>`XeTT

y<eTT\+<T >XeTT +~ $<eTT> |<eTT\ nsqjTeTT

qqTd]+ |j+|&T#Tq~.
$u |jTeTT\ kqTL\eTT> X |j>eTT\T
+~ $<eTT> neTs&q$.
@e#qeTT ~e#qeTT
VQe#qeTT
|<e $u
` >'
` >y ` >e'
d+u<q |<e $u ` V >' ` V>y ` V >e'
~rj $u
` >yT ` >y ` >' (>e')
rj $u
` >y ` >uyT ` >_'
#T $u
` >y ` >uyT ` >u'
|xMT $u
` >'
` >uyT ` >u'
ww $u
` >'
` >y' ` >yyT (>HyT)
d|MT $u
` >$ ` >y' ` >w
y<eTT q+<T ~e#qeTT >y n L& |j+|&q~.
~rj VQe#qeTT q+<T >e' n L& \<T. uVDeTT\+<T
y<eTT q+<* ww $u VQe#qeTT> >y+ nqT |<eTT
nHesT, nH $wjTeTT\+<T >T]+#&q~. >' nqT|<eTT
esq (b.n. 7 -3-57) yqT{ q+<* yT nqTq~ ww
VQe#qeTT q+<T |jTeTT> HyT y<eT+ b<eTT\+<T
es> qT#Tq~.
<VsDeTT> $< V >|+ XSs>HyT (TT.9147-6) |<e TT eT+#s D
eTT jTT es> qTq~. eT< jT+<T
>y+ nqT |<e TT y&&q~. >y+ X |j
yTw (TT><eTT
1

(2-122-7) y<eT+b< b<qeTT q+<Tq L& n##

(=#) >y+ nqT L& \<T. < $s+ >|+ >y+
(TT`y`10-166-2), X#< nbq >yyT (TT.y.4G1/13)
| $<qeTT> |j +|&q > Xe TTqT |]o*+q# y< eT+ b<eTT\
jT+<T esq >HyT nqTqT, b<eTT\ eT< jT+<* |j> XeTT>
>y+ XeTTqT |j> |<> *jTq>TqT.
1. > (>') nqT |<eTT\qT |+*+>eTT q+<T ewueTqT nseTT>q,
d*+> y#eTT q+<T e>q *jT&T#Tq~. nf VQe#qeTTq+<T
>deTVeTT nqT nseTTqT >V+#e\djTTq~. ds $uc>'
(b.n.6-1-122) nq> e TT>q, y~ eTT>q d+d uwjT +<T
|<qeTTq+<T e#T#Tq ns~ nseTT\ LsT qT+&, n$jT >
XeTTq yqT> zseTTq $T[eT>T#Tq~.
< : >Gn>+ R > n>+, >>+
2. > (>') R >e qT+& , ewueTT qT+& qeT>T
edTd e TT<jTeTT\T> b\T, |sT>T, yq, HsTT, e+deTT, meTT\T,
#seTT, eTeTT, |& yTT<q$. \T, u\T\T, u>T\T yTT<\>T
#s |<se TT\T > XseTT qT+&jT \_+#T#Tq$. $wjT eTTq+<T
y<e TT\ ~ |j nq&T |s D eTTqT >eT+|eTT. n+<*
XuseTT\qT *d=qT>qT, nH <VsD\T \e. n+<T
= >eT+#>\sT.
3. >e' R (VQe#qeTT q+<T) XeTT q+<T j kqeTT\
>\ q >DeTT\T nqT,
y+ ydqTXd >e+< jT >y u] XvZ njd'
nV <TsT>jTd ew' |seT+ |<eTeu u] (TT.y.1/
154-2-6)
2

# |j+|&q u] XvZ njd' >e' nq> nH

=eTT\T *Zq >e\T nqT > deTVeTT\+<* >e\
X+>eTT\eTT XeTT q+<* q sDeTT\ e |+#T
#Tq$ nqT nse TTq y&&q~. n$ y y j> yd kqeT>T
q eT+&\eTTqT d+#T# VQe#q XeT>T >e' nqT
|<eTTq s |<eT jT #|e\d e#T#Tq~. n{ |X
|P]eT>T }s >eTqeTT <s |jD+q# |seT |<eT>T
$weTT b|+#TqT. B nedseT>T j>qT k~+#e\d
jTTq~. eT+eTT q+<T >e' nqT q eTT\jTT, u ]
XvZeTT\T nqT |+#T sD
eTT\jTT |s=qe\djT Tq~.
eT]jTT <VsDqT >eT+|&T :`
|VT dVHVd $sX_' ddC ds >' (TT.7/36/2)
e]> V bsq #jT T>qT dsT e< y[H&T. dsT&T
q sDeTT\# (>' $ddC nqT jT+<T) n{ deTjTeTTq
V<e V+#T q reeT>T nC\\qT $&
|XeqeT>T sD deTT<jTeTTqT * jTT+&q
#|q>TqT. n{# n$ dsq |XeTT jTTq$.
4. > (>') R >eTqeTT *q~. nXeTT eweTT
< : ejTd+ |es j >]y nXqeTT |eTc
(62). TT.1/28/7)
z! +<! XjTeTT> <]jT+<T y#Tq sdT| qT|
VeTT #jT&q eCjTT<eTT $&Te&q~. eeTT
q ><& qTq >e e< y[q~. # > nqT XeTTq
nseTT |kseTT *q~ n #|q>TqT. $<eTT> XTe>T
3

sd T &T $jTeTTqT b+~H&T. eT]=+<sT >' nqT nse TTqT

|Xe+yTq <eeTT n #|#THsT. =+<sT B \T
(d+) n #|#THsT. nq> dTseTTq #]q XgeTH&
jTdV| jTT<eTT \Td+ qT+ rdTs&q~ n
#|#THsT. nq> dTseTTq #]q XgeTH& jTdV|
jTT<eTT \T d+ qT+ rdTs&q~ n#|#THsT.
eT]=+<sT >' nqTqT XTeqT d+V]+#T \T (#s eTT)
#jT&q u\T e+{ esDjTT<eTT> #|#THsT. eT]=+<sT
\Td+#T\+<T >sT >qTq ssTT _+ XTe H<T s=qT
<seTT> qTq e\| $d] >jT|s#T> $e]+#T#THsT.
$<eT>T nH nseTT\T > nqT |<eTTq \e. $wjTeTT,
eT&T nqT o] jT+<Tq $e]+#T ]q~. nd X X
#qd, je Xs sT ud+ >' (4/22/7)
$<eTT> |XeqeT>T zdT o|T>$T>qTq$. \eTT
*q nq> reeTT> #=#T= eTT+<Tkbe dueeTT
*q$> ds dT ud\T#Tq$. n{ |$ *jTTq
$TeTT b]+#T#THeTT. b]+#Ty] & #sT eTT nqT ueeTT.
nseTTq q eT+&\eTTqT >]jT #|&jTTq~. eT]=
# d+<sqTkseTT> nXeTT, eweTT nqT nseTT\ jT+<Tq
y&&T#Tq$.
5. >, >' R eeTT. uyseTTq <VsDeTT :`
$wO eT< qTc <q $TqVH, >y eT<eH d+#q'
(TT. 5/30/7)
z +<! e <s |X+d\T k s|eTTq b+<T#THe.
4

e <sbeTT> XTe\qT eCjTT<eTT K+&+#T#THe.

q dueeTT> V+d+#T >TDeTT *jTTq XTe\qT
d+V]+#T jT+<T L& q $<qeTT <s #jTe\jTTqT
<! eT+eTT q+<T >y nqT eCjTT<eTqT ueeTT
#|e\djTTq~.
6. >, >' R Ks, Ks d+K\ jT+<T y&&q$ (d], ud d+K\T)
B <VsDeTT> >$Xs|eTT nqT K jT+<T +&
eTVuVDT\ jT+<T #| &q yeTT\T 32e |J jT+<T >eT+#
e\jTTqT.
>y+ e+ R y~eTT q+<T ~ keT>q HeTyTjTTq~.
7. > ` n>+ R < n>u>eTT q+<T >eeTT\T *jTT+&TH
|eTTK u>eTT\ qT+& jT>T b\T, |sT>T, HsTT yTT<\>Tq$
\_+#T#Tq$.
seTT\>T eTTKu>eTT\H > n>u>eTT\
#|e\djTTq~. n+<T\ <VsD> :
udr H dqH+ ~e'
dy <TV >y_'
|Ce qw nXe<qTc
> n>yT |ed yCH (TT.2-92/7)
d d y#e TT\T, jTseTT\qT dTsT\# <eeTT
q+<T #]+| #jT>*q >eT eTV] <s y\Te&q$. z!
c<$! MTsTqT e d+qeTT\qT, eqe\qT, >e\ <s,
ewueTT\ <s n>u>eTT q+<T *jTT+& nH<T\#
\eTTeTT. y d+qeTT# <qeTTeTT.
5

