT\T s+&Tq
>eTqo\qjT+<T beTTK >+q$. s+&Tq n_qeTTq$.
s+&Tq >o\eTT. s+&Tq >e jT>TqT.
n< jT+ |~M y kssJ
nq> u$T L& >o\eT>T >TDeTT \~jT. n+<T#
>e>TqT. u$T jTT >o\qT K>$<T\>T $<+dT\T
l suT T e]+#qT. su >+<eTTq+<T :`
nqTeT> > d'
|X #\+ $>eTT+ jT<Y
n# u <Y
deT|eT > \+jyT
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de T>T, n#\eTT, ds e T>T ee TT yTT<\>T edTe \T $eTeT>TqT.
yqT y #T+&TqT. yqT y #&>\ sT. n$ njTT >o\
|~$jT+<T+&, qT eeTT eTT+<T k>T#T+&>, n{ e
n#\T&>T#, n#\ ueT+&\eTT, nf s eT+&\eTT jTT \+
qT+& |eTeTT> |jD+#T *jT&TqT. n+<T# |~$
>o\eT *jT&T# >e>T#Tq~.
21
n< y> dssJ nq> y L& >eTqo\eT>Tq~jT.

n+<T# y L& >y jT>TqT. HjT <sqeTT q+<T s+> `
M ` HjTeTT qT+& yq jTT >o\ e]+|&q~.
># >' nqT s#qeTT qT+& wqeT>T >Xe TTq
nHseTT\T \ yTT<\>T XeTT\ qT+& >V+|&q$. n$
njTT nseTT> >o\# >e n *jT#jTT#Tq$.
$<TT, \eTT, ewueTT, >e, y, ~, uDeTT, |~,
sDeTT, dTKeTT, ds, deTT, n, qT ne, dsZeTT,
#+<T&T, eTeTT yTT<qejTT >o\ * jTT+&T# >
n #|e#TqT.
XX nqTXeTT qT+& HeTT, dseZ TT, ewue TT, #+<T&T
nqTq$ >X nse TT\T. >Xe TT |+*vZeTT> qTq~. y, u $T,
~ nf <q Te nqT > y#e TT\T d *vZeTT\T. |XeTT, # e\T,
uDeTT, dsZeTT, eeTT, \eTT yTT<q$ >u< |<eTT\T
d*+>eTT\T, q|+d *+>eTT\T nsTT eq$.
> Xu nqT <Te qT+& >X s#qeTT, yTsTTD
d+V jTT eT eT+eTT\+<T s|eTT qT#Tq$. :`
>T eT$<eT < k+ >yT
X #sD =s < qT+& keTs eTT \_+#T#Tq< n~jT
>eTT.
#+<>|wY T #|#Tq~. nqeTjT+ V keT
eTq', CeTsT y, beTj' bD' @ nqeTT # eTqqeTT
#jTT keTseTT e#T#Tq<, @ \eTT qT+& bDeTT\T
|\eT>T#Tqy, n$jT >|T s|eTT\T. y dT qT+&
yq deTs \_+#T#Tq~. < qT+&jT Xu#sD\
keTs eTT \_+#TqT. sDyT keTy< >qeTT q+<T |<e TeTT>
|TbqeTT #jTT $<qeTTqT nqTd]+#T#Tq~.
22
>e`$Xs|eTT
(leT<> e BZj
T +<T u> e +T&>T lw& T q $Xs|eTTqT
nsTqT #|+#qT. ds d+|<\ +&q #s#s>T
eT&TuTeqeTT\T eT&TeTT\T ds<e>D+T\T lw
s|eTTq+< nsTqT&T <]+#qT.
eTq Xde TT\ qqTd]+ V +<e<s eTT q+<T eTT|~eT&T
<e\T \s *jTT#Tq~. d+|Ps $XeTT, #s#seTT\T
& # q eTT\T >e j T T n n+> e TT\+< T n~ c q
<e\T>qTHsT. m\sT <e\T s|eTT q+<T+&T# >s|yT
$Xs|yT jTq~. + <T + esL #|q < >y
$Xe> qTq~. sDeTT# e\eTT >|P >de
#dq+H d\<e\qT d+|PseTT> s~+q>TqT.
n+<T# # y<e TT\T, dT\T, |sDeTT\+<* >e jTT
$Xs| esqeTT $e]+#T ]q~. n+<T >deqT, >eTVeTqT
>] |Ps ds|eTTqT <]+|#jTT |jTeTT sT>T#Tq~.
... d+b<&T)
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<yH+ |r' |wjT |d<' |se'
$TX esTD X+k c #se # <wD eTV<y uVA
+<D udY yjTT' |#+ |eeH u'
V# +# XD \eTsT
23
|C|jTT, |sy T wj
T T >ejTT X+>eTT\+<T \sT. sdT
q+<T +<T&TqT, \eTT q+<T njTT, yT&jTT \sTT
u>eTT q+<T jTeTT&TqT ydeTTHsT. eTdweTT q+<T
s~|jT>T #+<T&TqT, | <e& jT+<T dsZeTTqT, +~
<e&jT +<T u eTT >e *jTTq~. H\T u>eTTq+<T $<TT
e yTsT|qT, <+eTT\jT+<T yjTTeqT, ser qeTT
yT&jT +<TqT, uT eTT\+<T q eTTqT, uT eTT q+<* +~
meTT jT+<T ^wTTTeqT \e. n+> > XseT+jTT,
n n+>eTT\+<TqT yjTTe <es|eTTqT +& jTTq~. >e\T
dsZeTT q+<T+&TqT. |wu>eTT q+<* meTT jT+<T sT<T&T
\&T. #r u>eTT q+<T &> |jTT, n+]yT q \eTT>qT,
e+s> qT+&T Xs $<qeTT q+<T VdjTT >e jT+<T
dw+|&q$. Vr HeTeTTq >\ yTsT| $<qeTT #r
u>eTTq neT]jTTq~. <y+>q\T >e jTT |s u>eTT q+<TqT,
|]#]\T |feTT jT+<TqT \sT. dsT&T, esTDT&T nqT
<e\T uTeTT\T> qTHsT. c, nse nqT <eeTT\T
#THsT. nf eTV<e&T uTeTT \+<T >\&T. +<|
u>eTT>q, n+<* #T |eeqT&T>qT HsT. uVD,
jTT\T q&TeTT |sT<T u>eTT\+<T \sT. \eTT =&
(}sTe) q+<T $T&jTTq$.
< d$ #weH v>+<s n|sd' w n~' Xc'
# V<jT+ jTH< e+ |Y
T ]s ew' |s' bXjT'
$<jTT, d$jTT yjT+<T ed+#T#THsT.
>+<sT\T >e jTT |\ jT+<T, n|sd\T yT q
meTT\T>q, <eejT>T n~ jT+<TqT \sT. eTT,
T~, V<jTeTT, jTeTT, d+\eTT >e jT+&* |Y nqT
H&jT+<T \e. >e * rsT bu>eTT <M dsdjT
jTTq~. |wHeTT |s n+s>yT jTTq~.
24
< e eTqT sD |C X|'

qB dr esd |jT' dH' dq sTTTs <'
$Xe# Xsw< j e qD s|yT
<e H >T< eTqTc HD <syT
s+d V$T sH }<yT
nu+ |u eTC <qyT
n sdq H
+<' bv wH <D wH jTeT'
<e TT eT |+&eTT q+<TqT, XeTT n+&XeTT q+<TqT,
|\s qH+~jTeTT q+<TqT \sT. q~ >sXjTeTT q+<TqT
es~ ]jT>T esTDT&T dq eTT \+<TqT, nf yT|T >sq \ e+{ < qT\T
<T>deTTq+<TqT, neT]jTTq$. $Xy|yTq X #seTT q+<T,
zw<T\T #s seTeTT\+<TqT qeTT\jTT >s|eTTq+<TqT
$T&jTTq$. <e>DeTT\T eT\<seTT q+<TqT, eTqTw\T
|wH| |>T\+<TqT, jT\T &T|q+<TqT ed+#T#THsT.
sdseTT, nf sbDT\T nqXeTT q+<TqT \sT. XeTT
>e jTT d\ eTT q+<TqT, eTTe meTT\ >TE(eT)qT
dw+|&q$. >e LsT+& q|&T ns|eTT>q, q|&T
nesT\T>qT ne]+#TqT. eTT+<Tu>eTT ~*+q#
+<T&T>q, <Du>eTT qT+& XeTT\ L& <*\T
y\Te&q# jTeTT>q *jTeqT.
|v wH <<v wq $
D b|' ky sC
|eT~ q+<T XeTT\T \+q|&T $<>qT
seTT qT+& >V+q# deTjTeTTq+<T d$ <eeTT>q
>T]+#eqT. >&jT+<T sT>T#T+&> qs>T #+<T&T>q
>eqT u$+#eqT.
25
$T eD e q+<'
jTTeH yX<y jTT' |C| ]eTT' dsyT
@< $Xs|+ dss|+ >s|yT
|q+ $Xsb' |Xedw+ jT @e+ y<
(n<s 9/7/1-6)
##T deTjTeTT q+<T $T (dsT&T)>qT, eT|qT
eTTsTq|&T q+<eTT>qT u$+#eqT. H>* >, +& >
{ \Tq|&T ewueTTqT $X<e>, b\eTTqT <TqTq|&T
|C|>q >e ne]+#T#Tq~. u>T> >*, y\TTsT
*q# +~+# d#> qTq# >eq+<T $ njTT j
deTjTeTT\+<T >V+|eqT. $Xs|eTT, dss|eTT @<H,
m&H q<? n |+q|&T n~ >s|yT n>T#Tq~.
$Xs|eTT jTT jT<s CqeTTq e e< $$< seTT\
qTq nH |Xd+|< * jTT+&TqT.
de TTq+<T >e jTT < ewue TT jTT $Xs|eTT
*jTT#Tq~. < $<eTT> lw&T u>eBZjT+<T q
$Xs|eTTqT nsT e\ <s e]+jTTH&T. $<eTT>
>e jTT $Xs|eTT deTT q+<T e]+|&q~. d+deTT
q+<T |d~ b+~q bX $<+dT&T |< eT<jT nqTq&T
deTT >] <s eweTT, <s >ejT |X+d+].
deTT nH eT+~ <w H]+ y]# $e]+|&q~
q# {, s+&T $wjTeTT *djTT+&&$. d+|Ps deTT
q+<T nH $wjT eTT\T $e]+#T me] nedse TT+&&~ <T.
+<T $eseTT> \TdT=q $wjTeTT\T ~>Teq e&q$,
(1) uVDeTT q, jT eTT q +&jTTq
>e jTT $Xs|eTT |< =+&e qTq~ (eT+eTT 9).
(2) >+<sT >e jTT |\T>qT, n|sd\+<s >e
jTT qq meTT\T>q HsT (eT+eTT 10).
26
(3) <e\T eT\<seTT>qT, eTqTw\T |wHeTT>qT,

nq bDT\T nqXeTT>qT HsT (eT+eTT 16)
(4) sd seTT s eTqTw\ bjTT >eq+<eT]
jTTq$ (eT+eTT 17)
|q #|&q eT+eTT\jT+<T ueeTT qT#Tq~,
uVDT\T, jTT\T nf s |\T nq> yX\T, XS<T\T,
c<T\T, >+<s T \T, <e\T, n|sd\ T, eTqTweT\T, sd T \T,
s bDT\s > s|eTT q+<T \sT. eTqyT\seTT >e
jTT Xs+>eTT q+< qyseT dsqT\T *jTe\dq
$wjTeTT. n+<T#H { eT+eTT\T y*djTT$. $<eTT>
eTqeTT >e XseTTq, eTq ueeTT > d+<sqeTT
#jTT HseqT. > XseTT w|&q|&T, u< eTq~ L&
jT>T#Tq~. n{ ueeTT eTqdT q+<T <sD #jTq>TqT. @
eTqTwqqT >eqT w|{qq, V+d+qq, @ $<eTT>HH
<T'K|{qq, |{+#T=q eTqeTT dTKeTT> qTHeTT. {
VqueeTT eTqdT qT+& bs<\eqT. >ejTT nejTeeTT\
eTq nejTeeTT\ d++<eTT \<T. eTqyT\seTT >ejTT
Xs+>eTT\yT. n+<T# @ <T'KeTT >e y*qq n~ eTqq
*qf. nT \+#T#, >e\ sD *+#T# y{
b*+#eqT. me] e\ <s , #w\ <s eTq
<T'KeTT *q|&T < <T'KeTqdT |rseTT >e\|
|<]+#T L& #jTT#THeTT. n{ reueeTT qT+& >e\
| qT+& ysT#jTT#, y w|T |qT\qT #jTeTT.
>e $X<y T q b\#T |X e eyT <T. eTq n+
|jT Ty T q , eTq T+| V<sT L&. eTq T+ jTe
L&. eTq yT\seTT >e jTT |]ysyT. n{ ueeTT m\|&
eTqdT q+<T +|= y C>> qT+&TqT b*+#eqT.
uVD, jT, yX, XS<, c<, sd yTT<q n
27
CT\ysT $#seTTqT C>> #jT T#T+&eq sT#T+&eqT.

nT #dq# d+|Ps >T n+jTT >eqT |P+qT>
jT>T#Tq~.
>T n+jTT > s|yT. nq> >e jT+< ||+#eTT
\jTTq~. n+<T# m{ Xw |<syTqqT >e deqeTT <T.
$$< s |<seTT\ >eqT b\T L& ><T. @ bD
B |eqeTT> #| <\+qqT M\T<T. m+<Tq> n bDT\T
>e n+>eTTjTTq$. #<TesT\+<s $wjTeTT H] >e
e\q eTq \_+#T |seTT\qT eTqqeTT #jT T#T+&eqT. y<e TT
q+<T >eqT >T]+q | $wjTeTT #> $e]+|& jTTq~.
# |X> | $wjTeTTqT >T]+ nq> >e jTT y<
esqeTT q+<T m{ $~+|&q~? B yT> T
y~+|&T#, deTT <s, nV+k esZeTT q+<T #]+#T
y] +~ $<eTT> |<XyTjTTq~. eTqTw\q> HesT? @
bDjTT qT qT V+d+#T =q<T <? d+VeTT s
Ls +Te\T s bDT\qT e~+ q VseTT>
|j+#T=qT#Tq$. sdT\T deTT eTqTw\qT d+V]+
u+#T#THsT. sT\ e+deTTqT q =s nq> q
sVeTTq y&T# @ Ls bDT\T b|eTTqT #jTT#Tqy
n$ njTT eTqT eTT nq> eT XseT+<* n+>+>eTT\qT
e~+#TjT jT>TqT.
n+<T# { dueeTT *q eTqTw\ y<eTT q+<T
deTT <s >e ewueTT jTT e+deTTqT |j+#T
=qTqT |P]> w~+q~. $wjTeTT esq\+<T dw
eT>T#Tq~.
eqe&T d+|Ps dV<jTeTT qq, >e jTT
XseTTqT, n+<* nejTeeTT\qT \TdTq|&T > e+deTTqT
mT uT +#>\ &T. n+<T# XVsT\TqT, e+kVsT\TqT, sT>\
28
ysTq >e jTT XseT+< eTT ed+#T#THeT *dq#

> V+d <seT>T d+u$ +#TqT. > e< |P]> w~+|&q#,
>e\TqT, eqe\TqT dTKeTTqT &jT>\sT. n+<T# m\s
XVsT\>T |j>seTT.
>eT+#T&! @ $<yTq |\jTT y<eTT\+<T |C
#qeTT =s e+kVsT\>T eqe sdT\qT, XVs
eTqTw\T> sb+~+ X< |s# T |jT eTT ]q< #&T&T.
jTT < $<eTT>, m\|& eTqqeTT #jTT #T+&q#, >
e+deTTH , @ e+kVseTTqT uT+#T w|&sT.
$wjTeTTqT \TdT=q bX $<+dT\T L& > e+deTTqT
|{ eT =s y&T=qT#THsT. y] +<] eTq bsq
<s, >e jTT y~ $wjTeTT\qT nH esT, eTs\eTs\
eTqqeTT #jTe\dq~> $q|eTT. n+<T# y] eTqdT\T ds|&
>\e.
>e eTq+f _qyTq~ <T. HqT L& n+<T u>yT.
n+<T# eTqeTT eTq\qT s+ #T =q>\eTT. >e\qT s+ #T =qe\dq
nedseTT \<T. > sD eXeT >T]+#T&T. ~jT y<eT>T
eT |<XeTT bs\sT |<X eTVTqT *jTT&.
<Ts#sT&>T eTqTw&T L& m|&T d nejT
|\#TH, deTjTeTT q+<T d | * |$qT @ss#T
=qT#TH&T. nq> me]Hqq *> |*q|&T qT |$T&T>
qT+&, n{ <wH y<\T jT>TqT.
n+<T\ >eqT L& > e jTqT#THsT. n+<T# >
s|eTT |$eTT. |PjTeTT. qeTd]+| <q, |P+| <q,
b*+# < q * j T j T Tq~nqT u eeTTqT C> >
J$eT+jTT >T]+#eqT. deTTqT n< <w |]+#eqT.
+<~ <e>DeTT\T dsTTeTT <VeTT q+< sTT$T&jTTHsT
<! ysT m& +<Ts n~jT dsZeTT. nq> dsZeTT u$T
jT+< \<T. ueyT #Ts eT+eTT #|#Tq~.
29
>e > ejT |\#T# > s|eTT ds<e

ydeTT> nse TT #dT =qTeTT. $wjT eTT *djT Tqq, #sD
qT+#T ndeTsT &>T #TH&T. nq> <] $wjT eTT\+<T nC>
qT+&TjT. y<|<X e TTqT |$ <w eTqqeTT #jT T#Tq# >s
$<qeTT eTyT jTT+&TqT. >eq ee\dq >seeTT L&
de TT q+<T \<T. >seeTT |\s eTqdT q+<T ds e TT>
+#T=q# >e< nd+ue eT>TqT. $wjTeTTqT >]
$kseTT> \TdT=qe\dq nedseTT \<T.
y<e TT\+<T eH s |sDeTT\+<TqT, VdeTT \+<TqT,
>e jTT $Xs|eTTqT >T]+q $esD\T \_+#T#Tq$. n+<T
= $esD\T +~ e&T#Tq$:`
VsXs d jT+<T
X+> eT d V X+>eT<T Xe'
X+>> X+s+ $<Y j<y' |w'
X+>> dsrs kesD #sD#
ds <y' d <V ds <eeTsT V>'
\{> d<M HkeT<T wDTK'
eTXs H> su+ eed
d kX ksuX c' Xuds
<+w edeXc Vj+ esTD' d'
dsdr #VQ+s jTeT jT # >Dj'
TTwj seT L|w |ky CVM \yT
*+B >eTjT k n|s <ed<
nc$+X <yH+ {eTdT' d'
<s >s|s<jT <Dd<
eTTU #VejTdT dued< #w
@e+ j es >w &q < e]'
eTVr+ jTeb dsZ eTVjT
(5-34-41)
30
>e jTT =eTT\ yTT< jT+<T V<e&T, s +&T =eTT\

eTeTTq u>e+T&>T HsjTDT&T ydeTTHsT. =eTT\
|u>eTT\+<T e&T ed+#T#T+&TqT. $<eTT> eTsT\qT
eTTesT V, $w, eTVXsT\T neT]jTTHsT. B+fqT
e]yTq X+>>eTT q+<T #s#seTT\T, dsrseTT\T \e
* j T e q T. T n+< s T < e \ T >e X s e TT q+< T
ed+#T#THsT. n+<T# d\ <e ds|yT > s|yT jTTq~.
>e jTT \{>eTTq bsr <$jTT, eTT jTT eTeTTq
]jTT&T ydeTTHsT. yT s+&T qTueT\ jT+<T +\T&T,
nXsT&T nqT s+&TH>T\T \e. dTs_ C >e jTT &y|
q T j T +< T d s T & T qT, m& e T + { j T +< T # + < T & T qT
ed+#T#THsT. <+eTT\T nwedTe\qT, V esTDT
ydyTjTTq~. >e jTT VQ+seTT q+<T dsdr<$jTT,
>+&d\eTT q+<T jT\TqT, jTeTT&TqT |wT jTTHsT. >e
jTT seT L|eTT \+<T TTw >DeTT\T yd yTss#T =].
> eTeTT q+<T |$ >vZ\eTT \<T. > eTjTeTT q+<T (e
|&) u>e jT>T jTeTTH <$jTT, n+<sT <e\qT dsyd
yTss#T =]. |< $T~ <e >DeTT\T > e jTT seTeTT
\+<T dsydT]. > <s |<XeTT q+<T >s |eTT nH& ss
n ed+#T#Tq~. V<jTeT+<T <D \<T. eTTK u>eTT
q+<T VejTeTqT n, u>eTT q+<T dueTT e
d< eTqT njTT yd yTss#T =q$. n+<T# >e jTT >jT
ydeTT\>T u>eTT\+<T , y|q y &qeTT
#jTs<T. n$ >=| XseTTqT b|+| #jTTqT. n+ >
dsZeTTqT eqe\ b|+|#jTTqT.
31
VsXs d jT+<T
nH<jT Dq deqT~q+ |jT'
Tw< <e BH+ |PC >e' <+ q '
dc X >e' XeTjT b|+
d+d$X| qjT $yT
@e < d ~e+ qjT
>_s T\+ <qeTd +Y
jTk' sd Vd d+<<X e' d'
|w HsjTD dk XjTXsDw#
j nH <e' Y k eTdT' d'
ds <eeTj >edTwY < V]'
Vs dsHY b|+ |jTk bwjT+ j'
b|jT+ ~e+<' |PC >e' <+ q '
jTTs V uyTs <+ s' D'
|q+ b+ dT |PC>e' <+ q'
Xq+ V jTkdT |+ <V byT
eT |P+ V k ^] bsXsMY
eTqTw eeVseTT\+<T nj>yT keq DeTT\qT,
\qT, >&, qeT\T# >e s+seTT nq> |~qeTT b\qT
d$+| #jT T#Tq~. nf b\ qT+& HsTT, yq yTT<\>T |<se TT\T
j sT#d eT eT+<* VQT\q]+ d+Tw\ >T#THsT. u !
n{ >e\T mT |P+|<q$ e? nq> n$ n $<eTT\T>
|PjTeTT. > ds eeTTqH ds b|eTT\T q+#TqT #jT TqT.
y <s| P seTT> d$+q# nbs d+|<q T |<qeTT #jT TqT.
n{ >e\qT <qeTT #dq# HsT> dsZeTT \_+#>\<T. { >
<qeTTqT $T+q <qyT$TjTT <T. >e sdT| V<e&T
yd e TTH& T . d +< | < X e TT (u T eTT)\+< T e< e & T
$s\T#TH&T. |wu>eTT q+<T HsjTDT&T dT&jTTH&T.
32
H\T>T y<eTT\T >e jTT H\T>T b<eTT\+<T ydeTTq$.

nq <e>DeTT\jTT > XseTT q+<* seT deTVeTT \+<T
\sT. n+<T# >e ds<e ydyT jTTq~. { >e\qT u
d$+q# u> e +T&>T lV] d$+, |dq T> #dT =q>T qT.
>e\qT d+#T <s n b|eTT\T V]+ be#Tq$. >
seTT m\s b\qqT, bwDqT jTTq>sT#T+&TqT. >e\ \
jT+<* |B u>eT+<* <[DeTT\T q eT>T#Tq$. n{
<[ @ e u n+T=qTH, nq> <]+#TH, y b|
deTVeT+jTT <+deT>TqT. n{ eTVeeTjTyTq >e
|PjTyT <? nq> nseTT |P+| <jTTq< ueeTT.
>e qT+& j s>T |x>eeTT\T q# ds b|eTT\T ud eT>TqT.
>e\ qT+& b|+#T @ <eeTT n|P eT>TqT? nq> n
<eeTT\TqT |PeTT. $wjTeTTqT >] |sXsT&T T
#|#TH&T.
@ |~M ds dX\eqqH
k >sjTd k< ujTeTTF
jT< $~H # es' b' dT|P'
b\jTH |PjTH' d |V # y<
$<eTT> |seTT\T, eqeTT\T, nsDeTT\T yTT<\>T
y |~ +&jTTq~. eT]jTT $<eTT> ujTseT>T
>e s|eTTq qTq~. > |< D
>$+q# $X|< D
eTT #jT T
jT>TqT. $<qeTT qqTd]+ uVDT\T, s eseTT\ysT
>eqT, b*+#T, bw+#T, |P+#T >$+q# >|#
eTT q+<TqT, |seTT q+<T L& dTKydeTT #jTT<TsT.
>y <j' d< s' b' bcX ds<
&jT # jT bb jT # X qs'
qs> ||#H > 'Xd ||&'
d|Xq XwD <Dq esjTY
33
># ># + jH e u]ysjTY

d+dXH >+ qeTd sY +# |<DyT
|<D q d|Bb edTqs
>e\qT m\| & <qeTT #jT eq sT=qTeTT. ds y
y s+ #TeTT. y b\q, bwD d]+|eTT. >e\qT u~]+#T,
=T, |&+#T, yTT<q eTT\ <s y <T'K|{q|&T,
n{ <T'KXd\ <s e\T >e\ <s, <Tw eTT\
|*eTT> |Ts qs jT+<T |y+TsT. mesq $<eTT>
>e\qT ={ jTT+&q# >e +{ #s>H y<T>#T &
< eTTsT# $<eTT> #|eqT. HqT #dq~ \+|eTT.
< e<* yjTTeTT. >e\qT #dq y+H X<> y
qeTd]+|eTT. > |<DeTT >$+|eTT. T #dq# d|B|eTT\
H$T+jTTq edT+<s jT>T >e |<DeTT u|<DyT X+
H=+<<e.
D <~ d+jTT+ jT' |<<Y >yVyT
kXyT<deT+ |D+ \u H d+XjT'
>y+ DjTq+ kq+ >y+ <q deT+ uyY
T\+ > X <qd ujT >+ |b jT'
|~y+ j rs deTT<+ ds+d #
>y+ X+>< kq + Hs c&oyT
b dc+ jTc+ >VeT\+yT
d+ u\e_ sZ_' l_]edjTyT
uVDXe >eX \yT+ ~< yT
wH eTHdT V$s w
>_sC' |esH >_sy' |w'
>_s<' deTTBZs' w&vZ' d|<e'
ksu jdT jTk> |w jTd ' d'
ed V<jT + k+ eT< ed jT
34
|D |sTc' D+ H| <TsuX
jT > u s + $<H jT # > |<'
(n<jTeTT 5)
mes >e\ uqeTT =s |~qeTT sT, >& L&q
=+ VseTTqT #T#THs, ysT nX yT< jTeTT q+<*
|*eTTqT b+<T<TsT. +<T =+#yTqqT d+<VeTT <T. >e\qT
eTTsTjTT, nf y kqeTT #sTT+#TjTT, #dq# ><qeTT
#dq{ |*eTT qqTu$+TsT. ujT>deT>T >eqT s+q#
e+<(100) >e\qT <q$Tq |\eTT b|+#TqT. u$TjT+<*
deTT<\eTT\T, >=| >=| rseTT\T, dsdT\T, XjTeTT \+<*
\eTT \_+qqT, >e jTT X+>eTT\ qT+& C\Ty]q \eTT
kqe#]+#T, c&X+XeTT (16e e+T) |*eTTq L&
keTeTT q~. me >VeTT q+<T k \ ds|eT>T
>e q eeTT\ n\+yT jTTq# dsb|eTT\T,
|eTT\T e e< +&>\y? +& q+ beq ueeTT.
uVDT&TqT, >eq @ \eTTq #+~q ys. y s+&T>
$u +]. |e TT> uVDTjT+<T eT+<T\T ds y T j
T Tq$.
eT]jTT |eTTq >e q+<T V$dT dsyTjTTq~. >e\ #H
jTseTT\T |]de| eT>T#Tq$. >e\ #H <e\ L&
|w eT>T#THsT. >e\ #H |<, eT, ysD~ w&vZ
dVeT>T y<eTT m\s n_e eT>T#Tq~. >eq eTT+<TqT,
yqTqT, >e\ eT< jT+<TqT mesT ed+#T#T+&TH, mes
>e\qT eTT u |P+Ts, mesT y bd+#T#T+<Ts,
|~qeTT mesT > <qeTT #jTT#T+<Ts n{ |DT&T,
| $ | s T w & T , | | + # e TT q+< T < T s u y T d s Z e T+< T q
<TsueT>T#TH&T. nq> dsb|$y#qeTT q+~, |]X<T&,
eTsTq d ds|eTT q+<TqyT eT+> s T &>T , |sy T Xs
eTT q+<T $qeT>T# eT\eT>T |<e Ts|eTT b+<T#TH&
ueeTT.
35
|< |sDeT+<T
>eTTU # y<' dw&vZ |<e'
X+> jX d + dVe VsXy
<sed' dq' os V d' d<
ew<C \f# X+>> +< @e#
sj sH <y # c' Xuds
<+w >sT& <y Vj+# dsdr
nbH dsrs |ky #e CVM
TTwj seT L|w eTTK' |w jTeT'
<q< esTDX e <D+ bs e
yeT bs d jTd d H eTV'
eTTKeT<# >+<s Hk> |q>d<
KTsD+ |yT bs |sdX de'
> eTjT ed \ sZeT ds eT+>
|<> U#s y< Ve Xu |C|'
#s' k>s' |Ps <qH+# dHwy
>+# dX j+ k ue X'
n eTs' ||wdT dsb|' |eTT#
>y+ s' KTs<+ sk jTdT <sjTY
d# rs k' ds b|' |eTT#
(dw K+&eTT (57/956-165)
sT n+>eTT\T, b<eTT\T eTeTT> *d y<eT>T >
eTTKeTT q+<T ed+#T#THsT. { >e jTT =eTT\ jT+<T
X+sT&T, $we $s\T#THsT. >e\ <seT+<T ]jTT&T,
eTdeTT q+<T V, \eTT q+<T eTV<e&T X+>>u>eTTq
+<T&T, s+&T #e\ jT+<T n esT\T HeTT\+<T
ds#+<T\T, <+eTT\+<T >sT&T&T, VjT+<T dsd,
>T<eTTq+<T dsrseTT\T, eTkqeTT q+<T >vZ <$jTT,
36
seTL|eTT q+<T TTw\T, eTTKeTT q+<T, |wu>eTT q+<T

jTeTsEqT, <Du>eTT q+<T esTDT&T, usT&T, yeTu>eTT
q+<T djTT, eTV\T&TqT n>T jT&T, eTTK uVeTTq
>+<s T \T, Hd>eTTq ds eTT, \ e]u>eTT q+<T n|sd\ T
dsydTjTTHsT. >e jTT eT\ eTH& |& \<$>qT,
dseT+>jT>T bsr<$ eTeTT>qT, jTT n>u>eTT
q+<T XjqeTT #jTT <e\T, e ns|>qTq n+u XeTT
q+<T |C|jTT, >e b<T>T \+<T #Tk>seTT\T |w+|
&jTTq$. mesT |~qeTT kqeTT #d >ds >$+Ts ysT
dsb|eTT\ qT+& $eTT\>T#THsT. @ eTqTw\T >e \
+< qTq <[ sdT| <]+Ts ysT dsrseTT \+<T
kqe#]+q |*eTTqT b+<T#THsT. n b|eTT\ qT+&
=\+|&T#THsT.
u$w |sDeTTq+<T
X+>eT >y+ + V$wX d+d

X+>> dsrs kesD #sD #
yeT< eTV<e' dssD sDyT
\f d+d > Hk e+X# wDTK'
+Xs H> Hk| de
sj sH <y #u+ Xuds
<Hw ede' ds Vj+ esTD' d'
dsdr #Vs jTeTjT # >Dj'
d+< <jT+ <cu+ ^yj+# |sqs'
s+d < <X b] j
T eed eed
#Tc <s+ +|dT w
KTseT<w >+<s' KTs>w # |q>'
KTsD+ |yTu> sk' deTw'
sT< @<X |w esTD' dsd|T
37
XDk' |s' bw# eqy'

lsbH >y+ + kV\+s e'
~ sXj u' |D u eed'
kY >vZ# >eT >eTjT jTeTTH d
jTd+X< <e { seTL| eed'
<s |~M ds dX\eqqH
#s' k>s' b >y+ jTT |j<s'
|sq' s<sdT yT| $+<Ted'
ss >s | sDs ~ d'
D Vej' du k\T d'
nd eed' X eTCdT e' d'
TT>< <sy<X keTy< jTEd<
(s|s 69/25-37)
>e jTT X+> eT\u>eTT \+<T V, $we\T
|w+|&]. X+>> u>eTT \+<T #s#seTT\>T deTd rseTT\T
\e. nH sDeTT\ sD ds|&>T eTV<e&T X+>
eTeTT \+<T \jTTH&T. \eTTq+<T > <$jTT, eTT
jTT meTT q+<T ]jTT&T, s+&T |u>eTT \+<T +\T&T,
nXsT &T nq&T s +&T H>T\T ydeTTHsT. s +&T #e\ jT+<TqT
es <e\T, HeTT \+<T #+<, dsT\T, <+eTT \+<T
nwedTe\T, H\T jT+<T esTDT&T, +su>eTT q+<T dsdr
<$jTT >+&d\ eTT q+<T jTeTT&TqT, jT &TqT \sT. s +&T |<M
u>eTT \+<T d+< deTjTeTT\T, yT&u>eTT q+<T +<T&T,
eT|seTT q+<T sdT\T, u>eTT q+<T XeTT, H\T>T
b<eTT\ jT+<T <s<ejTT $s\T#THsT. \ eTeTT
q+<T >+<sT\T, n>u>eTT q+<T dseTT\T, |eTu>eTT q+<T
sd >DeTT\T \sT. >e jTT |w |<X e TT q+<T @<Xs T <T\T,
d+~u>eTT\T (s+&T |<XeTT\ \sTT) esTDT&T, q&TeTT u>eTT
38
q+<T |sT\T, b\eTT q+<T (#*) eqe\T, nbqeTT q+<T

kV<$jTT, >s| eT+qT \ <$jTT dT jTTHsT.
>eTeTT q+<T >+><$jTT, >eTjTeTT q+<T jTeTTqjTT \sT.
>e jTT seT deTVeTT \+<T eTT|~eT&T <e>DeTT\T
|w T ] . <su >eTT |s eTT\T, nM|<X e TT\T, |Bu>eTTqT
@s&jT Tq$. >e H\T>T b<T>T \+<TqT H\T>T deTT<eTT *$T&
jTTq$. b<T>T\ qT+& VsZeT>T s<s\ jT+<T |sq HeT
<ejTT, s_+<Te \+<T yT|THeTeTT *Zq <ejTT, nedT
jTTHsT. sseTT q+<T >s|eTT nH& ssjTT,
V<jTu>eTTq <DjTT, +seTTq+<T VejT eTH&
njTT, H{ | u >eTH& n+* jT+<T du jTT \e. meTT\
jT+<T |s eTT\T, eT u>eTT q+<T jTeTT d *jTTHsT.
TT><eTT, jTEs<eTT, keTy<eTT, n<sDy<eTT nqT n
y<eTT\T >e\+< |w+|&jTTq$.
VD |sDeTTq+<T
(>k$r keTT)
n\$XeTTqT b*+#T <y~<e&>T HsjTD! MT

b<eTT\ H qeTkseTT. |Ps\eTT q+<T u>es|&>T
yd<e&T #|q > k$r eeTT >T]+jT eTqeTT $qT#THeTT.
> keTT deTd b|eTT\qT q+|#jTTqT. e\dq d+|Ps
edTC\eTTqT, ]q s\qT #Tq~. deTd D seTT\qT
#jT>*q~jT keTT. >e jTT X+>>u>eTT \+<T
Hsq T&T, $w ds|&T n>T u> y H y<y dT&T s$T+#T#TH&T.
X+>eTT\ e]u>eTT q+<T bsr <$jTT, eTeTT q+<T
d<e&TqT $s\T#T HsT. eTd e TT q+<T VjTT, uT eTT\+<T
VdjTT, \eTT q+<T ewu s&T &>T X+sT &T, #$ |<X e TT
\+<T n esT\T HeTT \+<T ds#+<T\T \sT. <+eTT
\+<T deTd TTw>D eTT\T, H\T jT+<T dsd r <$jTT, e' d\ eTT
39
q+<T, |\ jT+<T deTd <e\T ed+#T#THsT. >e jTT