# > n> eTqT |<eTT \<T. >e\T y~ seTT \+<T

eTTKu>eTT n>T# M <qeTT nqT|sT eeV]+#T#THsT.
nq> H{ <qeTT ><qyT jT>T#Tq~.
8. > ` nq R >e\ meTT\ jT+<T jT>T +& +{
|<se TTqT >sqeTT nqT#THsT. B nq> meTT L&q
< <DeTT n L& n+<TsT.
< <D yH ` nHd dH
|]H us ns d'
nue |ss edw n~Y
u s e+X d T \ > T | \+< s >e\qT n~*+# T ,
V#]+#T meTTe dq> qT+&T q, dq sqT y&T#T+<TsT.
n~ >eqT |\TesT #T+&T# < jT+<T |sVT&>T
edw&T+&TqT. nq> >|seTT, >e\ +&jTTq b+eTT
>|seT>T# n#{ qT\T n_e~ #+<T#THsT. eT+eTT
q+<T >`nHd'`<+&'`nq\ |<eTT >e\ n+' XseTT
q+<T+&T meTT\ <VsD> qTq$.
9. >e ` $\Te : >e jTT $\Te. $\Tyq |<seTT\T.
< : >dT eTVeq+ HesY
>y D $T e jY
> ns yTe keT+ s (. d+V 6/1-10/1)
ueeTT : >e jTT eTVeTqT e> #| M\T<T. n+<T#
e >eqT rdT=q sT#THqT. |#jTT eT+~. >e
jTT $\Te# keTT&Tq $\TeqT b+<T#TH&T. m|&T keTT
d$+#eq \+q#, n|&T >eqT d+eTT #dT=qeqT.
6

nq> < =qT <s y] <>ZsH jTT+&>\<T. >e jTT

eT\eTTqT Z+#T yTq |< <T. nq> >e $\TeqT
Z+#T \+| *q# < nee+#T jT>T#Tq~.
10. > ` nsdT R >e<s |]|PseTTqT b+<T. > deT~#
|PsT&>TjTTq.
< 1. n>+ ># < $es > nsd' (TT.y.2/112/17 )
2. dq' eTq+ dT<H ePsTV > ` nsd+ ssTT $Tq
XyjTyT (TT.y.10/38/2)
3. > ` nsd w nX ] |eT <s w< s+ n
XjTT' (TT.10/76/3)
> |]|Ps d+|<qT s+#T >qT e $eseTT> n
$wjTeTT\qT |<eTeTT> *d=qeqT. z! +<! eTqeTT >e\
qT+& jTX] b+<<eTT. >e\ \d, y <>Zs> <>Zs>
sT>T#, >e\T d+#]+q b+eTT q+<T ed+#T deTjT
eT+jT T <e# s]+#&T jTCXjT eTTy |* eTT b+<T<TsT.
eT+eTT q+<T >`nsdt nqT |<eTTq nseTT qeTT\T
sD X |]|PsT&>T n L& #|e#TqT. +<T\
<VsDeTT #&T&T :
c Hs MT ssTDsbsT eTVCc X# > ` nsk
(TT.1/34/12 )
c<jTeTT q msT| s+>T y\T>T\ y<eTT# s nqT
NT\qT bs<\T#Tq~. n+ CeTjTyT |XeqeT>T
sD
eTT\ L&, qT C ds|eTT> n+< seTTqT <seTT>
]$TyjTTqT.
7

11. > ` nX>e\T (nXeTT\T) eweTT\T

> nX$TV eTVyT # (#+<>|wY 7/24/2)
M eTVeTqT >] $<eTT> #|&T#Tq~.
VsD kb+ > nXH+ <dH+ |esD+ |]<HH+
(X..14/9/1/10)
>e\T, nXeTT\T <d<dqeTT\T yTT<q$ <qeTT\T> qTq$.
>yX' >e\T, ewueTT\T, qeTT\T.
12. >_' dq< ndMjTd (TT.6/47/16)
y#seTT : e nH >e\ L& jTT+&qqT +<eTT\#
#T& <T&e>T#THe. n+<T# e y qT+& $eTT&yq#
\e+T&e>T<Te.
dseTT : z Xs s<e! e nH >e\ jTT XseTT\#
+~+|&T#THe. #T&T#THe. nq> nH q\ jT+<T
nH XseTT\T b+<TjT jT>TqT. y{q+{ qT+& $eTT& y q #
\eTT \T>TqT. nq> <eX k~+#>\e.
eT+seTT q+<T >_' nqT nH qeTT\T n
#|e\djTTq~. nq> Xs> JyT& +~+#&TqT.
13. >_' dq< | (TT><eTT 6-75/22)
eT+eTT q+<* dseTTqT >eT+TeTT :` >e qTq
e +By$. nq> +#T * >s>eTs kqeTT qT+&
| X# jT H&T#TH&T.
+<* y#seTT : >e jTT <+eTT\ qT+& dsdt\ qT+&
dq<T&>T#, j q> d+ks q kqeTT\ jT+<T
|*eTT\ uD ||eTT\ #jTT <qTdTqT |j+#T
8

*d= XTe\| |j+|e\djTTq~.

14. e e jT MTe\jT< >d ejT' | |H |PsT
c<' (TT.20-27-22)
y#se TT : e e : = ee TT q+<T jT : &jT Tq
>' R >e, MTeTjTY R ++#T#TH&T. ' R n qT+&
ejT' |, |sTc<' R |sTweTT b+~q# ||H : m>TsT#
qd b+<T#TH&T.
dseTT : | eeTT jTT u>eTT> qTq =jT #
#dq , | seTTqT b+~jTTq <q TdT jT+<T |j +|&q
uD<T\# u~+|&, <+eTT\ D, D XeTTqT #jTT#
s~+#T#Tq~. s<qeTT# | s \T $~*+#TqT> |sTw eTTqT
b|+|#dT= eqedueeTT\ H<Ts= XT d+VseTT #d,
$jTeTT d~+|#dT= }seTTq, qsVT&>T#TH&T.
ns e TT\+< T , u eeTT\+< T y < e T+ | < e TT\qT
>eT+|e\djTTq~.
1. e`e : <qTdT, nq> <qTdT eu>eTeT>T \|
#jT&T# # eeTT nqT <qTdT nqTnseTT
#|e\djTTq~.
2. > : C : $+{H]. ~ >e <+eTT\ qT+& j sT #jT &T#
|< ueeTT >' n |j+#T ]q~. n+<T# $+{H]
e n #| jTTjTTyTjTTq~. > nqT |j>eTTq+<T
>e nqT L& eweTT nqT L& j eT+ bj
nedseT>TqT |j+#<>TqT.
3. ejT' : uDeTT |\qT >T]#d |j+#T# +~
9

|&jTTq~. ~ uDeTH& k<qyTjTTq~.

eeTTq ns #TjTjTT, > R nqT, e ew$T $,
ejT' nqT | njTT |<eTT\ nseTT\qT *jTT#THsT.
$ n |T+Te\ jT+<Tq *jT&T#Tq$. y<
eT+eTT\+<T ueeTT\T d]+|&<T. , ~ |jT
|j>~X qqTd]+ |<eTT\ eT\eTT\qT |seTT>
* j T # j T T# T q$. +< * s T s < q eTT qqTd ] +
|j+|&q eT]= y<eT+eTT\qT |]o*+TeTT.
15. n;eT+ n| XD <q e' XyT keT+ +<jT by
(TT><eTT 9/2/2)
y#se TT : +<jT by R +<T esDeTT <s
#+<Tq$, <qe' R >e\qT (>eeTT\qT) eT+ X+ keT+ R
u\#+<T, n_XD R |+|&T#Tq$.
dseTT : +<T <VeTT =s, V+d+#<>,
nV+kjTT |$ J$jT>T, >eT\qT keTsdeTT>
n_eT++ keTsdeTT q+<T $T[eTT #d n]+#&T#Tq$.
# n| <qe' nqT nseTT >e b\T, njTT
X+ keT+ nqT (| r> sde TT) keT e sde TT n>T#Tq~.
WwBjT sdeTTqT n esT e #T#TH&T.
16. jTY >_s XsTTw d (TT><eTT 9-2-4-9-66-13)
kjTq uweTT q+<T eT+eTTqT >] Tq~ : >_'
R >e jT+<* >e > $seTT\T> qTq b\# ydsTTwd R
#~+|&jTTq$. (*|jTTq~)
dseTT : keTsdeTTqT, >e b\ d$T[eTT #d
jTTHsT.
10

17. + >_' ewD+ sde <jT <eMjT dT+us jT d+d

(TT><eTT 9-6-68)
<eMjT eT<jT R <e\T <qeTT =s <e\
q+<eTT=s, + ewD+ dT+ sd+ R \eseT>T nq>
X q+~+#& sdeTTqT, usjT R jTT<eTT =s (u]+#T =s)
>_' d+d : >e\ y+ (ewueTT\y+) e~* |+|yjTTeTT.
dseTT : \eseT>T keTsdeTT q+<T >e b\qT
*|yjTTeTT.
kjTD uweTT : >e\jT+<* b\ ({)
18. <yu Y eT<jT + dCq+ nyTw ' d+ >_sdj eTd
(TT><eTT 9-7-5)
<yu' eT<jT R <e\ q+<eTT =s, R keT
sdeTTqT, yTw + n dCq+ R nH u+&eTT\+<T +|, >_'
d+ ydjeTd R >e\ (>eeTT) *| #T#THsT.
dseTT : keT sdeTT *|, >_' d+ydjeTd R
>e b\ *| #sT#THsT.
19. keTk >_sx (TT.y.9-20-3)
ked' R keTT L&
>_' R >e\ y+, nx R y#Tq~.
dseTT : ked' R keTsdeTT, >_' R >e b\,
nx R #s&T#Tq~.
kjTD uw' R>e\ jT+<* { nq> > seTT (>_'
|j_')
20. jT~ >_skjT (TT><eTT 9-10-3)
11

y#seTT : jT~ R m|&T, >_' R >e\, ekjT R

ed+#T#THsT.
dseTT : m|&T keTsdeTT > seTT *jTT#Tq<.
kjTD uweTT : >_' R >ejT+<* eTs= s|eTT>qTq
>$seTTq #+~q > seTT yTT<q$, ekjT R > XseTT
q+<T n+s>eTTjTTq$.
21. >' Dq' q]yT (TT><eTT 9-86-13)
y#se TT : >' R >e\ qT+&, ]+ q R y Xs+>eTT\
qT+& mT js>T#Tqy.
dseTT : keTsdeTT, >seTT *d, q eT
s|eTTqT b~+#T=qT#Tq~.
22. jc |jT+ Cs+ e d nq&& >e q |jTT #+
#]qT.
jc |jT + Cs+ e R Csd |jT T =s |]|+ #T#
n e< #]qT>.
dse TT : nq> >s e TT >e XseTT qT+& |eV+#T#.
q |jT T&>T keTT #+ #sT keTsde TT $T[eT>T#Tq~.
|jTT #sT m<Ts>T eTT\T bs+_+#T#Tq~.
23. d+$TX nsc ue d|k _s <qT_'
(TT><eTT. 9-65-22)
y#seTT : d|k_' <qT_' R <>Zs>qTq (>e\)
>seTT\ \d, d+ $T\' R \dbsTT, nq> q +f
ysT>qTq seTT\ $TyT, \dbsTT, nsTw'ue R dTqT
b+<TqT.
12

dseTT : eTeT>T >seTT \dq keTsdeTTqT

k~+#T# keTT&T |+#T#TH&T.
24. Tu+ <e <qe' (TT><eTT. 9-66/6)
y#seTT : z! keT, =s eT >e\T |sT>T\T
rjTT#Tq$.
dseTT : keTsdeTT d+$TeT>T ><T>eTT
|yVs|eTT> |sT>T#Tq~.
kjTD uweTT : e T >e\ qT+& qeT>T#Tq >s e TT
qT+&.
25. n~sZ_s n~_' dT' (TT><eTT 9-65/9)
y#seTT : n~_' dT' R |seTT\ qT+& y\Te&T#Tq
y&q keTT&T, n~' R { qT+&jT, >_' R >e\ qT+&, eT
R X~ b+<T#TH&T.
dseTT : n~_' R |seTT\| qT+&& seTT\,
dT' R |T&>T, n~' R |seTT| qT+& |eV+#& { y+,
nf ><T>eT>T seTT \d |]X<eT>T#Tq$.
eT+eTT q+<T n~ nqT |<e TT |s y#y T jTTq~.
# |s eT+<T |seTT nqT |<eTT
q+<T n+<T \_+#T nH $#~ s deTVeTT\T \e, n{
y ~ kqyT, n$ njTT |s d+qeTT\
*jT#Tq~. B qT+&jT keT L$T L& keTsdeTTqT
|eV+#T#Tq~. # L& \T| ` ~ ysD+XeTTq
<VsD>qTq~. > nqT|<e TT q+<T eTs\ eTs\, nHk sT
s e TT yTT<q >e |<se TT +<T+& d$+#T#Tqe *jTT#Tq~.
13

26. $Te |j <qe' (TT><eTT 9-69/4)

+<* y#seTT : R eweTT, $Te R XeTT
#jTT#Tq~. (q e<) <qe' R >e\T |j R m<TsT
e#T#Tq$.
dse TT : \esq eTT *+#T keTsk *+Z #T X
ewueTT\T >e\ d+j>eTT #+<T, _>Zs> XeTT\T
#jTT#Tq$. |jT |P]jT>T |eT n$ $X$T+#T +<
|sT+&Tq|&T L& n\d #+~qy q+<eTT qqTu$+q
XeTT\qT X;]+#T#Tq$. jT jT+<T d|\eTT #+~q
>e\T s<eTT\T> <eseTT\+<Tq, Je\ JeqeTTq+<Tq
dVjT sT\>T#Tq$.
+<* nqT|<eTTq ewueTT keT (sT)
njTT s +&T nse TT\T \e. y< eT+eTT \+<T nqT|<e TTq
keT n \_+#T <T. +<T\ ewueTT nqT nseTTqT
d]+#T <weTT @$TjTq~. +<T\ <VsDeTT>
eT+eTTqT |]o*+#TeTT.
27. XeT<+ <eT es< |X+ $wOe |sHesD
D+ |eT |#q Ms' <s D |<e HdH (TT><eTT
2-134/43)
y#seTT : sY : <seTT qT+&, X eTjT+ <eT+ R
>e\ |& e#T#Tq ydq\qT, n|X + R #d (nqTu$ +)
H $we esD R |&|\ jT+<T nDjTTq ydq\
(n), |s' R |& |\ +~ u>eTT q+<* n L&
HqT #. Ms' R T~ eT+Tq MsT\T, D+ |+ |#q
14

R ewueTT\ >e\ >\ d++<eTT <s<yTq~, y] b<$T

<s eTT> qTq~. ( >, ewue TT\ d+|s eTT <s > dw &&T)
dseTT : HqT <seTT qT+&jT n+<* ydq\qT,
<eTeTT\qT, *+#T n L& #. T~eT+T\>T qT\T
\eseT>T VseTT>qTq |seT+<* { |yVeTTqT
>seTT *| d$+#T#THsT. ~ b<$T <syTjTTq~.
nqT keTeTT (sT) ewueTT n>TqT. nf
| nqT >e ><T>eTT n #|q>TqT. keTsdeTTqT
>e b\ *| y&T $<qeTTqT, y keTsdeTTqT >T]+
nH eT+eTT\+<T #| &q~. | sue nH eT+eTT\+<TqT
L& <]+|q>TqT. M nqTd+<qeTT# eT+seTTqT
eTeTT> us d]+#TqT >eT+|eTT. B jT+<T @ nseTTqT
|j+|eH, < s]+|eH, nse+ yT~j,
nqsyT~j eTT+<T>H $e]+|&jTTq~.
eT+eTT =s kjTD uweTT : D+ |\ d ks+
|+ X esyT |s\ s|' keT' Bs' |#q #
nqT keT njT #|&q~. nH\T |<seTTqT
ewueTjT #|#THsT.
28. d+<qT_' \X ky n (TT><eTT 9/72-1)
y#seTT : keT R keTeTT (|]X< \eTT) >e\ y+
\X : bjT+<T, d+ n R $T[ ($T) eT>T#Tq~.
dseTT : keT sdeTT >seTT \dbe#Tq~.
29. nseT eD n >' (TT><eTT 9-72-3)
y#se TT nseT eD' R keTeTT s$T+#T <T . >' n|
15

R >e\qT n$T+ <seTT> be#Tq$.

dse TT : |eV+#T#Tq keTsde TT >e\ qT+& s e TT
|Ps s|eTT> \_+#T#Tq~.
30. n+X+ <TV dqjTq+ n+ $+ ej|k eTwD'
dMT >MeTj d+jT TTd <H d<H |qsTye' (TT><eTT
9-72-6)
|d' R yT<e\>T e\T, s \H#]+#T jT+<T, X\
eTqqo\TsT n>T Cq qT\T, $+ n+ n+X+ R T~
|e<eTTq, D jTTq n>T, keTeTTqT, <TV R
#T#Tq$ TTd d<y jH R jT kqeTT\+<T |qsTe'
>e' R eTs\ eTs\ |dTeTjT&T, eTjT' R T~jT+<T, d+jT
R \d q&#T#Tq$.
dseTT :s\ H#]+#TjT+<T eTseT>T $<qeTTqT
eTqqo\Ts>T CqT\T, T~ n_e~ #jTT >seTTqT #T#Tq$.
keTsde TTqT y\Te]+#T#Tq$. deTjTeTT jT eT+&|e TT q+<T
nHesT (|qsTe' >e') nq> eTs\ eTs\ dq eT>T#T+&TqT.
keTsdeTT n+<T\ nedseT>T#, y| #+~+#T#T+&TqT.
eT j T ' R nH n_ bj T eTT\T> s s TT+| & T # T q k
bseTT\jTT, < y+ eTs={, q&#T#H |]+|&T#H
q$. eT+eT+<T n+XnqT keTsdeTjTT, >e'
nqT > s e Tj T T, eT j T ' nqT k b s e TT\> T
eT+eTT\jTT #|e\d jTTq~. keTT qT+& keTsdeTT
y\Te&T#Tq~. >e qT+& >seTT jTT>T#Tq~. T~#
keTT\T @s&T#Tq$. n+<T# eT+eTT\+<* eT\|<eTT\
16