\ eTeTT q+<T >+<s T \T, n>u >eTTq #+<T&T nq+T&T
nq&T <eeTT, u>eTT (#T)q+<T eTTKeT>T n|sd\T
HsT. yqTu>eTT q+<T |>DeTT\T, u{eT\eTT q+<T
s d T , e Td T , k e TT nq& T > T DeTT\T yd e TT
Hss#T=q$. seT L|eTT q+<T TTw>DeTT\T #seTT q+<T
|C|jTT ed+#T#THsT. |su>eTTq+<T dsqjTT&>T
jTeTsE, n&T>Tu>eTT q+<T dsZeTTqT, nbq<XeTT q+<T
dsrseTT\TqT >eTeTT q+<T >+><$jTT \sT. >e <w
jT+<TqT, |se T+<TqT, >eTjTeTT q+<T \ ydyT jTTq$. e
q e+s\jT+<T n esT\T, |<$u>eTT \+<T u>e
#+&<$ ydyT jTTq$. nsT|\ jT+<T k$r <$jTT,
VQ+seTT \+<T |C|jTT ed+#T#THsT. {j
T <T, deTd
>s|eTT\T $w ds|eTT. n n+>eTT\+<TqT Xe&T
|+#T#TH&T.
d+< |sDeTTq+<T
>e ds <e\ +&jT Tq~. y<e TT\T ds eTT >eTjTeTT

jTTq$. >e jTT X+>>u>eTT\+<T m\|&T +<T&T
ydeTTH&T. V<jTeT+<T ]jTT&T, sdTq+<T V
\eTTq+<T ewu<E&q X+sT&T, s+&THeTT \+<T
ds#+<T\T eT|seTTq+<T dsdr<$jTT, <+u>eTT \+<T
eTs T < Z D eTT\T, k< < e \ T, V Q + s e TTq+< T X s e TT,
H\T>Tb<eTT \+<T H\TZy< e TT\T, seT deTVeTT \+<T |d \T,
TTwesT\T, |su>eTT q+<T <+&<]jTT eTVwyVqT&T jT>T
jTeTsE, |$eT>T dqeTT \+<T deTT<eTT\T, >eTeTT q+<T
$we, #sDeTT\ jT+<T |yVeTT\T +&jTTq$. e\eTT
><sqeeTT# dsb|eTT\qT V]+#T >+> <$jTT, e|&
jT+<T \<$jTT \ n>u>eTTq >+<sT\T, n|sd\T, H>T\T
40
ydeTTHsT. >e jTT + jT+<T deTT< |s+eTTq #sT

nH rseTT\T \e. $ n >e\ jT+<TqT +&TqT. $we
ds<eeTjTT&T >e $we XseTTqT+& <$+q~. $we,
>eqT, sTe] XseTT \+<TqT <e\T ed+#T#THsT. n+<T#
eqe\+<s >eqT ds<e\ +&jTTq< *jTeqT.
(eq K+&eTT ` syK+&eTT n+ 83)
eTVuseTT q+<T
jT<# BjT sH! | V D

<# X+>jdk $w ]+<X w'
#q e<s #| w' X+>eT\ j'
X+> eT< < V\f >sT w<'
sj sH<y #w Xuds
<Hw eTsT<y' Vj+ y dsdr
seT L|w eTqTwXsDe |C|'
'Xdw dy<' dw&vZ |<e'
Hk|f d>H' |cD dTs;D#
n<s ede' ds eTTU #' |w'
k<<yd' ^yj+ bsrd
|w# q>D' <<X qu' d\yT
nbH dsrs >eT CVM djTyT
nwXseTsT \ sZeTjT ed d<
Hdj+ d<<M Cc ed u$T
XD k' |s sevSZ\ e
bssTuj' ds $X<y' |w'
wTsd k+ T|' X<s>TV'
CqT vsT<Xw |xw yjTe'
KTseT<|T >+<s' KTs>w# |q>'
#s' k>s' |Psdk @e |j<s'
(XyT~ |seTT`ywe <s|seTT`n<jTeTT 92)
41
u> e +T&>T lw& T jTT~ws e TVsE T #| #TH&T,

z!sC! n eTT H#]+#T uVDT&T |\>eqT(C)
m|&T <qeTT> d]+#TH, deTjTeTT q+<T >e jTT X+>>
u>eTT\+<T $weqT, +<T&TqT ed+TsT. X+>eTT\eT\eTT
q+<T #+<T&TqT, e<]jT>T +<T&TqT HsT. X+>eTeTT
\+<T VjTT, \eTT q+<T X+sT&TqT ed+TsT. s+&T
su >eTT \+<T n <e\T, HeTT \+<T #+<, dsT\T, <+eTT
\+<T eTsT<ZDeTT\T, H\T u>eT+<T dsdjTT, seTeTT\+<T
eTTesT\T, #seTT q+<T |C|jTT, Xd \+<T w&+>eTT\T,
b<eTT \+<T H\TZy<eTT\T \e.
eTT |eTT\+<T >+<eTT, dT>+<|weTT\T, +~ |<$
jT+<T edT>DeTT\T, eTTKeTT q+<T njTT e]+jTTHsT.
u>eTTq k<<e\T, ns| \+<T bsr<$jTT, |seTTq+<T
q>DeTT\T, eT|skqeTT q+<T XeTT, nbqesZeTTq
ds rse TT\T, eTeTT q+<T >+><$jTT, |&jT +<T nwX seTT\T
* Z + # T \ < $ j T T e]+j T THs T . eTT u > e TTq+< T
dT+<seT]jT>T Cc<$jTT, q&TeTTu>eTT q+<T |sT\T,
u>eTT q+<T u>ejT>T se<$jTT +&jTTHsT. s+&T
| feTT\ jT+<T $X<e\ s +&jT THsT. #ru>eTT q+<T
|dq T& q T, X< ]jTT jT>T ] jTT&T ed+#T#TH&T. y
jT+<TqT, }sTe \+<TqT yjTT |+#e TT +&jT T+&TqT. *\
eT eT+<T >+<s T \T, n>u >eTT q+<T ds eTT\T ydeTTq$.
{ +&q H\T>T deTT<eTT\T, >e jTT H\T>T dq eTTj
T Tq$.
> eTVeT
eTV useTT q+<T :`

> _dT\+ q |X$T <q+ +~V#T
sq+ XeD+ <q+ <sq+ #| b]e
>y+ |Xd Ms! dsb| Vs+ eyT
42
>y \' d< eT\+ >w bb q $<

nq yTe d<>y <yH+ |seT+ V$'
kVsew{s >w+ |w
>y jTd H y < jTd eTTKyT
neT+ VejT+ ~e+ s# eV#
neTjTq+ #' ds qeTd'
k e|c #e >y eV de uT$
>yV d eTVY ' bDH+# dTK|<'
$w+ >\+ jT Xd+ eTTx sjTyT
$sjT + <X+ b|+ #k| s
>e' dsZd kbq+ >e' dsZ| |P'
>e' eT<T <y HqY +Y |s+ dyT
< >w yT b+ eV + ussu
>TD <Xe#q+ X+ bsjTD+ q T
(nqTXdq |seTT, <q<s|seTT ` 51/26-34)
#eq eTV] qVQw&qT sE T #| #TH&T, eTsT
eT eTs<\T #]+#T e> |e]+# (deTeTT> q
seTeTT\qT #jT Ty& nse TT) z! sC+<! ||+ #eTT q+<T
>e +f ysq <qeTTqT HqT #&<T. MsT&>T ub\T&! >e
jTT HeTeTTqT, >TDeTT\qT ]+#TjTT, nf y >T]+q
$XweTT\T $qT <s, > <qeTT #jTT e\q, > d+<sqeTT
#jTT nqT $wjTeTT\T, $esD\T XdeTT\+<T beTTKeTTqT
b+~jTTq$. seTeTT\T y] b|<sT\T> #d ds
XueTT\T b|+| #jTTqT. > ds|eTT\T \<$ ydeTT>
qTq$. M jT+<T b|X y T q qT <T . >e\T m\\eTT eTqTw\
nqeTTqT, <e\ V$dTqT |<qeTT #jT T#Tq$. kVseTT,
ew{seTT >e \+<T |w y T jTTq$. >e\T eT eTTK <* \#
jT d+#\\ e <s q $T#T#Tq$. ~yeTeTTqT eT jT+<T
43
+|=, eT b<T>T\ <s neTeTTH |k~+#T#Tq$. nq>

>e\T neTeTTq <suyTjTTq$. ||+# eT+jTT
>e sdTqT e+ qeTd]+#eqT. u eTT q+<T >e
q XseTT #qT, + #qT, n deqyT jTTq~. $ eTV
Csj, deTd bDT\ dTKeTT #T#Tq$. > deTVeTT\T
m# L s T +& d e & # j T T# T +& T H, n$ s j T eTT>
eTd\T#T+&TH kqeTT |seT<$ Xu +&, b|eTT\jTT
T& yjT &TqT. >e\T dsZ eseZ TTq yVeTT jTTq$. n+>
dsZeTT q+<T L& |PjTyT eTd\T#Tq$. deTd y+#\qT
|]|Pse TT> Hsy s T <eeTsT jTTq$. > y w eTTq eTs~
k{<T. us Xw&>T z sC! > eVeTTqT *dq HqT
$e]+. HqT e+q > >TDeTT \jTT e eeT]>
*jT&T >e q+<T eT>eTT> <]+| >\e. >e jTT
d+|Ps d<TZDeTT\T e]+#T me] nk<yT jT>TqT.
T\ He <j rD T\ | #
ds eT |V >e' |B dsdr
es' ds uH+ >e' ds dTK |<'
e~ e + + >e' s' |<D'
d+& qT b<q >y+eT< q#eCY
eTvZ jTq+ <e dskY |PC' d<eV
|#<q+ <e+ >y+ sdT es+
|Ps yTys+ #q<_<jT+ ' |syT
|#sy yy T< H< jT >'
w V_MH qs+ VqT' du+<eyT
| d< d+ <ejTH #
|PjTH X jk+ |P+ eT~+ '
|d eTTw+ |s>y <<Y d+es+ T jT'
n djT eVs+ e+Y ks $TyT
(nqTXdq |seTT ` <q<s |seTT n. 69)
44
;w&T #|#TH&T jTT~wsT, z! <ssC! >e,

u$T, dsdr <$jTT nqT eT&T HeTeTT\T deqyTq$.
eT&T edTe \qT <q $Teeq sT=qTeTT. eT&+{ <qeTT
@<H deq |* eTT H=d+>TqT. eT&T edTe \T eqe\ d+|Ps
y+#\qT rs>\e. >e\T m\ eqe\ * e+{~ n
#|&T#Tq~. > >DeTT\T m\s dTKeTT\qT b|+|#jTTqT.
mes y]y] n_e~ sT=qT#T+<Ts ysT m\|& > de
#jTT |jT+# eqT. >e\qT (s)\ =eTT. y
yqT e+& y q&|+|eTT. $ eT+>eTT\ #T <e,
eTq <su eTTq $. n+<T# y H\| & |P+|eTT. <e\T
jTu $T <TqT deTjTeTT q+<T ewue TT\qT H>* T#T HsT.
n+<T# jTu$T =s yTTyTT<{ qT+& y&T, nq> u$T
#<TqT #jTT, yT |s#T > C |j+#T
XjTds$wjTeT *jTT#Tq~. jT s\ +f ysq eTT\
=s M |j+#T +<s $wjTeTT. *yqy&T >e\T
d#> eTd\>*q kqeTT q+<T y |yX|TqT. nq> y
m{ |<eeTT d+u$ +|jT+&TjT. n+> y <e TT>
qT+& =TL&<T. n+> n$ <VeTT qTq|&T, {=s
jTe ##T# qTq deTjTeTTq, jTe y nedseTTqT
>T]+# y <e TT> <+&+#T <T\T> y T+#T#
<VeTT rseqT. nT > jTe# n$ |&+|&q#
+<Tù+<e\ dVeTT>, $HXqeTT =#T =q&TqT. e
|& <e eT+~seTT\qT, |X<s\T #jTT kqeTT \+<TqT
n*q# |$eT>TqT. y =s eTqeTT @$T#jTeqT?
d+eseT+eTT eTqeTT uT +#T eTT+<T>, s +&e y nq>
>eq eTT+<T> |&* < uqeTT> yT |+#eqT.
{ eeTT deTd s\qT Hsys>\<T.
45
u$w |sDeTT q+<T

s< jT de j' |seT eTqH
|x >e' Xu' bs |x d es'
qH dTu< dTs_' dTo VQ
@ |sjT <yH+ sDjT#
eT< us< edcd >e'
>VQ' eT<' |x >y <' dTsd'
>eTjT+ s#H eT+ s+ <~ |T+ >yyT
w&vZ |$D d+X< sD #
>eTj <T ' leH _\ e' e|jT'
d |< Vk l' ledq d d '
; CqT\ |<H+ |Hs >eTjY
> s#H# evZ |$ dsk~
> eT< >T>TZ\Ts' dT>+~' |jT <sq'
Vs' ds<yH+ ed # $Xw'
jTB+ >' +Y <vjT+ sdeTeyT
<~C dsD eTvZqsd<jT
|T<eT eTTq+ <yH+ |sDyT
uVD Xe >eX \yT+ ~<yT
@ eTH dw V$ sq w
> w jTC' |esH >w <y' |w'
>w y<' deTTrs' dw&vZ |<e'
(s|seTT, n< 69)
u>e+T&T lw&T jTT~wsT T #|#TH&T, z!
sC! deTT< eT<q deTjTeTT q+<T s k >se TT qT+&, <TeTT\
eeTsT , Xu ]DT\>T <T >e\T qyTq $. y HeTeTT\T
esTd> q+<, dTu <, dTs_, dTo, VQ nqTq$. >e\jTT
deTdeTT\ DeTT\T \T>#jTT#, nf <e\qT
46
V$cqeTT<s |]|\T> #jTT#, se sVD =s

<$+q$. n$ <e\# eT<, us<, edw, nd, >eT
nqT eTTesT\ deT]+#&q$. ysTq |dq |PseTT>
y >V +]. >e\jTT ]q s\qT rsT eT<q Te\T>
|d~>+q$. >e\ qT+& qeT>T b\T, |sT>T (yq), HsTT,
>eTjTeTT, > eTeTT, > sqeTT nq&T > w&v eZ TT\T n+
|$yTq$. n+> e\ b|eTT\jTT q+|#d |]X<T\T>
#jTT#Tq$. Xu d+|q\ +&jTTq _\eeTT >eTjTeTT
qT+& <$ +q~> qTq~. ee TT e n+ |sy T q ~.
ee TT q+<T \ <$ ed+#T#, k]+#T#Tq~. n+<T#H ,
ee TTqT lee T L& |\#T#THsT. n+ > *eT\eTT,
s e T\eTT\ ;eTT\T >eTjTeTT qT+&jT $s$ +#T#Tq$. >e\
eTdeTT\ qT+& qeT>T >sqeTT d;w |<sTT>qT
D]D >q #|&T#Tq~. dT>+<|eT>T >T>TZ\eTT
>eTeTT qT+& \_+#TqT. < <]+qq, n+eeTT #H
Xue TT\ H=>+>TqT. >T>T\Z yT <e\ +<] VseTT> qTq~.
$Xwe TT> X+sT ~ we T>T Vs |<se TT. n eT+>e TT\
;eTT >y. dT+<seTT\ \ dT+<seT>T Vs|<seTT>qT,
r||< se TT\jTT >s e TT #H j sT#jT &T#Tq$. eTvZ s
seTeTT \+<T > seTT qT+& +q |sT>T |<seTTqT
y&T |jT yTq ~. <e\qT |]|\ T> #jT T neTeTH&~ ,
>e qT+& j s>T H qeT>TqT. uVDT&T, >e ysT ysT
<T. @ \eTTq #+~q s +&T s|eTT\T> qTq$. uVDT\+<T
eT+eTT\T ed+#T#Tq$. >e jT+<T V$dT \<T. sTe]
d+j>eTT# $wd s|&T jTd+ ue &T. jTv y $w' . >e\
qT+&jT jTv |e \_+#T#Tq~. >y n+<] <e\ ydyT
jTTq~. w&vZeTT\T> qTq , \eTT, sTeTT, ysDeTT,
#+ <eTT, CweTT nq&T sTq, |<e TT, , U, s U, yTT<\>T
y eTeTT \d n y<e TT\T >e\ jT+< dT|w y T jTTq$.
47
|< |sDeTTq+<T
V<e&T Hs<T T #| #TH&T, z! Hs<! yTTyqT eTTKeTT qT+& >=| CeTjT + |{yTq~.
dT qT+&jT ds b<qqT d+]+#T=q y<eTTjTq~.
< sTy eTeTT> njTT, >e, uVDT&T eTs\ eTs\
$s$ +]. HqT n eTT\qT, n uT eqeTT\qT s+ #T=s
|Ps\eTT q+<T & q y<eTT qT+& H\TZy<eTT\T>
|{+|#d. n, uVD <e\ =s V$dT >V+#e\d
eq~. V$dT >e qT+&jT \_+#T#Tq~. n+<T#
H\T>Tq >Tq q < jTTHsT. >e qT+& jT>T,
H\T>T |<seTT\T ||+#eTT q+<T # #s#s
||+ #eT+jT T qw| & T #Tq~. nq> ><|eTT q+q >y <] +
jTTq~. >e q dueeTT q+< d *jTTq~. uVDT\T,
<e\T, sdT\T L& >eqT |P+#T#THsT. m+<Tq> >e
deTd seTeTT \+<T <s dueeTT *, deTd yde
d<T D
Z eTT\ se qTq~. deTd <e\ k]+#T ds|yT
jTTq~. n bDT\ jT+<TqT >e <jT * jTTq~. bNq\eTT
q+<T n+<] bwD =s HqT s|eTTqT dw+. >e
qT+& js>T edTe\T |yT, |$qT #|qT. <s ds
>T q T |$r]+#TqT. >e jTT eTeTT, >eTjTeTT(|&) b\T,
|sT>T, HsTT nq&Tq$ |x >eeTT\T. M y&T=qT <s
XseTT q+<* b|eTT \jTT =\ beqT. n+<T# <] |sTw&T
|~qeTT >e b\qT, |sT>TqT, HsTT uT+#T#TH&T. >e
|<seTT\T deTd edTe\ +fqT XwyTq$, XusyTq$. mes
> |<seTT\T b\T, |sT>T, HsTT uT+qq, ku>eTTqT
b+<+&TH n{ y XseTT e*qeTT +& jTTq<
\TdT=q<>T qT. nqeTT yTT<q |<se TT\T <T sT\ es qT,
b\T @&T sT\ esqT, |sT>T sTe~ ~qeTT\ es, HsTT
48
H\ esqT XseTT q+<T j |<seTT\ |ueeTT+&TqT,

H\ ~qeTT\T |P]> >e|<seTT\T uT+## XseTT
q+<T |eTT\T kq yTss#T =qTqT. n+<T# n seTeTT
\+<T, | jTT>eTT q+<T deTT >e {jT |XdyTq<
*jTeqT. >e m\|&, n deTjTeTT\+<Tq <ss eT
yeTT\H& #T]< |sTcseTT\T k~+#T dV]+#>\<
*jTT#Tq~.
k] > |<DeTT >$+, qeTd]+|eqT. $<qeTT
n b|eTT\ qT+& eTT H=d dsZ dTKeTT\ qqTu$+| #jTTqT.
<e#sT&>T Vd e+<jTT&T. $<eTT>H \|jT>T
$we m\s e+<jTT&T. n< $<eTT> >e L& m\sL
e+<jTyTjTTq~. @ e b' \eTTqH <TsyT eqT,
H d +#TH e b|<sT&>TqT.
>e b\qT, H |<qeTT #jTT#Tq~. >eeTT\
>e\ | <s|&jTTq~. H |eV+|#jTT q<T
>e\Tq$. M jT+<T HsTT dT&>T+&eTT e +&jTT+&TqT. n{
>e\T eTq >VeTT\+<T d<eTT> qT+&eqT. n{ |TeTT eTq
X s e TT q+< T d + | P s e TT> q T, eTqd T q+< T qT q#
eT<jTeT>TqT. >e\T eTq eTT+<T>qT, yqT>q, n
n+>eTT\+<TqT >ds * jTT+&eqT. >e\ eT< H ed+|eTT.
eT+eTTqT |~qeTT d+< deTjTTeTT q+<TqT, b' \eTT
q+<TqT |]X< ueeTT #eTqeTT #d |+#eqT. nT #dq #
n b|eTT\ qT+& e $eTT& > T qT. nf dsZ yd jT>T#T
|PE&>TqT. $<eTT> >e <sDjTeT>T#Tq~. >e eH
uV DT& T qT, uV DT e q T l $w e qT e+< j T T\T,
<sDjTT\T. l $we m{, n< $<eTT> l >v ZejTT
|PjTyTq~. Ms+<s <s ds| k]+#T#THs
*jTeqT. >e eqe\ +<Te. eTqTw\T >e\ L&
49
+<Te jT>T#THsT. n< $<eTT> eqe\T, >e\T, |sds

d++<eTT *jTTHsT.
me + >e q< ysT +<TsVT\>T<TsT:`
1. |T s|< >y |TjH |T<y'
|Tq<|Tes k yT d+T d< >V
2. |T+yT ds>w |T+ yT eTqd dyT
>y eTe> + >e' |w @e #
3. >yX ds>w >y+ eT< ekeTV+
#eT |qq+ kjT+ b]<+ X'
4. ds b|jTdd ds |P uyY
jT< >X < $b jT< $|d< V]'
5. V] s< < >v Z @q Vec' d '
>y +<TsqTcD+ eTqTc u+<y >yyT
6. >X jTdH >V Hd <+<T sV+ >VyT
(dwK+&eTT57/252`156)
n |sDeT+<T
>e' |$ evZ >w' |w'
Xq+ |s+ k eT\ HXq+ |syT
>y+ DjTq+ y] XvZk |T |T eTsq+
> eT+ > eTjT+ s+ <~ d]X s#H
w&vZ+ |seT+ bH <T' db<~ ysDyT
s#H $ws |T >d<' dsZ> >yyT
jT< >V <T' >e' d j qs+ qs'
|s > >d<' dZ > V V u
> <HY sH <+ #<s \yT
>y+ XkY |$ u' dsHY *wjT'
50
u> e +T&>T <q +] #s dTXT T #| #TH&T.

z! dTX! >e\T |$yTq$. eT+>syTq$. >e\+<T
d+|Ps eTT |w y T jTTq~. > eTjTeTT, (e|&) > eTeTT
n\ seT>T <]<eTTqT q+|#jTT dseT k<qeTT>
qTq~. >e XseTTqT &T eTTjTT, y X+>eTT\ qT+& C\TysT
\eTT\ kqe#]+#TjTT deTdb|eTT\qT eT]+#TjT
jT>TqT. > eTeTT, > eTjTeTT, s e TT, |sT>T, HsTT, >sqeTT
nqT > w&vZeTT\T >T w edTe\T> qTq$. n+>
<Td|eTT\qT q+| #jT Tq$jT jTTq$. >sqeTT $weTTqT,
sdq weTT\qT q+|#jTTqT. >e\ >deTT q+~+#T ysT
dsZb| *ZjTT+<TsT. me] + >e\T <T'KeTT J$+#TH
y] qsb|jTT <eTT. sT\ >e\ VseTT #TysT,
> VeT>T de\T #jTTysT VeTTqT b+<<sT. > <qeTT
#jTTysT, > eVeTTqT ]+#TysT, > sD >$+#TysT
y]y] <s \>T<TsT. u $T jT+eTT > Xd |$eT>T
#Tq~. y ds# b|jTeTT sT>TqT.
1. > eT+ > eTjT+ s+ <~ d]' X<yT
2. @s|ydX XbeT| X<jTY
dsXu $HXjT |s#] MTX s'
3. |+ Vud+ eTVkq|q+ dyT
dseT|<+ #Y dsXu$eTsqyT
4. # #+ |jTk ~ekH$+XyT
s' dseb dsZ>' dTsse'
5. VeTTw+ |uq+ VeTTw+ |T+ |uY
VeTTw+ |jT' | yjTT u' |s+ V+
6. |#e+ ds b||T+ V<yT
odT o#+ k< + V<yT
7. > eTD#sY kq+ e+ s# >sd'
> _sC# uTdT uTx< # > er
51
8. edHq cb > dsZ> uyY

$<+# >eTr+ b >+ |seT+ eCY
9. ^ sTs|s _]eH y<
sCqq >eTeTT, >eTjTeTT, e HsTT, e b\T,
e |sT>T yTT<\>T y y&T=, |j+#T#, ~qeTT
|ydeTT# #+&\T d e TT |]X< yTTqsTqT. |Ps\eTT q+<T
<e\T deTd b|eTT\qT b>=T=qT { nqTcqeTTqT
>$+#&y sT. | > T\ qT eTeTT> eT&T ~qeTT\T u + q#
< eTV k+|q ` e eT |\#T#THsT. eeTT s\
q+{ rsTq~jTT, b| jTseTT #jTTq~jTT jT>T#Tq~.
e\eTT sTe~ sE\T (21) >e seTTqT d$+ nq>
VseTT> d]+#T#Tq# < # #e eT
#|#THsT. { nqTcqeTT# XwyTq eqe&T q weT>T
edTC\eTTqT b+~, dsZeTTqT #sTqT. eT&T sE\T y& >
eTeTTqT, eT&T sE\T y&> qTq H, eT&T sE\T y&
b\qT, eT&T sE\T y&>* +&eqT. { nqTcqeTTqT
| #eeTT n+<TsT. { eeTT dsb|eTT\qT X$T+|#d,
uVeTTqT b|+ |#j
T TqT. | edTe \qT o\eTT> d$+q#
V<e <s #|&q o #e eT>TqT. ~jTTq
VeTT qqT>V +#TqT. H\ |s +eTT e e#]+q#,
> eTeTT# | ~qeTT kqe#]+, > sdeTT\# J$+q#,
>e\ qqTd]+#T#, njT$, uT+q |eT uT+|eTT. B#
b|jTeTT ], dsZeTT q+<T, eTeT>T >eTTqT #sTqT.
> eTr $<qT |+#T#, <s L& XweT>T > b|
\T>TqT. eTT \+<T eqe&T $eqeTT <s |jD+
n|sd\ <s, y] q, ^|q <s d$+#&T#,
q+<eTTqT b+<T#TH&T.
52
>e' dTsuj + >y >T>TZ\ >+~'

>e' |c uH+ >e' dd jTq+ |syT
nq yTe |s+ >y <yH+ V$sT eTyT
beq+ ds uH+ s+ # eV#
V$c eTq |Pq sjT qeTsH ~$
TTwD eT w >y yTw j'
dscyTe uH+ >e' XsDeTTeTyT
>e' |$+ |seT+ >y e+>\ eTTeTyT
>e' dsZd kbq+ >y<H' dHH'
qy >u' leTru' ksusTu @e#
qy VdTuX |$uqy qeT'
uVDXe >eX \yT+ ~<yT
@ eT+ dw+ V$s w
<e uVD >k<T kB_' d\+ >Y
<s y d< kY ds |Pe eT'
|+ jT Y rs+ >vZ<>e @eV
(292/1`22)
>e \|& dTs_s|eTT qTq$. n$ >T>TZ\ keTyT
dT>+< d+jTTyTq$. >e deTd bDT\ |csyTq$. $
|se T eT+>e TT\ H=d+>TqT. $ |$yT q nqeTTqT, <e\ =s
V$dTqT jT>T#Tq$. n bDT\qT |$r]+#T seTTqT,
> eTeTTqT eT jT+<T+#T=, sT\ deT]+#T#Tq$.
V$dTqT eT+eTT> dsZdT\>T <e\ n+~+#T#Tq$.
TTw#]+#&, n seTT\ =s eTeTT> |jT T eT>TqT.
eqe\+<sL >e\T eT XsDyT jTTq$. >e\T |seT
|$yT, eTV eT+>eTjTyT, dsZ kbqeTT, <qJe, yT,
dHqyT jTTq$. n{ leT dTs_ |\>T >e\ qeTkseTT.
Ve\ qeTkseTT. |$ >e\ eTs\ eTs\ qeTkseTT.
53
uVDT\T, >e\T @\eTT ys. s+&T XK\T> qTHsT. ]

XsTT+ eT+d jTT, s +&e eseZ TT HXsTT+ V$dTq \<T.
<e\T, uVDT\T, >e\T, k<Te\T, kBeTDT\T M] \eTT|
>+ jT T <s|& \jTTq~. n+<T#H |se T |PjTyTq ~.
>e\T @ b+eTT q+<T \eTTqT d$+#TH, kqeTT rse T>TqT.
>+>~ |$ q<T\jTT > ds|eTT.
> de ` eV eTT
$w <ss |sDeTT q+<T
()
>y+ DjTHqs: ds+ b|+ ebV
k+ >d|<Hq eTVTD eTy|jY
k+ # |#s+ <e d*XjTyT
dsZ eTTbX VAq>D T
k+ |#s u$T+ T bb eqe'
nXyT<d jTd |\+ bbd+XjTyT
keed<+ q>s~|syY
< \eD <Hq ku>+ eTV<X
u> y qT&>T V+dT&T T #| #TH&T, z! uVDTs!
>e\ XseTTqT eTTsT, ^ #jTT# XseTT q+<*
eTT\T, q q eTT\T q# n$ >e\ qT+& <seT>TqT.
nT #jT T# eqe&T q deTd b|eTT\qT =\+#T=qT#TH&T.
>e\ y VseTT nq> >deTT yTT<\>T y #T#
|Db| \ueTT #dT=qTqT. >e\qT XjTeTT\ rdT[
\eTT\qT n$ >TqT #dq# eqe&T nH d+eseTT\
|s +eTT dsZ ydeTT #jT TqT. n$ sT>&T |<X e TT q+<T y
d+#]+| #dq# e d+<VeTT> nXyT< jT |*eTT
q+<>\TZqT. >e\ =s >X\qT ]+#Ty&T q>seTTq
jTe n>TqT. > qeTkseTT >$+q y&T nH ku>eTT\
\_q+<>\&T.
54
Ts+ |v\>+ y #s y|T uj]yT

y#sTT ~ Xc dXyT< |\+ \uY
k eTw< <Hq $s>d_CjT
$|y# ujTuX q ujT+ $<Y
#D\ Vk# >yT<d |\+ \uY
>|dd #qd VkY <<e#
o |D+ k+ dsZeTy|jY
z! uVDTs ! |<\+<Tq y u<\ }_
jT+<T q y, Ts< +&q >e\, |* yTT<\>T
Ls eT>eTT\ ujTeTT #+~q y, weTT\+<Tq >e\
y u<\ qT+& b&q e nXyT< jTeTT #dq |*eTT
\TZqT. T\ qTq >e\ zw<T \ q y s>eTT | &Tq
d+u$+| eTT&>TqT. >e\qT ujTeTT qT+& b&q# qT
m|&Tq ujT>dT&T &T. #+&\T qT+& >e <qeTT =
b&q y >yT< jT ueTT \T>TqT. nf sT\ qT+&
>e\qT <qeTTq =, y b\q, bwD d]+q >b\T
L& >yT< jT |*eTT e#TqT. >e\qT #* qT+&, m+&\
qT+&, b>\ qT+& s+q# dsZ ydeTT b|+#TqT.
ddw~wdT # $w'
uT eTT #j | |uT #
>eTD #sY kq+ >|cY < jTy'
Xs j+ >sds< y ~C'
@ >e+ ekY ds \w HXqyT
@+ >+ <sjTHd+ <<Y kd< jTyH
>eTjY H deTjHdyT' X'
ekH + < <qT+ <<~bjT ueH
eyTY deTT~w+ ds \w HXqyT
sdjXyT<u+ eyTY <~yT
eHHq Nsq ecqy|jY
55
$eHHsesq V+ # >#
$H| >|<Hq eyTqVY |\yT
s+ d|s+y X+ C < d+
>y+ ss sTs + <jTy'
b|yeTyb |D+# eTV<X
>e\T q# eeTT. Ls=q# Ls=qeTT. uqeTT
#dq|&T #jTeTT. sT >T rdT[q|&T y d#>
>eTT. >eTeTT kqe#]+|eTT. z! $|s! MT
Jeqj ><T>eTT\q, >eTjTeTTq \d, s+&+{ <s
k>eTT. y sV+|eTT. BH >e eT+<TsT. edeTT
(H\) $<eTT> e #]+q|&T MT d+|Ps b|eTT\T
q+beqT. $<eTT> >eqT bw+#T#, <qeTTqT,
VseTTqT |+#T#, >eTjTeTT qTq #, <q| bT
Xue TT #d, y HeTT qT+ b&T# d$+q#, edeTT
|s +eTT $<e TT> #]+q# |$T\>T<TsT. H\ n+jT T
>e q&#Tq|&T u |PseTT> < qeTd]+#eqT. nT
sTy n{ >eqT uVDT u <qMTjTTeTT. B
L& |seTT> >e eT #|#T+<TsT. ~jTTq n
seTTq b|eTT\qT qw|s #|qT. eeTT sdjT
j>eTTq +fqT, nXyT< j>eTTq +fqT n~ |\ yTTd+>TqT.
e e TT H# ] +q eTqTw & T nH s \qT
HsysT=q>\&T. T #dqy&T dsT deqyTq |XeTT
q+~, dT $eqj #jTT# VeTT #sTqT.
><qeTT #jTT eeTT L& >=| |*eTT\ #TqT. eT eT X
=\B eT&T ~qeTT\T , @&T ~qeTT\T jTe <qeTT\ >
uqeTTqT @sT #dq ysT d+|Ps b|eTT\ qT+& $eTT\ >T<TsT.
n+> >=| |DeTTqT \_+|#dT=qT#THsT.
56
sX >KTs<+ ds \w HXqyT
j<XY <X<XH s$#sD
eTvZ\+ # |$+# <\ $HXqyT
>y+ V |]ydq u$T' X~eTy|jY
~ X<+ jT<yX jTw <qe'
k+ 'Xdyq |s+ sq+ uyY
k+ d+dsq+ |D+ <Td b|T $HXqyT
^yeTd dH T k+ >vZ |w
ds<e eTj >e' ds rs eTj d<
k+ e |D |$D < ~C'
z! ~Es! >e \ <s m>d|&q <[ DeTT\T
deTd b|eTT\qT ##<sT> #jTTqT. n{ y{ b<eTT\ +<
eTT\, & q q~> @\ +|s<T? { $#seTTq
>, d+<VeTTq > @$TjTT nedseTT <T. n+jT<T,
n~ n $<eTT\T>qT eT+>]DjT |$qT *Z+#Tq~jT
jTTq~. <T'KeTTq, <]<eTTq qTq n\ ysD
*+#TqT. >e\T ed+#T # #TqT, |]ds b+eTTqT
X~|& T #Tq~. >e\T m# LsT+&TH >VeTT, n $<e TT\T>
|$ *jTT+&TqT. n# @ <weTTq +&TqT. n$ #jTT
XdeTT (}|] e<\T) q+<* >*# <e \+<] Vs
(sqeTT) n+~+q > T qT. > d s j T T | D<j T e TT.
<Td|eTT\T, b|eTT\T q+ beqT. >e\ jTT yT&,
eTTKeTTq eTeTTq k >+><$ ydyT jTTq~. >e
ds<e\q, d\ rseTT\q, +&jTTq~. M seTeTT\
dsTTeTT >=| |$qT *, |D<jTyT jTTq~.
>eT jTH|*|+ T X kq+ |]yT
n>>sdTs>sH >eTjTH||jTY
>eTjTT d< \' djTyTe eed
57
>eT# < >vZ <~s <w #

d< eed+ keT+ s#Hj+ dsdr
$wsv' deU: d#>w |w'
k< >y $]c $wse |sH'
|PCkdT qeTks' sjX d<
keVs<q+# s+ XXSwD+ <
XXSwDHV >y+ ~CH' bb qeTH $XH
kY |jTq >y+V s+ XXSwD+ <s|ssqTw'
(rjT K+&eTT ` n ` 211)
>eTjTeTT $T+jTTq |<XeTT, n seTT\T>,
|$kqeT #|#T+<TsT. n+<T# jTX\\T, uqX\\T
seTT\T #jTT eTT+<T> >eTjTeTT n* Xu|s#T
#T+<TsT. >e |& jT+<T kT \<$ ds|eTT q+<T
$s\T #Tq~. >eTeTT q+<T >vZ<$jTT, ><~, ><T>eTT,
>|TeTT \+<T keTT&T (#+<T&T)qT, >sqeTT q+<T kT
dsdr <$jTT |wyT jTT+<TsT. jTeTTq k $w
d s | y T j T |s T . $w y d s +> e TT\ >e q+< T
|w+ |&H&T. n+<T# bNq\eTT H{ #sT\T $ws |eTTH
>e> \+#T#THsT. n $<eTT\T> >e\T |PjTyTq$.
]+ # q$. qeTd]+# q$. n+<T# y m\y nedsy T q
VseTT (uqeTT) HsT #jTTeTT. y d$+#T#T+&TeTT. z!
uVDTs! > de# eqe&T s\ eTqdT&T>q, <T'K, X
sVT&T>q, q eTT\ b| b+<TqT. n+<T# <s
|sjTDT\>T eqe\T VQ |jT eTT #d >de eXyT q ~jT
neXeTT> #]+#T w|&T#THsT.
(K)
s, <sXgeTTqT #> *dq |wsT&T T
#| #TH&T, u >Tq+<qT&>T , z |sX se! sE\T >b\q nqT
58
seTeTTqT neXeTT> #|eqT. m+<T\q> >e\T n