jTTjTTeT>T, eT>T nseTT\qT, ueeTT\qT d]+#e\d

jTTq~. m# keTsdeTT y\Te&T#Tq<, n#H >seTT
y\Te&T#Tq~. n#{ b<TseeTT qqTd]+ kbseTT\T
js>T#Tq$. eT&Tq seTeTT =s
y\Te]+|&T#Tq$.
31. b eT |]>_se+ (TT><eTT 9-76-27)
dse TT : >_' |] e+ R >e\ qT+& >Vedse TT\
y&&T seTT H\T>T y| \_+#T keTsdeTT =s # y
<s |& d$+#T#Tq$.
y#seTT : >_' |] e+ R >e\ qT+& >VeTTq+<*
T+ qT\ y&&T >seTTqT |T#, |'eT R +~
d$+#T# #yqT |]XB]+#T# <s <Ve*q
s\q &&T#Tq$.
32. jT< >_' H #y' deTd dT yq' keT \Xw
d<d (TT><eTT 9-76-27)
y#seTT : V H R ke!, jTY R m|&T e, #y'
R b\ jT+<T, >_' d+ nqjTd R >e\ qT+& jT&T#THy
n|&T, V keT! R e dT yq' \Xwd< R sdeTT L&
b\ jT+<T +&T#THe.
dse TT : m|&T keTsde TT >e\ qT+& ><T> s|eTTq
y\Te&T#Tq<, n|&T n~ >sdeTT> y] y] |j>eTT\
=s b\jT+<T +|&T#Tq~.

17

> ` nojT+ R keTy< |sq eTT q+<* >q jTT HeTeTT

> ` jTT R >X\ du>VeT q+<* u>eTT
(ujTqu`12R1R2R2)

> ` TTJ R >seTT # $TeT>T#Tq Vs |<seTT

() >e b\# jsT#jT&q |<seTT.
1. e Vy+ > TTJ eT<|$Tk q <<TsT n>
(TT><eTT 3`58`4)

k' n> R ds<jT eTT +fqT eTT+<Tq \eTT e >TTJ

eT< R > $TeTT# jsT#jT&q jT keTsdeTTqT
y+V R y $Td' q|<<T' R $TT\ L& jJ\ L&
#T#THsT.
> s e TT j sT#jT &q eT<T s keTsde TT MT =s .
w' \eTTq +fqT eTT+<T> $TT\T B jsT#d].
uyse TT :` n <e\qT ds qT\T b]+#T#THsT. n#ysT
>TieTT\| dy#jTT#, b' \eTT q+<T |jT+#T#,
$TT\T, j\T eT=s deT]+#T#Tq >s $TeT>T
keTsdeTTqT >T#THsT. nf,

2. |uT keT+ > TTJ eTq'

dHu~ |s&X+ ssD' |uT keT+ >TTJ$Tq
(TT><eTT 6`23`7)

V q R z +<T&!, ssD' d' R q+<eTT |dqT&T> qTq

e q' |s&X+ u~ R e# V$dT> deT]+|&q nqeTTqT
d]+|eTT > TTJ+ keT+T | R >e d++~+q >e
|<seTT\>T seTT, |sT>T yTT<\T>>\ \_+#T#Tq y{q+{
keTsdeTT> >TeTT.
18

uyseTT :` z ! q ! n~ q+<eTTqT nqTu$+#T#Tq e,

e# V $d T > d e T]+# & T # T q nqd s e TT >$+
q+~+|eTT. nf e# =s e&T > s <T\qT keTsde TT>
bqeTT #jTTeTT.

3. nkM <e+ > TTJ eTH qdH qTweTTy#

(TT><eTT 7`21`1)

<e+ > TTJ+ nq' nk$ R ~eeT>T > seTT $TyTq

keTsde TT d+d<y T j
T Tq~ q ndH qTc y# R +<T&T
keTsdeTT q+<T q q dueeTT #H d$T[yT jTTH&T.
d+weTT> qTH&T.
uyse TT :` keTj>eTT q+<T keT Ww< sde TT |u$ +#T#Tq~.
n+<T >seTT deTsD $+#&jTTq~. T s$TeT>T
keTeTTqT +<~ <e\ eT+|PseTT> d+>&TqT.
deTjTeTT q+<T y<eT+eTT\T >qeTT #jT&TqT. nT|eT
sdeTTqT bqeTT #jTT sT>T#Tq~.
# >e b\qT d ] +# T j T T, bj T eTTqT
jsT#jTTjTT yTT<\>T <VsD\T > TT nqT |<eTT
q+<T nseTTqT dT]+|#jTTqT.
> ` z|X R > #seTT jsq |{\ \djTTq~. #s|
+~+#&jTTq~. +<T\ <VsDqT >eT+|eTT.

j nc > z|X 77|TD |Xk< kd deTMTeTV

(TT><eTT 6`53`9)

V n|TD R dT +&q MsT&! j nc > z|X R

n\yT> qTq, >e\ dVjTeTT #jTTqT |Xk< R
19

|Xe\qT <>Zs #jTT nqT T~ \<T k' dTeT+ eTV

R n{ T~ qT+& eTeT>T eTH ueeTT\T e \_+#T>
nseTT :` > #seTT\ qT+& js>T#Tq n+XeTT\qT
*jTTHe. n$ |Xe\ e&T#Tq$. y qT+& yTeTT
dTKeTT\qT sT#THeTT.
uyseTT :` z dT L&q MsT& ! y|eTT eT]jTT |X
e\qT {|&yjTT#Tq T~jTT jT+<T \<T. n{ T~#
eTqdT L& @s&TqT. e< eT |Xe\T L& q$ qT
eT eTqdT\T L& e<H \e. n{ eT T~jTT, eT
eTqdTqT e b|+| #jTTeTT.
> ` eT R >e\ ]\qT *+#Ty&T. +<T\ <VsD:

> eyT n#<jTH jT<jTeTb |Dj ejT'

(TT><eTT 10`108`10)

V |DjT' R z udTsT uTs ! jTY jTyT R kqeTT

qT+& m|&T MTsT +<~ <e\ e< y#THs, yT > `
eT' n#< j
T H R n|&T e >e\ ] *, ysT kqeTTqT
n$T+#T#THsT n' ejT' n| R n+<T# e # qT+&
#<seTT yeTT.
uyseTT :` HqT m|&T +<T e< y#THH, n|&T >e\
s\T rsTy&>T <eeTT jT+<T <jT>*jTT+&TqT. n+<T# z
! dTsT uTs ! MTsT <seTT> yeTT.

> e @e ejT+ d (X.u 11`6`3`2, 14`6`1`4)

> ` s R >e jTT b\T

d xH > seqjT (X.u. 14`2`1`18)

20

> ` > R >e\jTT esZeTT (>e\T q&#T<])

d|T|T >$TV > >r] (n.y..u.20R129R13)

>eTjY >>' e R >eTjTeTTqT nqTd]+ >e\T q&q<]
qT>=qT#THsT.
>` |T R >e\qT V#jTTy&T, > V+&T

s >|TeTT |PsTw|T+ jTBsdTeTeTd ndT

(TT><eTT 1`114`10)

j
T Bs R MsT\ XjT eTTqT #Ty& ! >|T + | sTw|T +
s R C d++~+q >e\qT, eT]jTT eTqTw\qT
V+d+#T#Tq XgeTT\ (jTT<e TT\qT) e <seTT> +#TeTT.
nd dTeT+ ndT R e +<s >=| eTqdTqT b|+ |#j
T TeTT.
uyseTT :` >e\qT s+#T#Tq >b\&T @ $<eTT> #&T
es Z e TT qT+& eT]j T T y | q nq> eT+es Z e TTq
eTs\T#TH&, n<$<e TT> y< T &T qT\+<] s>eTT\ u]qT+&
q j>jTTeT>T |<XeTT\ <s b&eqT. { y<T\
nqTeTjT, y] d#q\ XueTT\qT *Z+#T#THsT. n{ y<T\
d \ V qT b{ + # T <s eqe\T s> e TT\ u] qT+&
| +#T=qT#THsT. y< T \+<] d\ qT\ s>eTTqT *+Z #T
|<XeTTjTeqjTT, |<XkseTTqT >V+q eqe\T
d#q\qT b{+#eq sT<TeTT>!
s >|T+ R n{ > |\qT <seTT> qT+#TeTT.
>|T7 ~' R > s\>T n<T\T, @ $<eTT> Vd`|T R
VdeTT\qT qs#Tqy&T, nf, >|T R > s\T
> | R > V+dqT #jTTy&T, nq> >e< >$+#Ty&T
21

eTy > |+ (y.jT. 30`18)

>e\qT e~+#Ty], eTsD $~+|e#TqT.
>#sH >e\ #seTT @ u$TjT+<T +&TH n# 100 >e\T
u\ewueTT\T, ><&\T u$TjT+<T+&>\e. 200 >eTT\
b&e, @&T >eTT\ y&\T>\ u$T, 30 eTs\ b&e, eTs
@&T eTs\ y&\T>\ kqeTT, eTqTw d+es
eT+jTT J$+#T e\dq u$T> <\T <qeTT #jTe\d
jTTq~. n{ u$T > #seTT jsT#jT&q |{\H
(=\<\T) u$T eeTqeTT (=\T#T) #jTe\djTTq~.

< :` e+ |~M+ $uCeTV, + $u |JyyT, +

W X s_' |Xx $ueH n;jTT'

(X.u 1:2:5:2))

u$T $u>eTT\T> #jTT#THeTT. n{ $uq u>eTT\+<T

eTqeTT |J$ J$+#T#THeTT. n+<T# T #| e#TqT. ewu
#seTT $u>ueTT\T +|&T#Tq$. nq> ewu, >
#seTT\# |{\qT jsT#jTT# y u$T =\\T
yjTT#THsT nqT ueeTT |d<eT>T#Tq~.
> R >e qT+& qeT>Tq{~. >e |<seT>T >seTT #
jsT #jT&Tq~. + sDeTT\# <$+#T#Tq y\T>T
n L& *jTT#Tq~. n+ u $T qT+& j s>T #Tq edT| < s
C\eTT\T.

< :` V+d' Xw<d T sq] d < ` nu, >C, TTC, n~CTTyT

(TT><eTT 4`40`5)

TT+ R ~ V eTT V+d R n+qT y|+q~ XwY

22

R n$T dT *q~. nq]dY R }seTTq+<Tq y|+

jTTq~. y~wY V R dqeTT q+<T dqyTj
T T+&T <TsDdY
n~' R >VeTTq e#T#Tq n~.
uyseTT :` VeTT n+q y|+jTTq~. n$TeT>T
dT *jTTq~. jTeTT\# *jT&T#Tq~. { VeTT
>VeTT q+<T n~s|eTT> e#T#Tq~.
eT+eTT q+<T >C nqT|<eTT \<T. >e qT+&
qeT>Tq{~ nq> sDeTT\ qT+& <$+#Tq~.
>C R >e qT+& qeT>T, qeTT\ qT+& nq> |]|Ps
XeTT qT+& <$+#T, n+]eTT q+<T sTT+#T.

< : 1. <XdH ~y' b]yk >C nb eT# <y'

(TT<<eTT 6`50`11)

nseTT : dsZeTT qT+& qeT>T, u$T qT+& qeT>T.

n+]eTT qT+& |XeTT qT+& sTT+#T. nT <$+#T
#Tq <e\+<s e dTKeTT\qT nqT>V+TsT>.
uyseTT :` <es! dTq, \eTTq, |<T\q
L&jTT+&TeTT. eT]jTT n eTT\+<Tq ed+#TysTq,
n+]eTT q+<T+&TysTq n>T MTsT e dTKeTT\qT #<sT> !

2. XDqTH ~y' b]yk >C < jTjd'

(TT><eTT 7`35`14)

~y' R dsZeTT q+<T +#T#Tq b]yd' R u$T

jT+<T<$+#T#Tq >C' R > VeTT =s qeT>T#Tq
<j
T j ' R eT]jTT jTseTT sV+#T j>eTT>qTq
dsT\ q' XDqT R e bsq H\+#T&T.
23

uyseTT :` keTT => #jT&T#Tq~. keTTqT

~T\T, edTe\T, sT<T\T d]+TsT>! mesT +eTT
q+<TqT, u$TjT+<TqT, n+]eTT q+<TqT, dsZeTT q+<TqT
qeT>T# jTdseTTq j> *jTTHs, n{
<e>DeTT \ e bsqqT $qT&T.

|xHeTeT V+ EwH+ >C < jTjd'

(TT><eTT 10`53`5)

jT > C' jTjd' |vH' eTeT V+ EwHyT

u$T| qeT>T#, < Ve|<seTT\T> qeT>T#Tq
eT]jTT jTCsyTjTTq yTT<\>T |+#qT\T H VeqeTTqT
d$+TsT>!
> R >e\qT s+#TysT, >X\\T, >e\ ydkqeTT\T,
>e\qT {y j
T T |<X e TT\T, yT|T eTT, |s eTT\T, |s KseTT\T.

< : eTsTT >+ V]jTyT

jT<>Xs ndcH, n~y, eTsTT>+ V]jTyT
(TT><eTT 8`50`10)

jT<>Xs R @ $<eTT> >Xs jTT V]jT+ >+ ndcd'

R +>seTT deqeT>T <q eTTqT #T#THsT. n<$<e TT> eTsTT
R Hq eTT
uyseTT :` z ! q ! @ $<eTT> e CjTT, <s<]jTT,
>b\&T n>T eTqTw\ <q eTT#T#T+{y, nf Hq eTT.
> R > deTVeTT u$T. <jT+<T >b\qeTT sT>T#Tq<
u$T
>eT R TTw eT+eTT 1 jT+<T deTT 74 qT+& 94 es
24

21 deTT\T #|&q$. &T sVA>D nqT TTwjTT

esT&T. nH >e\qT *jTT+&, y q XeTeTT q+<T
sD *+, >b\q #jTT#T+&qy&T. |s >eTT&
#|&T#Tq~.

< :` @y' >yT_TTy $|_skw Cy<'

d @w <TeT+ ||jTY dy+ d|w+ j CweH
(TT><eTT 1`77`5)

TTy Cy<' n' R dw&T, dsE&T n>T n $|_'

>yT_' nkw R yT<$jT>T >eTT# |X+d+|&qT d @w
<eT+ ||jTY R n&T njT+<T+& |+#T#Tq keTsd
bqeTT #dH&T. nf
d' y+ R n&T V$dT> n]+#&q nqeTTqT L&, u + H&T
$<eTT>, d' Cw+ H |w+ j R n{ n e
de\qT \TdT= e |w b|+|#jTT>!
uyseTT :` n&T eTT&T. nq> n&T d+jTMT+<T&>T#
CqT\ esTdq LsT+& q+<eTT qqTu$+#T#TH&T. nq> n{
d+jTMT+<T\>T#Tq qT\ XseTT q+<T n s\eTT
+&T# q+<eTTqT nqTu$+#T#TH&T.

< 2 : ny#yT sVA >D njT eT<TeT<e#'

<TyTs_ |DqTeT'
(TT><eTT 1`78`5)

sVA>D' R sVA>DeTT\ e+XeTT q+<T +q yTeTT n>jT

eT<T eT<#' ny#eT R n =s eT<T seT>T k^\T #d $T.
n|&T njTT <TyT ' n_|DqTeT' R |XeTTq eT+eTT\
25

<s eTs\eTs\ |dT #jTT#T+{$T.

uyse TT :` sVQ e+X <e \>T |\T $<e TT> n<e
keTT>$+]. n<$<eTT> dsqT\ n<e dT
>$+#eqT.

< 3 : |Pd>Xw y# >e>jT

usK dTeTjTTs'
(TT><eTT 1`79`10)

V! >eT! R z! >e ! dTeTjTT' >Xw n>jT R

Xu seTTqT #jT eqqT ]>\ e rD eTT> C\\T *jTTq
n=s |P' y#' s' |usd R |$eT>T e#qeTT\
keTT #jTTeTT >`eT R eT X\T *q +~jTeTT\T
\y&e.
uyseTT :` eT +~jTX\T *, +~jTT&>T eTqTw&T
n jTT bdqqT >$+#T#TH&T. Xue TT\qT b+<T#TH&T.

< 4 : nV ><' |se >T]e+ ~jT+ yss+ <MyT

VDH >ek nsTs+ qTqT< ~|<
(TT><eTT 1`88`4)

V >ed' ! R z >eTT& ><' e' R {=s ]\qT

sT#Tq e n|&T nV R eT+~qeTT |] n>' R
b|+q+H, n|&T e ysY s+# R { #jTe\dq
j>eT>T seTeTT\qT, e+ <M+ ~jT+ R ~es\
ns' R |PeT+eTT\# V R CqeTT# |$eTT>, Dq R
#jTTeTT |< R {jT+<T \_+#T#Tq, dHsZeTT b+<T#
e, n|&T }s R q d T \T b+~He ~ R \+&eTT
26

\eTT y|> qqT< R deTT<eTTqT #sT#Tq$.

uyseTT :` yd d\eTT \+<T eT nedseTT\ \eTT
\_+#T#Tq~. n+<T# nH dseT sVD b|+#T#Tq~.
+<T d+XjT eTT @$T? sDeTT# MsT\>TysT >eTT XeTeTT
q+<* {<s d~<T\ jT+<T #sD qTHsT. nT |eT
j kqeTT\ qT+& eqMjT T~, CqeTT> |]D #+~
|$eT>T#Tq~. $<qeTT\+<T |u$eT>T, VjT
d<XeT>T s\qT |P] #jTT#THsT.
> :` >e\ sD *+#Ty&T, >X\, >e\ ydkqeTT,
|, >e\qT {yjTT kqeTT, yT|TeTT, |seTT, |s>eTT.
<:` eTsTT >+ V]jTyT

(TT><eTT 8`50`10)

H |#<qeTT +&jTTq, eq d+|< +&q

|seTT\qT, >e\ sD *+#T, y b&T,
b*+#T y Vs d+|< +&jTTq, >kqTL\eT>T
|<XeTT\ eTT.
> : ` > deTVeTT\T, @ |<X e TT q+<T >b\q sT>T#Tq<
|<XeTT.
>_< :` +<T&T, q eCjTT<eTT#, |seTT\qT #~+#Ty&T
< :` j>_<, eu< .... d' q (TT.y. 6`17`2)
>_<+ >$q+ euVQ' ... qyT (TT.y.10`106`6)

|sqs >_ <uVQ'.... (y.jT. 20/38)