$<eTT\T> |seT |$yTq$. n+> d\ eTT\T >e\+<
|wyT jTTq$. >e jT seTT\qT $kseTT #jTT#Tq$.
>y $XeTTq eeT]jT jTTq~. >e\ |&, eTeTT
n\se TTqT q+|#j
T Tq #| &jT Tq~. n+<T\# s +&+{
#]+#T y XjT MTjTeqT. >de #jT eqT. u> e jT>T
\<$ >e\+<T ed+#T#Tq~. >eTjTeTT, >eTeTT q+<T
sVd yT]q y&T m{ ~> qT>, U<|&, qT&T>,
eX H]+jTT+&TqT. n+<T# >e\| >, >\eTT q+<T
> >eTjTeTT q+<T >, $T yjTT, > (H{ jT+<*) \qT
e<\T >, #jTs<T. > <[ n |seTT\T> |$r]+#TqT.
deTd $|TeTT\qT =\+, n\ <seTT #d \seTT
>$+#TqT. > XseTT\qT eTTsT, ^ e\q eTqTw\ jT+<*
n b|eTT\T <seT>T#Tq$. > X+>eTT\ qT+& C\Ty]q
X+><e TT >vZ\ deqeTT. > eTeTT, >eTjTeTT, ><T>e TT,
(b\T) |sT>T, >sqeTT, e HsTT M >w&vZeTT\T n
|\T#T#THsT. $ n |seTT\T> DeTT\qT, eT+>e TT\qT
$kse TT> \T>#j
T TqT. n+> eTs\eTs\ |se T |$eT>T#,
X~ seTT\T> qTq$. z! usZe! > eTeTT, >eTjTeTT,
><T>e TT, ><~, >|T eTT, eT]jTT X<e TT nqT |x>eeTT\T
kqe#]+#T, >T |] +#Tq$> |se T|$yT q $ jT
#|&T#Tq$. $ eT+>eTjT |<seTT >, u, |, |X#,
sd>DeTT\ qT+& b&Tq$> qTq$. $ |seT eT+>seTT
yTT>Z>qTq|& nqT $<eTT> <weTT\qT, b|eTT\qT y]+#TqT.
>s#qeTT L& $<eTT>H sdT\ qT+&, ds $weTjT
|<seTT\ qT+&, n s>eTT\ qT+& s+#T#, |seT <qT\T>
#jTTqT. mes w' \eTT q+<T <Ts e HsTT qTq
bjT+<T>\ H >+q# ysT <T'K <]<eTT qT+& <seTT
>$+#&, eTs\ n{ b||+eTT\T qT> <]+|&T<TsT.
59
>y+ >d|<Hq |D+ dTeTV<X

je' Xj< >e' dTK+ <ssTTT+>V
<sjTY er]+ ~dT q<sjTY
<T' <qy jTd ed ~ eTs
qs+ deTyb H s$#sD
< |s>y >d+ |D+ dTeTV<X
Xs+ d\+ \+ >d+ |s>y <
< dsZeTyb d+esXw{
n>u+ qs< yTe <>yyT
edwfq \u H+ dejTTyT
kjT+ bsqTcDeTXq+ <e]yT
e eTXq+ <>y+ eT:
~rjT+ jT: deTX q d+esqs:
>y+ eTyb jeqqqs+ ~
>y+ |#s bjT+ < |sTwdeT:
ysTD+ ek<& >DjTTyT
|s+| eTyb jTjT_BjT
>y+ |#su$T+ T yVsTT V~H
>e\ uqeTT =s >deTT #T# >=| |DeTT
\_+#TqT. y]y] >VeTT\+<T m >eqq +&eTT. n$
njTT dTKeTT> qT+&eTT. y jT+<T < *>,
<VeTT> +&jTeTT. nq> d\eTT q+<T VseTTqT,
{ n+<#jTTeTT. z! |sXse! @ e >VeTT q+<T >e\T
<T'KeTT qT+&TH ysT qs b| q+<T<TsT. B jT+<T d+<V eTT
<T. s+&e y> @< >eq VseTT q eqe&T
>=| |DeTTqT d+b~+#T=q y&>TqT. |P]> &T| +&T
esL ys= >eq VseTT (>deTT) q+~+q# n{ e sT
60
e+<\ d+eseTT\T (600 d+) XweT>T dsZ u>eTT\qT

nqTu$ +#TqT. uq deTjTeTTq eTT+<T>H sTH\\ |s +eTT
>>deTTqT |<qeTT #dq# dsZ dTKeTT\T b|+#TqT.
d+eseTT |s+eTT kjT+\eTT q+<TqT, b'\eTT
q+<TqT <e\ =s j sT#jT &q VseTTqT \deTT +&
>e\ =s |<qeTT #jTeqT. jsT#dq VseTTqT s+&T
deTu>eTT\T >$+ |<e Tu>eTTqT >e\ ]+, ~rjT new
u>eTTqT qT d]+#eqT. n{y &T z! |sX se! eTq+s
\eT+jT T >eTT q+<T ed+#TqT. >e\T d+#]+#T eseZ TT
q+<T { ed *Z+qy&T esTD eTT q+<T |~y\
d+eseTT\ es $VseTT d\T|>\&T. eT]jTT sue q
&& +&TH n# n&T q+<eTT# |]|&>TqT. >e\T
sT>&T |<XeTT q+<T H> <TqT>, s\ e>
#dq# |<TH\T>T (+< d+eseTT\T) +<T\T b\q\eTT
q+<T ;wD qseTT\T nqTu$+#TqT. z! |sXse! >e\T {
>Tq|&T $|T eTT\T *+q# n~ |T s VV d< XyT q <
*jTeqT. d+V, y|T yTT<q +T ujTeTT qT+& sD ,
Ts< qT+&, n&TdT qT+&, #T\ qT+&, e\\ qT+& y
<]+q ysT \|s+eTT dZjT u>eTT\qT u+#TqT.
>e\ > & | < qeTT # j T Ty& T eTs \ q j T +< T
s|eDeTTqT b+~, ku>eTT\ b| b+<TqT. >e\
Ww<e TT\ #Ty&T qT s> qT+& s>eTTqT b+<TqT. nH
$|T\ jT+<T (|<\+<T) zw<T\qT, qeTkseTTqT, |qT,
\eTTqT n+<#dq y&T, uqeTT q+~+q y&T, n~ eTsD+#T
deTjTeTTq dVjTeTT q+~+#T y&TqT b|eTT\T n++&TqT.
n+> jTeTjq\T nqTu$+|+&TqT.
z! |sX se! >e\qT neTT $<qeTT Xu< jTyT q ~<T.
61
>e\ HeTeTT\qT (|sqT) b+~qysT L& b|eTT\ qT+&

|]X<T\>T<TsT. >ds n b|eTT\ qT+& =\+, n $<e TTq
ku>eTT\qT *Z+#T $<jTyT. ><qeTT H=d+q# nH
\eTT\ qT<] +q y&>T qT. e\eTT, | \eTT, us\eTT
q+<T me] +HH >e ed+#T#Tq#, >VeTT \+<T, sd\
jT q# |d *qZ #, m+{ n|$\ T s+&TqT. n+
|~jT+<T eT{>, VeTT> > |eT\T +q# n{
>VeT+<Tq, $weT |]dT\ jT+<* w qweTT\T +&TqT.
>ejTT Xd, XdeTT\# |]ds b+eTT \+<T X+
#LsTqT. = XgeTT\+<T >e ` Xd ` |XdeTT\T eTV
sqeT #|&T#Tq$. H\ |s+eTT VseTT >eqT
d+Tw |sq# y weT>T |<seTT\T edTC\eTT\T
deTLsTqT. eT]jTT >eT nH&T $< kjT+\eT+<TqT, b'
\eTT q+<TqT |]+#T#Tq# n{y&T >eTTqT b+<TqqT
d+<V eTT <T . n eTT\ +fqT }s eTTq >eTT |w y T
jTTq~. # >e\jTT X d+#sT\ +fqT q u>eTTq
ed+#T#Tq$. # >e\T nH $<eTT\>T $eqeTT\ jT+<T
n|sd\ |< D eTT #jT &T#Tq$. n+> MD, eTTs[ yTT<\>T
y<eTT\T y+|&T#T+&TqT. > eTT q+<T ds;weTT\T
|P] ds|eTTq q<T\ e |eV+#T#Tq$. n$ njTT b\T,
bjTeTT\T, H edTe\T ($TssTT\T) s|eTTq js>T#Tq$.
# |w]D dsdT \+<T y&seTT qTq eTDT\T eT\
|weTT\T $d+ jTTq$. y |XeTT \eTT n+
s\ s|eTT b+<T#Tq~. dTeseTDT\ ]yTq usT\T
r]jTTq$. #{ eqeTT\+<T d+*+q#, d+\eTT |
d~+#TqT. >e\qT u |P+q# n{ysT >eTTqT
b+<T<TsT.
62
>e e+{ * <T

H=|&T <M<e\T, TTw\T, eTTqT\T $<eTT>
TTTe\ |s+eTT y<$y<eTT\T >$+]. y] ]+fqT
eT]jTTsT >=|ysT> *jTT#THsT. XweTTqT ssTT+#T
yyqT Hj\jTeTT q+<T ys\s |dT]. n#
qTq |<eeT]jT T y]y] n_\wDj
T eTT\qT { y y qT
HjTsjTeTT =s +#T#T+&]. y< <XqTkseTT>
n&qTq ys+<sT y]y] eTH;weTT\qT |{+#T#THsT. H
seeTT\qT deTeTT> HsysT# deeTTqT <]+ n
=+<sT, ds\# |\ yT\T >$+ n eT]=+<sT nH
$<eTT\T> #|#THsT.
| $wjTeTT\qT s]+#T n<syyqT&T T
#| #TH&T, ||+ #eTTq+<T n+<] s Xwy T q ysT. <H
>e n+<TsT. n~jT TTw>DeTT, <eesZeTT, >y os<eTT.
>T jT+<T ds\eTTq+<TqT |PjTeT>T <eyT, >e n
$<eTT\T> d<_e~ >$+#T#Tq~. y~ eT+eTT \+<T
$wjTeTT >] T #|#THsT.
qT >' @ TTw' eTT <eT w'
jT+ |~yyT e< sT' y qTd'
(n<s 8/9/25)
| Xe TT jTT dw s D Tq~, d+|Ps u \eTT q+<T
$Xs|eTT +&jTTq bD >e eyT. |P]> $XeTTqT
y|+jTTq |se, |syTXsT&T, |sVjT>T lseTT&T
n+<] *jTTqT. TTw| +>e&T> *jT&T#TH&T. m+<Tq>,
seTH jHqH q+< <
seT |<Hk |s+ V_ BjT
(lseT |Ps|qT|wY eT+.6)
||+ #eT+jT T >VeTT e+{~. kqeTT q+<T \<T.
63
n+<] |se rsT> os~+#T#TH&T. m\s XueTT\qT

\T> #jTT#TH&T. TTT\yT jTTH&T. eqe\ =s
Xus\ H#]+#T n$TeTT> Vs|eTT H&T. n~
mq>,
@ >s @TTws+ <yT <w'
jT+ |~yyT e<sT s ]# (n<s 8/9/26)
d+ s|eTT yyqT&T <T |seTT\qT
*+Z |#j
T T Xwe T>T > s|eTTq <$ +#qT. nq> >e Je\=s
nH $wjTeTT \+<T u]> qTq~. n~ mq>,
#Tsy nw uyjT <X' |X| qeTd
yyT |x |Xy $u >y nX' |sTc nCejT'
(n<s 11/2/9)
|Xk$T jT>T z lse! |Xe\qT qeTT #jT>\
z! <y! ye]+jTTq H\TZ ~\ kc+> qeTkseTT. nf
#T\ |~ qKeTT\, *>sT\ |~d+KqT qeTkseTT\T. MT
<s, MT =s MT# #jT&q |x|Xe\T, >e\T,
>TseTT\T, |sTw\T, yT\T, >=s\T, MjT+<T Xwe T>T, |<e TkqeTT
q+<Tq >e beTTK e&q~. n+<T#H $Xs|jT>T
>e jTT s e TT $$< s|eTT\, nH <$ de\, s>eTTq
|j+|&T#Tq~. >e <s d+weTTqT, |, |w,
s>eTTqT b+<T#THsT. n+ > >eqT d+s+#T#
b*+#Ty&Tq, |sVs|eT>T lseTT& jT>T #TH&T.
{>e\T ed+#T $XeT+jTT >X\jT jTTq~. n~jT
u |seT|<eTT.
TT><eTT q+<T $wjT eTTqT >] T e]+#&jT Tq~,
k] u>es|&>T +<T&T q du eT<deTTq T
|{+#T#TH&T, Je\bwD #jTTy&T, y|+#Ty&TqT, n<
$<eTT> XTe\| eTD #jTT, z! MsT&! eTq e#]+#T
64
s\ jT+<T >eq |eTTKkqeTT n+<T# eTqeTT

DeTjT J$eTTqT b+<>\eTT. dTKJeqeTT k+#>\eTT.
nq> > eTVeTqT \TdT=qT&T. y~ eT+eTT \+<T T \<T,
H ~j > n>' |PwH $wy eje'! s q'
ddeT' (TT 1/90/5)
s <e\qT L& T b]+#T&T, e sTT{ T~
|k~+#TeTT. >e\ |eTTKkqeTT , y nqT#sT\T>
j s>T # J$+q# eTqyT\se TT nCjT T\ eT>T<TeTT. mq>,
d$T+< sj d$Tc sue TV d+ yC_' |sTXH' s_< T _'
d+<y |eT MsXwj > n> jXesueTV
(TT. 1/53/5)
yyqT&T T d+#T#TH&T, ~ me jTT
ejsy, n# nse TTq yu e eTT\qT b+<e#TqT.
> e |eTTKkqeTT H=d+ de#jTTeTT. uwsT&>T
kjTDT&T, $wjT eTTqT >T]+ T $e]+jTTH&T, k u
<Hs eT> |eTTK @e>y nq> >e\qT <q$T#T, >e\qT
dT+#T, |P+#T #]+|eq sT=qTeTT. m+<Tq>
<qeTT\ \ ><qeTT |$yTq~. >eqT |P+q# >e
jTT Xs+>eTT\ jT+<T >\ n+<sT <e\T |P+| &T<TsT.
>e jTT eT\eeTT\ eTVeT ds\eTT \+<T *jTT#Tq~.
<X e TTH l\ <$jTT >eTjTeTT q+<TqT, >eTeTT q+<TqT
ed+#T#Tq~.
jTEs<eTT jTT +~ eT+eTT T s+#T#Tq~,
@ V $< <s eTqTw\T |seTdTKeTTqT b+<T#THs y]
dsT b\T |]b{. dsZ deTT<eTT\, $X\u$T
u $TjT+<* y], +<Tq b\T#T+<TsT. , bDeT\
nH |seTT\T H=sT>H nH s|eTT\ *+Z #T#Tq >eqT
|eqeTT> m#q y&T<T. nq> ~ sT|eqyTq~>
q~. ydeeTTq >ee+{ |], eTqTw\=s eTsesTq
sT.
65
Vds deT+ C <' deTT< deT+ qs'

+<' |~y ejH >dT eq $<
(jTEs< 23/47)
n+<T# eqe\T >eqT d$+#eq yyqT&T
<XeTT #qT. e n $<eTT\T> XueTT\TqT &jT>\&T.
n{ e yyqT <XeTTqT b*+qT L& n>TqT.
nfjT>T>! (eqd | |+. lseTs|Te<dtJ Xd |PC)
(bD<qyT) Jeq <qyT eT<qeTT

J$d |<H~, Hq<q+ $w
kY ds |jTq <jT+ bD_ sDyT
n V+k ds<yu' |$ ds <sTT
<q+ V J$kVQ' bDH+ |seT+ T<'
(yjTT |sDeTT 80/17-18)
JeqeTTqT #T+f eTeT>T <qeTT ys={ <T.
n+<T# n |jTeTT\T bD<qeTT #jTT=s jT>T#Tq$.
nV+k nH& >TDeTT n |*eTT\qT #T#Tq~, |seT
|$yT q ~ L&. bDT\s bD<qeTT #jT TjT ds Xwe T>T
<qeTT> qTq~. n+<T# bD<qeTTqT #]+|eTT.
> u <TsuyTq~ <T

>w uX \u jT< jT~# eqe'
dj7| u j >wX eTeTy|jTT'
| \u |+ H eTy|jY
<H \u $+ <s <seTy|jY
$< #|jY $<+ dTU b|jY dTKyT
q+Y <Tsu+ #e >y+ ud us
(eTVuseTT ` nqTXdq |seTT 83/50-52)
66
> u&>T eqe&T @@ edTe\qT sTH, n$ njTT

n b|+#>\e. d\ jT+<T >u\T> qysT L& y]
s\ \_ b+<T#THsT. |T\qT sT=qTy |T\T
+TsT. q\ q_\w+#Ty&T q\qT b+<TqT. <qeTTqT
y++#Ty&T <qeTTqT, <seTTqT sTy&T <seTTqT \_+|
#dT=+<TsT. $<] jT>T# $<qT dTU] jT>T# dTKeTTqT
b+<>\sT. z! us! > u # @ seTTqT <TsueTT
<T.
V, $w, eTVXsT\# eT<qT dT

+ e ds<yH+ + # jTd sDyT
+ rs+ dsrsH+ qeTddT d<q|T
X dssTD jTk \f ewu<'
dsdr # VQ+s ds H>X eT
KTs|w # >+<s+ y<Xs @e #
eTTU> ds rs kesD #sD #
(d+<, V, <ssD 10/1820)
z! b|eTT y&! y n <e\ *$. jTeTT\
sDs|yT jTTHe. d+|Ps rss|eTT\ \d rss|yT$.
yTeTT m\| & qeTd]+#T#THqT. \eTT q+<T #+<T&T,
nsTDT&T, ewu< E&>T X+sT &TqT >\sT. VQ+s Xe TT q+<T
dsdr <$jTT, yT& jT+<* yT |<XeTT q+<T ds>DeTTqT,
\jT+<T >+<sT\TqT, eT]jTT H\T>T y<eTT\TqT, eTTU>eTT
q+<T #s#seTT\>T d\ rseTT\T $s\T#Tq$.
>eTjTeTT XueTT #jTT

\X >eTjT + |$ dseTvZ
>eTj|q+ kY se+ bDTqqq
(dq. ne.sy.83/108)
67
>eTjTeTT q+<T |seT|$eT>T dseTvZ\ eTjTeT>T

l\<$ ydeTT #jTT#Tq~. n+<T# >eTjTeTT# VseTT
|#q eTT#jT T d\ eTTqT, s |<X e TT\qT |]Xue TT #jT eq
\+#TeTT.
X+sT&T ` | >w
X+sT& \ ewueTT
k] u>e+T&>T X+sT# Vd+|qT\>T

TTwesT\| =+ n|s<eTT ]q~. n|&T ysT |TseT>T
X|eTTqT X+sTq=d]. <# ujTeTT #+~q X+sT&T
>eTTq |j D+#qT. n# |$ uVDT\ eTs= s|eTT
qTq dTs_ nqT > eeT] >] +~ $<eTT> keTT
#dqT. n# #jT&q deq$TTq~.
dw d $HXq+ s e qyqeT'
j + sdeTjTsy sbjTjTd u\yT
<yH+# < d+|H |DeT| y>DH
dss sk_C eT<Tsk< <sTT
j $X$T<+ ds+ \dV deTyT
+ e dssT<D+ edH+ <TV <
~H+ dk #e Tc yxd~<
+ |Td+ < Twd + kV+d< <
TT~: d~d< \ s' ]d< eT'
sC eTVej X< dssk~
dw, d, $HXqeTT\qT *Z+#>*Zq z ! >e !
eTs\eTs\ qeTkseTT. e sdeTjTeT>T ueeTT\ deTd
|B\eTTqT, |sT\qT L& ||s#T#THe. n $<eTT\T>
eTsCqT\>T sd\T >=|> + sjTeTTqT >=].
d+|Ps #s#s ||+#eTT \eTT ` dVeTTqT <qeTT>
jT&qT. z ! <M ! e sT<T\ *$. nwedTe\ |$.
68
~T\ &*$. d+Tws\y y+eTT\qT Hsys>\e. y

<seTT$, d+|$, kV<$$, d<, TT~, d~, \, <sD, ],
eT, +, \, eTVej, X<, yTT<\>T s|eTT \+<T,
>TDeTT\+<T ydy dss k~> y\T>=+<T#THe.
+f ysT> uTeqeTT \+<T @~jTTq <T. e n,
s <e\qT |]|\ >$+Te. kes +>eT dV yT q d+|Ps
>T q+<T y|+ jTTq<qe. z ! <M ! e ds<eeTsTT$.
ds u eTsTT$. deT<< sTTy ds V |<sTT$> qT+{$.
n+<T# H XseTTq L& yT\T #jTTeTT. z ! nq|T !
|D$T\T# |P >$+TqT. ||+# <T'KeTTqT V]+#T e
H| |dqTs* e>TeTT. z ! neT d+uM ! uVDT\ Xb#
H XseTT <>eT>T#Tq~. < e o]+|eTT.
$<eTT> #|q X+sT&T q |jT\ dTs_ <VeTT
q+<T |y +#qT. dTs_ e X+sT q >s e TT q+<T <] +#qT.
T q# | | + # e TT y T T e TT e V V s e TT\
+&jTT+&&~. n|&T <e\+<s eT |dTT\# uVDT\qT
|dqT\T >$+]. eT]jTT ys+<s y y+ >eTTq ].
n# bjTdeTH& |veTT, |T eTH& q~jTT, eT<T eH& dseseTTqT,
< eT>T#Tq$. #qTq d<T\, dHq <e\ VdeTT \+<T
|sT>T b\T, neT b\T * jTTHsT.
> eTT q+<T dsT deqeT>T dTs_ |T&T \T
<]+]. u>yqT&>T X+sT&T ewu s|eTTqT <* dTs_
>seTT qT+& ne]+#qT. <e\T, eTTqT\T L& s|eTTqT
>+]. > eTT q+<T>\ q+<, dTeTqk, dsb, dTo\,
$T, q+~, yT<, VsD<, <q<, <s<, qs<, d\|j
yeTq\+_, c, BsX+>, dT|, s, sTT, XH,
<T]wV, eTHse, dTHk, >s, >seTTF, V]<es, ,
Xv, |xe], $q, n_q, qes, dT|, j, nsTD,
69
D|T, dT<r, #sT#eT >e\ eT< jT+<T \ ewueTT

d#+< &\ k+#T#Tq~. ewu XseTT q+<* n+>eTT
\jTT msT| eseTT *jTTq$. eTTKeTTqT, jTTq |dT|
|# s+>TqT, *\T \ ese TT *jTTq$. \ ewue TT
eTV<e& jT>T#TH&T. #H H\T>T b<eTT\ <s eTTqT, #H
|veTTK VsT&TqT jTT+&]. d+<sq eeTTqH n|
jT |*eTT d+u$+#TqT. \T |P+#T# >Tq+jTT
|P+#Tq>TqT. \T eT<Te>T >deTTqT VseTT>
deT]+#T# ds >T | H=+<TqT. \T <VeTT q+<T
$X y|eT>T HsqT&T ydeTT+&TqT. <e\T, TTw\T
nH $<eTT\T> \T dT+#T#THsT.
ewd+ u>yH <e jTdTu+ sT |TyT
ew\' dT$Cj ssy~w |#
|<dw' dT qs qs~w jH'
de b|#jT]>& bjTqH'
eTx cq+ eTVus deTyT
s< jT |Xw eTdc+ q XXr
V! <e! e ews|&>T u>yqT&e. @ eTqTw\T
b|eeVseTT\T d\T|#T+<Ts ysT XjTeTT>
ew\eTT\T (uT) \>T#THsT. ysT ssy~ qseTT\T
nqTu$+#T#, j jT+eTT\+<T sT>&T#THsT. @
eTqTw\T b<eTT\| eT*qeTT #dq# ($TyjTT, #qT
yjTT) n{ysT >{ +<qeTT\# +~+|& * <VeTT\#
|&+ |&T# qsj
q\T nqTu$ +#TqT. eT]jTT mesT sj
T T
qT u~+Ts ysT XXeTT> >jTT, eTTjTT
ys>T#THsT.
TTw\<s keTT\ q+<T =q \T&T |dqT& y]
|DeTeTT\T n]+#qT. eTs\ uVDT\s \T &q&T ew
s|<]jT>T eTVXsT es<qeTT H=d+], #bsTTq bD
70
|<TH=+&e ~qeTTq dT+<sT&T, dT<&T&T jT>T \ eweTTq

yeT u>eTT q+<T #eTT, <D u>eTT q+<T XS\eTTqT >TsT\ T+
> deTVeTTq eT<q e<*yjTTeTT. $<qeTT >D
seTT >\<T. { d T \ <eqT>V eTT y] s+ #>\ <T.
(dq, H>s, n, 258-59)
e&T ewu<E&T eT]jTT |X| n>T mT?
|&T dTs_ q > <& b*#T#T+&qT. <&

>T#Tq b\ qTsT>T H{ LsT+&Tq|&T, <>Zs> qTq
e \| qTsT>T C\TysqT. n+<T\ e&T |+#qT.
n|&T dTs_ e T #| #Tq~, V! |u ! eT] eTd e TT|
neTeTH& b\qTsT>T uT> |&q~. |\\ b*#T *Z>
>eb\T |<T. neTeTTqT d+>V+q #+<T&T yH\
#T#TH&T. n< $<eTT> sVD C >e\T neTeTT>qTq
eT b\qT |eV+| #jTT#Tq$. nf yjTTe, n, dTesT&T,
deTT<eTT, eT]jTT <e\T neTeTTqT ]. $wjTeTT
\jTT ndeTT\T e. nf q |\\ b*#T >eL&
<w+|q~ <T. >e\T eT b\ <s, <s deTd
>TqT bw+#T#Tq$. qT\s neTeTjTeT>T >seTTqT
XseTT> u$+ sT=qT#THsT.
$<eTT> #|q |C| XsT = >e\qT,
ewueTTqT #qT. n|&T e&T |dqT& ewueTTqT q
yVqeTT> > =HqT. q < eTT (|eTT) q+<T ewu VeTTqT
X_+| #dqT. n+<T# ewu< E&qT HeTeTT XXeTjTqT.
<e\+<s \d eTV<e |Xd+|< jTe> mqT=].
n{ > eT<eTeTTq &T ewuv &jTqT. >e\T ||+#eTT
q+<T ds Xwy T q $. >T q +{ JeqeTT #T#Tq$. X+s< e eTT
m\y y y+ qT+&TqT. n$ #+<T qT+ jT&\T
neTeTT qT+& X+eTTqT, |$qT, d;w d~ |]|PseTT
>$+#T# deTd bDT\ jTT bDeTT\qT s+#T#Tq$.
(eTV, u ` nqT ` 77)
71
lseT\ ` > yweTT

>e\T $Xe> *jTT#Tq$. djT+uTjT>T V
dw #jT\+ jTT+&qT. <qT>TDeTT> deTd bDT\
JeH<seTT> +&T =s yTTyTT<> >e\qT dw+#qT.
H ddDT |Ps+ >e' dc' djT+uTy
es+ dsuH+ kY es' d '
(eTVuseTT ` nqT ` 145 )
>e jTT eX k |es|eTT> qTq~.
sE\ ||+#eT+<T n{ >e\T q$. >e\T m|&T
>T jT+<T +&TH $XeX qT+& $j>eTT \T>TqT.
n{ <X jT+<T @ bDjTT eTqT>& k+#<T. bNq
jTT>eTT\+<T useTTq @ $T<T\ ` Xss yueeTT\T
+&jTT+&H n{ $wjTeTT\T, |sDVdeTT \+<T $X<eTT>
#]+#&q~. n{ yu e eTT\ eT<syT q ~ >y. m# eTTqT\T,
TTw\T n>Ty] Jeq sVeTT, <] s|eTT\T $$<
seTTq $<\T, >e\ |qH <s|&jTTq$. B |eDeTT>
l y sejTDeTT q+<T T *+#&jTTq~
XXr X eTV+ ]se jT<
nk+ Ve+ # e+ # bDj <e #
kVsew{s $<X $$<d<
(y sejTDeTT1/53/13/15)
nq> ds|&>T |sTw&T XX ] deqeT>T
H d++<eTT *jTT+&T, #qeT]jT>T >e H
jT+<T+&TjTT ysT <T. HqTq, >eq ysT <T. H VeeTT,
eeTT ` Jeq sVeTT M|q H <s|& jTTq$. nVAeTT,
*<qeTT, VAeTeTT, kVs, ew{seTT eT]jTT |Xs y T q
$<\T M|qH <s|&jTTq$.
72
M <]+#T >e\T |eT\e > y |j>eTT

eeT>T#T+&TqT. n+<T, nXse+T&>T u>e+T&>T
lseTT jTT |d+>eTT\qT #jTTq|&T u>e+T& \\T
|sDeTT\T> >e\ $w <sq $T#T#Tq~.
|seT |uTe q u\ =s eqTw yw<]jT
XseTTqT <]+#qT. u>Y VT qT>V (eqd1/44/
7) \ +{]> #jT<T. |<sq jT+<T dV#sT\T,
|sDeTT\T nedseT>T |]dT\T @s&q$. lseT #] jT+<T
L& n|y<eTT <T. lseT >< { \\T <T (5) eTTKeTT>
#|<jTTq$. 1. u\\. 2. $yV\. 3. eq\. 4. sD\.
5. s\. n \\ jT+<Tq >e\T n seTT\T>
|j>|&T# <sjTyTq~.
u> y qT&>T lseTT&T eTVs>T <Xs < T , eTVsDjT >T
d\ |T> + keq u\e q $H<eTT\T
>$+#qT. y |se TT> Xj <jTeT>T >C \<T. sd T \
n#seTT\ >T]jTq u$T y\eTT ~<$ s|eT>T
>e\ \d V~ <e\qT y&T=HqT. bsq\ <$+q
lV] eTVsE ` eTVsD> qTq <Xs<T&T, d\\ >VeTT
q+<T ne]+#T ss TT+ y] z<sqT. =+\eTT sT y
< X s < eTV sEq | b| \_ + # e q +qqT
\$\+qeTT ]q~. sE e<| <X #sT#Tqq, n
|T\T +&]. e] >TsTe>T edw d\V\qT b+~
X+ TTw jTseTTqT sV+#qT. jTseTT q+<T
<\T> qTq >e\ <s e&q V$dTqT b+<qT. n+<T#
>e jTeTT q+<T |w+ |&q$ *jTT#Tq~. jT|\ eTT L&
>e\ sDeTT>H b+<qT.
>y jTdV |\+ >w jTC' |w'
(eTVuseTT, nqT 78/8)
73
jTCedseTT q+<T <Xs<eTVsE |~\\ >e\qT

<qeTT> #qT.
>y+ X dVkD <Xu << q|'
(y sejTDeTT 1/14/50)
jT|\eTTqT b+<T sD ds|eTT> >e\T m#
me d+K <q$Te&T#Tqy, n# djTeTT> bC|
|sTw&>T n<e&T dsb jT+<T ~ebjTdeTT |
eTjTqT. sDT\ ee\dq<> bqT n <Xs<T #qT.
< uT+q sDT\T >seT]. H= Xu deTjTeTTq k<s
dVeTT> lseTT&e]+#qT. ysT ne]+sqT $w \eTT
eTs\ <Xs<T&T nH >e\qT uVDT\ <q yTTd+>qT.
V <qT dH eT q|t $|H V BH
(eqd 1/193)
u>yqT&>T lseTT u\ \\T s+&T $<eTT\T> q$.
yTT<{~ X \ >q, s+&e~ u\ \ >q, #|q>TqT. X
eq #| s+&TqT. n+<T# _&&T q u<\qT sT\
#|&T. n+<T# _&&T u<\# |&+|&q|&T u\<X jT+<T
@&T#T+&TqT. |ssT\>T V, lseTT&T L& u\ <X\ jT+<T
|d| \ \ e n|&| &T y\ #+<T#T+&]. d]> b\T >sT .
d]> Ls=qsT. d$TeTT> qT+&, @&T, *+#T#Tqq,
s~+#TqT $&TesT. \T\T #d s d\T y] _&\| <w
|T# ~w *q< nqTe+ ysD\T #jTT<TsT. y]
+&T\T >V <weTT\ |PC $<qeTT\T >$+TsT. nf H
XseTTqT eTT yd, n+ HsTT <qeTT> #T#T+&].
<y, |sY, >Vt, |PjT T *jT |T
(ê 1/12/2)
> |TeTT q+<T s|eTT, b|eTT, sdeTT ` u<
yTT<\>T y q+|#jTT >TDeTT \<T.
e |sT\T eT _&\ s>eTT =s, n_e~ =s
y] k<eT>T |]|w \TZqT> uqeTT q+~+#T#
74
b&T#T+<TsT. lseT#] eqd >+<eTT q+<T eTVs>T

<Xs<T&T uqeTT #Tq|&T lseTT qTL&, u\&\
|\ye seTT |\T#T#T+&qT. seTT&T q dVT\qT e<*
e#&y&T <T. *jT>T d\ seTT |T= rde
uqeTTq LsT+& #d&~. lseTT&T uqeTT #jT T# eT<
nedseTT> eTTKeTT q+<T, H{ jT+<T |sT>TqT +|=qT#
y# ]>&y&T.
u # \Y eTTU <~ z<H \|t{sT
(eqd 1/203)
u\&>T lseTT&T q uqeTT q+<T |sT>TqT <]+#T
jTq> >dsD #jTT#T+&qT.
u> e +T&>T lseTT $yV nedse TT q+<T s>T q&T
eTVs>T <Xs<T T #|qT, z! sC! lseT\DT\#
><q seTeTTqT >$+|eTT. |seTT L& d+|seTT>
#sTT+|eTT. < sH $yV seTeTT\T bs+_+|eTT.
seT \D j sH > <q+ sjTdV
|s+# u<+ yyV+ sT
| |<XeTT qqTd]+ eTVs>T <Xs<T&T eTeT>T
>e\qT <qeTT #dqT. # ><q eTTeTyT deTjTeTT q+<T
ds| us D eTT\ > X+>eTT\ q\+]+, H\T>T \\ >e\qT,
b\T |T +d b L& uVDT\ <qeTT> H=d+> qT.
dTes X+>' deTH' de' +d<VH'
>y+ XdVkD #] |sTwsu'
eTVsl <Xs<T <s = |T eTeTT H+
= \> >e\T <qeTT> jT&q$. M] q\T>TsT |T\
q q\T>T] es\ $yV $wjT d+weTT> q eTVsE
#e]jTT, eTVsEqT n>T <Xs<T eT<qTe deqyTq
75
nH >e\qT |<qeTT #dqT. |T\ $yV seTeTT sTy

L& b'\ seTeTTq u | seTDjT >T <Xs < T &T edw
e< y[ T y~+#qT.
nudu $|t u >ksT
<VQ <qT du u+ HsT
(eqd 1/330/7)
><qeTT #T deTjTeTT q+<T eT<q T d< XeT>T H\T>T
\\T |+, y n\+]+ uVDT\ eeqT.
#] \# sY <qT eT>sT yT dTs_ deT d\ dTV
du _~ d n\+Y eTT~Y eTV|t eTV<eH B
(eqd 1/331`3)
u>e+T&>T lseTT eqj |]qT\\ $c<
$wjTyTq~. lseTT eeTT n~ $H<yT. n&T V
|PseTT> +|q +> nq`<q `s<T\qT, nf nH >e\qT
<qeTT> deT]+ q nM jqT bs+_+#qT. deTjTeTT
q+<T seTT&T \DT T #|#TH&T, eTVsT\>T n>dT,
$X$TT y\ >e\qT deT]+ d+Tw\T> #jTTeTT :
sjTd eTVuV > dVdD s|Te n< $<eTT> d
Xw&T, eT+ |+>e&T jT>T s<T edT`yVq`<H<T\qT,
y L& ysTT >e\qT >y+<XX q # H=d+> qT. n< $<e TT>
y<XK s s|eTT\T k+#T XU deTVeTT\,
V#sT\ VseTTq >qT <qeTT, Xq>\T, n$ |+&+#T
>qT |H+&T e+<\ (1200) ewueTT\T, nf uqeTT q+<T
|j +#T, |sT>T, HsTT =s ysTT >e\qT deT]+#qT.
X*yV dVd+ #< X u<+d<
e+Hs+ # k$T > dVdeTTbsT
(y sejTDeTT (2/32/21)
u>e+T&>T lseTT&T qT eqydeTT #jTT neds
yTq |&T #dq ><qeTTqT $H< |PseTT> y q sejTD
76
>+<eTTq s+#qT. lseTT&T eqeTT\ y d<|&H&T.

$wjTeTT *jT nqT |sT>\ BqT&T, <Ts\T&T n>T
uVDT&T q us# |s|+|&qT. V! H<! eTsT lseTT
<]+|&T. nedseTT |&T @s&q~. n&T >=| <sE&T.
uVDT&T seTT e< y[ T #|qT. HqT sqT&qT.
H me d+qeTT \<T. eTsT H| <jT p|&T. <Ts\ eTT#
q uVDT ><qT $ $H<eTT> HqT, $be!
eTsT MT # sqT <seTT> $d]yjTT&T. MTsT <seTTq
y[ sqT |T=qT&T. n& # >e\T MT \_+#>\e.
$wjTeTT H\+q uVDT&T qT $ds >*q+ yTs
sqT $d]ydqT. $dTsT =s qT d<|&T L& $H<yT.
qT <]+q <e (egeTTqT) _>TT> _+ # sqT >{>
|T=, qT CsT> $d]H&T. n~ dsjTq~ &Tq nH >e\
eT< q>\ ewue TT e< |&q ~. seTT&T #| qT >H T
n& #] n# q >e\+{ $| VQeT> H&T.
> deTVeTT +{ #]q uVDT&T us L& d+weTT>
qT+&qT.
>yeT+ |>V y~'
lseTT sD\ eTT+<T> $X$TT jTeTT s+ #T
y deTjTeTTqT <]+q# $wjTeTT *jTTqT. sDeTT
>uVDT\ VsyT jT>T#Tq~.
$X$T T & T > uV DT\ y T \T # j T T < T w
|seTX*jT>T, |seT ujT+s jTD> qTq e< =s
seTT |s|+H&T.
> uVD VsjT V <Tw |seyT
lseTT&T $X$TT <XeTT s<seTT> T #|qT.
>uVDT\T deVyTq |<XeTT\qT s+#T HqT eT]
nqT|eT |u eX*jTT, eTVT\T n>T MT <Xe TT\qT b*+#T,
77
sV+#T>qT, n $<eTT\T> d<eTT> qTHqT.