1. eCjTT<eTTqT *qy&T, |seTT\qT #~+#Ty&T
+<T& jT>T#TH&T.
27

2. Vd s<eTT :`

<:` Vd ... >_<+ d]<+ ... s<+ w

(TT.y. 2`23`3)

z! Vd e |s #<qeTT #jTTy s<eTT q+<T

ed+#T#THe.
>`<' R >e\qT #Ty&T. < :`

ndu+ dT eT<eH u~ ><' (TT.y. 3`30`21)

z! +<T&! e >e\qT <qeTT> #T#THe. n+<T#
H| qeTeTT+#TeTT. nq> eq >e\ eTT. >`<
XeTT +> uwjT+<* >& (God) |<eTT y&T eq~.
>e\qT <qeTT> #Ty&T <eyT jT>T#TH&T.
> < :` >e\qT <qeTT #jTTy&T. < :`

e >< sseT s<d' q ! (TT><eTT 8`16)

z ! >e\qT <qeTT #jTT#Tq H ! | \_+qqT,
yTeTT seTT qT+& $eTTKT\eTT +<TeTT.
>< :` >e\ =s ydkqeTT\qT @sT#jTT#Tqy&T.

<: njeT ... ns~' X ><s jTeT |T ee'

(TT><eTT 8`92`11)

z +<T& ! yTeTT >TieTT\| >yd kqeTT\ =s y #THeTT.

bseTT q+<T e $jTeTT \_+|#jTTeTT.
><TV :` >e b\qT |Ty&T () d, > seTTqT |Te\dq
deTjTeTT.

<:` dT<T<+ e ><TV

(TT><eTT 1:4:1)
28

>e b\qT |T deTjTeTT q+<T d+weTT> b\qT #T#Tq

>e.
> < :` (>`<) > #seTTqT =&T>T> <]+#T sdqeTT
|j +TsT. n+<T# uD| eTT qT+& #T \T s+ |&T#Tq$.

< :` >< k njT<+ s<Y (TT><eTT 10:28:10)

> #s| |{\ y dVeTT> +~+#T#THsT. > #seTTqT
sD =s &T> y&TjTT sT>T#Tq~.
><jTd :` >e\ bwD *+#T, >e\qT ]+#Ty&T.
< :` ><jTd+ $ <qd s<s' (TT><eTT 10`67`7)
>e\qT seTT> V+d+#T#Tq XTe\qT d+V]+#TeTT.
>H$T' : yTsTTD d+V 4/2 jT+<T eTT+<Te>
#|&T#Tq jT HeTeTT.
>H|Tdt : > seTT |P]> +&q~.
<:` qTsJ |e >H|T' (TT><eTT 9`97`10)

\eseT>T keTsdeTT > seTT# $TeT>T# y|+#T#Tq~.

>|, >|, >b', >b\' : >b\&T, >e\qT #Ty&T,
ewueTT\T, >e\qT s+#Ty&T.

<:` 1. ~skjT | >|e>Ts <Dk n#T <T<TH

(TT><eTT 10`61`10)

ysT s{+|> \e+T\>T# >e\qT b*+#Ty] #+ y[].

eT]jTT <D (sTdTeTT) qq dTdseTT> LsT+& >e\ qT+&
b\qT |T yTT<*&].

2. j>y+ >|so

(TT><eTT 1`101`4)

ysT >b\\T> HsT.

29

> |, > | :` >e\qT b*+#T, >e\ #+ qT+&T

< :` eTsTT sjTkw+ > |+ dTMsyT (y.jT. 11/58)

H <qeTT e~jT>T, >e\ |w\T>T, eT]jTT eTeT>T

|seTeTTq H \_+#T>!
>|jT :` >e\qT s+#T keTseTT.
<:` <s+ eDeTV e]w+ >|+ (TT><eTT 25`16)

y&T XweT>T sD *+#T keTseTT \y&>T# yTeTT

d]+#T#THeTT.
> |Ddt : >e\ qT+& |]|Ps, > seTT qT+& |]|PseTT

<:` V >|Dk eTVeTqqT s<d

(TT><eTT 8`45`24)

jTeTT q+<T , > seTT |]|PseTT (+&T<qeTT)

*q~ keTsdeTT q+~+#T#THe.
>|eq :` n\eTT q+<T +q TTw |+>e&T
<:` jT+ >|eH s #w <> nvZs' (TT><eTT 8`74`19)

>|eqT&qT TTw qy# n<e keTT #dqT.

>b V' :` >e\qT b*+#Ty deqyTq y&T. V
nq> e{&T uw. > d+sDqT >] e{&Ty uw

< :` >bVd dTc $sb $X|X esTTq'

(TT><eTT 3`38`9)

d+sDqT >T]+ e{&T, e\qT, nq> uwqT, <e

deqT HH $<eTT\>T eTT\qT, |esqqT Cq qT\s
>eT+#T# ##T#THsT.
>bjYT :` >e\qT b*+#T nq> n $<eTT\T> >e\
30

sD *+#T. nq> >b\qyT dsdeTT>, sD *+#Ty&T.

>b\qyT dsqT\L sD *+#T#Tq~.

<:` ej jT >bjT dsyT

(TT><eTT 10`254`5)

$jT dsT s+#T#TH&T.

>beY : s+#T jT+<T keTseTT \y&T

<:` jT<Zbe <~' Xs u<+ $T jT# esTD' dT<d

(TT><eTT 7`60`8)

n~, $TT&T, esTDT&T dT<dT d+s+ #T deTs *jTT+&,

eT dTKeTT ].
>|<' :` (>G|<') R > seTTqT >T =s s+#Ty&T.

<:`1. >|<jT |VAjT

(TT><eTT 1`19`1)

>seTTqT >T =s e |\#T#THe.

2. j y >|< q ujTdy<

(TT><eTT 10`35`14)

eTsT { dTsD
#T uj
T eTT +&TeTT. nq> sj
T eTT>
qT+&TeTT.
>|< :` d+sD #T, u$T s+#T

<:` vw >|<jT

(TT><eTT 10`95`11)

{ d+sD *+#T e +$.

> ` qT' : >e jTT k<sT&T

<:` > qe' dTCd

(TT><eTT 8`20`8)

eTsTT, MsT&T, dqT&T, qT&T >e\ k<sT\T> qTHsT.

>`|s>e (>`|s`>e) >e M HeTT> qTq~. >e qqTd]+
yy&T.

<:` |T+ nq+ <TV+ >|s>eyT

31

(n<s. y. 8`7`12)

>eq nqTL\eTT> qT+&T#, q&#T y&T, HsTT eT]jTT nqeTT

\_+#T#Tq$.
>bw :` >e\qT bw+#T, >X\qT e~#jTT.

>bw+# yT Msbw+# <V (n.y. 16`1`12)

n >e\qT bw+#TeTT. H MsT\ L& bwD #TqT>
#jTTeTT.
>| :` s&T

<:` X+ >bs n~|w nk'

(n.y. 10`10`5)

e+< (100) eT+~ s\T >eq HsT.

>\ R (&. u. 3`11`9`3) eTqTw HeTeTT.
> yT< :` >e\T <qeTT> #T. > s|yT . ><q eTT> L&q~.

<:` d>eT | ] ... n~<V|'

(TT><eTT 6`35`4)

n{ > s|<qeTT qe< *jTTq u nqeTT eTT.

>eTY, >eTr :` >e\ L&qy&T.

<: d+ >eT~q ... nd ...ne' .. <V

(TT><eTT 1`9`7)

e >e\ L&q jTXdT eTT.

>`eTjT+ R >e\# +&q, >e|&.

<:` jT <H |s >eTjT+ edT

(TT><eTT 10`62`2)

>e\ L&jTTq <qeTT |sT\qT qT\T> #jTT#Tq~. >

eTjTyT (|&) <qeT>T#Tq~.
> e : >eqT *> \#Ty&T.
<:` > es' jT#T ujTH nv_' (TT><eTT 1:85:3)

>eqT * > \ +# T y& T , Ms T & T , eTs T T u s D eTT\

|+#T#THsT.
32

>ejTT R (>`ejTT) >e deqeTT> XeTT #jTTy&T.

>e |XjTeTT qT+& e#T XeTT, H{ ns#T#Tq XeTT
(n+u)

<: >ejTTs ... y#+ e<q'

(TT><eTT 7`108`6)

>ee deq Xe TT #jT T#Tqy yT+& n+<TsT. n{y &

XeTTqT #jT>\TZqT.
>eT>' :` nM >e n&$ sT>T#Tq "uT.

|C|jT# yjTy# >eT>'

(y.<. 24`30)

|C| eT]jTT yjTTeq > eT>eTTqT <qeTT> n]+#T.

>sudt : > seTTqT bqeTT #jTT# deTse+T&T> n>TqT. >
seTT qT+& @ X y\Te&T#Tq< n~jT keTsdeTT.

<: V]jTT eTq+ <TH e< >sud+ n~_sweT

(TT><eTT 1:12:1:8)

q+<eTT e~jT >T =s s eTT\ qT+& y* rjTTeTT. s e TT

qT+& y\Te&TqT. yjTTe qT+& \_+#TqT. n~jT keTsdeTT.
> s| : >ejTT s|eTT.

<:` @< $Xs|+ dss|+ > s|yT

(n<s.y. 9`7`25)

~ d+<VeTT> $Xs|yT. nH s|eTT\T>q, nH

bDT\T>q >#]+#T ds|eT *jT#jTT#Tq~. >s|eTT
L& n~jT n>T#Tq~. nq> $XeT+jT > s|yT n>TqT.
>\ : H= |Xe HeTeTT.

<: >\ dskeT

(y.jT.24`73)

>e|dt : >e deqeTT> Xs <sD *jTTqy&T. nq>

> deqs|eTT *qy&T.
33

<:` Vd sZe|c \d sCq+ q|sD us

(TT><eTT 10`68`9)

VdjT >e deqyTq s|eTTqT *jTTqy&T. XseTT

q+<* qseTT\qT, meTT\qT y\T|* rjT>*q \eTT >\y&T.
>$s : > VqT #jTTy&T
(yT 02, X.u
5`3`1`10)

>$< : >e\qT b+<T

<:` d|+ ewD+ s<eT~ w >$<yT

(TT.y.1`82`4)

>e\qT b+<T#Tqy&T s<eTT| m>TsT#TH&T.

>$+<T' : >e\qT > seTTqT y<#Tqy&T.

<: 1. >$+<T' <|' :

(TT><eTT 9`96`19)

> seTTqT sT#Tqy&T.

keTsdeTTqT sT#Tqy&T.
2. >e#' R >eqT |&+#Ty&T.

<: eTy >e#yT

3. >e#d#

(y.jT. 30`18`, D 34`18)

(s : 15:4)

>X ` |< : (>w< ` >w<) >b<eTT\ VeTT n&

\_+#T#Tq$. n& >e\T eTs\ eTs\ e#T#, be#Tq$.

<: ` nXdys >X|<

(n<s. y. 40`129`18)

>Ti| eT]jTT >e jTT ~> qTq~.

>X| : >e , b<eTT, >X| X$w (n<s y<e TT 20`136`1)
>e b<eTT\ e<qTq {jT+<T #|\T (eTeTT\T) HeTT
#jTT#Tq$.
>o' : > seTT qT+& \_+#T keTsdeTT
34

>o eTs yT ... ked'

(TT><eTT 1`136`1)

> seTT L& keTsdeTT \_+#T#Tq~.

>o eT<eT~s

(TT><eTT 8`21`5)

eT<T seT>T, q+<se T>T keTsde TT q+<T > s e TT \_+#TqT.

>w' :` >e\qT b|+|#dT=qT.

<:` H >wD+ ~jT+ ... DTV MjT (TT><eTT 6`53`10)

yTeTT >e\qT b+<T =s e\dq T~eTT.
>wU :` (>Gd) >e\ $TT&T > seTT \d \_+#TqT.
n~jT keTsdeTT.

<:` re+ keT+ | > ` dUjyT

(TT><eTT 5`37`4)

> seTT L& \_+#T#Tq |fq keTsdeTTqT >T#THsT.

>we' : (>d`eT') n~ >e\ L&q

<: ~$ceTbs >weT'

(TT><eTT 6`33`5)

<eeTT q+<T yTeTT n~ >e\ L&HeTT.

>c (>`k, >`dH) >e\ #+ +&Ty&T.
>c H (TT><eTT 9`2`10) +<T&T >e\ #+H +&Ty&T.
>c : >e\qT b+<T, >e\qT <qeTT #jTTy&T, >e\
=s jTT<eTT #jTTy&T.
<:`

1. jT>c <ww U~w $we | ~<y qcV

(TT><eTT 10`38`1)

jT >c qc qcV U~w R $<eTT>H XTe\qT

sTT+, >e\qT dTs e TT> qT+#T =s , Ms| sTw\T $jTeTT
b+~q jTT<eTTq+<T, |sdseTT> jTT<eTT q+<* j<T\T
35

>e |<seTT\qT qT#THsT.

< ww $<e' $w | R V+d+#Ty&e>T e jTT<e TT\#,
ny|\ qT+& <&#jTT#TH&T.

2. >c jTd s'

(TT><eTT 8`84`7)

jTT<e TT q+<T >e\qT b+<T =s |jT eTT #jT T#THsT.

y >e\qT #T =s e |sD *+#T#THe.
>cB : >e| LsT+&q |.

w H >cB'

(y.jT. 24:24)

>w >yT : >w ># : jTT<eTT =s d<eT>T, XTe\| <&

#jTT, $jTeTTqT b+<T.

<:`1. dd_' |<y >w >#

VH k jT+ jT+ jTT+ DT VDd'
(TT><eTT 2`25`4)

d' d_' |<eT' >w >#

\e+T&T q |]qT\ L& n+<]+fqT eTT+<T>
>e\e< yqT. nq> yTT<> >e\qT b+<qT.
jT+ jT+ VDd' jTT+ DT
mese] VDd $TT&>T#TH&T.
(zk V) XTe\qT d+V]+#T#TH&T.
nseTT : mese] L& VDd (>e) y] y+ +&,
$TT&>T#TH&T. n&T q \eTT L& bseTT #jTTqT.
eT]jTT XTe\qT q \eTT e~+#T#TH&T.
uyseTT : VDd @ $<eTT> y] $TT&>T# +&>,
y nH <MX\T b|+#T#Tq$. n&T q |]qT\ L&
36

y]e deT~ b+<T#TH&T. eT]jTT \eTTqT b+~, y]

XTe\qT q+|#jTT#TH&T.

< 2 : s|TT' Xq' |jT<H n#jTTy $<jT< >w >#H

(TT><eTT 5`45`9)

s|TT' Xq' R ]eTT> y#T+&Ty&T, nf |X+d+# q

>eTqeTT >\y&T n>T dsT&T.
nq' n#|jTY R jTeTT q+<* V$dTe keqeTT>
y#TH&T. jTTy$' R CqeTT *Zq dsT&T >w >#H R
sDeTT\ eT< B<jTY R |+#T#TH&T.
nseTT : jTTe&T $dTqT b+~ jTT<eTTq y#TH&T.
uyseTT : dsT jT+<T @&T eseTT\T \e. d| sDeTT\T
dsT L&q >TieTTjTTq$. nXeTT\| dy #jTT#Tq
dsT&T <eeTT q+<T $X\eT>T M<T \ eseZ TT y+ |j D+#T
#TH&T. n{ CjTTq dssDeTT\ eT<q d b+<T
#TH&T. n+<T# C |XeTTqT b+<T#TH&T.
>wO :` TT><eTTq+<* m$T<e (8) eT+&\eTT jTT 14, 15
deTT\ @<wjT>T TTwesT&T (TT><eTT 8`14`15)
>w< :` >e\ eT< LsT+&T.
>w<d R (yT.d+. 4`1`2, .d+ 1:1:2:1), s.d+ 1/2, | 1/2,
e.XR1`1`1)
>w< : > d++~ w<eTT\T, nweTT (weTT$)
>w<+ : (n<sy<eTT 1:18:4)
>cq+ R (>Gkq+) R >e\T+&T kqeTT (|<XeTT)

<: e+ >#, >cqyT

(y.|. 1:25)
37

>e\ yd kqeTT, m# > deTVeTT\T+&TH n#{ yeTT.

>wjT R >X\jT+<T qeT>T |< k|sT>T\T.
< : qy>wj
jT R (y.jT 11`44) >X\jT+<Tq k| sT>T\
(eTT\, NeT\) qeTkseTT.
>w' R (>Gd') >e\T ydeTT+&T kqeTT

<:` >y >w`nd<H

(TT><eTT 1`191`4)

(>e' >w nd<H) >e\T >X\jT+<T Ls=jTTq$.