>uVD |sjT <Xd # VjT #
e #y |yTjTd e#q+ sT eTT<'
(y sejTDeTT 1/26/5)
u>yqT&>T lseTT&T >uVD VseTT\T #LsT
yTTyTT< ;wD d+>eTeTT #dqT. s dHdyTT& ,
dTuVQeqT d+V]+#qT.
seTT&T seDT jTT< yTTq]+#qT. n+<T\ sDeTT
\<T. seDT e< >\ >e\| n XTue eTT+&&~. sE
n>T seDT <XeTT qqTd]+ nqT#s>DeTT, @ |<XeTT
q+<T >uVDT\T+<Ts q>seTTq, |DeTT\ n|{
V+d+#T #T+&].
CV CV <dt <qT ~ beV q>sY> |sY \>eV
(seT#]eqdt 1/183/6)
n+<T# lseTT&T $|\qT, <qTe\qT, <e\qT,
k<Te\qT s+#T ne]+#qT.
$|, <qT dTs d+Y VY H eTqTC nesY
(s. eqdt 1/192)
n+<T# >e\ $|eTT *Z+q <TsZsZ ndTsT\qT
$HXqeTT #jTT \+ jT+<T |#+& jTT<eTT ]q~. n~
qu q u$w
u>yqT&>T lseTT s] bs+ueTT L& >e\
beTTKqT *jT#jT T #Tq~. eqydeTT qT+& ] eq|&T
seTT k>eTT $X\ yT<q u$T jT+<T ]q~. q
deTVeTT y+ lseTT&T s<jT>T nj< jT+<T
|y+#qT. n k> dseTT \+~+#Tq|&T eT+>|
sDeTT\ >e\T L& s*+|&q$.
n+ Cs|+ # >e' H' dV~C'
es y< VkX seTd |s jTjTT'
(y. sejTDeTT 6/128/38)
78
lseTT sC_w nedseTT q+<T uVDT\ \

>TieTT\T, n< d+K b*#T e\T, nf e+< uT\T
(ewueTT\T) <qeTT> jT&q$.
dVd XeTXH+ <qH+ # >y+<
<< XecH |Ps+ ~Cu eTqTsu'
(y. s. 6/127/73` 74)
l y sejTDeTT q+<T T #|&jTTq~,
lseT#+<T&T nH nH nXyT< jTeTT\T, n+ |~sT
j>eTT\T sV+#qT. n+<T\ nbsyTq <qeTTqT KsT #d,
nceT, ns, >de yTT<q$ nqeTTq = >=|
jTeTT\T deTT #dqT. >de jTeTT =s <D> |~y\
>e\qT #T $<qeT~. n $<eTT\T> = < m >e\
eeH njTT e&q$. n{ d+K #H? < n
nqTeqeTT <T. T\d<dT lseT#] eqd eT+<T seTT&T
{ nXyT< jTeTT\T sV+qT> #|&jTTq~.
{H uyT< |uTH <H nH ~H VBH
(eqd 7/24/1)
e HsTT, |sT>T < jTeTT sV+#&<T. y #H
jTseTT d|\eTT b+<TqT. n+<T# jTeT\eTT\T >e
jT>TqT.
TT<~ |THV qjT' deTes
q jTd jT eT eT\+ # <
(eTV useTT nqT.83/2)
=\B nXyT<eTT\T #dq seTT&T <XeTTH
ssCXsT&>T lseTT sjT >X\jT+<T nd+UeTT>
>\ >e\ de #jTT#T+&qT. n&T #jTT <qeTT\,
|VseTT\ >e\T |j>|&T#T+&qT. seTseTT q+<T
>|PjTT, >dejTT s<syT jTTq~. j deTjTeTT\+<T
eTHy+eTT\qT seTTqT >e\T #T#Tq$.
79
eTq ue <qT |jTdeV

(eqd 7/23/5)
q+< sejTDeTT q+<T lseTT ~q#s *+|&q~.
< qT+& T *jTT#Tq~, lseTT&T ~+ q s <e,
~, >TsT, e, |sT\ nf eT<qT\ dsD #jTTqT. d<$
eTT +>sT b jT+<T |PCkeT rdT= eT<qTe
jTT |P#d |qeTTqT |+#&~. eT<qTe |dqyT
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84
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85
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86
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=s ed+#T#Tq~. V<e eqd|T&>T edw eTV]jT

ueTT q+<T u>yqT&>T lseT#+<T $seeTTq
sDeTjTqT. B H]jT \>TsTe> dse+XeTT q+<T *,
lseTT ws|eTTq d]+q eTV] nH <qy<eTT\T
*jT#jT T#, ysT <q T] . u eTTq +q TTw| +>e&T
dsu VseTT seTeTT\T s]+#qT. m|&T nHewjTT,
<T]eTT @s&TH n|&T q b\eTT eseTT\T ]|+#&
y&T. Je\qT n\eTTe qT+& s+#qT. eTV] |<XeTT
#H s]jT>T u^s<T&T <eq~jT>T >+><$ uT$ #T
deTsT&jTqT.
ed w eTV ] >=| | d . e > T DeTT
eTu$+jTTq~. $X$TT&T q e+<eT+~ esT\qT
d+V]+qqT, deTjTeTT q+<T q XeTTqT |{+H&T.
q keTs eTTqq $X$TT &T \|< T . n+'sD eTT
q+<T X\eTT eeT>T#Tqq ]|eTT>q, nd+>eTT>q
@ ueeTTq |<]+|<T.
eTV] j>ydweTTq |<XeT]> eTu$+q
Cqds|> k]+#T#TH&T. JeqeT+jTT lseTT
|eT jT+<T eT>yTq ~. nqT |&T nq> *jTT>eTT q+<T
L& d|] eT+&\eTT q+<T ed+#T# ds >T q L Xue TT\qT
*Z+#T#TH&T.
beq J$eTT q+<TqT, d+ksjT TeTT> JeqeTT >&T |
jT+<TqT qT&>T edweTV] >e\ ujT+<T sT&qT
$wjTeTT ds$~eTT. @ $<eTT> q X! nqT q >e jTT
|ueeTT#, dHdVT&>T $X$TT <$T#H $wjTeTT
y sejTDeTT q+<T |d~>+ jTTq~. ysT |eTT
H djTeTT> q #T \ >de #jT T#T+&qT. n XeTeT+<T
ns T +< r < $ >| P >$+# & ~ . >e j T T nq+
102
eTVeTjTTq, >de jTT |*eTTq VQu>T> *dqys

eTV]. n+<T# |eT >d~ ++ #&y &T. > y\
jT+<T TTw| +>e&T yTT<{ #sT&T> qTH&T. eTVuse TT
q+<T s>T k<dT, > eTTqT, >deqT >] &T
|<XeTT #qT. n+<* n<T esq eTs#q qs<T.
> eTVeT jTT esq Tq~ :`
z! sC! >e eTqTw\ deTd bDT\ y eTqT>&
eT<syT q $. >e DeTT\, ds Xue TT\ ~jT jTTq$.
|<eTeTT> |\ XseTT >e\| <s|&jTTq~. n+>
y] nuT<jT|<eTT L& y|qH <syTjTTq~. n
deTjTeTT\+<T |w#T k<Hs|yT >e.
>e' |cuH+ >e' ddjTq+ eTVY
>y u+# ue+# >e' |w' dH
eTVuseTT ` nqTXdq|seTT 78/5-6)
edw eTV] nH $<eTT\T> > eTVeTqT >], y
<qeTT*#T yTT<\>T y eTVeT\ >] eTqTw\ ` =s
jTT eTV|Ps |<XeTTqT, nf y| eqe\ eTs<\qT
k|eTT> q >+<eTT\+<T e]+#qT.
H ssTT >' dTbY k+ d+d #Y
kjT+bseTd# >d' |we|jY
>X d+sjT+ HeeTH d<
nw+ d|e\ >+ qs' deTsjTY
(eTVuseTT ` nqT` 78/16`28)
nq> >e jTT HeTsq eTT #jT < <T]+# eTT. y
d]+#T# <Ts qT+& yTqTeTT. eT]jTT b'\eTT q+<TqT,
kjT+ deTjTeTT q+<TqT y qeTd]+|eTT. >e eTqTw\
\eTTqT, |w b|+ |#j
T T#Tq$. |eTT >e HeTeTT |q eTT
#jTTeTT. y m|&Tq nee+|eTT. m|&T <Td|eTT\T
>+#T#T+<Ty n|&T >e s|eTTqT eTqdT q+<T d]+|eTT
103
$<e TT> #| # eTeT] @ eqe&T X<|P seTT>

sjTTqT, |>\TqT +~ eT+eTTqT Mq meesT
]+#T# y]y] $weT |]dT\ jT+<T, ujT|&T y\+<T
n $<e TT\T> eTT\ >T<TsT. eT]jTT ds <eeTjTeT>T >e
jTT | bT\>T sT>TqT.
eT+eTT $<eTT> qTq~ :`
>y |XeTV+ + >e' |X+T e+d<
>yk+ ejT+ k+ jT >ed ejT+
(eTV. u. nqT78/24)
nq> HqT m\|& >d+<sqeTT #jTT<TqT> ! >e\T
H| |qT #|> ! >e yTyT jTTHeTT. yTyT >e jTTHeTT.
>e & +&TH n& yTeTT+&T<TeTT > ! m# >e\T+&TH
n#H yTeTT+<TeTT >!
|seTT> eTV]jT>T edw&T eTq=s eTVjT
dT+<s |<XeTTqT >$+H&T. \ d+<]jT>T TTwesT&T
Je\ qT<]+#T >dy eeTH&T <seTTqT eTq m<T
*|jTTH&T. eqe&T >deqT d<eeTT #]+q# n
ds$<eT>T DeTT\T \_+#T XjTeTT.
edw >de nH Vd, |sDeTT \+<T, eeTT\+<T
|d~q~. X, q+~ yTT<\>T yTT<\T> >\ <\T d+|Ps
usrjT kVeTT q+<T |d~ #+~q~. q+~ >e eT<qTe
jTT |jT jTTq~. >dy |*eTT>H ~| usjT>T
dT<D <$ eTVsE> |d~ q s|T Te +#qT. |sTH
dse+XeTT s|TTe+XeTT> ]+|&T#Tq~. [<d $#
s+|&q s|TTe+X >+<eTT q+<T eT\ s|eTT> qTq~.
y|# + ~q~ s|T Te #]jT . n{ eTVjTT #] >+<d e TT
#jT T# [<dT ]+ |&T#TH&T. n s eeTT\T L&
n+{ |#seTT, |kseTT #jT &T#Tq~. n# nH |+&T \,
104
d+d uw jT+<T bs+u $<sT\ >de se eTT> HqT

d\VjT&q~. edw >de [<dT >+<eTT\ qT+&
*jTT#Tq~.
edw eTV] eTTK >+<eTT j>ydweTT. B <seTT>
$<sDT |x<o >+<e TT q+<T, eT< eTKDeTT q |x|B|
` |sDeTT \<T. n+<* |B|&T >ejTT |T|ueeTTq
|B|&jTqT. B H<seTT> #dT= >k$T CqB| nqT
|sDeTTqT s+#qT. n+<* eTTKks+XeTT k eTTqT
b+< T >de j T +< * X q s|TTe+X eeTT q+<T
| k<q eTT H\=qT. n~ Tq~, d+#]D B| Ue s,
jT+ jT+ erjjT |+ es k. B qT+&jT s e\T
B|U $ n #|#THsT. B|U >e |TeTT
#H *+#T#Tq~. X>e #] qT+& nH |sDeTT\T,
y sejTDeTT, nf s |sDeTT\T eT]= $wjTeTT\T
*jTT#Tq$ n$ $<eTT q$,
k] jTs>T $X$TT&T q d+|Psdq \d
ew XeTeTTq yqT. n y+ #TsvZ dq (s<, >,
Ts>, |<<T\T) jTTq~. X <qTe XeTeT+<T +&T#
Ms+<] |jT eT>T uqeTT q qT+& #jT &q VseTT#
<$T#qT. uqeTTqT >V+q dHdV $X$TT&T
|&>TjT XseTTqT b+<qT. edw keTseTT n+<s
#|qT >T]+ +#qT. n|&T n n+<T\ ~e \D
|u eeTT *qZ X >e > nsy T q ~. n+<T# n&T eTV]
>eqT q eT n+<T\ <T\T> <q$TTq #|qT.
105
n+<T\ ew&T n+^]+#<T. n+<T# sE <sqeTT>

s*+#T q dqqT C|+H&T. ysT < seTT>
rdT= be d<| & ] . n|&T X >e X+#T# ew
T #|qT, MTsT qqT m+<T\ y] #T#THsT?, n|&T
ew&T, HqT qT n #T <T. sE \e+T&T. H
we TTqT #jT qT q s\eTT s* +#T#TH&T. sTTwe TT
eqT #jTTeTT. qT yeT HqT #|<T nHqT. n|&T
X >e q XseTT qT+& nq+dqqT jTeq, Kd, |Ve,
VAD yTT<\>T y] dw+#qT. n+<T# $X$TTdq
d+V]+|&q~. d+|TqqT y q sejTDeTT q+<T
seTDjT, sDjT X |j>eTT\ $<eTT> s+H&T, :`
d <#q+ X dTs_' kdY <
k VQ+ usy c' |Vy' XX q|
HXjT \+ ds+ $X$Td |X'
dsC |seT' <' < $k]D'
|VyH HXjed XdsT#e#s|
$X$T]H <c |VyxXd<
ujT @ydY |TsxH jTeq $TH
sdY d+e u$T' Xseq $T'
|ue~sV MsseT +\ du'
rd |{X<sseT eseTse'
s>+ <\+ ds+ |B|]e be'
(y sejTDeTT 1/54/18 `23)
nq> edw eTV] <XqTkseTT >e deTjTeTT
q+<T $<eTT> #dq~. > VQ+seTT qT+& e+<\ =\~
|V e C MsT\T <$ +]. ys+<s $X$TT&T ##T#T+&>H
n dqq+jT T q+|#d ] . n+<T# $X$TT $T* |eTT
*q~. nqT sweTT q HeTT\qT |<$ > #d ##T#T+&qT.
106
n+<T# q, |< sV #+~q nH nde TT\qT |j + (|V e )

MsT\qT d+V]+#qT. $X$TT <s e+<\=\~ dqeTT
|&+|&, nf qw|&qT. < >+q X >e eTs\ jTeq
$TeT>T XC ys>T uj
T +s MsT\qT #dq ~. jTeq
$T X\# |~ yTTeTT +&q~. ysT |seTT\T>qT,
ds|\T>q +&]. y] Xs+ dTes dseTT\
deqeTT> qT+&qT. ysT +>sT ede TT\# XseTTqT | jTTHsT.
y] #T\ jT+<T dTeT>T K&ZeTT\T, =jT|\\T <]+
jTTHsT. |*+#T n deqyT ud+#T#Tqys\T, MsT\e
$X$TT dqqT |P]> udeTT #jTT s+_+#qT.
ew eTV] jTT >de m{~? >e X mT
|\yTq~? m>T#Tq~? nqT $wjTeTT\qT *jTTL&
wseTT. | d+|Tq\ <s $wjTeTT\T dweTT>
*jTT#Tq$. n+<T# n+ XdeqT s]+#eqT.
m+<Te\qq> >e m\qT\q deq |*eTT\ q+~+#TqT.
n$ eT de\ deTd b|eTT\qT, |eTT\ qT+& $eTT
*Z+#TqT. $wjTeTT\qT d+|PseTT> m]q edw eTV]
deqyTq CqeTTqT, |PqT, e+<o\qT, jTXdTqT, dTqT
n$<eTT\T> deT<X*jT, Xd+|qyT dTKeTT\T b+<T
>de <s |jT+ k~+|eqT.
yd <e&T ` >de
yd+ edw qbs+ X' b eT\w+

|sXs+ e+< X+ b~+
u>yqT&>T y<ydT&T y<eTT\qT n+<* ueeTT\
qqTd]+ $u+H&T. eT]jTT eTVuseTT, nf nH
|sDeTT\T, ||sDeTT\T, VY ydd yTT<q dT\T,
nf y<q<s qeTT, j><s qeTT yTT<q m+{ eTVjTT&T
sjT jTTH&T. H{ d+|Ps $XkVeTT qT+&jT
107
y\Te&q~. n+<T\ ykw+ >s+ nqT# |s+|s>

eT>T# |d~qT. ydeTV] jTT deT> kVeT+<T
>dejT |eTTKeTT> *jT#jT &T#Tq~. seTTq eT\yT
jTeTT, |eTT, <seTT, <qeTT yTT<q$> *jT>\eTT. d+<
|sDeTT, u$w |sDeTT, |< |sDeTT, n |sDeTT, nf
eTVuseTT q+<T n~+X u>eTT >eTVeT# +&jTTq$.
V<s |sDeTT, $w<ss |sDeTT, e<ss |sDeTT
L& >eTVeTTqT >T]+ *jT#jTT#Tq$. <syT ewu
s|eTT> <]+|&T#Tq~. n~ mq> :`
ecV u>yH <s jTdd sT V\yT
ew\+ + $<Tsy dk< <s q |jTY
~ Xe TT \+<T >eq, ewue TTq L& w |{q #
n~ b|VTe> *jTT#Tq~.
|sDeTT\+<T nH # >eTr`$< > k$r
keTTqT >T]+ *+|& eTq <=s#Tq$. n$ yd<e
s#q jTTq$. y jT+<T yd|+>e# T #|&jTTq~,
ds>Tq s+#T y<eTT\T eT]jTT jTeTT\T nqTq$
s +&Tq Xwy T q bjTeTT\T> qTq$. s +&+{jT +<T d+#\q
s|eT>T >e jTT b\T, HsTT, eT]jTT ewueTT\ <s
#jT&T mse&T y jsT#jTT jTCqeTT, |s&XeTT,
V$weTT, yTT<q$ L& M#H d+|qeTT\>T #Tq$. M
eT\yTq$ uVDT&T, y<eTT, >e. eT&Tq ysT @yT.
jT seTeTT =s uVDT&T, >e s+&T s|eTT\T>
ysTysT> #&&T#Tq$. uVDT #+ y<eTT, n+<* eTqeTT,
jTeTT #jTeqH& T~ < e\dq jTeT< $<T\T
neT]jTTq$. nf $~$<q sVD jT+<T V$dT =s
e\dq keT n+jTT >e <seTT q+<T @ssT|& jTTq~.
108
uVDXe >eX \yT+ ~<yT

@ jTHdw+ V$sq w
+<T #|&q < qqTd]+ >e\ qT+& k
yesDeTT ]eT>T#Tq~. >e\T n+ |$yT q $. n$ m&
ed+#TH n& <w yesDeTT +&TqT. >e XseTT
q+<T ~e dT>+< jTTeT>T yjTTe |eV+#T#Tq$. eT]jTT
n $<eTT\T> XusyTq~. D<sTT> qTq~.
>e' |$+ |seT+ >y evZ\eTTeTyT
nq> >e dseZ TT HsT >T, dsZsVD jT+<T #qe
|#jTTqT. n $<eTT\T>q >e eT+>jTTyTq~. <e\,
eqe\ L& VseTT #Tq~ >y.
nqyTe |s+>y <yH+ V$sTeTyT
nq> >y deTd bDT\L qT, >TL @sT
#jTT# Je\H J$+|#jTT#Tq~.
u>yqT&>T y<ydT&T q y<q<sqeTT q+<T, se~
nqT deTT q+<T <]+| #jTT#TH&T, |se >seTT e
XsdT& jTTH&T. uVeTT q+<#qT |+#&T. <
XdjT $<qeTT &H kseTTqT n+<T=qeqT.
$<qeTTH eT]jTT deTT q+<T L& b+<T|s jTTH&T. y
jT+<T L& >seTTH <V]+ jTTH&T. d+|Ps ywe
<s eT>T eTVuse TT q+<T > bdq d++<e TT *jTTq~.
+&jT>T |sXsT&T w|sXs >+<eTTqT \_+#qT.
>+<e TT q+<T >e ewue TT\ <s qeT>T nqeTT Xwy T q ~
n $e]+#qT. eT]jTT $wjTeTT L& #|&qT. b\eTT
|qT\T #jTT jT+<T >e\ $X+ #T# seTeTT\T
sV+#eqT n y m\|& dTKeTT> qT+&eTT. y
m\|&Tq >X\ jT+<T +&TqT #&eqT. y T\T
109
eq|&T q Ww<eTT\ s+|eqT. >X\ jT+<T L&

y m{ ujTeT +&eqT. d+es\eT+<T, |H+&T
H\\q o, es<T\ qT+&, y&$T qT+& sD b+<TqT>
k<qeTT #jTeqT. y qT>H y nq> >eeTT\
L& m{ |<jTTq s+&T>! $wjTeTT\jTT u$w
|sDeTT q+<* s|seTT, eT<eT|seTT, nf eTVuseTT
q+<* yw e <s |s eTT, nf ydd jT+<T L& #| &jT Tq$.
eT< eT |s eTT q+<T $kse TT>, >e\ =s >#s u $T
@sT#jTT >T]+ #|&jTTq~. >#s u$T >e\
H\TZy| |T esT ysTT eTs\ |]eDeTT * jTT+&eqT.
n# s$#T, yTT<q $, eT]= |+& #T ee TT\T +&eqT.
n$ m|&, bsbT>Hqq <w+|&L&<T. y b\eTT
|qT\+<T eTTqT |{ nedseTT yTs y&T=qeqT. nq>
<>Zs<>Zs> q eqeTT\+<TqT, |eqeTT \+<TqT +&#T
eTeTT. y >#s eed *q u$T q# y
u~+q>TqT. $wjTeTT >e\ me weTT *Z+#T#Tq~.
n$ d#> sT>&eqT. y d#qT q+| #jTs<T. n+<T#
us<X ydT\+<s, <sT\>T |\T, T b]+#eqT.
>#s u$T eed eTs\ |eseq eT>T>! u$c~ |sDeTT
\+<T yd ]w |< d+\ |PseTT>, <X ~\\ HyVq
#d, |P+, k|+, >e\ =s u$T e<*yjTeqT.
n+<T# >e\T eT+> s e TT> qT+&>\ e. n bDT\ jT+<TqT
u>e<eq, deTd k|q +&eqT. q# >e\T yTT<q
nqbDT\qT m\|& |+#T eqe\T e\eTT eT XueTT\
=s y $T+#T#T+<TsT. q# y| e>TDeTTqT
|<]+|sT. e\eTT eqey~> > dsu VseTT
++#T#, >e\+<T>\ ds~ H], nq> >e\+<T
d s rs e TT\T, d s < e \ T ed + # T # T Hs * j T e q T.
110
|se s|eT>T u> e +T >e |jT yTq <jTT >V +#eqT.

>e\jTT |dq <w ds<e\, TTw|+>e\, u>e+T
|dqqT b+<e#TqT. n|&T <XeTT DeT>TqT. yd<e
deTd y<eTT\T, |sDeTT\T, <sXgeTT\T eTVuseTT yTT<\>T
>+<eTT\+<T |w+|&q >de, dy <seTTqT |b~+#T `
< |<T\ jTT ks+X d+>VyT jTTq~.
~X+s#sT&T ` >dy eTVeTT

X+s#s d+|<jTeT+<T, >TsT|s+ |sq T >] |~qeTT
y] >TsT #dT =qT#, keTT> |]+ #T +~ Xe TT &T |d< y T
jTTq~.
HsjTD+ |<ue+ edw+
X+# T |sXs+ #
yd+ X+ >&|<+ eTVq+
>$q j^q eT<d wyT
l X+s#s eT<d |<
b<+ # VkeT\+ # w+
+ + y]seTH `
qd<TZsT+ d+ eq7d
HsjTD dese+ X+s#s eT<>yT
nd<#s |sH+ eH >TsT|seTsyT
XeTT\+<T u>e+T&>T HsjTDT qT+& rdT,
eTeTT> X+sT &T, nf w\qT +<T |s+ |s> >TsTe\T>
>V + qeTd]+#T#THsT. Ms\+<s nqq >u \ T>H jTTHsT.
HsjTDT&T w HeTeTT > ~e<eTeT+< jTTH&T. &
lws |eTT ne]+ n+<] $T+q >dy seTeTT\+<T
n<TeTT\qT *Z+#T#, <ss|yT \#qT. n >T]+ T
#|&jTTq~.
111
ds|w< >y <> >b\qqq'

bse' dTBs <> >b\ qqq'
n+<T\ n >$+<T& >b\q+<qT& |\T#T#THsT.
>esq |seTT &T eTTKeTT> sT>&q seTDjT $Vsd\yT
jTTq~.
u>yH l X+s#sT&T s#T> n >+<eTT\+<T
> eTVeTqT >] >+<deTT #dH&T. MsT n< d<+eTT q+<T
V<w\T> qTHsT. eT]jTT VksyT n+{H
wd> *jT#jTT#THsT. V |\_ b+<T jT+<T
>dejT eTeT>T k<q> *jT#d]. |wT\ qqTd]+
deTT&T, Cu*jTT, ysT#dq >de <s no|TeTT>
|se kseTT b+<>* ]Z . n&T q #sT&>T V]<TeT
>eTT (n&$ jT+<T ed+#T# |# eeTT\ #+ >
dy seTeTT\T s]+#Ty&T) e< eH&T. >TsTe n
>e\T \T= be, yT| <Xe TT #qT. m|&T >e\T
ysTT d+K e#H n|&T n&T y e\dq~> ss TT+#qT.
y+ H\T>Te+<\ >e\T = (=~) ewueTT\T q$. =\~
\eTTH n$ ysTTd+K #]q$. y qy+ rdT #sT&T
ed+#T XeTeTTq #sTH&T. n k X<# |u$T&
>e nq> ews|<sD b+<T#Tq~. s|eTT w
VeTTqT T |<+#T#TH&T. V ~e|XjTTT&
jTTH&T. nq> ~e $X< CHyT |sVeTT. esq
$k s e TT> ~X + s #s T & T q X + s u w eTT q+< T
*+jTTH&T. B d++~+q X+sT eT\e#qeTT\T
$<eTT> qTq$, yT+ X< bu+ d<+ yjTT<e ~+
+~ Tc dweTqT|$Xsu uee|HqT>VjT
n<VqeTwuuTy<uTyH deT3 dy<
eTk d y u> e V |XXe |e#q+ << bb' keT
dVd+ d', |Ps e|C, n' b|jT HkH#s\yT
112
+<* #sT ueqjTT, y&&q Xe TT\TqT n|$yT

jTTq$. $ njTT d]jT q \q\T> q|{ , nCqeT+jT T
$] n>T#Tq~. +<* ueeT+jTT deTT CdjTT, n
>dy s jTT |Ps |*eTTqT, n jT+<T eTu$+q
X<jTTq V$< s|eTT> ewueTT q+<T |y+#qT.
V +< XgeTT q+< T k < s eT] j T > T $> V eTT>
*jT&T#T+&qT. n&T deTT qT#TH&T de!
VCH|<X e TT #jT T#THqT. V #T c<eTT\q, c&X
(16) \q L&jTTH&T. n yTT< <X jT+<* s+&T
b<eTT\T nq> (eTT+<T>\$) $X< CqeTjTeTT, |X ds|eTT>
qTq$. n$ dsT&T, #+<T&T, n yTT<\>T |XeTT\
+&jTTq$.
jT<~>+ C ><djT\yT
jT#qeTd jT#> C $~ eeTyT
eTs\ V+deTTqT >], VjTT d<q+<
ds|eTTqT >] |Ps|<XeTTqT #jT>\qT. nT|eT
XeTeTTq e deTT Cu* #sT&T qT#TH&T,
z de! eTTKeTT q+<T VeTT $seq eT>T#Tq~.
e XjTeTT> e |se |PseTT H=+<>\e.
#sT&T ~X+sT&T $wjTeTTqT L& |k$+
jTTH&T, Vy jTT Cq|k<eTT# y] |Ps |dq eTT
y] eTTKeTT q+<T CjTTy T |ud eT>T#T+&TqT. |dH +~jT'
|Vde<qX q' s V $<e
(#+<>|wY 4/9/2uweTT)
$<eTT> y<q <sqeTT q+<T |d+Vs <sHH
#qs e ~ (2/1/14) uweTT, l X+sT # T #| &T#Tq~,
@ $<eTT> > seTT nqedTe\T XjTeTT H=+<y, nq>
|sT>T, yq yTT e. n< $<eTT> q k|sT>T q
113
>&TqT ]+#T=qT q eTTKeTT qT+& e#T <es|eTTq

q #=+> nedseT>T#Tq~. @ uVyTq |sDeTT nedseTT
+&TqT. |se L& qT ><|yT y|+jTTH&T. n
@ uV |sDeT q~.
jT<sH_' d >V # jT< |~yjw<jT' deTe
jT<d' |sTcY Xe <sY deTerV $XyT
(eTTD|wY 1/1/7)
n+<T\ #sT eT\e#qeTT *Tq$,
seY <e due $Xc<T||< jT<V s+ \+ y
djTyTe <~<VeTuyq |]DeT7q| uV+ k<q+ <V|
u$w qqT s<| <<~ uyq |]DeTeq eT| @e+
uV+ k<q eTc~yT
(y<+ <sqeTT : Xvs uweTT 2/1/14)
$<eTT>, n+<* $wjTeTTqT nqTd]+ s+|&q
s|u, HjT sjTeTT, ueTr, y<+ \sT, |]eT\, u>
yTT<\>T y { yUqeTT \+<T >seTTqT >] $kseTT>
$esD \_+#T#Tq~. u>eBZ jT+<T uVD >$Vd nqT
>$ nqT |<eTTqT #sT&TqT, ucsT&>T B|sT&T
|]y|eTT> |XeTTqT, sVdeTTqT +|jTTHsT. #s
X + s T s > + < e TT\+< T L & > eTV eT qT > ]
#]+jTTHsT. < >T]+ yjTT me> yjTe\d
e#TqqT uj
T eTT# d+>V eTT> +<T #| &q~. X< \>T |\T
djTeTT> nHw+#e\djTTq~. X+s#sT <w jT+<T
$<eTT> > de<s u>e|jTT, |se kseTTqT nf
d T K d e T< T \ j T +< T | P s ~ s e TTqT b+< T qT > ]
#|&jTTq~.
114
#eq eTV] ` > w

|Ps\eTT q+<T ]q $wjT$T~. k] #eq eTV]
n_eqeTTqT, <eTTqT, d+weTTqT + eTVeeTTqT,
dT<&e TT> b*+#T#T+&qT. e B> { n&T>Tu>eTTq |H +&T
d+eseTT\TH&T. \ +Te\jTT | n$T|eTqT
#|#T+&qT. n$ njTT n <>Zs> n$T dTKeTT>
J$+#T#T+&qT.. H=|&T =+<sT eT\T\T >+>, jTeTTq
q<T\ n+seTTq ~]. m|&T n#qTq \eTT >TZ#T+&H,
n|&T < +TC\eTT L& jT|&T#TqjTqT. {
jT+<T ~jTTq (udy sT) H$\T +TC\eTTqT jT&T #,
#eq eTV] #d]. ysT ujTeTT #+~, b<eTT\ #+
eT sdT\ qT+ qeTd]+#T#T+&]. { e<* uVd\eTTq
(yT<qeTTq) #sT# nH eTeTT\T #bjTqT. eTeTT\T
eTsD+#TqT >+q eTV] q <j>TDeTT# q Xd qT+&
|<> }|] |\T=qT# y] T #|qT, #&T&T eTeTT
\jTT J$+jTTq$. n$ J$+#T e\H HqTq J$+#T#THqT.
q# HqTq yy+ eTsD+TqT. y e<* HqT+&qT.
eTT e\T $qysT ujTeTT #+~]. eT\T\T eD#
eTVs>T qVQw de#seT+jT *|].
eTT jTT d+d \TdT= s>T qVQw&T q
eT+T\T, |sVT\ >TieTTH n# +#qT. |$ueeTT
#T \T C&+ eTT qqT |]#jT eTT #dT =HqT. eTT|+>e
q |PC $<T\ d]+#qT. z! ~Ce! MT eTT. MT
seTT sTTweTT, |jTeTTqT *Z+TqT? n $qjTeTT> sE
n&>qT.
eTV] #eqT&T T #|#TH&T. z! sC! eT\T\T
(#|\T |TysT) sE u>T> XeT|&]. n+<T# y] +<*
#|\ =s , +<Tq qqT L& eT\eTT> eTT. n|&T qVQw&T
115
y+H q |sVT\ #|qT ysTT dse TT~\qT y]eT.

eTV] qT#TH&T, ysTT dse TT~\T H =s q eT\yT.
MTsT + y =s q eT\eTT eTT
n|&T sE \ dseTT~\T, #\qf {,
q d>eTT seTT, &T>T#, es> seTT q+jTT
deT]+#T MT d#q eT n&>qT. eTV] e\
sJ|&<T. &T #|#TH&T d>eTT seTT H nq>
H =s, |P]seTT H =s #*+#T yT. MTsT q
TTwesT\qT $#]+#TeTT. n|&T MT $<qeTT d]jT>T#,
@~ d]jT>TH <H #*+|&T e q $<eTT> HqT
seTTqT rdT=qT w|&T <T.
eTV ] e# q eTT\qT $q qV Q w & T n$T e TT>
<T'T&jTqT. q eT+T\q, |sVTq d\V\qT
b+<T#TH&T. + >e>s e TT qT+& +, e\eTT |\ eTT\H
VseTT> d]+#T#Tq eqyd sE dMT|eTTq + T
#|#TH&T z! eTVs! TTw @ bjTeTT d+Tw
#jTe#TH HHsT>T<TqT.
qVQw&T T #|#TH&T, z! TTwes! #eqeTV]
eT\$T d+Tw> #jTT $<qeTTqT #|eTT. <s
H seTTqT, H \eTTqT s+q ys>T<TsT. MTsT He qqT
eTTbe qqT b&TeTT.
qVQw e#qeTT\T $q >TTw eTVs! uVDT\T
= eseTT\ysT eTT +<TsT. ysT @ eT\eTTq
d]+#T w| & s T , d]jT q |seTT >e\ =s L& <q eTTqT
d]+|sT. n+<T# n eTsT >eqT VQeT> #T
eT+~.
e#qeTT\qT $ sE |dqT&jTqT. eTeeTT\
H#]+#T #eqeTV] e< y[ qVQw&T T #|qT z! eTV!
116
HqT >eqT MT eT\eTT> e<\+. <

d+| +&T. n~jT MT jTTq< *d=+{.
#eqT&T T #|qT, HqT |&T #T #T+{. MTsT e
qT> eT\eTT> >e ] <! HqT ||+#eTT
q+<T >e +fqT ys <qeTT < *djTTHqT :`
>y+ |Xd Ms! dsb|Vs+ eyT
>y\' d< eT\+ >w bb q$<
nqyTe d<>y <yH+ |seT+ V$'
kVs ew{s >w+ |w
>y jTd H y < jTd eTTKyT
neT+ VejT+ ~e+ s# eV#
neTjTq+ #' ds qeTd'
k e|c#e >y eV de uT$
>yV dTeTV' bDH+ # dTK|<'
$sjT + <X+ b|+ #d|s
>e' eT<TV <y HqY xY |s+dyT
< >w yT b+ eTV+ ussu
>TD<X e#q+ X+ |sjTD+ qT
(eTVuseTT n.51/17` 34)
z ! Mses ! >e\ HeTeTT\qT, >TDsq eTT\qT #jT T<s,
$qT <s >e\qT <q$T#T <s, y <]+#T nqT
seTeTT\T &T |X+djTyTq$. T #dq# b|eTT\T
q+#TjT > Xub|jTT \T>TqT. >y \<$ eT\eTT.
y jT+<T XyTqqT b|eTT <T. n$ eqe\ nqeTTqT
<e\ e T V$dTqT #T#Tq$. kV eT]jTT ew{seTT
117
>e\+< eT |w y T jTTq$. >e jT bs+ue TT #jT T

nedseT>T#Tq$. nq> >eTTKs|yT jTeT>T#Tq~. >e
$ssVeT>T ~yeT<sDeTT eTjT+<T *jTTq$. y
b<T>T\ qT+& seTeTTqT |<qeTT #jTT#Tq$. qT >e
neT<seT>T#Tq$. deTd eTT M qeTd]+#T#Tq~.
>e u$TjT+<T dT>qT, eqeXseTT \+<T n
deqeTT>qT d+]+#T=qT#Tq$. deTd bDT\L >e\T
dTKeTT q+~+#T#Tq$. > deTT<jTeTT m# sj
T eTT> LsT+&
eT >deTTqT rdT=qT#T+&TH n# + y<\T#T+&TqT.
n+> n# ed+#Ty] dsb|eTT\T q+#TqT, >e dsZ
kbqeTT\T> qTq$. dseZ TT q+<T d e TT >e\T |P+|&T#Tq$.
$jT deTd s\qT rsTq{ <es|eTT\T. y keTeT>Tq~
@~jTTq <T. V! sH! HqT #|q > eTV\T e\eTT y
>TDeTT. n+<Tq n+XeTT eyT . n~jTT y ~>s qeTT\T
*jT#jTT jT+<* Xu>eTT. >e jTT d+|Ps >TDeTT\T
e]+#T me] M\T<T.
<q+seTT eTVQ\T eTT >eqT d]+#eT
b]+]. >eqT y]qT+& d]+#T# T #|qT, z!
eTVQs! ><q |ueeTT# MT b|eT+jTT q+q~.
|&T MTsT \eTT\ jT+<TjTq eTeTT\ y+
dsZeTTq y&T
##T#T+&>H eTV] #eqT os<eTT# y+H
eT eTT\ \d dsZeTTqT #]]. nT ysT dsZeTTq
be#T+&TqT >+q sE qVQw&T $T* XseTTqT b+<qT.
nT |eT sE eTV], eT]jTT >C |PCseTT\T
s]+ n|{ qT+& <sesZeTTq J$+#T eseTTqT b+~ q
q>seTTq ] yqT. eTV]jTT q XeTeTTq eTsqT.
(eTVuseTT, nqT.50`51)
118
jT >e' ejTyT
eTq >e\T ` >e\ eTqeTT
(kMT l z+sqqJ eTVsC,
d<d<`<s`$TsY`d$T)
ks dyueq jTT e] <XjT>T <s>e ksueT
b<jT eTTq |]uwe TT> #jT T# |sTw bsTw eTT q+<T
d *Z+#T#Tq~. m+<Te\q? nbsTwjT y<eTT L& >
>TD|s+|sqT >qeTT #jTT#Tq~ :`
qeTd CjTeHjT Cj qeT'
uu' X|u sbj|T qeT'
jTj <sj |~M jTjb >T| e'
eX+ dVd <s+ VD # e<eTd
(n<s. 10/10/1,4)
V ne< >y? +#T deTjTeTT q+<T e+<qeTT
eT]jTT +q~ *dq |eT L& e+<qeTT. s|eTTq,
seTeTT\, \ L& qeTkseTT. BjT+<T dsZ eTT, u $T,
sT dTs e TT> | y T jTTqy, dV d< s s e TTqT >y \ eTT>
J$+#T#, yTeTT kbseTT\T #jTT#THeTT
jTjT+ >y yT<jT<X+ <ls+ DT< dT|yT
u<+ >V+ DT< u<y# V< ejT # dudT
(n<s. 4/21/6)
z! >y! e <Ts\ XsT\, e\ dTw, |w
#T#T+{$><! nf deTT> qTqysT qT >+q# ysT
dT+<seTT b+<T#THsT. n+<T e eT<Ts XeTT\ e
>VeTT\qT eTvZ\eTjTeTT >$+#T#THe. sDeTT #H
jTX>qeTT #jTT#THsT.
119
usrjT d+d d+#T +<_+<Te> qTq

|wT q+<T #|&q $XT jTveTTq+<T dsd<qeTT
#jT T#Tq yXe |T&T ##T#T+&> n&T uVDT\ <D >
e<> e\qT <qeTT#qT. n|&T qT&T d T~ q +&
e TeTT =s C> eV+#eq \+ T +#T#TH&T:`
|< >D <T><V ]+~j'
nq+< HeT kH d ># <<Y
(s|wY. 1/3)
{ >T#Tq >eq, yT yTjTT#Tq >eq, b\
#T#Tq >eq, >eeTT\ qjT keTseTT >e\q,
seTTq >e\qT <qeTT> #T < eTeTT\q>
n<eTT\ y qT. n{y &T m\| & q+<eTT j
T T+&TqT.
>eqT >]q $#s eT+<qeTT q+<T eTTq y&>T#
+& |eTTq >T]jTq qT&T <eTTqT #jT
&>qT, de+ <dd eTsT qqT me] <D>
deT]+#T#THsT? < de<qeTT> +& HqT, HqT qT
eTTeq#T#THqT. s|wT $wjTeTT H\+qeTT>
#dT= $kseT>T yUqeTT q+<T qT > $wjT qq,
><qeTT nf >de, >eTVeT yTT<\>T nH $wjTeTT\T
|{+|&qT. eTVuseTT q+<T u>yqT&>T y<ydT&T
$wjTeTTqT >] T #|qT.
>\d csd H edT<~|
<jT j $|T+ eVQsV|yT
(eTVuseTT. nXyT< |seTT, ywe)
@ >e\T <VeTT y\|&T# sTqT >Tq|&T
s~+Ts n{ysT V |TeTTqT #dq>TqT.
120
jT<Z V <T' >e' dj qs+ qs' nqT ueq jT+<T

X<>\ysT V+< d+d | d<+ |seTT> $XdeTT+
J$+#T#THsT. >sD nqTq~ {jT <Xq eT\k<q
eT>TqT.
bNq \eTTq+<T <qyT deT~ d#eTT> qT+&&~.
mee< ><qeTT m+ n~eTT> qT+&TH y& >=| jTXd>
*jTT#T+&qT. leT<>eeTT q+<T :`
<qH+ sTXvZD+ kBH+ eTdCyT
|jTdH+ >wH+ deH+ dTydkyT
<< s| KTs>D+ eq ' dV
n\+u $|u <+ <+ ~H ~H
(10/70/8-9)
B s$TTq~, u> y qT&>T lw& T |~qeTT d+<
sDeTTqT, >TsTqT\T R |P\T #jTT jT+<T d >\y]
d<' |d, |d$+ b*#Tq$, ><&\T >\$, keTyTq$,
|X+yT q $ n>T >e\qT <qeTT> #&y&T. deTjTeTTq+<T
y dT+<s egeTT\q, eTTeTT\ e\\qT >e\ <]+|
#jT T#T+&qT. uVDT\qT eku wDeTT\ d ]+ yTsjT T#Tq
edeTT, eT>#seTTqT, qTe\qT, |~qeTT |<eT&Ty\ >e\qT
$<eTT> <q$T#T#T+&qT.
y sejTDeTT qqTd]+ u>yqT&>T seTT&T n&$
y eTT+<T> nqT HeT<jTeTT>\ uVDT qe<
qTq sqT <seTT>qT, y>e +eTT>q $d], s|& q #[
n#>\ >deTVeTT q+<T >\ >e\qT <qeTT> #qT.
>eX VQd q X q # <Ts'
|j+d <~dw sde V #
(eTVuseTT. $s. 28/11)
121
@ q|<e TT q+<T jTT~ws T &T ydeTT+&TH, n# >e\

d+K VQ n~eTT> qT+&T#Tq~. n#{ >e\T T qT+&e.
\VqeTT> qT+&e. n+> n$ |Ps dd +&TqT. y
seTT yTT<\>T |<seTT\T dTeT<TseTT>q, u|<eTT>q
+&&$.
{ d+| $esD\qT $yeTT eTq us<XeTTqT deT~
~X> =+#yTqq q&|+#T [+| #dT=qeqT.
|seT&T eqe T~> nf > >TDeTT\
d+|qeTT> u$T| +| X u$T| dw+#qT. n
#q\ qT>TDeTT> kseTT\ k+<seTT H=d+>T
d+*+H&T. n{ s|\q d+|PseT>T m+>H
\deTT sT>T#Tq~. dw+#&q y] ksk<q\T
|#T|sT>T# y] re T~ sDeTT> ||+# k+<seTTq
<T\T> s|eTTqT jsT#jTT# neqjT d+|Tq\T
|T w+#T sT DeTT n~jT >seeT \+#T#THsT. H&T eTqeTT
$<X duqT >T&> nqT]+#T# y] y] <Ts\eTTq
sDeTT. eqeeT < jTyTq ~ >e n y <]+#T
|eTT+&TjT n *jTq>TqT. H&T eTqeTT ~>+ b+~q
uksT\e TqT ##T#THeTT. eTq d+d =s eTqeTT
d<|&, d`dHq <seTTq >=| n|eTTqT *Z+#T#,
J$+#T#THsT. eTq eTqT>&qT, Jeq $<qeTTqT d]jTq~>
qT+#T=q d+ks esZeTTqT m+<T\ uw |{+#T#THs?
eTqeTT usrjTT\T> HeTT. DH $XesyT nqT
Xw yeTT T <w+#T#Tq~. eTqeTT deTd |~ jT+<*
ys\qT sT\T>, dTd+kse+T\T> j sT #jT eqT. nqTqT
d+#T#Tq~. $XeTTq CqeT+~+#TjT >, ||+ #eTTq+<T
J$+#T#, d+d]+#T#, Jeq >eTqeTT k+#eqT. eT]
122
\dyTT \T>T#Tq~? H&T eTq usrjT d+djT+<T n

$<eTT\T> |L\eTT \T>T#Tq~. djTeTT> ys eT eT
kqeTT\ qT+& b|\qT ~*+#Ty y] ys d+V]+#T
=qT>, jTTjTTeTT> eT |L\eTT\qT =\+#T=qT#,
eTT+<Tq nuT <jT |<e TT q+<T k>T# #]sT\ T e\d jTTq~.
>eqT de+#T nqT <seTT q+<T eTqeTT deTd eqe C
jT+<T >seeTjT kqeTT q+<T |w+|&eqT.
qXseT>T XseTTqT >] eT Jeq $<qeTT q+<T
+&e\dq dVqT neVH |PseTT> eT\#T=qTqq,
d+V deTeTTq, e+d|+&eTT\ L&q B, d+VqeTTq
n]+, >eqT s+ #T dq<T& q , s|T Te+X eTVe HjT&q
~| eTVsE |eTT #dq sVdeTTqT eTqeTT msT>eqT.
eTVs>T q $eqeTT jTeTsE jTT d+jTeTq
|seTT e< qT+& be#T+&qT. $eqeTT n|& e#T#T+&> qse TT
q+<* jT+eTT\ <s nqTue eTT\qT b+<T y\=\~ Hsj
T T\
sTDy<eTT\T, BH|eTT\T $qT#TH&T, V sH! MTsT &
qT+& y&T, MT XsseTTqT d]+, M#T# e#T yjTTe#
e X+ \TZ#Tq~. <q yeTT\ H\+q eTVsE
q&T q J$ eT+jT T n|{ esL k~+q |D deTde TTqT
qs ydT\ |<qeTT #dqT. es> m|&T q&T <s s>T
jTeTT qT#TH&T, HqT mesT? HqT @ b|eTTqT #dj
T T+{H
n~jT qqT qs <seTT e< rdTeq~. n|&T jTeTsE
T #|qT, V sH! MT deTd J$eTT |DeTT\ +&jT Tq~.
,
@<T #s+ >+ ysjed y uyH
q b| $bq sjT <s <sqyT
(|<, b.)
123
H=k] e sT>T#T+&> >e seTTq $|TeTT

*q~. b| sDeTT# e qs<seTTqT #$.
bUqeTT eTV]jT>T ydT&T eqe eT\
T <~+#T#TH&T, >de jT+<T $XdeTT+# ysT
V e TT q+< T qT, | s e TT q+< T qT L & # & ,
uw&>T#TH&T.
eTq Jeq j =s qqqT, e qeTTqT d]+,
|s|seTT =s n~eTT> >eTT #jTT# n|]>V ueqqT
>e qT+& |se T <s eTT> >V +#eqT. e\eTT e VseTT>
>&, >deTT\qT >e uT+#T#, dd *Z+, |w #LsT
b\qT, b\ |<seTT\qT eTq+~+#T #Tq~. >e |&, eTeTT,
=eTT\T, #seTT, \T, meTT\T, njTT ~ n~ #|H\?
n s|eTT\ eTq |j>|&T#Tq~. {\T&T q
nsXgeTTq+<T >b\qqT >] >d+sDqT >] $kseTT>
e]+ jTTH&T. n~ eTq\s \_+#T#Tq~. ><qeTT jTT
eTVeTT TT+us | <sH nqTue >eTeTT> qTq~.
> d+sD |seseTT e~ #+<T |eTTK b u$T
eV+#T#Tq~. ><q eTT, nse TTqT <s eTTqT s +&{ |\eTT>
bw+#T#Tq~. nseTT# eTd~jTT, eT]jTT <seTT#
yeTTq \_+#T#Tq~.
>e, $|&T, y<eTT, k<Te, dy~jT>Ty&T, ueTT
y&T eT]jTT <qeTT #jTT <jTT nq&T @&T eTVX\
\eTT# |~ \jTTq~. n|&T eTs\ > eTVeTT
m+es *jTTqT>! | @&+{ jT+<TqT >y eTTKeTT>
#|&T#, y jT+<T |<eTeTT> |]>D rdT=q&q~:`
>_]|X y<X dr_' dy~_'
n\Tusq oX d|_ss eTV
124
y<`Xg`|sD eT]jTT eTVsT\ y\ jT+<T,

e#qeTT\T, eTqeTT >eqT de+#T jT+<T m+es
#]+#T#T+{y , n~ #| ]q seT>T#Tq~. m+<Te\q?
eTqeTT >e |wqT >] #|&q T<T <eT|<eTT KTsH
u_ eT]jTT >TsT>+< kVu yTT<\>T <s>+<eTT\ uwqT
$qT j T +< T qT, ns e TT # d T =qT j T +< T qT | eTT
d+u$+#T#Tq~. B >] C|jT>T >+BJ q y\
>sD H&T $<eTT> sT>T#Tq~. B #d HV<jTeTT
@+eTT> s~+#T#Tq~. e\T> >jYT VA j
TyT ejYT ~ eTq=s eyT nsDs<q> <T<?
nqT#TH&T.
nfq q sXy<T\ <w DeTT qT+& eTqTe d+ jT>T
eqe\ Xu#T <T. n+<T# edw eTV] eTs\ e eTs\
|{+#e\d jTTq~. n|&T eTq$TT #|<TeTT
>y eeTT|wqT VeTX+>' |jeTT#'
dTsu' ksujTX d]' k>s+ jT<
> y |XeTV+ + >e' |XqT e+ d<
>y k+ ejT+ k+ jT >ed ejTyT
q<T\jTT $<e TT> deTT<eTT q+<T $T[eT>T #Tq$.
|seTT> $qT#Tq =eTT\T \$, b*#Tq$ jT>T >e\T
H b|+ #TqT>! nfq q HqT eT >e\qT <]+TqT >!
>e\T qqT >+#TqT>! sDyTeTq> >e\T ey. yTeTTq
>e\ =s. >e\T q$. n+<T#H yTeTTL& HeTT.
>k$T T\d<dT ` > dy sVdeTT
n < s eTT \+< T qT X < nqT > T DeTT * e

b&T#T+&TqT. X< |PskeTT L& jTT+&eqT.
n~ > s|eTTqT <]+ s+seTT V<jTeTT q+<T ydeTT
#jTT#T+&TqT. nf n $<eTTq |`|eTT\qT, jTeT`
jTeTeTT\qT, Cq`$CqeTT\qT n+{ nV]X\T Ds|eTT>
125
d]+ deqeTT #jTT#T+&TqT. nq> e m\|& Xg<eTT,

y<<eTT jT>T ]w jTeTeTT\qT b*+#T#T+&qT. n{jT&
e d<eq\T * eT+> s e T>T #H $<qeTT > s e TTe
$X< <] s|eTTqT d+]+#T= > dqeTT\ +<T> qT+&
s_weTT# <]+|&T#T+&TqT. b\ qT+& |sT>T, HsTT
s|eTT\T> e] n jT+<Tq CqeTT eT&Tned\
e\qTq de~ jT+<T+& deTd $XeT+<T H=& jT>T#
|sV ueeTTqT nK+& B|C> nqTu$+#T#T+&TqT :`
kVeTd nK+& B|t U k |seT |#+&
yT nqTuy dTU dT|k u uyeT u< uyT Hk
(seT#] eqdt 7/128/1..2)
||+ #eT+jT T qq n$<# qw| & T #Tq~. ~jT
j>ydw eT+<TqT, |wT\+<TqT, VdeTT\ jT+<T,
|x<o, JeqT $yeTT, eT]jTT y<+, j>>+<eTT \+<TqT
w]+|&q~.
u>e+T neseTT\ sDeTT\qT # >kMTJ
s+#qT. nqT T #|#TH&T :`
> ~ <qT <e V b d+<T eqTw qT <
(s. #. e. 5/39/3)
| >k$T s#q jT+<T |]o*+#> > eT]jTT <qT nqT
XeTT\T s+&T |j+|&q$. n+<T\ > ujT sDeTT.
~ VQ $ $wjTeTT. B ssT\T $wjTeTT
s+&TesT (|qsT) #|# |<eTTq u$T nqT nseTTqT
#|#THsT. m+<Te\qq> |~ L& > s|yT <]+#T#
u>e+T #+>T#Tq~ :`
d"> >qT< u$T _# |syT _ ujYT k
(s. #. e.1/284/..)
nf
<qT s|<] V<jT" _# > V" V" dTseTT sa
(s. #. e 1/184/7)
126
< $<eTT> eT]jTT # *+ jTTHsT.

u u V <syT V u& V+ ndTs n<yT n_e
sV+ n C qV sY d<V $|t <qT dTsY <s
(s. #. e. 1/121/6..7)
& L& <qT HeTeTT eTTKeTT> >V+#T# $|,
dTs nqT|<eTT\ eT<> |j+|&qT. ##
>k$TjT>T T\d<dT T|j+#T# u>e+T eTsbe
<T. n&T |Xds| u>yqT m]q y&. n{ u>e+T&
>e\, uVDT\, u$T jTT u<\qT rs>\ deTsT&T. nT
u>e+T <sD #jTT# nT b]+#eqT. n+<T# >eeTT
<s s|eTqT# |d~ #+~q~. eT]jTT <qTs|eTT <]+q
|~ L& u>e+T #+ b]+#T#Tq~. n{ u>yqT&T HeT `
| ` bsq\# |dqT&>T#T+&TqT. < >] >k$T q
s#q\+<T T *+#qT.
HyT syT n+ V du k<H V dH
n+ > @" #T V< qV n+ sV <dt>H
(<Ve 10)
n+<T# reeTT>q, o|TeTT>q HeT |eTT L&q
>de =s, > d+sD =s |jd|&T#T+&TeTT. y+H |X
s|eTTq q >eqT ds <eeTjTeT>T <q Te>, k u> e +T
s|eTT> \TdT= dy ` XXSw\T #jTTeTT. |Pq]+|eTT.
< >T]+ u>esT&T T *+#qT
|T<ZeT |XjTD_y<q+
$BjT k<T $T<' deTT<yT
bv' |sd |sTcjT #k
>TVXj jT eq <VeH
(leT<>eeTT 4/3/22)
nq> @ e V<jT eTT q+<T u> e +T>TH& m] n
k>+#T# dy ` XXSw\T, <+& |DeTeTT\T yTT<\>T
127
s#sD eTT\T #jT T#T+<Ts ysT d|\ eT+<T<TsT. ys eTVT\T>

*jT&T<TsT. <V _ejT>T# |X ds|eTT> qTq eqe\qT
<w ysT deTeTT>H, nq> <e <w H >+TsT. k\>eTeTT\qT
<wH |P+TsT. $TeTT\qT L& <e<w &H
M + T s T . n+< T # n< < w , n + X qTe #q, eTqdT #q, <qeTT #q
>de #jTT#T+&eqT. $<qeTTH XgeTT\T, k<Te\T, >
k$T T\d<dT, ydT&T, edw&T yTT<\>T y] eTeTT> qTq~.
>èTVeT
nqq l $uw <DejTd X+> ` Xs< |sBXs
><TZsT X+s#s kMT l usr rs eTVsC
eTq u s r j T T \+< ] >e | P j T y T q ~. <
| P +# T # $w | * e TT\T b| + # T # T $. y
nee+#T# >=| nqseTT\T \T>TqT. $wjTeTT \jTT
dskeqT\ L& u>T> *|jTTHsT.
n~ mq> d+q sVT&>T ~|eTVsE |T&T
eq sT=qT# edw XsDT y&qT. $wjTeTT H\+q
edw & T sE T #|qT, V sH! #\eTT eTT+<T ]q
$wjTeTTqT #|#THqT, H=k] MTsT +<T L&
u$T MT< ]e#Tq|&T, +< s< qT+& esZeT<eTTq
\ e| &jT+<T $X+ rdT=qT #T+&> eT<qTeqT
n# <]+]. n~ |<DeTT #jTT j>eT>T <qTejTT,
MTsT nT #jT e\eTT qeTd]+ y[]. MT #w# <T'+q
>e, neeqeTTqT u] +# MT d+qeTT +&TqT X|+ #qT.
sDeTT# MT |{ esL | <sq ku>eTT MT
\_+#q~. |&T MTsT eT<qTe | jT>T q+~
128
s~+#T# MT ] Hsys>\<T. <q+seTT eTV] qT

skeV+ ~|&T q+~ u |PseTT> >=| de\T #d
>e |# s|TT HeT<jTeTT \B|&>T esT b+<qT.
<qT n+ X< [<dT s|TT e+X eTVeeTT
q+<T dT+<seT>T $<qeTTq e]+H&T.
XT\T >eqT n| n #|#, X<> #&e\dq,
e~+#L& bD> |s=qT#Tq$. X T #|#Tq~, e
>eTH>eT ~+ e~w. < s$TTq~, >e s|s~,
sw. n+<T# < |&+#T, <+&+#T M\T<T.
$wjTeTTqT K+&+#T L& M\T<T. n+<T# < m{
V+dq >T]#jTe. m{ weTTqT \T>jTeTT. X
yeTT <s $wjTeTT dweT>T#Tq~. >eqT @ $<eTT>
#qq <+&+#T, w |TqT, |&+ #TqT M\T, k<T
j>eT>T J$> qTq~
<M HeTeTT\+<T >e nqTHeTeTT L& +|
&jT Tq~. n+<T# >e k <M s|eTT> dw| s T |&T#Tq~.
>e e\eTT n<w s|yT <T ku> d+esqeTT #jTT
sDs|eT>T# |PjTyTq~. >e <s nH |
|seTT\T deTqeT>T #Tq$. n+<T# <e\qT |P+#Tq|&T
>seTTqT |j+#T#T+<TeTT. n{ bD ys={ q~. >e
b\qT q# d<T ~ n_e~ sT>TqT. jTeTT\ jT+<T <e\
VQ #T s#T> >e b\T, |sT>T, HsTT yTT<\>T >e
|<se TT\T |j +|&TqT. >e HsTT, b\T, |sT>T, >eTjTeTT,
>èTeTT Xk $<T\# jsT#d deqeTT\T #jTT#T+<TsT.
n$ n $<eTTq b|eTT\qT |]V]+#Tq$. XgeTT\+<T T
129
#|&jTTq~, :`
jT >d>+ b|+ <V w eeT
bXHY |x>ed <V]yqqyT.
@ HXs| meTT\ jT+<T b| |yXeTT ] jTTq<
b|eTT\jTT |x>e dybqeTT# q+#T >! n jT+<T
|y+q f\T *+#T# udeTT#+<T b|eTT\jTT
udeTT #+<T >!
n+<T# XdjT $<qeTT\+<T bb|XeTqeTT sT>T
|x>ebqeTTqT bjT seTT\+<T s+#T<TsT.
u>e+T&>T lw&T >e\qT b*+#T#T+&qT. eT]jTT
y |P+#TL& #dqT. >e\qT s+#T=s >esq
|s eTTqT | q# jT+<T <] +#qT. Xwe T>T |\T #]+#T
eTT\T, keqeT>T e\ <sbjTeTT. nf <VsD\T
>q js>T#Tq$.
l w&T n<seTTq, |q >e\ |]b\q, nf
>e\ |]#s\T >$+#qT. n+<T# eTq |\L& <seTT>
\+#T# >de eXeTT> #]+#eqT. n+<T# >e\ ,
e\ , @ deTjTeTT q+<Tq, m{ weTTq *Z+#eTT.
><qeTT n <qeTT\ +f eTyTq~. nf ds w
|*eTT *#Tq~ jT dsXgeTT\T |\TesT |Tw+#T#Tq$.
>eTVeT nbsyTq~. n+<T# ><qeTT jTT $w L&
*jTT#Tq~.
$<eTT> X, d, VdeTT\T nf |sDeTT\T
e>, ws>, >e m\| & |PjTyTq <, @$<e TT>q,
@syTq nweTTqT, weTTqT < *Z+#qTqT eTd\T=qeqT.
130
>e ` n|Ps eTVeT
(|<l & lw <J us<)

y~ eT+eTT\ $seeTT#, n|{ qT+&, |{ esL
>e eTVeTqT >] deeTT\T, keTT\T |dT+|&T#Tq$.
n+> >e\qT dTs e TT> qT+#T, d >TD d+|qT&>T e
C>s& eTqT#TH&T :`
e >eTH>eT ~$+ e~w
(TT+V 8/202)
dwjT+<T y\=\~ Je +Te\T \e. >e
>\ <sD deqyTq <sD eT] @ |Xeq q~.
>e j T T | s e TT\qT eqe& T m| & T L &
eTsbs<T. >eqT X< XV]> |]>D+ #T#THsT. m+<Tq>
n~ e\eTT m+&T>&, |>& qT# &T|+| =qT#Tq~.
<e |P\jT+<T |xeTeTT jsT #jT&T#T+&TqT.
eT<T$TyTq neTeTT q+<T >seTTqT, seTT qT+&
js>T |<seTT\qT y&T#THsT. $<eTT> nq XseTT\
X~+#T#, <] $<T\qT |+b+~+|#jTT |x>eeTT\qT
|j+#Tq|&T b\T, |sT>T, HsTT > >eTjTeTT, >eTeTT
L& $TeTT #jTTL& \<T.
> XeTT L&q eT]= XeTT\qT eeV]+#T
> eTVTqT djT+ d<eTT> qTq~. ~>sHseTT R >, >| R
>*q, >\eTT R >deTVeTT, >$qT&T R l w&T, >w R du
(ys|eTT), >eP R s+&TdT\ <seTT, >yeTT R <seTT,
>d R m+&T <, >`>deTT R q uqeTT +f eTT+<T>
>e =s #T uqeTT.
k<sDeTT> y&T=qT { jT+<T nX~ \< \+q|&T
< X~|s#T XgyeTT Tq~, X >|Y|jT'
131
nq> \eTT nX~> qTq|&T >e VseTTqT nq> >e

q { { jT+<T+q# |]X<eT>TqT.
>e |seT <sDjTyTq~. @$<eTT>HqqT <
nH<seTT> qT+& +<jTeTT>q~. < u~+#T, =T,
dTjT sde jT>T#Tq~. $\ >TsTe> qTq [<dT
q s|TTe+X eeTTq+<T T *+#qT. H=k] eTVs>T
~|&T dsZeTTq+<T <es>T +<T s~+ ]
u eTTq e#Tq|&T eseZ T< eTT q+<T \e| &jT +<Tq
eT<qTeqT >+ |<D|PseTT> de+#T eTsH&T.
eTqdT >V $wjT eTT\+<T \>yT jTT+&qT. eT<q Te,
sE eeV]+#T#Tq rsTqT >eT+, qqT nee+#TH&
u$+ T |*qT, T qqT *jT <TwueeTT#
sue qeTT q+<T sesT&T +# +&TqT >! H d+qeTTqT
e s~+q|&T <weTT =\be >! n|& |s eTT
\T>>\<T. eTV]jT>T edw&T <Hed qT+& eTVs>T
~|&T b+~q X|eTTqT \TdT=HqT. nT s, eT<qTe
| jT>T q+~ <qTeqT de #jTT eTVsEq
<X$T#qT. ~|&T q usjT>T dT<D<$ \d 21 (21)
~qeTT\T q+~ s~+ |b| os<eTT b+<qT.
|* eTT> s|T Te+X k| &>T s|T T eTVsEqT esT> b+~,
jTXsT\ H]+#qT.
>de ` nq+ |\eTT
>X XSXSw jTX deTH # dsX'

d Tc' |jT# esq| dT<TsuH
<Vq eTqk y| >w + dTK|<'
nsjT d<#e qeTksX |PjTY
<q' |eTH + >y+ ew+ <X
(eTV. nqT. 81/33/35)
132
@ |sTw&T >de eT]jTT n $<e TT\T>, XkqTkseTT>

>eqT nqT>$T+#T, d+Tw| s # T #, n+ <Tsu e T>T eseTT\qT
L& y <s b+<e#TqT. >e\qT >] eTqdTq+<T L&
m{ <V + q q # j T s< T . y m\ | & d T KeTT>
qT+&jTeqT. < jT<eTT> d ]+#T# qeTks~e TT\#
|P+#eqT. @ eqe&T +~jTT&T, |dq T&T n>T#
|eTT >deqeTT #jTT#T+&TH ysT n $<eTT\T>
deT~H=+<<sT.
> MTe+d` > d+sD eTVeTT

(nq+l $uw ><TZsT X+s#s |
|sBXskMT l Xq+< dsdr eTVsE)
>y eTe> + >e' |w @e#

>y yT dsXe >y+ eT< ekeTVyT
(eTV useTT, nqTX 8/3)
> XeTT >e, |~, dsd, dsT&T, dss yTT<\>T
nseTT\+<T |j+#&q$.
T\He <j rD T\ |#
ds eT |V >e', |B, dsdr
(eTVuseTT, nqTX 69/4)
>e, u $T, dsd nqT eT&T HeTeTT\T deqyTq $.
eT&Tq <qeTT #jT<q$. eT&+{ <qeTTq deq
|* eTT\ #TqT. eT&TqT eTqTw\ d+|Ps s\qT rsTq$>
q$.
bb, |c, d+sDq
>edT' dsb<' |~yyT
XX' d+X| u>
dk< ><' ds yeu
(eTVu. nqT 71/54 )
133
b|, |w, nf sD #jTTjT sDeTT> >e\T

u$T jT+<T ds sDeTT\ keTeTT> *jT&T#Tq$.
>XeTT, <qTe, ds nqTq$ sD|k<eTTq, sDeTT\T *
jTT+&T k+yT jTTq$. >e\ qT+& d+jTT, |
u>eTT\q b|+#TqT. n+<T# ><qeTT\qT #jTTy&>T
eTqTw\T, sDeTT\qT |<qeTT #jTT dsT deqeT
*jT&T#TH&T.
>] |~y HeT<jTyT
~7| >sT#
(sTeTT 2/2)
$<eTT> #+<T&T, dsZeTT, ~X, \eTT, =$T~ d+K,
ewue TT, e, eT]jTT +<T&T yTT<\>T q\T~ (40) nse TT\+<T
>Xe TT |j +|&T#Tq~. sTe TT 3/9 nqTd]+ eT+
$~> o*+#T #+<T&T, (), ~ s |seTT> yweTT
(eX) eTV (u $T) yTT<\>Tq$ > Xe TTq $$< nse TT\T \e.
|B d<q+< ds|eTT |sy T XsT jTT d<qeTTqT
n_eeTT #jTT#Tq~. dsT&T |syTXs <q n_eeTT
> e+XeTT q+<T, |syTXsT $< X\ dyXyT jTTq~.
>e dsZ T\eTT> dTK|<yT jTTq~. >sdeTT yTT<\>T y
<s n+<]H dTKeTT #T#Tq~. >de eT]jTT ><qeTT jTT
|\ ds|eTTqT b+~qy&T, < |* eTT> qeTT, beTT,
d e TT eT]j T T > s | e TT, n j T e TT\+< T ,
|ceT>T >e jTT seT seTeTT\+<T+&TqT.
(eTV useTT, nqT 51/33)
s$T, s$T eTVu> Xk7j' d '
134
>dy |\ ds|eTT |Ps, |eT yTT<\>T |~ ~\ jT+<T

>de ] y|+#T#Tq~. nf j ~X\ ~|eTTq
\_+#T#Tq~. n+<T# >|w |~~\ |]\ \D yT jTTq~.
>eq+< |~~\T y| #+~jTT+& |cyTq jTXdTqT
d+>T#Tq~. \ JeqeTT \<T. \eTT sde TjTeTT. >eTeTT
ds\eTT \+<T XwyT jTTq~. >sdeTT dssdeTT\+<T XweTT.
>sdeTTqT jTeTTq+<T |jTTeTT #jTT# yT|TeTT> sb+~
qJeq d~ sDeT>T#Tq~.
>e dseTeT>T nqb| sDeTT. n$jT <e\
eT V$dTqT |<qeTT #jTT#Tq~. kVseTT (<ejTeTT)
eT]jTT ew{seTT (+<j>eTT) s+&+ seTT\T m\|&
>e\|qH <s|&jTTq$.
d+<V eTT> >e jT|\ s|eTT\T> qTq$. yjT+<
jT |wjTT <s|& jTTq~. >e u, u$w\eTT\>T
#Tq$. y s+ #T, y e\q b+<T |wj
T T, y d$+#TqT
{ u , u$ wT\ d~ sT>T#Tq~. yjT+< jTeTTq |w+ |
&T#Tq~. n$jT jT ds|eTT\T.
nq+ V |seT+ >y <yH+ |seT+ V$'
kVs ew{s >w+ |w
>y jTd V |\+ >w jTC' |w'
>y u$w+ u+# >w jTC' |w'
> u\ <qeTTe qe$<<T\T>, qe$< u\T u
eTT\+<T k$TeTTqT (~|eTT) b+<T &T dT\ueTT.
de >] y\ d+|qqT #LsT#, nf *e |wseTT
n>T >s e TT q+~+#T#, e eTTqT |{ + #T# >e >e
jT>T#Tq~.
> XeTT d*+>eTT, eT]jTT |+*vZeTT\ s+&+{ jT+<TqT
|j+|&T#Tq~. >e, >s|eTT $w|jT>T ue>
135
~<$ s|eTTqT <] +, u e> e]+# &T#Tq~. >y ewu

s|eTT ~<$ s|eT>T# $X|wqT b+<T#Tq~. n|&T
s|eTT m\s |s|yT jTT+&TqT.
es' ds uH+ >e' ds dTK |<'
e~e+ + >e' s' |<D'
>s eewu' |,jT ~e+ Xs >ryT |c
>e d+|Ps eqe\ *> qTq~. n~ m\s dTKeTT\
#Tq~. mes eT nuT<jTeTTqT sT=qT#T+<Ts ysT
>e\\|& de #jTT# J$+#eqT.
>e\T H \T\T. ewueTT\T H +&T\T. n$ s+&Tq
H dsZ+. nf V dTKeTT\qT |<qeTT #jTTqT. >e H
<seTT> qTq$.
>de, eT]jTT >sd deqeTT |C X eT]jTT bDX
|w *+Z #T#Tq~. +~jTeTT\ nqT|eqeT>T \eTT d+#seTT
#jTTqT> #jTTqT. @ $<eTT> +~jTeTT\ |jjTT,
|s &TqT, eT]jTT |X &T>qT, JyX sT&TqT HjT >T#, n~jT
>e\ >b\eTT> *jTT#Tq~. +~jTeTT\ qT+& |,
|>> eT]jTT n+s>q +&T#, +~jTeTT\
|j > q, |s &T >q, |X &T >q, JyX sT& n>T#TH&T.
eT]jTT +~jTeTT\qT nqT>V+#T#, j n~cq <e
ds|eTT\T> <eeTjTeTT> qTq~. nf >e\ | nvZeTTq+<Tq
|w+|&jTTq nqT>V <e\T n~w+ jTT+&T# >e
<eeTsT> #|#THsT.
X+> eT d V XvZeT<T Xe'
ds <y' d <V ds<e eTsT V >'
(VsXsd 3/32, 35)
136
>e nqT |<e TT V y>$ dsd nqT nse TT\+<T

L& $j+#T#THsT. e HsTT yTT<q$ >sdeTT qT+&
y+~jTeTTqT bw+#T#Tq$. <w#H >e nqT
y>|eTT d~+q~. n+ > V$< n~cjT>T dsd
y>$ > qTq~. VD s|eT>T# dsd T~ n~cjT>TqT.
>sde TTqT VseTT> d]+#T# j e\ jT+<* d >TDeTT
B|eT>TqT. k <\# T~ $X<eT>T#T+&TqT. n+<T#H,
k <w >e dsdr HeTyTs&q~.
> XeTT m# y>seTT |j+|&T#Tq<, n#
#+<T&T nqT nse TT L& y>|d~ \T>T#Tq~. skeT>T
keTzw~ nqeTT s|eTT y<eT+<TqT eT]jTT eeVseTT
q+<TqT d~+ #T#Tq~. >eq nqs|eTT mT \T>TqT? >eq
jTs |eTT, jTeTTq |sq s|eTT eT]jTT |sq eTT (yT|T eTT)
qT+& nqs|eTT d~+#T#T+&T# >e nqs|yTq~. >sdeTT
k keTsdeTT eT]jTT nqeTT n>T#Tq~.
jTvsy| keT' d#>w|w'
| # | & q $< qeTTq+< T >eq nqs | e TT,
#+<s|eTT d~+#TqT. y# wqeT>T |<eTT HeTeTT>
qTq~. eTqdTqT nqT>V+#T <eeTT #+<T&T. ~ eTqdT qT+&
jT>T |<ss|eTT. nq> >e HeTeTTq, s|eTTq
n~ueTT> qTq~. ~ u s|eTTq+<T >T HeT
sbeTTqT *jTTq~. yqT eT]jTT eTqdTqT <
jT>T#Tq~. < qqTd]+ >T yvjTeTT eT]jTT
eTHeTjTeTT n>T#Tq~. ~<$ $<qeTT qqTd]+ >T
n`keeTT> qTq~. $<eTT> >eq $Xs|eTT
d~+#T#Tq~. n_bjTeTT #H >eq $X|c nqT
HeT<jTeTT L& d]jT>T#Tq~ :`
137
>seTd > |c
>e' |c uH+ >e' dd jTq+eTVY
@< $Xs|+ dss|+ >s|yT
(n<s 9/7/1/25)
>XeTTq seTT L& \<T <TV d|yT
(TT><eTT 9/72/7)
T~ ><qeTT #jTTy&T njT |\b| b+<TqT
jy jTjT+ kVeT<e uy
jTTcH < #Ve|<
d<q+<eTT. ~ nqeTjT, bDeTjT, eTHeTjT,
$CqeTjT eT]jTT qqeTjTeTT\ d, (ndeTT) (#H)
eT]j T T | j T eTT (q+< e TT) \qT # T # T q~. B
n_bjT$TTq~, nqeTj~ XeTT\T jTT d> q, #H ,
eT]jTT |jT eTT\T n_exe TT\T>q q$. >e\T >sde TTqT
d$+#T# nqeTj~ XeTT\qT bw+#T#Tq~. j|wT
q+< T s s w e TeTT# , nqeTj ~ X e TT\
s | eTTqT <y w q T |s=q& j T Tq~.
n_exe T>T#, nqeTj<T\qT n_exe TT #jT T#T+&T# >e
jT jT>T#Tq~.
>e nqT HeTeTT z+ s T\eT>T# d+dsD j>
\~> qTq~. s+&+{ nseTT L& deqyT. >GnG R >
nGGyTRzyT. > eT]jTT zyT q+<T n, d+j>eTT
#+<T# s|eT>T#Tq$.
z+s >eT>T yT jTT kqeTT q+<T > |<eTT q+<T
> s e TT \ < T . | D e> e T> T y X qs T & T n j T +< T
dT]+#T#TH&T. jTT nseTT VsD>sT&T. yT jTT nseTT
138
bCXsT&T> qTH&T. > q+<* n jTT nseTT yXqsT&T

eT]jTT jTT nseTT VsD>sT& jTTH&T. > jTT nseTT
>DX &T Xwe TT *jTT+&Ty&T> qTq~. |j
T \jTT q+<T
L& XweTT ($T* jTT+&T) sDeTT |wT\jT+<T
ny d+eTT *q bCX&T > *jT&T#Tq~.
ns#|yTjT' |sH >DX ><
d <' ks' kqq' kej eTVH |sTw'
(>DXs |qT|wY 2/4)
ns#j de ej > $TV
de|] >DX |<q$T# ejX\$T#
(>DXs 4/2)
|De> eTseTT jTT kqeTT q+<T > seTT, nf
rjT kqeTT q+<Tq, |<eTeTTq edeTT> > HeT
d+sqeTT, |eTT eT]jTT dsD<T\T dsdT\ueTT> qT+&Tq
n_bjTyT jTTq~.
>e ds ` #+<T\ n+XeTT qT+& b<TsyTq~. nf
|C| jTT es> qTq~ :` bC|' ksd< ke'
(eTV useTT, nqTX 73/1011) dsT&T ns| u>
qTH&T #qT&T nq s|eTT q+<T u>eTT q+<T#TH&T. >e
# q eTT qT+& u> qT, > s|eTT# u>eTT>qT *jT&T#Tq~.
># Hq nqT qqTd]+ > HeTeTT nqs e T>T#Tq~.
>e |#sT #jTT# |]dseTT\+<T sT>&T VQ|jTyTq~.
>we TT, >w y~ Xe TT\T >eTVeTqT dw| s # T #Tq$. >e
jTT yT&u>eTT q+<* >+> &\T ewueTT jTT eT|seTT
(sVeTT) (yT yT& ` |jTeTT> qT+& e+s ]
jTT+&TjTT n+<eTT> qT+&) qT, dT|w> qT+& >e\
dTbeTT H=d+, j u>eTT\qT d$~> d$+#T# n<T
eVeTT *jT>\<T. eTsD+#T#Tq e =s $TeTT>
139
><qeTT #jTT# ysD (uedqT) qT+& <T d+u$+#Tq

XgeTT |Tw+#T#Tq~.
$wjTeTT >TsT+#T=qTeTT. $X|s+|sjT+<T >e+d
uDeTT #jTT jTeH~ CT\ysT, y] |PsT\T q+~
HeT<jTeTT *q >e $>V+ qT+&, $X$TT |T<\ e\q
q+~ s+#T, d+\eTT #H &].
uy< jTT>eTT q+<T e\ jTT *, +&, >TsTe,
|T&T, w&T yTT<\>T dY d++<eTT \jTT ~\eT>T#Tq$.
|j+#T=qT <s|&T# e <Hqq d++<eTT
|T=qe\d jTTq~. n{# u> e +T&T >eqT jeJeqeTT nq>
eTsD |s+eTT L&, eTsD+q sTy deTT |j>
|&TqT> >eqT dsTT+H&T. nsTT |j>eTTqT
uy<T\T y yT&qT >qsT |jd|&T#THsT. Xs
d++<y T q , eT+> s y T q |< T \jT+<T d+dsD =s edTe >q,
e |j+#T=qT > esZeTT |XdyTq~> jTTq~.
|]dT\ ;VsY, u+>, ]k yTT<\>T b+eTT\T eTeT>T
>C <s q <Xb+<T eXyT jTTq~. {sT, +&T,
>&T +&T yTT<q y=s ewueTT\qT |j+#T
eT<XjT, D<XjT *jTeqT. >T&T yTT<q <w
|<se TT\T, >e\T, <Tq\T, s\T yTT<\>Tq$ >e\ <T\T>
y&TL& D<XqT d+#T#Tq~. n+> >#s u$T
n\eTT> qT+&T, yd> |\eTT> qT+&TjTT, >u\T
|ueTTq >T]jT>T, |D |]Xu =s >e\T e>
qT+&eqqT, yTT<\>T y|] >b\qeTT |+<qeTT>
qTq~. n+<T# >dejTT, >sD jTT qqqT b+<T# XSqd
#sT#Tq$. |]dT\ jT+<T, | b+eTT\+<T <\T,
eqjTT\T, >u \ T nHq dV seTT q+~+#T= >X\qT
]+#T= >e+XeTTqT n_e~ #jTT#, jeJeqeTT n$
140
|j > |&e \jTTqqT ueq# w#j

T e\dq deTjTedqyTq ~.
n+> sT \>T TqTq, <\T *q, n+>V qeTT *q,
e<T\>T y] qT+& L&, >sDqT >T]+q $wjTeTT\qT
\T=qT#, y]L& >e\T, ewueTT\T, >eeTT\T, <&\T
yTT<\>Ty jTT dys jT+<T <w eTs\e\dq
nedsyT+qqT dqyTq~. nf y y dT+<s s|eTT
sT>&TqT> #jTeqT. ns#eTT qT+&, XweTT qT+&
>X\\qT s+#eqT. |seTT q+<T J$+#T, n{y]
n_eeTT #dT=qT nf <VHXeTT, nHXeTT
yTT<\>Tq$ jTTjTTeT>T |<T\# d~+|#dT=qT >+< s#q\T,
|#s |kseTT\ nedseTT L& eXyT jTTq~. M nueeTT
#H #eT+~ V+<Te\T HdeTT +&e qeTT #jTT#,
n~jT VseT>TqT> qTHsT.
useTT d+ <XeTT. eTs\ ~q~qeTT, |~qeTT
>V\T sT>T#Tq$. m|&T >e+XeTT $T*jTT+&< n|&T
>V\T sT> +&TqT nqT|T wL & esd ~ jT>T#Tq~. m|&T
e\eTT >V\ jT+<T <seTT n<seTT #jTTysT #jT
#T#THs n{y ] q+<] s seTT> + #eqT. m|&T e\eTT
|uT eTT L& >VqT #jT T#Tq< b+eTT b eTTq
~>CsT jT>TqT. >s\T, >|P\T n>T V+< >V\T
#jTTysT> qTq# y] L& sseTT> +#eqT. nT>
eT&TesZeTT\ ysT >V\T bV+#T #Tq# mesT me]
<+&+#eqT?
eT]jTT{ >T]+#T=qTeTT. $<X <T, |uTeTT jTT
n\ $<qeTT\T, eT]jTT ybsT\ ns\T|eTTqT u]+#T
<w, nqTeT&T sDeTT\# us<XeTT q+<T >V\T
sT>T#Tq$. >e\T, ~E\T, dTs\T, k<Te\T eT]jTT u<$
141
V<jT eTTq+<T, d+ d , =+<sT sjT H\ T <s qeTT

#jTT#THsT. ysT ke<qeTT> +#eqT. M s+#T
u> e +T&T ne]+#Tq, $<e TT> +, >TsT+ #T =qeqT.
>jYTn|, V dt e< ds< nqTYV
>e b|eTT~. < e~+#T nqTeTT.
n|T >y+ HeT @ VqTeTs
eTV#sX\+ ew+ >+ y\uY TjT'
(eTV useTT, X+ 262/47)
XT\jT+<T >e\qT b|eTT y>q, e~+#L&
y>q #| jTTHsT. d jT+<T mesT y d+V]+#T>qT
>] +#T#THs? @ |sTw&T >e\qT ewue TT\qT e~+#TH
y&T eTVb|eTT #dq>TqT.
V+<Te\ jT+<T s<s> *jTe\dq n~+XeTT
sjTH\T V+<Te\qT dsHXqeTT>qT, eT]jTT $T*jTTq
us< X e TTqT L& eTT\T> $u +#T |jT eTT\T k>T#Tq$.
m| & T s & T u & > T H, es Z < s e TT\T L &
<]|qe>T#Tq$. n|&T @$T#jT>\eTT? m|&T qsV
w~+|&T# qsT\qT C>s\T>q, neT\ jsT
#jTT&T<Ts, sqTq \eTT ] H=sT =T=qT,
V+d+#T=qT +<Ts, n|& >e<L& d+|Ps
w~+|e#TqT. # <HT eq>\sT?
{ d+<seTT o|TX*>q, |ueX*>qT, eT]jTT
d|\e+eTT>q qT+&& seTeTT\qT #jTe\dq eX
\<T.
}s dq }syT<X jTC
>seTd >d |c
sV' |eV' XX<e
bC|' ds$Ts y<'
142
>y eTyTq' |DT<qT ks `

d< ke' dsZjHjT dqT
q+ yT e e#XjTqT
<qT' dqT dsc yT
(eTV useTT, nqTX. 76/10.11)
>e\T V d+|< *ZjTTq$. Xq, T~q
L&q$. jTeTT q+<T|j +|&T neT ds|yT q V$dTq
kqyT jTTq$. >T jTT |wj
T T, XjT eTTqT, u $T
jT+<T ewue TT\ <s b\eTT |j +| &TqT>q, ||+ #eTT
nH~ |yVeTT> =qk>TqT #jTTq, eT]jTT V<e
|>q >d+|< \<T. yw >TDeTT\jTT >e\
|X+djTyTq$.
ds#+<T\ n+X\ |{eT>T#Tq >e\T eTq
b|eTT\qT V]+#T#Tq$. eTqeTT dsZ~ e TeTT\T b+<T
dVjT|&T#Tq$. *e XsDeTT #T#Tq$. s\jTT =
eT+eTT\ <s Hsys be#TqT. >e |# n{ s\T
|PseTT> HsysT>!
>e ` kY l HsjTDT&
|PeT>T >e m{ k<sD |X eP<T. >e\T eTq
|PjT eT>TjT > b' dsDjTeTT\T L&. n$ ><+
s|yT. lw |sVL& |PeT>T >eqT q *> \+
q #T \ de\T #dqT. |P\T sV+#qT. VsT \ q+~+#qT.
q bDeTT\ +fqT $Tq> |$T+#qT. > d+sD #jT T ss
|sVjT>T ~<eeTT lw s|eTTq |{eTjTqT.
n+<T\ |P >e l HsjTDT& jT>T#TH&T. >e jT+<TqT,
lHsjTDT jT+<TqT u<yT$TjT q~. @~ lHsjTDT&
143
n~jT k |P >e. H&T TTw\ eTTqT\ <s bDeTT\>T

us< X e TT q+<T | eTT y\=\~, \\ =\~ d+K >e\T
<&<&> qs&T#Tq$. ~ $<eTT> |<, u> #jTT
b|eTT>qTq~. >V nH& b|eTTq $T+q eT]jTT ysT
b|eTT <T.
| jT+<T+#T =qTeTT. |P >e H&T <s
bDeTT\T *q us<XeTT q+<T qs&T#Tq~. >e
d+V]+|&T#Tq#, k HsjTD <eeTTqT d+V]+#TjT
jT>TqT. >e\qT ] <w ##T# eTTd*~, +{~,
|s~, |#jT ~, |j >|& ~ yTT<\>T sDeTT\# y
e~+#T#, n{y e~+#T d\V\#T# @< $<eTT>
y d+V]+#TqT deT]+#T#THsT. ~ # |< b|eT
$T+#s n|s<eT *jTHsT. eTq |PjTeT>T kT
y<<eeTT, y<eTTq+<T >eqT VQ>=|> |dT+#T#Tq~.
y<eTT \+<T >e b|eTT < #|&jTTq~ :`
e sT<D+ <TV edH+
dk~H eTeTd H_'
| qT y#+ w HjT
e >eTH>eT ~+ $~w
(TT><eTT 8/101/15)
n{ |P >eqT k y y qT&T dT +#T#TH&T.
eT]jTT >e >TD>qeTT #jTT# n| |qT >eqT
>] #| jTTq~. b|eTT Xy T q qT , |PeT>T { >e k<sD
|Xe> #| >TH? >e k HsjTDT&T # yyqT&T nT dT+#TH? n{ y< <eyT >eqT V>$+q
y], bbT\T> <M]+ bD<Dq #jTT <+#qT :`
jT~ H >+ V+d jT<X+ jT~ |PsTwyT
+ ddq $<y jT< Hk nMsV
(n<sy<eTT 1/16/4)
144
>V #dq y] dde TT #jT &q >eTT\ eTsDq T

neT\T#jTT y<<eeTT <XeTT \+~+#qT.
m+es eTq |P >e <XeTT q+<T V
#jT&T#T+&TH n+esL eTq <XeTT q+<T dTKX+T T
\TZqT? @ <XeTT q+<T, @ u$T jT+<T |P >e jTT s
_+<Te\T |&T#T+&TH, u$TjT+<T sT>T j>, jT, |,
|, <q, |D, uq, |Pq yTT<\>T ds Xu seTT\T
eseT>T#T+&TqT. eT]jTT w\eT>T#Tq$. dTKX+T\T <XeTT
dseTT> qT+&eqq >V\H& +eTTqT s|e|
re|jTeTT #jTeqT.
>e\qT s+#T =s k nq+{ V+&
HjT&>T |se >$+<T s|eTT |{eT>T#TH&T.
TTTeTs eTVsE ` > de
> dy eeTT# |b| ` seTHeT dsD# > V b|HXqeTT

TTTeTs HeT<jTeTT sE +&qT. n
VQus\T \sT. y]jT+<e] d+qeTT +&qT. H=
~qeTT q+<T Cu*eTT sE e< $#dqT. sE eTT
k>dseTT \+~+, |<| q d+q$T >] #| bjT
eT]+#qT. n|&T eTT > eTVeTqT >] >qeTT #jTT#
T #|H&T,
$c' |k< >X| ek |<y |q'
u>e+T&>T $we, >e, u>yH X+sT&T, M] |#
|T\qT b+<e#TqT.
sE eTT <s| P seTT> &T >T#TH&T, z! eTTes!
>eqT @ $<eTT> |P+#eqT? < |*yT$T? $wjTeTT\
*jT>sT#THqT. n+<T\ eTT T de<q $T#T#TH&T
eTVsC! >dye e#]+#TysT, n{ |sTw&T >eqT
yT|, < y+ sT>T q H djTeTT> nM b+eTT
145
q+<T >e y#T+&T eT+~. >e# <qeTTqT |+, <

>eTjTeTT q+<T =+ <qeTT *| < |]Xue TT> @seqT.
| d+qeTTqT sTy&T <qeTTqT qeqT. m|&T >e
{ >TH, n|&T |sTw&T |$ \eTTqT d]+|eqT.
>e mT> q (q) kqeTT q+<T+&>, qT +~ kqeTT
q+<T+&eqT. s+seTT >e XseTT q+<T y*jTTq <eT\qT,
d q e TT\qT, > \ qT bs <\T > X s e TTqT
eTTsT#T+&eqT. n$ >& qT#Tq|&T q # >e H{
n+~+#T eT+~. |seTT> e > dy eeTTqT #]+q#
> e XjTeTT> <s|sjTDTq |T\qT |k~+#TqT.
| y+# |sT &TqT, <s T&TqT n>T TT+us T &T eTT
CqTkseTT> >eeTT Bq T d]+#qT. sE eqeTT q+<T
| Xuq T M+ #T#T+&qT. T ##T# eqeT< eTTq >T#T+&>
ys= eqb+eTT *jTT# d+VeTT, >eqT #+|
|jT +#T#Tq~. deTjTeTT q+<T >e ><<Z dseTT |<>
ns#T# |\#T#T+&qT. sE |sT> #dqT. n|{ > e
d+VeTT <s VyT q < \TdT= $\T& s~+#qT. <q +se TT
<seTTqT |+E Cu* e< yqT. d+|Tq q+jTT
sE #|> \+#qT. b|eTT qT+& $&T<\ n>T eT]jTT
||<T&>T > e eeTT |P]jT>T eTT bjT
eT&>qT. XkqTkseTT> n q bjTeTT *jT#dH&T
eTTesT&T. < jTeqTkseTT> $<qeTT qqTw+
b|eTTqT b>=T=HqT. ,
<js wsd b||xdj'
eT >e<sTX HsjTD$ T'
>y+ jeTqk <T'K+ yx<eT deT'
d j sjTkq+ je~HX#TsX
j| <e+ V]+ +<Y d< <Ts>yH qs'
146
d#| qs+ >#Y |b |e'

kYC V]+ +<H >w <T'K+ de#sH
<| qsqT+ qbb qsXs
(|<. b\.19/33`36)
CqeTT b+~q |eT > e<jTT, eT]jTT HsjTDT
+~+#TjTT #dq#, s+&Tq #dq# n{y] b|<weTT
n+T~. @ qs<eTT&T eTqdTq+<qq >e\T <T'KeTTqT
sT=q#, y&T |<TH\TZ +< |<M\eTT\ es qseTTqT
nqTu$+#TqT. @ nu>T&T k] V]+< >$+#TH n{y&T
q |bT\ \d qseTTq >TqT. n+<T# z! sC! *djTT
mes >e\qT u~+#T#, u>e+T +< #jTT#T+<Ts y]
qseTT qT+& mesTq s+#sT.
nCqeTT# > e< #djTTq# < q bjTeTT
\<T. e TTT|sT&qT sE e< yeTT. ysT d]jT>T
d\V e>\sT.
Cu*eTT CqTkseTT> s>T TTeTsT&T deT<w
d+|qT&T, lseTu&T n>T TTT|sT e< yqT. eT]jTT q
><qT Cu* d+<XeTTqT >] $e]+#qT. n|&T TTT|sT&T
n bjTeTT #|qT. ||e+T&T, T~eT+T&T n>T n&T
T #|#TH&T, z! eTVsC! XgyjT>T eTT m& ?
HH& ? eTsT n $& |D_eq>T H e+{ eTsT
#+ m+<T\ e] ? q|{ H| X< eq+<T\
y~+#T#THqT. MTsT <s|PseTT> \+|&T,
u l s|TTH<+ + sD eTqk s
Hc|fq X+ wjTd eTVeT
d+Tc <d ds+ e V+ eTHs<yT
nCq >V b|HX+ ]w
(|<. b\ 19/46`47)
147
z ! eTVeTr ! H&T MTsT |eTTqT $& XseTTqT,

eTqdTqT, y\qT dsXsT&>T, u>e+T&T lseTT ]+
uqdjTTeTT. seTT d+| |s#TeTT. n&T ||&
V<jTeTT q+<T>\ deTd eTq\qT Hsys>\sT. nCqeXeTTq
e >$+q > V b|eTT q+#>\<T.
sC TTT|sT <XeTTqT b+~ >dy eT&>T sE
TT+us T &T lseTT u qjTT, dsDjTT #jT T#T |$T& eTs\
eb\q jT+<T eT>T&jTqT. y] bD$TT\ VeT>T
k<q\qT #|T# s+seTT seTHeT dsD #jTT#T+&qT. >
de =s eTV$ jT+<T ed+#qT. = sE\ |eT y
de# d+| H=+~ beTjTeT>T <M eT<qTe |yT
] HsysTqT> eseTT#qT. eTs\ n+sqyTq~. es
|*eTT> qs+<T&>T TT+usT + |seTu&>T dyH
nqT HeTeTT *Zq |T&T qeTjTqT.
Cu* |T&T ` deTT&T ` > de ` VCqeTT
d<#]DjT>T uVD d \<T. yT |sT Cu.

yT |T&T d eTT&T nqT y&T+&qT. n $<udeTT
ejTdT s>H n&T * qT#TH&T, ne! HqT >TsT\
ydeTT #jT \+HqT. n# >TsTe qqT > HeTeTT \&q#
HqT @ >eTT #|eqT? n+<T\ * qT#Tq~, |! e
+& >eTT #|qedseTT <T. m+<T\q> ~qeTT \+<T
HqT m\| & n~de #jT T#T+{. n+<T# e m|&T #sT&T
qT >eTT\&q# n|&T $<e TT> #| eTT, Cu |T&q>T
deTT&qT T * qT >>= deTT&T V]<TeTT&>T
>eTTTw e< yqT. n&T T #|#TH&T HqT |PE\>T
MT V#s B de#jT T ejTTHqT. n+<T\ #sT&T
HqT, e! >yT$T ?
148
deTT&T qT#TH&T u>yH ! H >yTy nqT

H *jT<T. HqT deT Cu\T&qT. H +es *jTTqT.
nT |eT >eTT &HqT, e! uVDT&T > ysTy&e&Tq
$<eTT> dsueeTT deTTqT |\TC\&T. ds. yeTT.
e =~ d$T<\qT eTT. |qjTq d+kseTT #TqT.
deTT |qjTqeTT #d <Ts\eT>T H\T>T e+<\
e\qT n #T#, M e n&$ rdT[ yT|eqT. M
d+K ysTT # e ] y C\e. n+<T\ u\T&T u> y H!
MTsT #|qf ysTT d+K >e\T #]q sTy y<qT.
deTT&T >e\qT rdT= eqeTTq >qT. n# n&T
{se TT ]+#T= ed+#T#T+&qT. qTeq, eTqdTq
> de #jTT#T+&qT. sqT sqT >d+K |] ysTT>
|P]#+<qT. n|&T ewueTT deTT <>Zs y[ HqT,
z ! e ! e d+K ysTT #sqT <! n+<T# e eTeTT\qT
#sT #+ rdTeTT. y+H #sDeTT (u>eTT)
V d++<eT>T |<XeTT #jTT<TqT. V
|Xds|eTT> qTH&T. s+&e #sDeTT n ds|yTq~.
njT u~+#TqT.
deTT&T >e\qT rdT#TH&T. kjT+ eT>Td]
>e\T n\d bsTTq$. y { $+ sE s n#H
ed+#qT. nT sT y f\ n Hs s#q T. n qT#TH&T,
deT ! HqT VCq ~rjT u>eTTqT >] u~+TqT.
&T nq+ \D&T. eT&e |<XeTT V+d
#jT>\<T.
eTsTd{ sE kjT+\eTT deTT&T eTs\ dT+<s
XjTeTT >Tq y qT+H&T. n# y s ydeTTqT
@ss#qT. deTjTeTT q+<T V+d | qT+& m>TsT
#+ #]q~. n e< LsTq V+d qT#Tq~, deT !
149
deTT&T T #|qT, u>yH! eT @$T? V+d HqT,

HqT V eTT q+<* eT&eu>eTT |<X e TT #jT T#THqT,
V CcH> qTH&T. #T sb <eTT \eTT (eTT<)Z
|<XeTT #TqT.
sTy ~qeTT q+<T kjT+\eTT n&T e eeTT
+< >e\ \d s ydeTT @ss#qT. n# n @ss
n# LsT+&qT. |<X e TT q+<T \ eseZ T< eTTq seTT
sb+~ T u~+#qT, e ! HqT V| #Tsu>eTT
|<+#T#THqT. n&T jTq ds|&T> qTH&T.
|seTT> j <e\# d<q+< |Tq\DT&>T
|se u<qT b+~ dVd >e\qT y+&T= deTT&T
#sT&>T >eTT e< yqT. #sT&T +sVeTTqT,
|PseTTqT *Zq w ~e eTTKeTTqT >+ HqT, e !
e VC d<X&e> qT#THe n+<T\ deTT&T
#|H&T, u>yH! HqT eTqTwsT\ qT+& $<qT b+~. HqT
$jTTHqT, eT e+{ >TsTe <s b+~q $< XwyTjTTq~.
n+<T# MTsT H |Pss|eT>T |<XeTT H e>\s
b]+#T#THqT. >TsTe>sT &T |dqT& qT#TH&T, e !
e < b+~jTTHy n~jT V eTT. <q +se TT #sT&T
d+|Ps eTTqT >] eTs\ d]jT>T |<XeTT
H=d+H&T.
(#+<>4/4-9)
> d+s ke{ ` ~|&T ` > |eT
eTVs>T ~|&T, eT]jTT <es>T +<T&T dVT\T>

qT+&]. <esE |\T| yTs k] ~|&T dsZeTTq >qT.
n# qT+& ] e#T deTjTeTTq eseZ T< eTT q+<T eT<q TeqT
\TdT=HqT. ~|&T q seTTq eq|eT q jT+<*
150
TsTqT >eT+#qT. n+<T\ sDeTT n&T eT<qTeq

qeTd]+#+&TjT. neeqeTT |+q eT<qTe
n X|eTT #qT, H d+qeTT q+<T |#| ysT, |
VqT\>T<TsT >!
eTVsE ~| X| $eTT esyZ T $TjTT *jT<T .
@yTq|{ n&T |VqT&>T# qTq, eTVsDjTT, eT]jTT
|\Tq <T'T\>T#THsT. |b| y++#T#Tq sE
sD \d \>TsTe>T edw eTV] XeTeTTq yqT. eTV]
y] bsq H\+ T <XeTT #qT, MTsT =+\eTT,
XeTeTT q+<T+&TeTT. eT]jTT H VAeT <q Teq>T q+~ >eqT
d$+|eTT.
eTVsE >TsTe qT d]+#qT. eTVsD dT<D<$
b'\eTT q+<T >eqT n$T u |P+#T#T+&qT. Vs
seTTqT s]+#T# q+~>e us d+sD eqeTT q+<T
s T > T # T +& q T. d eT ~qeT+ j T T & e >e
qqTd]+#T#T+&qT. >e q#, eTVsEq #TqT. n~
q&q# q&#TqT. LsTq# LsT+&TqT. n~ sT $q#
qTq sT >T#T+&TqT.
d' deTT#*' |jT+ w<Twedqq Bs'
_w \e<<H+ #jTe + u|sq>#Y
(s|TTe+XeTT 2/6)
d+<\eTT q+<T ~|sE e#T#T+&> >e n|&
|d$ +q~. (u\eeTT) qeTTKeTT b\=s eTT&T=qT#Tq
q ><&qT XeTeTTq ]. sDjT>T dT<D<$ q
# jT+<T n b qT+#T= >eq |< D eTT #d |b|
=s < qeTd]+, n\ $~$<qeTT\ qqTd]+#T#
|P+#qT. ><& jT<#> <VeTT r], *e< b\qT
|{+, sjT+<T q+~ <+|T\T |]#s\T >$+].
151
sEjTT, sDjTT nT >eqT d$+#T# eT #T\ |#

>deTT y eT\eTT> eTTsT# >eq |]| *q
|eT $X+ =s XjT+#T#T+&]. $<eTT> >e |]#s
jT+<T sTe~ (21 ~qeTT\T >&q$.
|<D |jTd + dT<D k bVk
|DeT #qs $X\eTk' X+>qs+ <s$Tys d<'
(s|TTe+XeTT 2/21)
H= sE q+~ >ey+ eqeTTq+<T sT>T#T+&>
eTVsE ~| <w D eTTbT nsD | jTT n+<eTT
q+<T +B]+|&q~. n|&T q+~ <qTe jTT sH<eTT
$|+q~. uj
q d+VeTT >eqT q |+C V+d+#T
|jT+#T#Tq~. n{ d+VeTTqT #+| n+T\ b~
uDeTT\ XsTT+#qT. n #T\T &yT #w\T& n#H
\T#T+&qT. bcDeTTe, eTTe <\ yT<\ jTT+&qT
eT]jTT eT++q uT +>eTT e ;wD eTjTT $|\ eT>T XeTT
|+#T#TH&T. n|&T eqeyDe d+VeTT qT#Tq~,
z! sC ! Xg d+<qeTT > esyTq~. @ $<eTT>
eeTT\qT |+#T |jT+#Ty&T reeTT> |seTTqT &
={qT> XeT e< nsTTq~.
n\+ eTVb\ e XyTD |jTT eT|g$T e< kY
q b<bq\q X s+V' #jT eTsesTd
(s|TTe+XeTT 1/34)
H q T u > e + T & > T e> D eTT eTT $T T & > T
y<sT&qT. e&T H d+Ve , eqeTTq+<*
<e<sT ee TT\qT s+ #T jT$T+H&T. deTjTeTT q+<T
@ J$jT qqT #, eqb+>DeTTq |y +q# e d+s |<XeTT q+<T #]+#T
nq~s #w, eT]jTT H uq deTjTeT+<T H m<T eq~.
152
n+<T# HqT < uT+ H * X+|s. eTsT

n_eqeTTqT, XeTqT e<*yd ] y[beTT.
~|&T |sT\qT <T'K|{ qqTujTeTT#, e<#
<T'K|&T # HeTT\ qT+& n$se TT> nX<s |eV+#T#T+&>
q+~ <qTeqT #d eT]jTT kjT+\ deTjTeTT q+<T *
s<TsT ##T#Tq > <& dTsD e#T# C*
$* eTqdT& \T+&qT. q+~ jTT eeTT q
JeqeTTq +f n~yTq< \+#qT. n+<T# d+VeTTqT T
b]+#T#TH&T, H XseTTqT uT+ * |P] #dT=qTeTT.
u\eeTTqT $&|TeTT. `
d+ eTBjTq Xs e+
<Vq ss sTTT+ |d<
~H ekHT u\e
$d+ <qT]jT+ eTVs'
(s|TTe+XeTT 2/40)
d+VeTT sE #|q n<T |keq |VdeTT
(qe#) #jTT# T #|qT, sC ! e #e]$. deTe.
>TsTeq q+~ <T\T> =\~ b*#T e\qT
|dqT >$+|eTT. T#bD =s kdyTq, dT+<syTq
XseTTqT, eT]jTT jTeqeTTqT neVq #jT eTT. deTe>H
+&TeTT. $yeTTqT eTT :`
@ |+ >' |uT+
qe+ ejT' q$T<+ e|X
n\d VsVQ VT $T#H
$#s eT&' |ud yT yT
(s|TTe+XeTT 2/47)
bDT\| e <jT#| eeT>T#, H&T >e
<T\T> qT uT+#eT n&T>T#THe. e #bsTTq |eT
$|TqT e s+#>\y? e J$+jTTq# +&e
153
|Ps|CeTTqT weTT\ qT+& s+#>\e.

uqT ee#~jT+ >suyY ddeTr <H
JeH |q' XX<T||yu' |C' |CH< |e bd
(s|TTe+XeTT 2/48)
n+<T# dTKeTT\ H=d+>T XseTTqT s+#T=qTeTT.
dsZ b| =s |e TT >eTT #d XseTTq qwe TT *+Z #T#T+{$.
n$T XseTTqT *jTT sseTT> qTHe. dsZeTT ? ns! n~
L& u$T|H jTTq~. m& d+ks yueeTT, $deTT\ =s
m & d e T> k < q s T > T # T q< n# H d s Z e TT q<
\TdT=qTeTT. dseZ TT *+|&q s D\T $|qT\ >, d+|qT\
=s <T.
< D |seTsD+ useTsd\ e<VyT
eTV\ dsq e _qeT~+ V s+ |<yTqeVQ'
(s|TTe+XeTT 2/50)
u>e+T&T, X+sT nqT#sd+VeTT #|q $wjTeTT\qT
$ n+ <je>T eTVsE ~|&T q+q q+~
# nX | P ] qj T qeTT\ eTs \ bDs D =s
j+#T#T+&qT.
sE q jT eTVeTTqT b|~> d]+
de<qeTT #T#TH&T <T d+Ve! <T. HqT e >eqT
u+q sTy yqT. HqT e jTeTTq +eTTqT
b~+#q T. nT m+<T #jT eqT? jT\eTT q+<T mesesT
|<\ qT+&, $|T \ qT+& sD *+s ys |d< T \ T> qTHsT.
su>yT y] \DeTT <T. eTTqT, seTTqT s+#T#,
b&T# ] H]+#TjT y] \yT jTTq~. +<\ +&q
eT*q bDeTT\T, seTT q+<* T# edTe\ > >eTT
#jTe\djTTq~ < :`
154
Y \ jT T<>'
d Xu uTeHw s&'
sCq + ~| e'
bDsT|X eTeTd s
n+<T# e H XseTT | <jy eeV]+#TeTT. H
u XseTTqT uT+ < sD *+|eTT. m+<Tq>
m|{ q q XseTT q+beq<. n~jT eTsD <s eTT. n+<T#
B| $#sD o\Ts>T y] eTeTseTT +&eqT. n+>
HqT ] XseTTqT bw+#Ty&qT`
eT| V+dde #qV+
jTX' Xs ueyT <j\T'
@q $<+dw eT~<H+
|DwHk K\T uw
(s|TTe+XeTT 2/57)
d+VeTT q XseTTqT d]+#T $<qeTT> s]jT>T
~|&T q Xg |j>eTT# d+VeTT u+#T nqTL\
< m<T e+d|+&eTT\T> L] e]H&T.
dqd XkVsjT d<V eTTeqjTY |D $Ty $Twd
(s|TTe+XeTT 1/59)
e+d XseTTqT d+VeTT u+#Tq sE
m<TsT##T#T+&> n|&T XeTT qT+& n XseTT| |wew
]dq~. q+~ <qTe qT#Tq~, V | ! eTT.
eT<Ts e#qeTT\qT \+q eTVsE XseTT #+<qT. n+
XseTT> y\|P]eT>T eV<jTeTT y >e q
dqeTT\ qT+& seTTqT |eV+|#jTT#T+&> ~|&T >e
|dqqT >+#qT. d+VeT# |+#<T.
we eTjTeq+ e# XyeTT' dH
<<ssC q$Tek+ >eT>' |d$D+ q d+VyT
(s|TTe+XeTT 2/61)
155
nT Xs|&q ~| q+~ >e qT#Tq~. z!

dTsTc ! qT |+#T HH ej d+VeTTqT dw+.
eTV] edw |ueeTT# jTeTsE L& qqT u~+|C\&T.
n{ qqT V+d+#T d+VeTTq se ? HqT >TsTu | q T,
H| e #|q <j ueeTT #q T |dq Ts\H . eseTTqT sT!
+ d+|Ps eTq\qT Hsy s T eT<q TeqT HH jT *d=qTeTT.
u >Ts eTjTqT eTj # |d | es+ eDw
q eH+ |jTk+ |d eTyV e+ eT<T<+ |dHyT
(s|TTe+XeTT2/63)
sE q s +&T #T \qT C&+ e+XeTT qT<] +#Ty&Tq,
nq+] k~+#Ty&Tq jT>T |T |k~+|eT sqT.
e+Xd sseTq+ ]+
dT<Dj+ qjT+ jTj#
(s|TTe+XeTT 2/64)
q+~ <q Te < dT n os~+#T# <d{ jT+<T
q seTTqT +| >TeT C|+#qT.
<T> |jT' | |f eTBjT+
|| uv e~<X
(s|TTe+XeTT 2/65)
sE T y ~ +# T # T H& T , z! ! V e~
nqTcqeTT\T s]+q |eT qT+& rjT&q b\qT
><qT.
sE <s eTTq q+~ V<jT eTT d+d+ q~. n{ |dq
eTqdT <q Te sE y+ XeTeTTq e#qT. sE >eeTT\T
b\T q sTy, n VAeTT =s d]+q b\jT+<T
n seTT\ nq+seTT, eTV] qT b+~ >T#T+&qT. <
|* eTT> eTVjTXd jT>T s|T Te ~| |T&jT qT. eT]jTT
156
n > u j
T T, dejTT m\s >=| <s eTT> *q~. n+<Te\q
|{ > u |]>D+ #T ~| HeTeTT >=| X |]>D+|&T#TH&T.
(&. l <<syTJXs, jTyT.@., d+dY, V+B |.V#Y&.)
sC $sT > d+|< ` b+&T|T&T

dV<e > ` #s
>e us<X deT~, d+|<q $weT|r> qTq~.

beq Jeq d+d jT+<T eTV|PseT>T >e nvZyT
\jTTq~. >VdT\ <T XeTeTT q+<T ed+#T TTw\,
y] deT~ |]#jTeTT> # ed+#T >e\ d+K eTq
\_+#T#Tq~. |wT\ jT+<T $<yTq nH ><\T \e.
y jT+<T sE XkseTT \+<T $jTeTTqT k~+#T,
$<udeTT |eTqT TTw\, +>sT usDeTT\qT, y
X+>eTT\ n\+]+q nH >e\qT s |Tw+#T#Tq$.
eTVuseTT q+<T eT<XeTTq s>T $sT&T >VsDeTT
nqT < jT+<T { Vd |eDeTT\T \_+#T#Tq$. > d+|<
m{ eTVeTT \< nf sE\T y d+s+ #T eed eeTT
+&< @$T?
s>T $sT&T $X\ eT<X sE>q, > d+|<
jT+<TqT |d<T&T> qT+&qT. $X\ d+|<\qT >+
s swjTT\ <w sE| |&T#T+&qT. <|B dVT\>T
|+#bDe\T y] eqyd \eT>T |<e T&T (13) d+eseTT\
esTywe TT\ $s&E <>sZ ed+#T#T+&]. n|&T <Ts<q T&T
>&#sT\ <s b+&e\qT y#T+&qT. $<qeTT
q+<T >T|#sT\qT $sT e< |+|qT. eT]jTT sE >
<qeTT q|V]+#T +#T#T+&qT. <Ts<qT&T $s&E >
d+|< |d<T&T qT, b+&e\T n#H +& jTT+<Ts
X sTT+# q T. ys \ T n# +& T # H > < q eTT
157
s+ |&T#Tq< ss TT+#T=HqT. y s+ #T ysT y\T|*

| eTs XsTT+#qT. n~ n $<qeTT q|{, $X\
> d+|< <s, y Vd>eTT #dT=qT <s b+&e\qT
qT>=qeqqT <Ts<qT seTeTT. n+<T# eT<XeTTq
>&eTT> >&#sT\qT, dqeTTqT |+| >e\ q|V]+#qT.
b+&e\ dVseTT# $s{E eTs\ >e\qT b+<qT.
dV<e&T >b\\ jT+<T eTT&T> qqT |]#jTeTT
#dT = $sT du jT+<T |y +#qT. b+&e\ >\ > deT~
>] $sT y~+#T# $sT&T dV <e > sD dwe TT>
*jTTq \TdT= > b\H eedqT $u>eTT> dV<e
n+~+#qT. eTVuseTT q+<* < qqTd]+ $sT&T s
ueqeTT q+< > ydeTTqT @sT #dqT :`
>wek< wq+ ueqd dMT|'
($s|seTT 10/2)
$sT deTeTT dV<e&T qqT b+&e\ >
d+s > qT+&TqT >] y~+#qT. >e\ jTTq, eT]jTT
y ##T#T+&TjTT q wy T q seT *jT#dqT. b+&e\
>\ $X\eT>T > d+KjTTq, y eZsDeTT, , y
##T#T+&T, d+s+#T nqT eedqT >] q |]#jTeTTqT
$sT T #| #TH&T, jTT~ws T e< qTq > eed jT+<T
m$T~ \\ eZsD jTTq~. = | eed jT+<T e+<,
e+< >e\T \e. y jT+<T $$<eTT\>T >e\T \>
qTq$. nf eTT|~jT>T eZsD jT+<T b*#T >e\T s+&T
\\T \e. b+&e\ >\ >e\ HqT &T> qTHqT.
ys+<s qqT +b\T & |\#T#T+&]. > sD eed jT+<T
H deT>T ne>Vq \<T. H\T>Ty| |~ jqeTT\
$ds e TT qTq |<X e TT m >e\Tqy y d+K u , ese q,
u$wT\ m+ d+K jTT+&TH, m+> qT+&>\< y >]
158
H *jTTqT. > d++<eTT\ eT&T\eTT\ {y&T

+&TqT n H *jTTqT. eTVs>T jTT~wsT&T
$w j T eTT\+< T qqT y T # T = H| m\ | & d + |
e|s#&y&T. @@ bjTeTT\# > d+KqT o|TeTT> me
#jTe#TH H *jTTqT. y jT+<T @ s>eTT\T +&TqT>
#jT>\qT. y e\dq n] eT \DeTT\T *q ewueTT\
L& b*+. y eTeTT q+<* ydqqT <]+#T# (ydq
##T#) _&\ T *, |T M\T d (>=&Tu Ts\T) d e TT
>s<sD j> d+]+#T=qTqT.
TTwu+X| CH$T sH |P\DH
jTc+ eTeTTb|jT n| e+< |djT
($s|seTT 10/24)
dV<e <s #|&q $esD\# T *jTT#Tq~,
jTT>eTTq+<* > \DeTT\T, eT]jTT > d+sD $CqeTT
n+ $dyT jTT+&qT. |> >=|sE\ e< +{ > eed\T
\e. +<T = s+>eTTq #+~q$. eT]= $T
s+>eTTq #+~q$. $ njTT $_qeT>T >TDeTT\ #+~q$.
$sT&T q > d+| +~ $<eTT> |]#jTeTT #dqT :`
X+ dVkD deV
des esd $ $TH >TD'
($s|seTT 10/25)
$sT&T dV<e |Xb\qjT > |Xd+sDqT
L& n|+#qT. n&T |Xb\q jT+< <T. jTT<eT+<T L&
|DT&. m|&T se\ $TT&>T >sT dq > u$T jT+<T
n$T+q<, >e\qT n|V]+ rd<\+q< n|&T nq>
e TD, n| V s D \ d e Tj T eTT q+< T y] X k g eTT\
qqTd+<qeTT #d Ms |PseTT> jTT<eTT #dqT. jTT<eTT
q+<T |sX, eTTd\eTT, _b\eTT, eTT<ZseTT, nf sDeTT nqT
159
$ ngeTT\qT |j+#qT. eT]jTTk] nXd\qT

VesT jT+<T d|\ T &jT qT. d \ uDeseTTq m<TsT
\ bjTqT. >ssE >e\ q|V]+ rdT= be#TH&T.
$sT&T y $&|+#T jTT<eTTq y[ +~+|&qT.
$sT&T jTT<e TTq y[q|&T, se\T s ~ X eT<Xe TTqT
$T+]. ysT n# sTy\ >e\qT n|V ]+]. deTjTeTT
q+<T nsTqT&T se\ $X\dq| $jTeTTqT k~+ >e\qT
$&|+#qT. B# b+&e\ nCydeTT de|yTq~. eT]jTT
esTyweTT\qT $& y] dds|eTT\qT |{+#T=].
eTVuseTT q+<* >>VDeTqT n+XeTT eTVus
\eTT q+<* > d+|< eTVeTTqT nf > d+sD eedqT
*jT#jTT Vd |eDyT jTTq~. >e eTV|Ps d+|
*dq# y ndeTT, eT]jTT >=|qeTT nqT y# X+
b+<q>TqT.
us <X| jT ` >e
(nq+ l$uw ><TZsT les#s lllJ
eTVsC)
>e\T deTd bDT\ |sXwyTq XsDT> qTq$. d+|Ps
$XeTTq eeT]jT >e. dscyTe uH+ >e'
XsDeTTeTyT >y $Xd es' y<eTT\#qT, XT\#qT
|b~+|&T#, e+<jTeT>T >e n$TX |<sTT>q,
~e ds|eTT>q q~. {`{<e \ ~eeT>T n~cqeTT>
qTq~. >|PjT deTd <e\qT |P+#T jT>TqT. >eqT
s<]+q# deTd <e eTsT\qT s<]+#TjT jT>TqT.
usrjT d+d |r> qTq~ >ds|yT. |seT ~yeTeTT
q+~+#T#, d\ V]D>q, nf deTs $XeTTqT
bw+#Tq~>q jTTq~. >eqT s~+#T# d\ <e +<eTT\T,
nf $XjT+ jT>T u>yH dsXsT&T n+ |dqT&>TqT.
160
n|& ysT eXseT>T >b\T&T >$+<T&>T # y] eqeTT

\+<TqT |eqeTT \+<TqT, ]sE jTT eTHVseT>T |T eTT\+<T,
nf jTT eTjTeT>T |&>\jT+<T He&T #sDeTT\,
nd+U >deTVeTT jTT yqTy| q qT+& nqTd]+#T# >de
jT+<T s+seTT eT>T&>T#T+&qT. n|sDeTT (292/18)
q+<T T #|&q~ :`
>e' |$+ |seT+ >y evZ\ eTTeTyT
>e\T |seT |$yTq$. |seT XueTT\qT #LsTq$.
dsZ kbqeTT\T> qTq$. dHqyTq$ nf <qds|eTT\T>q
qTq$.
>y+ V rs edrV >vZ
|wd< < |e<
\' w |D # <s `
kk+ |DeT+ d+ # sY
($w <s 2/42/58)
>s| rseTT q+<T >vZ yTT<\>T n q<T\Tq, n
rse TT\Tq ydeTTq$. n+<* |se T beqeT>T < [ |w #Tq
*jTT#Tq~. >e jTT |& (>eTjTeTT) q+<T k \<$
\<T. n{ >eq |DeTeTT \]+q# <s deTqT&>T #TH&T.
n+<T# >e m\| & qeTkseTT \]+#T j>eT>T#Tq~.
XgeTT\+<T, | $wjTeTTq+<TqT >e jTT >]eTjTT,
eTVeTjTT, nf dsb<jT jT Tq ]we TT> b+<T|s ]. >e
jTT <sqeTT, dsqeTT eT]jTT nsqeTT |seT |DeTjTyT
jTTq~. >e jTT ds# jTTsjT eTT e~jT >T#Tq~. u> y qT&>T
eC+< qqqT&>T l XeT dT+<sT&T >De<] jT>T nsTqT
eTVuseTT q+<* nqTXdq |seTT ` (52/27/32) q+<T
T |<+#qT :`
161

>y+ |Xd Ms dsb| Vs+ eyT
$sjT +<X+ b|+ #k| s
>e jTT |DeTjTeT>T eTVeTqT ]+#T, $qT,
<]+#T, nf >eqT <qeTT #jT T yTT<q eTT\T b|eTT\qT
<seTT #jTT#Tq$. sjTyTq~> >e @ u b+eTTq Xd
rd T =qTH, n~ | s e T Xu eTj T eTT. b+ e TT qT+&
b|eTT\jTT |jTqeTT +#TqT.
u>yqT&>T eTqTe ><qeTT jTT |\eTT m{ qeTTqT
*+#TH n~ *jT#dqT :`
nq&TV' jT+ |c+ >< <d $w|yT
nq> ewueTTqT <qeTT> #Ty&T nT\ d+|, nf
><qeTT #jT Ty&T ~y ~eeT>T dseTTqT b+<T#THsT.
us<X| <seTT, d+d, eT]jTT $$< XgeTT\T, nf
ds <w\ >T E\T, TTw\T, eTTqT\T, nf |\ >T eTV|sTw\T
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VDHjT&T, dsjT+ n>T l dsXsT&T, >b\T&>T#
>eTVeT jTT XweTTqT, dseTsqqT *jT#jTT#TH&T.
|$ useTT jTT ~eu$T >seTT, >e |sT>T, >e
HsTT yTT<\>T >|<seTT\ +& >e seTT s+eTT>
qT+&TqT. eTq |C |uT eTT y\ y\ >e\qT $$< |seTT\T>
sj |PseTT> |TseT>T jjT jq\ >T]#jTT#
eTsDeTTqT $~+#T#Tq~. ~ y=s *+#&q m{
n#sy <! $wjTeTTq+<T XgeTT d+<X$T#T#Tq~.
162
nqjT >| y T nq> >e<q T $+#Ty bD<Dq qT neT\T

#jTeqT. eT]jTT n<s y<eTT T #|#Tq~.
jT~ H >+ V+d jT<X+ jT~ |PsTwyT
+ ddq $<y jT< Hk nMsV
n~ eTq >y qq >e\qT, ewue TT\q V#jT T y
>T+& ddeTT\ T b&#eqT. B qT+& es+#T nq>
>VqT es+#T eTq eqe MsT\qT bV+#eqT.
<+&+#s<T.
# >V <seTT> qTqq, >eqT =T, y
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$dT>TqT #| yTT<\>Tq$ Xgw<e TT\T. B d++~+ y<~
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eTVeT<eTT J$+#T# dHsZeTTqT e<*|T eT+~<T.
nV+k esZeTTqT bw+#T us> HjT>T eq
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eTV|c |H<T\qT |*+ dyj
T T#Tq~. use TT jTT
deTs |CeTT jTT |$ eseZ TTqT |uT eTT |+ #T#Tq~.
~ +eTTqT eTV n|V deTT #jT T eT]jTT ks |s eTT
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sVqeT>T VTe\qT dw+#T# u+ #LsT#, ksd~
163
&jTT |jT+#T#Tq~. useTT jTT <sbDeTT,

|\ <] eTVeTT q+<T, yTq $<qeTT\qT *|jTjTTq~.
eT]jTT >e jTT sDqT >] dsdeTT *<qeTT #jTT
yqT&>T yjTs<T.
|uT eTT H&T L& <Xe TT jTT deT~, nf |w\ jT+<T
C> eV+#T#, d+|Ps >e< jT+<T |+<eTT\qT
*Z+#eqT. <]eTT>q, k+deTT>q, nf ]eTT>q
deT> DeTT\ qT+ >+qqT >e |s|]DjT . > $HXqeTT
sh $HXqyT. ~ use TT jTT nT\jTyTq neT\ d+|<>
qTq~. n+<T# B s+#T sh sDjT jT>TqT.
>y+dyT sy >Vd' |D *|_'
>y+ dy|s jTdT d lessY
nq> |DeTTqT ++#TysT, d<ZVdT\T> qT+&T ysT
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|jT |Ps de #jTT#T+& eqT. n+<T# d+|< o|TeTT>
n_e~jT>TqT. |eseqeTT> qT+&TqT.
HqT $<qeTTqT sT#THqT, |\T *<qeTTq +f
<jT#|jT+<T n~ eTVeTT \< \TdT= VeTT
deTsD T~ |se jT+<T n|qT+#T nqT CqeTTqT
b+<TjT |<eTeTT> y+#jT $wjTeT>T#Tq~.
(V dj (6/6)
>e ` >TsT>$+<d+> ` >e d
d\ eTVHjT>T >TsT >$+<d+> eTVsE T

#|#TH&T :`
qy >< jT+r dyj
qy j> j>X j> yTj
jTV <VQ C TsT Kb}
> e <TU d< yT $T{ }
164
sde q<jT>T eTV] kMT <jq+< dsdr

eTVsC > sTD~ nqT |sT>\ >+<eTT q+<T >e
eTVeTqT >] u>T> e]+jTTH&T .X. 1922 (1922) q+<T
ssT< nqT eTTd+\ |+&T> ~qeTT q+<T & jT+<T |~y\
ksTT deTVeTT ysT, eT j #jTTysT. eTVeTBjT
Hj~sT\T >eqT rdT= CsT q+<T uC\T,
y+#T# s (|X*) n]+#T >+T\T yjTT#
d+weTT be#T+{]. n|&T |VH jT>T H d+>
M~ qT+& e#T# y] *| q{ eTT|~ <T (35) eT+~
yqT\T y+s> >V #jT<\q y] ]$T=T# >eqT
$&|+].
use TT q+<T dseTT e d+eseTT\ =\B >& qq
H{ u+usTT q+<T |~qeTT s+&Ty\ ewueTT\T
e~+|&T#Tq$. \ jT+<T >V\T sT>T#H q$.
f+>s eT]jTT eT{jEsY ksTT <TDeTT\+<T |~qeTT
eT&Ty\ >e\ +f me> >e\T, ewueTT\T, ><&\T
e~+#& e+deTTqT nsu <XeTT\ |+|&T#Tq~.
>V nqT eTVb|eTTq sDeTT eTq <XeTT q+<*
=+<sT V+< k<sT , H&T ewue TT\qT e<* {s q, eT]=
jT+eTT\q b\eTTqT <TqT#THsT. >e\qT neTT#THsT.
i\ qT +#T= y&T=qT#THsT. < |\ ds|yT >èwue TT\
d+VseTT H&T n~eT>T#Tq~. H&T, |&T deTjTedqyTq~.
use TTq+<T >e+XeTT q&T<T . $<o >e\ jT+<T X<y T q
>e\T q$. eTq <X b\\T usrjT >e nHjTeTT
#jT T#THsT. VsD, V"d, VksY\ d++~+q >e\T n$T
eTTKyTq$. VsD qT+& \\=\B >e\T \ y[
#+|&T#Tq$. H&T VsD q+<T L& i, i\T (><\T)
me> qT#Tq$. ksh jT+<T ]q C d++~+q
165
>e\T n~eTT> b\#T#Tq$. eTqeTT, |eTT> V+<Te\T,

sT\ $wjTeTT *jTeqT. +{+{ jT+<TqT, >e\
qT+#T= y s+#eqT.
< |r ` >e
(js>T ns$+<T $#seTT ` l <e<J)
eT]eT+eT>T >e |~jT+<T @ ~eX |r

ds|eTT> \jTTq<, n{ X yU+#T y<eTT \+<T
L& k<eTT <T. >e $Xe. u$T L&q >T q+<T
@ d eTT \<, < +fqT n~e T>T eTV eTT, < <w
#q# >e q+<T <]+|e#TqT. TT>< eT>T >_'
lDeTsyT
(9/46/4)
nqT eT+eTT jTT XjTeTT Tq~, =+#yTqq > d++~
$wjTeTT, =+#eTT n+jT |seq+<eTjTeT>T #+<T
jT+<T $T[eT>T#Tq~.
> nqTq~ y~ XeTT. n+<T# y<eTT \+<T #|&q
|seTCqeTT jTT n_eeTT #jTT |D[qT nqTd]+#T
nseT>TqT> yTs| L&q bjTe =qk>T#Tq~. |D[
jT+<T <qeTT+ =qT>=qeqT. n< yK] n+s+eTT>
*jT&T |jT\qT e\ y<seTT\qT $| dw|s#T
k<sDeTT, {\yTq jT jT>T#Tq~. |T+TsT\T y]
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> C D yTT<qejTT |B HeT<jTeTT\T>
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> ds|eTTqT <]+ u>yqT&>T $we #+ #] ]
y&T =qT#Tq~. n~ $<qeTTq VyT jTTq~. mq> u $T
eTjTeT>T ueX >e s|eTT q+<T q |PseTTqT
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166
<seTT $qT#T+&qT. |~ n_eeTT &T VTe

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eTT, |XeTT, +~jTeTT\T nqT
nse TT\qT u~+#T#Tq~. n+> > y#e TT |s, |X , yK
nqT nse TT\qT L& |j > y#e TT> qT#T q~. $wjT eTT
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(n<D y<eTT5/18/1V>M deTT)
# sE# T #|&T#Tq~, V sC! <e\ <s
|<eT>T uVDT yq |r> >e uT+#T#Tq~.
< nes~+#T sDeTT q~. >e nq> dsd
nH~jT q~. nq> m|& uT +|&~. < n+eTT #jT TqT
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> s|eT>T dsd #Tw< n L& |\#T#T+<TsT.
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> nqTq~ ny|T yTq X< sTT. eT]jTT <ep' (n<s
5/18/8) |<eTT |se |]eT>T deTsTT> n_eeTT
#jT T u< y T jTTq~. ~jT d `ds|eTT n #| &T#Tq~.
d+ TT+ VY nqT jTT ne<sD L&jTT+&Tq{
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167
> ns, eT, <s, yeTT\ \jTyT, \jTTq

sDeTTq eT<qT ejTqT. B| w +qeTT be
< |sueeTTq sDeT>T#Tq~.
>T eT]jTT >e' s +&+{ d+\T y~ eT+eTT \+<T
>e, eT]jTT |XeTT nqT s +&T nse TT\T b|+ #T#Tq$. usrjT
#H $<qeTT q+<T d eT]jTT #q (#qeTT) nqTq$
s+&Tq f jTqq <={ |s|yT jTTq~. n~
jTqTq~ nqq d . d| HeTeTT\, d| <seTT\ L& <ee
s|eTT e]+|&jT Tq~. y<e TT n~ nqq #q <C
(|<eT y\T>T) eT]jTT >e n *jTT#THsT.
y~ TTw\T deqeTT q+<T, cqT dT+#T jT+<T
>e jTT < s|eTT |{eT>T#Tq~. y<eTT q+<T >e
jTT < neT\eT>T d+|<\ +& +<T #+,
Vd #+ #sT yV> qTq~. <eXdTse eT]jTT
+^sdT&T yTT<\>T TTw\ dVjTeTT# qd jT+<Tq
>e\qT eTs\ b|+ |#d T =qT M\>T#Tq~. y~ eT+ <w\ T>
qTqysT < wdT H >eT nqT#THsT. ysT ||+ #eTT
=s Cds| s#q >$+HsT.
C]XH uTeHjT Dr >y qe+ ec eseT'
(TT><eTT 1/91/4)
< CsjTeT>T wd >e. nq> ~e #q eTTqT
|d]+|#jTT sDeTT\ eeT]. eTV] edw&T >eqT
<eseTT\+<T u>eTT\qT >e >V +#T#Tq< *jT#jT #TH&T.
B jT+<T nes<e TT qTqT. B kqeTT $X\eTT> qTq<?
eT]jTT eTqTw\ yjTT#Tq<? >e q < yueeTT
q+<T n\+eT>T#, y|+#T#Tq~. $wjTeTTqT >] y<
TT\+<T VQ$X<eTT, $eT]+#T ]jTTq~.
168
y<eTT\+<T >eTTqT |]o*+#T jTq> eTs\ <

b+<TjT. n{# n~ +<s e]yT n>T#Tq~. seTT
vZsd TTw\ dVjTeTT n eT]jTT #q d++~ eTqeTT\T
nf jTeTT <s d+|qeT>T#Tq$. l ns$+<T&T s+q
ucqTkseTT> >e wdT q+<T eTTjTTq sD eTT\ deTVyT
jTTq~. n+< seTT qT+& y] eTT jTq> n+< seTT q+<jT Tq
ds<jT sDeTT #H sT>T#Tq~. n{ #s CsjT
eTT dsZeTT| k~+q $jTyT jT>T#Tq~. ds|rjT>T,
C<sTT>qTq ~eXjT dsZeTT. ~eX +&q eTT.
y<eTH& >e, +sd TTw\ seTTqT k~+#T k<qjT,
|*eTTqT L& e]+#T#Tq~. |* d++<eTT |seTT\
b\&q eTT nq&T ~> qTq~. >e < w'sDeTT
>eqH |ksX +|& jTTq~.
< <yH+ <eejT seTX<H <Vee<q M[
<> <_q< VD e\eT>V y e#jTY d'
(TT>2/24/3)
|q #|&q eTqeTT n+<seTT\ k$T kqeTT
qT+&T#, >eqT #T, deeTT =s eyTjT
#|#THsT. +<T&T n+<seTT qT+&jT > s|eTTq q
sDeTT\qT u>T> y<\T ysdT&T> qTH&T. y<eTT\T +<T
=s T #|#Tq$`
y<+ $XeT_' |Xe+ jTY |X #k dsd >yeTd
>|s q' (TT><+ 7/98/6)
l ns$+<T\T eT y<seTT \+<T |yTjTeTTqT >]
ds ueeTTqT d~+ |#j
T Tq~>, y<e ]e T>T >e, |dT |]d T \
jT+<T ybs ] us D> qTq >y < |X eTT
q+~+#Tq~> |seT TTw\ qT+& *jT&T#Tq~. y<eT+<T
|se T<e =s d +, TT+ VY nq&T \q #jT &q~.
169
< <syTq~ L& > ejT. >< <se eT<'

+< eTTqT |]|Pse TT> s|\ q #jT TysT, qT <] +jTTq
|P] b\qT sT\ =s #Tq{ >e deqeTT. < =s
|seq+<eTjTeT>T keTsd b|# q+<eTTqT >e<s
b+<q>TqT.
(TT><eTT 1/4/1`1)
m+<Te\q nq> >y Cq ds|eTT. e j >e' d
Hd q'
(TT><eTT6/1/8/5, n<s 4/21/5)
>e nf dsT&T M] eTVeT\T *jTT eTq <w
jT>T TTw #|jTTq $wjqTkseTT> |<qeTT #jTT#THsT.
c s|yT > <$. c nqT >e |{+|&T#,
nq> <sTT+#T# n+< seTT ]$TyjT &T#Tq~. <e\ jTT
dsXw seTeTT\qT >e *jTTqT. y jT+<* <&s
kqeTT\qT, *|s # T qT, s s kqeTT\qT eT<Te> #jT TqT
>eT $< |j>syTq~. n+<seTTqT <seTT >$+
(dsZeTTqT) d' ds|eTTqT |+|#jTTqT. y<eTT \+<T
+<T ewueTT nL& |\T#T#THsT. &T eeTT qe
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q+<T deTT sDeTT\qT |d]+| #jTeqT. eeTT (ds
jTT<eTT) q+<T d' nq&T () C jTTq~. jTT+ e+
ewuX +< sc eTk > n<TY
(TT><eTT 1/33/10)
> e<q T y] ybseTT\ =s #]+#T y] l ns$+<T
u w eTT q+< T n+< s j T T e T> T < T w X \ | r >
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eTk <s (TT><eTT 4/51/2) ybseTT\ =s |seT
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170
>e ` s#qeTT ` HHseTT\T

(|P l nsT<#s y+{#sJ eTVsC)
>e XeTq nH s#qeTT\T, eT\T, nf n+<*
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yT sTTD yTT<\>T y jT+<TqT, nf y<e TT q+<* D, C$ TjT,
X|<, yTT<\>T uVD >+<eTT \+<TqT \_+#T#Tq$. n#
>yT `> <Te >ejT suy nqT y~ <Te, nf >` Xu
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keTy<eTT q+<T +& uVDeTTq, >XeTTq
s#qeTT> >ejT s uy <Te qT+& XjT+<T T \<T.
>yy <y ndTsH @u uqT <q
jT< <y ndTsH @u u >ejTH <Z >syT
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s+&+{ qT+& eT&T eTT\ q+<* ndTsT\T ]$TyjT&T
n>T#Tq~. <e\T >RbDeTT, >RbD, sdT\qT >ejTH
sVT\T> #jTT, nq> q eT&T XseTT\+<T >\ <Tw
sd eTT\qT bs<* dTsTweTT \T|=qT jT
*jTT#Tq~. +<T > jTT >eTT \<T. nq> sd d+VseTT
n\& >|jTeTT (sVdeTT) > qTq~.
jT< <y ndTsH @u u >ejTH <Z >syT
>Xe TTq | s#qeTTq nse TT sV deTT> [+|
#dT =qT, XT\ jT+<T ]we T>T <e\T, ndTsT\T nqT eT&T
ds|eTT\ jT<s CqeTT # ]qeT>TqT. n+<T# eT&+{
jTT ds| |b<q\T |dTeTT *jTe\d jTTq~ :`
eT&+ jT+<T <e, ndTs nqT s+&+ ds|eTT
$<eTT> qTq~. y<eTTq+<T bD He <e' nqT Xy
<seTT qqTd]+ (1) TTw (2) |s T \T (3) <e\T (4) sd T \T
171
(5) >+<sT\T (6) eTqTw\T (7) |Xe\T M u<eTT\qT {

@&T $<eTT\T> j bDT\ jTT bDeTT <e\T>
*jTT#Tq~. $ msT|, \T|, \eTT nqT _q_qeT>T s+>T\T
\e. BjT+<T X bDeTT <es|eTT>, nf *s+>T
bDeTT\T nd T s T \T> * j T & T # T q~. < e \ yd e TT
dseT+&\yT jTTq~. ndTsT\ ydeTT |B eT+&\eTT. <e\
d+K eTT|~eT&T >q, ndTsT\ d+K =+u=$T~ (99) >q
q~. dsT = |XsDeTT q+<T <e\+<sTq, nf
u#jT jTT | \+ sDeTT\+<T dsndTsT\TqT
ydeTTHsT. <ydTsT\H& ujTT\ # $XeTT q+<edseT>T
|<ssDeTT sT>T#Tq~. n{ sD deTjTeTT q+<T me]
ysT C> eV+#T# eTs=] |qeTT #jTT jTT<eTT
#jTT#THsT. { |<s < jT+<T <e\ $jTeTT, nq>
<e\ C>sDjTT ndTsT\ |sjTeTT d+u$+#T#Tq~. n|&T
|<seTT\T <eeTjT eT>T#Tq$. nT> j |<seTT\
qeT+<T ndTsT\ $jTeTTqT nq> C>jTT, nf <e\
|sjTeTT d+u$+q|&T |<seTT\T ndTseTjT eT>T#Tq$.
n+< T # $X eT+< T < e \ T, < e u eeTT d + #s e TT
#jTT#Tq$. nf ndTsT\T, ndTsueeTT\T L& d+#]+#T#Tq$.
d+ ls seT+ dTs' nqT XgyeTT <e
d++~eTT>q, nf nd+ bb y eTT sdTs' nqT
Xg deTeTT ndTs d++~eTT >q qTq~. nq> (1) deTT
(2) l (3) C (4) neTeTT nqTq$. <e>TD u$eTT>q,
(1) nd eTT (2) b|eTT (3) eTdT (4) eTTe nqTq$ dTjT
d++< >TDeTT\T>q q$. <eeTjT |<se TT\ qT|j +#T#
eTq <, Xs, eTH, T~, bDeTT\T nf jT+<Tq
<eueeTT\T, d+#seT>T#T+&TqT. ndTseTjT |<seTT\
172
qT|j +#T# n<, Xs, eTH, T~ bDeTT\T nf jT+<T

dTjT ueeTT\T d+#seT>T#T+&TqT. n+<T# XgeTT\+<T
U<U<eTT\T nq> qq$, VseTT> |j+#>~,
><q$, >>$ nf >e>eTeTT\T yTT<\>T ned\T
yTT<q$ q$.
> <qeTT
u>eb<T\T, nq+ l $uw ><TZsT l X+s#s

Cw s B X s T \T, V qT\T j T > T V q+< d s d r
eTVsE\y] |<XeTT :`
<s XgeTT\+<T > <q eTT jTT $Xw eTVeTT \T|&
jTTq~. < >] T +|&q~ :`
dscyTe uH+ >e' XsD eTTeTyT
V+< d+d ueq# |]|Ps eTT b+~q~ mq>:`
jT<Z V <T'>e' d j qs+ qs'
bX d+d ` duqT, eTq usrjT du
d+d T\qT d$TeTT #jTT#THsT. n|&T usrjT
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# q T, n+< * $ \_ + # b e # q T, n~ +X e TT>
>ùVD<T\ jT+<T Xdj
T <] T~ |+#T sT>T#Tq~.
H{ yeV] |j <w jT+<T > e+XeTT T\HyT
+|&T#Tq~. $wjTeTTqT d]+q# H{ u$CqeTT
q+<T, > e+XeTT jTT d d seTT, |sy weTT jT>T
|j>$<qeTT jTT C&jT q~. $wjTeTTqT usrjT
Xg$<T\T y]y] ~e<w\ qqTd]+ eD+#T#THsT. >
e+XeTT jTT <] eTVjTqT y] jT+<T d d sD
s| |s sDeTT> #| q>TqT. y] |]o*+#>, *jTT
$XcqTkseTT>, <T yC \ ujT +eTT \jTT m\| &
d\s|eTTH n+{|T=jTTq$. sDeTT #H H{ b&
173
$Cqy\T L& >e jTT nDTeDTeH, XseT+jTT <e

jTT ydsVdeTT\T nHeTT\T \e n+^]+#T#THsT.
w ' \eTT q+< T >< s qeTT, > | P qeTT, > dej T T
*djTT+&T# |jqeTT \T><T. > <qeTT jTT <]
eTVeTTqT \TdT= ue>T jT+<T ++<eTT *
#]+#T# b+<q>TqT. n{ TT+us | <s, nqTueeTTqT
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ujT+eTT\ <s eeTT <T.
<s XgeTT > <q eTT jTT eTVjTqT, eT]jTT |$q T
e]+#T#Tq~. usrjT nsXgeTT q+<T L& > b\H $<qeTT
jTT $XweTVeTT \<T. {\T nsXgeTT q+<T >b\qeTT
jTT, > d+sD jTT $d $esD \_+#T#Tq~. u $TjT+<T,
b\eTT # >#sT\T> +&T nsXgeTT <+#+&TqT.
$<eTT> > <qeTT nseTTqT <seTTqT |\eTT>
bw+#T#Tq~. nseTT qT+&jT eTeTT\T d~+#TqT. <syT
yeTT \_+#T eT+XeTT. n+<T# > <qeTT qT+& ns,
<s, eT, y nH& |sTcseTT\T H\T>Tq k~+|&T#Tq$.
n+<T# usrjT Jeq $<qeTT q+<T > <q eTTq |sy we T>T
eTVeTT \<T. mesT V +<e <s XgeTT\ | $XdeTT+#T<Ts
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<s XgeTT\ | qeTeTT q# ysT ns, eTeTT\qT eyT
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|sT>T yTT<q bwVseTTqT |<qeTT #jTT#Tq~. BqqT
174
n{ysT #|# y] eqeeTT XyTqq <

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< |P]> e|s#T y\ |J\T *Zq = |deTT\T
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e# b+<T ueTTq, eqeC e TTD|&jT
jTT+&TqT.
y+y+H |eTT> n >VeTT\+<TqT >e\qT
bw+#T bNq\eTT q+<T e > e~ #jTT d<ZVdT
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XsY\T, cVQsT\T yTT<\>TysT > X\\qT n_e~ |s#e\d
jTTq~. @ b+eTT q+<T |> q, |w> qT >\ >e\T, ewue TT\T
|> J$+#TH n~jT <su$T> #|q>TqT. >#s u$T,
> X\\qT ]+#T jT+<T H{eed &T X#jTeTT> qTq~.
d++<eTTqT >] eTqTe T \_+ jTTH&T, |eTT>
>eTeTT |D eTT H\T>Ty| >e\T d#> eTd\T
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m\| & |jT +#T #T+&eqT. $<qeTTqT {j
T us< X e TT,
eT]j T T u s r j T d u j T T, >s e eTTqT, d < _ bj T eTTqT
*Z+|#jTT eTTKesZeTT> qTq~.
> eTVeT ` > sD ` eX

(Vq |seT X<jT l jT<jJ >jTqT\T)
> s V +< < s eTT q+< T | < q nvZ e TT>
*jT&T#Tq~. s#T> V+<Te \sT >eqT > e n
|\#T#T+<TsT. nq> * kqeTT q+<T >eqT <]+TsT.
$<eTT @ |T&qqT q *| n#s $<qeTTq V+d+q#
175
zsT=q>\<! |seTT> d\TqT, d<eeTT>\ V+<Te\T

> e | eeV]+#T sjTeTTqT >ejT |
eTsesTq dV+#sT. > V+d nH& \H $<qeTTqT L&
dV +#sT . > d+sD q bDeTTq q VQ> deT]+|q>TqT.
> XseTT qT+& seTeTTqT L& >T#, |#, rjTT#
u< | eTT. eTs<dT & T qT, |sTce TT&TqT, lseT |PsE&TqT
n>T ~|&TqT, n #]jTT # eT+~ qT\T *djTTHsT.
n&T q \>TsTe>T edw |+|&T >ejT>T q+~ >eqT
s+#T d+VeTTq q XseTT q]+| <\+#qT. n+>,
>eqT V+d+#<\ +#< T . b+&e seTDjT >T nsTq T&T > d+sD
=s |H+&T (12) d+eseTT\T eqydeTT q+<T ssjq
\qTu$+#qT.
@$T? ~qeTT\T m|& >& bsTTq$. H&T V+<C
<Ts\eTT> qTq~. eTqeTT eTq d+qT, |sTweTTqT eTq
<s|sjTDeTTqT, XsT&T, Xs seTT\ | $XdeTTqT,
XgeTT\+<T <sT~, $#seTTqT, k+eTTqT, eTq d+d,
eTs<\ jT+<T q&#T yTT<q ejTT u+ H&T eTqeTT>
LsT+{$T. H&T eTqeTT y d++<eTT +&T, \V
sDeTT\# H_qeTT> eTqT>& k+#T#THeTT. eTqeTT eTq
<seTT|, d+d| $HXeTTqT dw+ eTD\T eseTT #d,
d+|Tq\T |+#T= |]dT\ qqTu$+#T#THeTT. eTqyT
eTq JeqX nDyjTT #THeTT. eTs |Xe\ y sT\
<s dVjTeTT =s \T |T#T+{$T. sE&T ud<T.
|&T eqd ud yT eTqdT\+<T wsT> sT>&T#Tq~.
H&T eTqeTT ns+>eTT \+<TqT bX <wDeTT $#sD
#jTT#THeTT. ~jT sDeTT, eTq<q |$ u$T jT+<T
| d+eseTTq \\ ` =\~ d+K >e\T, ewue TT\T
#+|&T#Tq$. eTqeTT $wjTeTT | XeT+jTT d+~+,
176
s~+#T <T . n+<T\ eseTT> bs&T <T . H&T eTqeTT

~|, nsT VdeTT\T <\ y $qT#THeTT. e\eTT
#<T e, $qT | eTq eTqdT \+<T, eTT|eTT \+<TqT y
>T]+q XdqT |P]> >V+#HeTT. $wjTeTT| eTq
q|+deTT, ndeTs, deTT> <jTjTyT jTTq~.
eTq |uTeTT q eTdeTT q+<T <] ueq\qT
<Ts#H <weTT> |]>D+#T#Tq~. eTqeTT eTq eTTd+
k<sT\| >eqT >T]+q sjTeTT y] \< n_j>
eb~+#T#THeTT. , < jT+<T <wyT$TjT q~.
>e\|, > C| eTq>\ <sDjTeT>T T~ e\eTT
#| =qT jT+< +&T#Tq~. nq> eTqeTT e\eTT y y\#
|P+#T#THeTT. eTqyT eTq >e\qT, ewueTT\qT ksTT y
#T \ +~+#T #THeTT. B{ #&> eTq jT+<T Ls eTT
L&q q&e& >\< *jTT#Tq~. >eeTT\, >e\ *
nDyjTT#, y jT+<* b\qT d]+#T#THeTT. > <&\qT
V+d+#T#, yTTeTT seTTqT yjTT#THsT. ewueTT\#
n+T useTT\ &, ysTT+#T #THeTT. n$ <* q&
y q|&T y me> =T#T HeTT. >#s u eTT\qT Xue TT
#jTT y#T+{$T. eTs\ eTqT > s\T> #|=+<TsT.
< _qeT>T y] >| \ T#T HsT. eTq jT+<* yX C
y] =s wjT T, eDE\ y+y+ XgeTT \+<T L& > s \
seeTT\T> |<q <seTT \Tq$. H{\eTT q+<T eTq
yX k<sT \T > sD nHeXeT \+ < e<*yjT T#THsT.
eTq >X\\T L& b$> qT+& b&T|&b sTTq$. <eeTT
eeTT d]> |j>|&T <T. nq> $wjTeT+<T |sds
dV seTT, dV j>eTT q~. ks+XeTTqT { #&> $wjT eTT
\jTT $| ueeTT\# +&q$.
s C T \ys T y] > < q eTTqT e~ | s # T
o|TeTT>q, n>>DT\T>q n>T#THsT. s <XeTT\+<T
177
|*eTTqT +#T jT+<T, us<XeTT q+<T > d+K m#

me> qTq< n# |eTqTw\T b\qT neTTjTT n~e TT>H
jTTq~. n# >eqq, eTq >eqq L& b\qT me>H
#T#Tq$. < sDeTT ~jT ysT >e\ &T| +&T>
uqeTT #T#THsT. me $X+ H=d+>T#THsT. y &T
C>> ##T#THsT. y| |eTqT #|#THsT. y eT\eTT
>T]+ b&T#THsT. nq<XeTT \+<T >#s ueTT\ +fqT
b\eTT> y&&T u $T e> qTq~. $<qeTTqT |]o*+#>
eTqeTT > b\qqT >T]+, > sDqT >T]+ #|#THyT ,
yde eTTq H&T eTqeTT > sD
jT+<T VQ yqT& jTTHeTT.
> C | eTq nH<seTT, | $<qeTT jTT |]DeT<X
|eT>T#Tq~. nq<ojTT\ n|, eTq usrjTT\ dsd]
jTTsjTeTT e> qTq~. nq<ojTT\ b*#q# eTq
& |d_ &\ T n~ d+K eTsD+ #T#THsT. & <T, nq|\
n|, eTq |\ jT+<T keTs eTT VQ e> qTq~. #| j?
e<? b\T eT]jTT b\ js>T |<seTT\T L& e>
+&TjT X#jTyTq ned sDeTT. B# $wjTeTT
|eT>T#Tq~ @ Cqq dd, jTTsjTeTT *jTeqq
C y+ > <qeTT |Tw d++<eTT * jTT+&eqT. nf
n>T>!
eTq XgeTT *T #|#Tq$, >e qT+& <s, ns, eT,
ye TT\H& #T ]< |sTcse TT\T d~+ #T#Tq$. ysT Xe TT \+<T
#| <]eTT, ]eTT, k+k]eTT, <eTT> jTTq$.
n+<] <w jT+<T >e eTq n+ |j>]DjT. |sDeTT
\+<T T yjT&jTTq~ >T q+<T ds |<eTeTT> y<,
n, >, uVD, dw ]q~. y<eTT\ qT+& eTq seeTT\T,
y q D \_+#TqT. eTq CqeTT q+~+#T jT+<T
y<eTT\T ~kq$. n$ eTqeTT <e\qT |dqeTT #dT=qT
$<qeTT q+jT T $<s|eTTq, nq> jTCqTcq bse TT\ <s
178
HsT#Tq$. l u>eBZ jT+<T L& T #|& jTTq~, :`

dV jTC' |C' dc |sy# |C|'
nHq |d$w<yTw y dw eT<T
<yH uejTHq <y uejTqT jT'
|sds+ uejTq' XjT' |seTy| <
cH u>H V y<y <dH jTu$'
sq|<jTu juTv dq @ed'
jTv c q' dHeTT#H ds *w'
uTx |T+ bbjT|#H sDY
nH<e u |sH<q d+ue'
jTC<e |sH jT' sdeTT<e'
s V<e+ $~ Vs deTT<TeyT
ks>+ V + jTC |wyT
@e+ |e]+ #+ HqTesjTrV jT'
n|jTT ]jsy y|T+ bs d Je
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|C|jT>T V ~ jT+<T jT dVeTT> |\qT
dw+ y] T #|qT, MT |\+<s jTeTT <sH e~
b+<T<TsT. jTeTT MTsT y++q u>eTT \jTT |<qeTT
#jTTqT. MTsT jTeTT <s <e\qT qT\T> #jTT#THsT.
n|&T <e\T $TeTT\qT qT\T> #jT TqT. $<e TT> ks
ueeTT sT\qT qT\T> #jTT# n~ |seTD b|
jT>T#Tq~. jTeTT <s <e\T y| #+~ MTsT ]q s\qT
XjTeTT> MT =d+>TqT. $<qeTT> <e\ <s e&q
u>eTT\qT, @ |sTw&T u+|&T . jTeTT# y&&T#Tq, e+&T#Tq
nqeTTqT qTy&T Xw |sTw&>TjT > b|eTT\qT L&
b>=T=qT #TH&T. @ b|qT\T eT XseTTqT bw+#T nqeTT
e+&T#T+<TsT. ysT n+<T# b|eTTqT L& uT+#T#Tq>TqT.
179
d+|Ps bD> XseTT nqeTT #H |T#Tq~. nH eseTT

<s sT>TqT. ew jTeTT qT+&jT e#TqT. nq> nH
sDeTT eseTT. s deTT<jTeTT L& y<e TT #H qeT>TqT.
eT]jTT y<eTT# n$HjT>T |se CqeTT e>\&T. +<T#
d~+#Tq~ @eTq> dsy|jT>T, nseT>T |se m\|&
jTeTT q+< |wyT jTTH&T. V! bs ! @ |sTw&T eTT
q+<T $<qeTT> |s+|s>eTT> q&#T#Tq dw eTeTTq
n&T|&T#TH&, nqTL\eTT> +&TH, nq> n{y&T q
s e eTTqT d ] > b{ + # T < * j T T# T q~. n & T
+~jT\T&>T#, +~jTeTT\ <s, u>eTT\qTu$+#T#T,
bbjTTe> esJ$eTT q+<T#TH&T.
| e#qeTT\# |seseTT |{+|&T#Tq~.
(1) jTC dw bs+u\eTT q+< @s&q~.
(2) jTeTT eTq nuT <jT eTT ( q) =s qT, nf XjTdT
(bse] q) =sq, s+&+{ =s #jTT k<qjT.
jTeTT# eTqeTT ]q<~j n~ \_+#TqT. dTK
deT~jT T, nf V, bs u>eTT\qT eTqeTT <e\ qT+&jT
b+<T#THeTT. <e\q> u>yqT \T. u>e+T ~e#H
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uqeTTq syT |j>|&T#Tq$.
H{ \eTT q+<T L&, j deTjTeTT\+<T sT\
V *Z+#T $T<T\#, b\eTTqT kse+eTT> #jTT
deTd> qTq~. new, nHew\# L& j eTT\ V
\T>T#Tq~. eTT\jT+<T = |j>|&T \e.
n<s y<eTT nH $T <T\T, |sT>T\ |sqT |s= jTTq~.
y qT+& s+|&T nH eT+eTT\T, bjTeTT\T L&
\e. deTjTeTTq+< $T&T\T L& j b\eTT\ q+<T
V#jTTqT. $T&T\ y# XeTT eTN> qTq~. X+s
uweTT q+<T eTN nqT nse TT e&> njTT d]V<T
ssTT njTT #|&q~. yds qqTd]+ q& uw jT+<T
$T&T\ yT&N nqT#THsT. y<eTTq+<T |j+|&q
eTN nqT |<eTT |j>eTT# n|u+XeT>T#Tq~. n+<T#
>+<s <wjT+<T ucXg s|eTT nqTs|yT nseTT L&
deT]+#T ]q~. n|&|&T $T&T\ <+&T eTTqT
yTTeTT qw|s#T#T+&qT. k] $T&T\ <+&T sDeTT>
sT q|<e TT q+<T $|eT>T qwe TT d+u$ +#qT. d+|T qqT
>] #+<>|wT q+<T T yjT&q~, eTNV w
sTw #+<> (1/10/1). y< \eTTH{ s e TTqT >] q
d+| $esDeTT# H{ d<| $<qeTT\jTT, H{ |<T\qT
u*jTTqe *jTT#Tq~.
191
y~eTT q+<* sT\T b\eTT |qT\ jT+<T eseTT jTT

s&, b&\qT >] $XweT>T ne>VqqT * jTT+&].
sDeTT#H y<e TTq+<T es <eqT >] b<q sb+<qT.
n{ <eeT] +<T& jTT+&qT. mes q eCjTT<eTT#,
eseTTqT n&+#T# neTT\T #jTT#T+&T sdT\qT (me]
|sT edTsT& jTT+&H &T q |\X# yT|TeTT\qT q
>seTTq+<T < { e]+|jT n&+#T#T+&H) d+V]+,
es|<qeTT #jT T#, q<T\qT |> o\eTT> #jT T#T+&qT. y~
<e\ deTVeTT q+<T +<T&T |eTTK b eV+ sVd
wJeqeTT q+<T \TZ d+|Tq\T y] n+~+#T#T+&qT. n{
deTjTeTTq+<T b\eTT\qT <TqT, wj >qT u $T *+#T
L& |+<yT (>+<dyT) jTTq~. eT+eTTq+<T s+&T
$<eTT\T> \HeTeTT\T ]wyTq$. 1. Ke (U<Hd H
y) u$T e# \_+#T sT 2. djT+C djTeTT>
qH \_+#T \eTT q<T\T yTTq$.
j b ~y y de
Ke y j' djT+ C' (TT 7/49/2)
y< \eTT H{ sT\ Jeq sVeTTqT >] we\T,
w eTTq n~e TVeTT, nf n~ |j >eTTqT \<T. n+<T
H{ s T \qT | nqT |sT d+ <e X >\ysT> y]
>s$+#T#T+{]. n+> y], y] eTT\T ddXeT\eTT>,
dTd+|qeTT> qT+&eq b]+#&ysT. B=s |d<
eT+eTT L& \<T. eTqeTT q+~T #|& jTTq~, e
H>* <TjTT n>u >eTT dTK|PseTT> u $T s j
>eTT>
<TqT# jsT#jTT> H>* >\ jTe eTT\ u]
|& dTK|PseTT> ewueTT\ eTd\T> yT|TeTT\ qT+&
neT \eTT\ e =s dTKeseTT\T, nf +yqT&T
192
e d T KeTT\T * Z + # T > bs H eT+ e TT j T T

eT\eT+$TTq~ :`
Xq+ q' b $ wqT u$T+ Xq+ HX n_jTqT yV'
Xq+ |sH eT<TH |j_' XHd> XqeTkdT <yT
(TT><eTT 4/57/8)
|Xb\qeTT
seTTqT eTVeeTT #jTT |Xb\qeTT
y<\eTT H{ sT\ |<q k<qyT jTT+&qT. we\T&T
deeTTq >, |Xe\ yjT+<T $XweTT> >e\T,
ewueTT\ m+j eTVTqT *Z+#T#TH&T nqTqT
|eDeTT\ <s d<e TT#d, VsZ e TT> y\& #jT e\dq nedse TT
<T. b\eTTqT, H>* <s #<TqT#jTT, ewueTT |<q
k<q yTj
T Tq~. H* H>*sqT eTT+<Tq &T# j >
*+#T#TH&T. H&T H>* q&|+#T s+&T ewueTT\qT
y&T#THsT. H{ \eTTq+<T M d+K H\T>T (4) > qT+&qT.
n+> =+<sT H{\yTq sT\ eTqT>& jT+<T ysT sT,
m$T~, |H+&T, |<TH\T>T |j+#T#T+&]. n|{ H>*
# |<~> qT+&qT < nqT nqTeqeTT yT +&e#Tq
ewueTT\ y&T *jT#jTT#Tq~. y<\eTT q+<T yX\T
me> b\eTT\qT y&T#, s eTT #jT T#T+&]. m+<Te\qq>
y] VeTT nc > y&T qT+&qT. nc, <,
nqT eT&T XeTT\T H>* >\y, nq> H>* d+eTT>
|j +#Ty y&T#T+&&y sT. n+<T\ H{ yX \T eT&T
VeTT\T y&T#T+{]. b\eTT |qT\T#jTT ewueTT\T
me d+K |j+|&T#T+&qT nqT nqTeqeTT ndeTT
<T. m+<Tq> >e\ d+K VQ me> qT+&TjT +<T\
sDeTT. >e\qT, ewueTT\qT y b\qqT, bwDqT, y~
193
sT\T n$TVeTT #jTT#T+{]. MsT jTeTT\T L&

#jT T#T+{]. jTeTT\ q+<T ysT b\qT+&, yqqT, yq qT+&
j sT#dq HsTT VeqeTT #d&ysT. n+<T\ H{ jTT>eTTq+<T
eb\T uH\jTeTT\ jT+<T |<q edTe> qTq~.
keTsde TT \_+#eqq# b\ |qT\T nedse TT. bjTdeTT
j sT #jT T b\T H{ qT+& H{ esL |j +#T#THsT.
b\ qT+& |<qeTT> |sT>T, HsTT jsT #jT&,
|j>|&T#Tq$.
bNq\eTT q+<T @ e <qd+|<HH +#e\d
eq|&T, < <seTT> e<q Tq > d+KjT |< H+XeTT>
qT+&&~. jTeTT\+<T TTE\ <D s|eTT L& >e
deT]+|&&$. |&TL& <D XeTT nH b+eTT\+<T
> XeTTq |sjT |<eTT> y&T#THsT. sE\T nH\T
|dqT\T> qTq|&T uVDT\ e+<\, y\ d+K >e\qT
<qeTT> n]+#&ysT. n|{ jTT>eTT q+<T L& >e\ e\q
q |j >eTT\qT, $<qeTT\qT es+#T# d CysT
sT>TuT #jTT#T+&]. y<\eTTq+<T y] nq> d\
eTqT>&, |\T n$T e> qT+&qT. n+<T# |#T=qT
#s eeVseTT\T, jT $jTeTT\T, yTT<\>T seTeTT\
$eTj T $< qeTT>, n+< T \ e< eTeTT> >eH
|j+#&ysT. >eq <T\T> ysT ysT edTe\qT
y&T#T+&]. sT \T |<se TT\ eT\eTT> >s|eTTq $\
#&ysT. $wjTeTT TT><eTTq+<T, nH eT+eTT\+<T
eeT>T#Tq~. eT+eTTq+<T yeT<e&T T #|#TH&T.
(3/24/10) @ eTqTw&T $<eTT> qT+&TH n&T H
+<T eT] |~>e\qT deT]+#eqT. s eT+eTT
\+<T L& e+<, ysTT, |~y\T L& >e\qT +<T deT]+#T
eeTT *jTT <T. eT+eTT q+<T T #|&q~ :`
eTV#q eT~Ze' |sXjT <jyT
q dVkjT, HjTTjT ey XjT XeT|T
(TT><eTT 8/1/5)
194
us<XeTT q+<<T, |eT<XeTT\ d+|<, d+|<

|s+|s >e <seTT> qT+&&$. {H uw jT+<T |dt
(Pecus) XeTTq nseTT d+|< n>TqT. XeTTq +>eTT
q+<T |qjT (Penuniary) XeTT> #|#THsT. uc Xg
<w |seTT d+deTT q+<* |X ' (|X dt) Xe TT d++<e TT
\<T. (d+d eTT q+<* eTTK |X e >e n>T#Tq~.) $<e TT>
b\eTT, uqeTT, <e $eTjTeTT\ eTTK k<qeTT> qTq
sDeTT# y~ sT\ s+se TT |j +#T >e b<jT eTT>
qT+&&~. y<\eTT q+<T > >seeTT sVdeTT> ke ned
jTT n+]V Xj
T . +<T\ sDeTT sqT\T >e n|
$~+|>~, b|eT ~ nqTHeTeTT |#seTT #jTT# n~
X<, <s <w >e <]+|&T#T+&qT.
y < \eTT q+< T >e\T ~qeTT eT& T ks T
b\#T#T+&qT. b' \eTTq+<T, eT<V d+< deTjTeTT
q+<TqT, kjT+\eTT q+<TqT b\qT >b\\T |T#T+&].
~qeTTq eT&TesT >e\qT n$ sT>&e\dq b+eTT\+<T
>b\\# |+|&T#T+&qT. H&T $_q s+>T\ jT+<T >e\T
qT#T+&qT. msT|, \T|, *dq s+>T\T, nf q\T| s+>T\
jT+<T +&&$. >#s d\eTT\ jT+<T >b\\ |syD
sT>&T#T+&qT. nT X<>q, C>>qT >eT+#T #T+&qqT
n| & | & T n$ d + | ] d T \ j T +< T qT, | < \ qT
=qT#T+&qT. =ksT H\ue\+<T |&T jTT, n{ deTjTeTTq
= n+>eTT\T >eq uvZeT>TjTT d+u$+#&~. eT]=
deTjTeTT \+<T seT>eTT\ u]q |&TjTT, beTT\#
sTe&TjTT d+u$+#&~. eT]= y\ XTqeTT#
<=+*+|&T jTT ]>&~. { $|T \ qT+& |X e\qT s+ #T
|XsD~cq <ejT>T |PwH <eqT b]+#T#T+&&ysT.
195
n+<T# nqw`|X (>s&T) $XweTT> >s$+|&T#T+&qT.

jTT>eTT q+<T >e\ d+K m+j n~eTT> qT+& y
>TsT |T M\T> y #e\| ss e TT\T> >TsT\ qT+#&y sT.
= >e\ #e\| 8 (m$T~) >TsT+#&ysT. y nw
n |*#&ysT. yTsTTD d+VjT+<T ]wyTq e+o (eTTs[)
>TsT #| &qT. M s ] s ' nH&y sT. eT]=+{ (V"dTy)
=&e* >TsT #&ysT. y <s' n |\]. =+{
d+ueTTqT >TsT+]. y dD s', n]. n|&|&T M
#e\qT K+&#T L& \<T. n{y < s ' n+<TsT. >e\
#e\ jT+<T ydq eTT<qT { y esZeTT #\\eTT useTT
q+<T es$Z T+#T#T+&qT. m+<Te\qq> bD deTT\ |seTT
{ >TsT\qT >T]+q $esDeTT \<T. (nc. 6/3/115)
>e\ $_q ned\jT+<T, nH XeTT\ y~
>+<eTT\+<T nH HeTeTT\ |#T] eT>T#T+&qT. sT\T {
|Xe\ y+ >&yTq |]#jT +<eTTqT n_eeTT #jTT#T+&].
\ s+>T\T >\ >e\qT s XeTT |*#&ysT. >
eeTT\#T >eqT >w jTqT#T+&]. b\#& >eqT <q Te
|*]. >eqT d <qTw nqT#T+&]. <&qT #d
b*#T * deX n]. n\eTTq+<T <]+q >seTTqT
b>=T=q >eqT uV Y nqT#T+&]. >e q <& #bsTTq
sTy = ><&\ <s *jT&T b*#T neXeTT
*+#T#T+{]. n{ y yH yH nqT XeTT\
|{+#T#T+&]. y< TTw\ >e\T y _&\ =s ns#T,
#e\ qT+& $q&T XeTT dTKeTTqT *Z+#T# <e\qT
V+#T Xe TTe |jT Te T>T# Xuq >qeTT\ e $+#T#,
me] $dT>TqT *Z+#, q+<eTT *Z+#&~> qT+&qT.
n_ $b nqw >y e+ qes'
q+ keTd |jT (TT.9/12/2)
196
y<\| deeTT q+<T ewueTT\ |j>eTT nH

$<eTT\T> qT+&qT. H>* <TqT, +&qT >T, yTT<\>T
jT$T seTeTT\+<T y&T#T+{]. y~ >+<e TT\+<T eweTT\
$_q |jqeTT\qT, _qeT>T ned\qT, d+#T nH
X |j >eTT\T #jT &q$. n{ eweTT\ =s |jT Te T>T k<sD
Xe TT sT bjTT |j +|&q~ (d#q e T eweTT).
eT]jTT{ TTwu yH u (d e qTq TTwueTT)
X jTEs< d+V jTT 28e n<jTeTTq+<T s+&T
D\ (26 eT]jTT 27) >\ n+sZ >e nf ewueTT ]w
HeTeTT\, y $_q |jT\qT nqTd]+ @ssT|&qT. n~
T s +|&q~. sT H\\ \eTTq y# Xe TT n$. eT]jTT
X dVjTeTT #H _q _q ned\jT+<T >e, ewueTT
XeTT\T y<eTT q+<T \_+#T#Tq$.
1. 1 1/2 d+eseTT\ ejTdT>\ (&<&) (|) HeTeTT R
$.
1 1/2 d+eseTT\T ejTdT>\ |jT<& (d) R M.
2. s+&T d+eseTT\ ewe XeTT R ~y{.
s+&T d+eseTT\ ejTdT>\ <& >e R ~V.
3. 2 1/2 d+eseTT\ ejTdT>\ eweeTT R |x$.
2 1/2 d+eseTT\ ejTdT>\ >eeTT R |xM.
4. 3 d+eseTT\ ejTdT>\ eweeTT R e.
3 d+eseTT\ ejTdT>\ >eeTT R e.
5. 3 1/2 d+eseTT\ ejTdT>\ eweeTT R Tsy{.
3 1/2 d+eseTT\ ejTdT>\ >eeTT R TsV.
6. 4 d+eseTT\ ejTdT>\ eweeTT R wwy{.
4 d+eseTT\ ejTdT>\ >eeTT R wcV.
eTV<sY q uweTT <s X yUqeTT >$+H&T.
197
n <s >eqT >]q n|Ps |eT |]#jTeTT eTq

\_+#T#Tq~. y<\eTT q+<T >e\qT >T]+q <sT~
nqT>$T+#T# H{ esL ]|TeTT> #]+#T#Tq~. H{\eTT
q+<T L& >eqT d ]+#T#, <]+#T#, |$ L& VyT
m\sL <sbjTyTq k<T+Te> =j&&T#Tq~.
us< eTV] q eTHeT>T eT+eTT\+<T T
#|#TH&T, >e XseTT#T <eeT], >s|eTTq
ne]+q~ +<T&, >y keTsde TTqT k~+#T |<e T s|eTT.
>y +<T |~, HqT V<jT|PseTT>, eTq'|PseTT>
T sT#THqT,
>y u> >e +< yT n#H
>e' keTd |<eTd u'
e j >e' d Hd q
#MT<<< eTqk ~qyT
(TT><eTT6/27/5)
>sD ` |~k<qeTT\T
1. >e+d u\T\ qT+&, yTq $<qeTT\,

bjTeTT\ >e<qT w~+#eqT. 2. >e\+<T eTC
e+Xe~ =s w#jTeqT. 3. >>deTT =s |>& +&T>
qT+&TqT |<XeTT\qT ssTT+ yT<q b+eTT\T @sT
>$+#eqT. 4. >e\T |s{+#T =s >b\TsqT jT$T+
n$ d#> sT>T eedqT H\=\eqT. 5. |eTT>
d<ZVdT&T q >VeTTq+<T >e +&e\dq nedseTTqT
>T]+#eqT. < |eT b*+#eqT. 6. >eq V *Z+#T
edTe\qT y #+qT+#s<T. 7. ewueTT\ #+ >e\T+&q#
ewue TT\q, >e\q m+{ V s+&TqT b&eqT.
8. y s>eTTqT >] |]XueTTqT >] X< eV+#eqT.
9. eeTT\+<T, $Xw ~qeTT\+<T >|PqeTT >$+#eqT. 10.
V < j T eTTq+< T | e j T T | > & y T q |eTqT >C|
nqTw+#eqT.
198
>s ` |Xe[
1. >eqT $Xe jT m+<T |\#T#THsT?
2. >e j T T $X s | e TTq+< T , X s e TT q+< T ,
nvZ`|vZeTT\ jT+<T <e\T ed+#T#THs *jTT#Tq~.

$<qeTT >e\+f s bDT\jT+<T m+<T q~?
|< eTqq < ueeTT\+f eseTT> >\ = u
$Cq $wjTeTT\ d++<eTT * jTTq<? <?
3. jT>ed ejTyT >e\+< eTqeTT L& HeTT.
nqT XgeTT nT m+<T\ #|#Tq~.
4. >e\ XdjT +<T #T s <eTT\T, w&v Z |< eT dV eTT>
$seqeT>T#Tqe *jT#jT&T#Tq~. >e jTT @ Xd
y+ >qeTT $+#TqT? @ Xd y+ eT]e+eT>T XuseTT\T
|eV+#T#Tq$? TTw\T eT+<w\ T> (eT+eTT\T *dq y]>)
#|#T+<TsT. q# ysT eT+ <sqeTT m# >+#>\sT? >e
jTT dTKXd jT+<T, n{ ned y<eTT d$+#T#Tq~.
<T'K Xd jT+<T @$T |eV+#TqT?
5. #+<>|wT jT+<T e]+#&q deTT&T Cu*
>de #jT T, n+<T Vy> |< d+u$ +#TjTT, < y+
*Zq >Xd qTq y<eTT\ d++<eTT \<? <?
6. kjT+\eTT q+<T >e\ #sDeTT\ qT+& |>jTT
< [ sDeTT> H\T>T y| >\ b+eTT |$eT>T#Tq~. n+<T#
><[ y XueTeTT\ XueTT\qT *Z+#Tq~ *jTT#THs
@$T? b'\eTTq+<T m|&T >e +{ qT+& nM b+eTTq
y#T+&TH deTjTeTT L& ><[y jT @\ nqT <T?
qq ><[jTqTq~ u edTe. n+<T u $CqeTT# nT
d~+#T#Tq< @$T?
199
7. n >C >e\T eT<qTe @$T? $T*q >e\
$XwyT$T? >e\+<T eT<qTeTT eTq |dT e#TH? s<?

8. us CrjT >e\T yd$ >e? $<ojT |X
e\ esd+seTT ]q# us CrjT >e\T, CT\T
V]+beH?
9. >e jTT |&, eTeTT |seTbeqeTT, (qq$)
bXjTeTT. <e|PqeTT, | X<, VeH<T\ jT+<T nyseTT>
eXeT>T#Tq$. <s XgeTT |seTT s bDT\ eT\eTeTT\T
@VyTq$. eT] >eq$ beqyTqy @$T?
10. i (><) b\T, |sT>T, HsTT, |&, eTeTT
#T#Tq~. M L& b\eTT |qT\ jT+<TqT, +&T q&T|qT
y&T#THsT. ] <w# =+ e y<T qTq$. ><\
eTVeTT L& \<T. n+<T# n$ >e deqeT>T eTVeTT
\$> m+<T\ q$?
11. je<k >|>|XDTj <#' djTyT
#s<d e< >w Hd X>V edY
j nk TT# |X< >wN #sY
jTTX d u+ # <y eX V&'
eX#s VQ< <yH+ V ~'
$wDTw sbD jT<keT |+d
$sq+ DT jT<keT |+d
n<V Vu eX jxjT DT eTq'
n<sy<eTT (21/42/4/27-30)
| s T eT+ d + +< e TT\T, >Xd j T +< T q y <
eT+eTT\ L&qy? keTyTqy? s+&T {jTH?
12. >eq ] eTVeTT +&q#, y e\eTT
] <w ##T b|eTT < @$T?
200
13. |<|sDeTT q+<T >e jTT b\T, |sT>T, HsTT,
>eTjTeTT nf > eTeTTqT d$+#T eqe&T e+d|+ &eTT

e #|&T# +<jTT&T> ssTT+#T sT>TH @$T?
m+<Te\q?
14. >ds #jTT e\q, >|#eTTqT q XseTT|
qT+#T=qT e\q ueTT q< mT #|>\e?
15 . >e+d e TT eTV eTBj T < s eTT | s e TT
s>s|eTT> #|&T#Tq~. s>T VQeTjTH > e+deTTqT
ndV+#T=H&y&T. BjT+<* sVdyT$T?
16. $qT&T. nyT] qTq = nqTd+<qeTT\ <s
@ eTT q+<T >e LsT+&TH, sT>TH, |#sT#jTTH (n#{
>< [, >#sD nvZd s#) eT]jTT >eTjTeTT, eTeTT b+eTT
q+<T |&T # b\eTTq |j +#T |<se TT\ nH ue TT\T
\T>T#Tq$. s |<se TT\ <T. ~ m+es d eTT? @\?
17. $qTeTT. s jT+<T u |]o\&T T #| #TH&T,
>e dqeTT\qT eTTKeTTq+<T+#T=, >seTTqT d$+q#
(q#) $Xw u<jTeTT. >e XseTTqT |eT eTTsT#
b\qT rdT=qeqT. n~jTT u<jTyT. ~ m+es
deT+deTT? qq n~ mT?
18. $<eTT> >e< sT>T#H jTTq# u$w\eTT
q+< T (sue \eTTq+< T ) u s < X e TTqT >< q eTT m
d+eseTT\T +&>\e? >e <sqeTT L& <TsueT>TH @$T?
19. d+ |]d T \ jT+<T eTV] >DeTT u> e +T
b]+#T#T+&]. n{ dT\T H&T d+u$+#<T <? mT?
20. \ jT+<T ~es qTq |<q HjTs dsY,
CH &sY |H +`d<+eTT q+<T XdjT <seTT> T
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201
+eTT\T mT d|\eT>TqT? B XdjT |eDeTT m&

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d+sD #jTeqqT H ysT bjTeTT# >e<qT w~+#T
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22. .X. 1857 q+<T us <Xe TT >e< sT>T#T+&qT.
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23. >de# d+q b| mT sT>TqT? >eq
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27. eT]jTT |q #|&q |X\qT >] > dyTqeTT
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usrjT d+d eT\eTT y<eTT. n+<T# $Xu]yTq
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202
=qk>T#Tq~. n~jT B $XweTT. ||+#eTTq+<T nH =

d+dT\T qeT>T#Tq$. nf <sdeTT\T L&, eTeTT\
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\q$.
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+& T L& y&T#THsT. >b\q jT+<T >eTeTT,
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203
><q yT sT\ |< q <q eTT. y<e TT q+<T >eqT ne<

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| nqT#THsT. n+<T\ n|T n y&].
V<sD |wT q+<T (6/4/18) $eTs eq~.
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n~ Tq~ :`
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q eT>T>! eT]jTT $<+dT\ du\jT+<T T&>T>!
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T >T
204
eT]jTT TTwueTT nq> TTwueTT jTT zw~ k~+

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| #| &q X yeTT\+<T e+d-u D
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B $eT]+q# ue$TT+&TqT, eTqeTTq+<T q
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205
>e< jTT nseTT \<qT dsd]> ueTqT *Z+#TqT. ~

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#&TeTT, y< eT+eTT @$T #|#Tq< :`
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j n|j us seT> c+ osD Vsk| eX
(TT><eTT 10/87/16)
nq> ds u&>T sd |e>\ y&T> jsq
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n+^]+#T#Tq< mT #| e#TqT? ~ m+esL deT+dy
j+|&T. nq> nT m|& #jT&< XjTeTT>
*jTT#Tq~. eTqTe eTVsE T #|#TH&T :`
H bDH+ V+k+ e+deTT< Y
q # bD e<' dsZdkH+d+ $esjTY (5/48)
XeTT q+<T JeVjTT, e+duDeTTqT yTT<\>T
y w~+#T#Tq~. n{# e+d uDeTTqT >], >e,
ewue TT\qT e~+ e+d u \T> esT#+~, <=s T>
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u>T> $#sDqT, $eTs\qT #djTTHsT. eT]jTT m& L&
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eD+]. bNq y~eTT k+ b| sTy eTq <
206
d+d |jDeTT\+<TqT, j\ jT+<TqT bsydT=q,

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\\T e+#T=qe\dq |]dT\T H\=q$. @$T sT>T#Tq~
sheTTq? eTq <T'KeTTq sDyT$T{j +|&T? >e<
@ s|eTT H&T eTq<XeTT q+<T sT>T#Tq~. <# >e+XeTT
dsHXeTT #+<T# nf eTq<XeTT ujT+s |qeTT #+<T#
m<T>T#Tq deTd> e] |seT\+]+qTq~ <! >e eTq
w d+d <s\> qTq~. TTwesT\ XeTeTT\T
>e\ dTX_yT jTT+&&$. >de #jTT# ><T>eT>T seTT
eT yT<X |$|s # T = XeTeTT\T, eT]jTT >TsT\eTT\+<*
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#dqT.
bNq u s e TT > d + d | < s | & j T Tq~.
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de#jTT <s ~q#sqT bs+_+#&ysT. { Hqu{q
+\qT y n+~+#T# |sTw\T, b\qT, >sde TTqT eT+<q eTT
#jT T#, ><T>e TTqT |T # =+<s b\qT, |sT>Tq, yqq,
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207
q+<eTT #&~. eT]jTT d+d jT+<T yT\>T |<T\ =s

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|+\qT deT~> #T#Tq$. >eTeTT HX]jT nH
T\ qT+& s + # T # T q~. >e b\T, |s T > T , y q
jTTssq eT>T#, kd JeqeTTq neTyT |j >|& T #Tq~.
n $<e TT\T> ($$Tq) d$T[eT>T s|eTTqTq ><T>e TTq
d ] k{ j T > T V s y T ~j T Tq < T . >e y eTT+
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#s\T k>T#H q$. >e q eeTT\, ><&\,
nVTeTT> dVueeTT #|#Tq~. deTT> >e eTq
e eT] j T . * eTq eT]j T T e u $T
|PjTeT>T#, s+#<q~jT, <sDjTyT, deqjTyT
n>|seT\+]+ jTTq~.
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>e j T T neT e Tj T eT> T H_ j T T, H; k q eTTqT
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(TT><eTT 8/10/15)
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m+<Tq> >e sT<<e \ *> qTq~. edTe\ qjT q~.
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+<eTT>q q~.
208
eT+eTTq +#T$T+#T> deqeT>T# eT]jTT

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(n<s y<eTT 9/1/4)
>e ~T\ ejTT, edTe\ |jTT, |\
bDeTTqT, neTeTTq +<eTTqT, VsD eseTTqT, |TeTTq
neTeTTqT n>T#Tq~. B $q eqe\ eTVjTeT>T
eTT, bDT\ jT+<T $#sD o\eTT \_+#TqT.
s +& T eTq e TT\ j T +< T qT >eTV eTqT > ]
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|+b+<TqT. dsd>q, ue>q b\jTyTq~, sD
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V#] jT>T w\Tq n|eT>\ yT<X L&jTTHsT.
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209
sDeTT #H eTq |PsE\>T TTw\T jTeTeTTqT

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q+~+q sTyH ys+<s uT+#eqT. >|PqT, > Vs,
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n+XeTT> |]>D+ #&T#Tq~. >eq+<T eTT|~eT&T <e\T
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d$+#TjT jT>TqT. n{ eTVeT >eq+<T \<T <! uVDT&T,
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>eq { beTTK \<T. n~jT y] dTqq,
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|sTT+qT >|P sT>T#T+&&~. n+<T# |Ps TTw\T T
|T w+#T#THsT. >e n| jT, >eqT e~+#e<T. <s eTTqT,
d + d bDeTTe , e u $Te s + # e \d ,
qeTd]+|e\d, d$+|e\d jTTq~.
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dse TeT>T msTe> #| #THsT. ewue TT\# b\eTT <TqT=q#
210
u$TjT+<* XjTTq me> qw|&<T. H&T &.m.|.

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|uTeTT|qqT, eTq HjT\|qq sT>TuT #jTT#, &+
={q T> > e< w<e TT| <usTT+|qT |<] +#T# sT>TuTqT
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C >e! C usY! jTjTV !'
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d|eTT q+<T >eqT, nf ewueTTqT (uT) <]+q#
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211
$<e TT> d|eTT q+<T n|{| &T |T #Tq b\qT qTsT>T

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212
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T qT+&e\djT Tq~.
213
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T TqT.
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216
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217
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220
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GoSeva Part I Final

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GoSeva Part I Final

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