>V (>GVdt) >e<qT #jTTy&T.
<:` s > VqV e< y ndT (TT><eTT 7`56`17)

(> V qVe' e<') >e\qT V+d+#Ty&T, eT]jTT eTqTw\qT

XgeTT\# VesTy&T sndT R <seTT> qT+&TeTT.
uyseTT : >e\qT q+|#jTTy&T, eT]jTT eTqTw\qT e~+#T
y&Tq q#, y] deeTTq <seTT> qT+#eqT. nf
eTqTw\ dTKeTT sT>T =s, nH seTT\>T, dTK
k<qeTT\qT |+| #jTeqT.
>ejT' : >seT>eTT, eq>e, eqewueTT
<:` $<< >sd >ejTd >V

(TT><eTT 4:21:8)

<:` $jT<es+d |sd eD |j_]H nby+d

$<< >sd >ejTd >VjT~ yCjT d<3eV

(TT><eTT 7`51`17)

+<T&T, jTY R m|&T |s d es+d $eD R |s <seTT\T

rjTT ]q~ < R n|&T nb+y+d |j_' H R q<T\
jT+<T \|yV y>e TT# +&jT Tq$. n|&T, >sd >ejTd$<<
R +\T, eT]jTT >e\ deTVeTTq b|+#TqT. dT<' R
38

T~eT+T&>T j&T >V R jTX\jT+<T, yCjT R {

\e+T&>T +<T =s eV R keTT |+|#TH&T.
uyseTT :` +<T&T m|&T |s eTT\ <seTT\qT s# T #TH&,
n|&T \|yVeTT +&T>, y>eTT> |eV+#T#Tq~. n+<T#
n+jTTq <qeTT me> \_+#T#Tq~. n|&T >e\T eT]jTT
+\T yTT<\>T bDT\T deT~, s>|w b+<T#Tq$.
>yos' :` (>Gs') >seTT q+<T \_+#T keTsdeTT
<:` yT y+ $TesTD >ys', ke' XX>ys'
(TT><eTT 1`137`1)

$TesTD! z ! $TesTDT&! y+ R =s d<eTT> qTq

>ys' R > seTT q+<T \_+#T#Tq nf, >ys' R{jT+<T
\_+#Tq{ yTke' R keTsdeTT X' R dTqT
*jTTH&T.
nseTT : z $T eT]jTT esTDTs! MT =s keTsdeTT, >
seTT q+<T d<eTT #jT&jTTq~.
uyseTT : keTsdeTT d#yTq~. XuyTq~. keTsdeTT
dT L&q+<Tq B >TysT dTqT b+<<sT.
>$w :`(>Gw) >e\ b| =s #, ], TsT.

<:` jTTy$T<jTed |PesTT |]|ur >$w' k|

(TT.y.4`41`7)

>$w : (>Gw) >e\qT b+<T =s #, # jTT<eTT

#jTeqqT ], jTT<eTT q+<T VeTT, jTT<eTT.

<:` q<X >$ww

(TT.y. 1`36`8)

jTT<eTT q+<T >TieTT d*+#T#Tq~.

>$ws+ : n \eTT q+<T qyTq TTw. &T
39

TT><eTT q+<* 5`11`12 q+<* <w jT>T#TH&T.

< :` 1. >$ws qeTk keTeT>

(TT><eTT 5`1`12)

>$ws nqT TTw |+>e&T qeTks |PseTT> n keTT

#jTT#TH&T.

2. ns+, us<+, >$ws+ beH

3. jT >$ws+ nejT'

(TT><eTT 10`150`5)
(n<s y<eTT (4`29`5)

>ywD : >G@wD R>e\ =s y , >e\qT b+<T ],

#, VeTT, jTT<eTT #jTT ].

< :` d<$< nH >ywDqT<j >ywD'

(TT><eTT 1:132`3)

+<T& >e\ =s nHw+#T#TH&T. eT]jTT q +<Te =s

>e\ #T#TH&T. q# seTT =s jTT<eTT L&
#jTT#TH&T.
>eY : >e\T eq ] *jTTqy&T, ] *jTTqy&T,
jTT<eTT #jTeqqT y+# >*qy&T.

<:` @j y| >eq q+

(TT><eTT 1:33`1)

eTqeTT be<eTT >e\qT sT# +<T #+ y<TeTT.

jT\T<sTeTT.

y<eTT q+<* \T| ` ~ ` |jT\T

y < e TT q+< T ~ | j T \T q#, ~
|jTeTT\ nseTT \_+#<T. e\eTT eT\|<eTT qT+&
nseTT, ueeTT eeT>T#Tq~. nqTd+<qeTT #jT, X
nse TTqT >V +#T#THsT. n+<T# |jT qT n$TeTT> nq>
$w $#]+ *jTe\dq nedseTTq~.
40

|<eTeTT> ~ |jT ds|eTTqT >eT+#TeTT :`

> R >e. ~ eT\XeTT
>eeTT :` (~ ~ |jTeTT qT+& @s&q~) >e qT+&
js>T#Tq |<seTT\ *jTT#Tq~. nq> b\T, |sT>T,
yq, MT>&, HsTT, eTeTT, |&, #seTT, e+deTT, \T
yTT<\>TqejT >e |<seTT jT>T#Tq$.
y<eTT q+<T e\eTT > nqT|<eTT qT+&jT >e
nqT|<eTTq nseTT eeT>T#Tq~. n+<T# > nqT|<eTTq
nse TT L& >eyT jT>TqT. nq> b\T, |sT>T, HsTT, e+deTT,
|&, #seTT yTT<q$ n > nqT|<eTT# d+|&T#Tq$.
|jTyT eqH& eX y<eTT q+<T qT <T.
d+deTT q+<T nT q~. y< uwjT >T d+deTT
q+<T e\eTT >eq , |< d++~eTT \+<T ~
|jTeTT\T qq e\eTT eT\|<eTT qT+&jT, ~
|jTeTT\ deqeT>T nseTT\qT >V+#e\d jTTq~.
$wjTeTTqT >] l jds#sT sTseTT qT+& @$T
#|#THs >eT+#TeTT :`

<| nk+ ~q y>e ue

>_' lD eTs+ |jTd' .......
n+X+ <TVH n<d >$ n~weD #sD'
n<| #s# Xc# >_' dq< nd MjTd s<dT n<|
ke# Xc# >_' dq< | |d wdT (sT 2`2`5)
eT]jTT # yH nqT eT\|<eTT qT+&jT (~q)
~ nse TT |j e T>T#Tq~. +<T\ <VsDeTT> (>e'
41

ue) y<eT+eTT \+<T nHeTT\T \e. <VsDeTT\T>

=+{ |]o*+TeTT :`
1. >_' lD eTs+ (TT><eTT 9`46`4) R # > nqT
|<eTTq nseTT seTT n #|eqT.
2. n+X+ <TVH n<dH>$ (TT><eTT 10`94`9)
# >$ (>) |<eTTq #seTT n >V+#eqT.
3. >_' dq< nd MjTd (TT><eTT 6`47`26)
eT+eTT q+<* > XeTTq nseTT #seTT eT]jTT \T
n >V+#TeTT.
4. >_' dq< | |d (TT><eTT 6`75`11)
eT+eTT q+<T > nqT |<eTTq nseTT esTd, |+
n&T. B >] sTsT&T T #|#TH&T

C7| >sT# e e jTMTeT jT<d ejT' ||H

|PsTc<' e e <qTw <qTw jTMTeTjT< >'
(sTeTT 2`1`6)

# > |<eTTq <qTdT q+<T d+~+#&q <seTT C

jT>TqT. +<T\ <VsDqT >eT+TeTT :` e, e R
| <qTdT q+<T, jT>' R &q n&T> n~,
nMTeTjTY R XeTT #jTT#Tq~ < qT+& |sTw ` n<' R
eqe\ J$eTT\qT u+#Ty&T ejT' |dH R (|\e)
uD|eTT\# |&yjTT#THsT. (TT><eTT 10`17`22)
eT+eTT q+<T eT&T <VsDeTT\Tq$. eT&Tq
eT&T ~ |jT\T> qT#Tq$. >eT+|&T :`
42

1. > R >e C R <qTdT jT+<eTs&q &T > #seTT

<seTTy jsT#jT&T#Tq~.
2. e R ee TT, <q TdT @< e u>eTT n>T s j sT
n>T#Tq~.
3. ejT' R |, | s\e qTq uDeTT\T.
<VsD\T> sT sT\T #|#THsT. eT]jTT \T|
R ~ |jTeTT\T y<eTT q+<T mT+&TqT? j XeTT\
nseTT\qT dweTT> #| mT? $<q MT $<eTT> qTq~.
# dwqT n~eTT> |<]+#T =s +~
<VsDeTT jT&q$. #|&q <VsD\ jT+<T |q
# | & q ns e TT\Tq, eT]j T T yd $ e T> T , d eT> T
nse TT\Tq, { s +&T nse TT\Tq *jTTqT> #|&T#Tq$.

1. >_' eTs+ lD (TT><eTT 9`46`4)

>_' (nqT jT+<T qT#Tq nseTT) R nH >e\ L&
eTs+ R eTTqT *Z+#T#Tq keTeTTqT lD R >TeTT
d eT>T nse TT :` >_' R > s e TT L& eTs+ R q+<es
sde TTqT *j
Z T Tq keTe (|r>) sde TTqT lD R >TeTT.

2. n+X+ <TVH >$ n<d (TT><eTT 10`14`9)

(B jT+<T qT#Tq nseTT) n+X+ <TVH R keTeTTqT
<T>e TT> *jTTq, >$ R >eq+<T, n<d R dqT&j
T TH&T.

1. d s+ |]jd >H+ HD keTs<+ |Hq'

(TT><eTT 9`87`9)

z ! keT ! +<T e s<eTT| LsT+& |Hq' R

43

|$T&e>T#THe >H+ s+ |]jd R >e\ deTVeTT\

qT+& b|+#T#Tq~.
d nse TT :` +<T nsD #jT T =s , |$q T *+Z #TqT
*djTTq, y|eTTqT m]+jTTq keTsdeTT >H s+
R >e\ seTT e< #]jTTq~. nq> keTsdeTT > seTT
qT+&jT \_+#T#Tq~.
2. eTeTCH7 $_sZ_ s~_'
(TT><eTT 9`91`2)

n$_ ' R >= s \T (eTs T \ T) >_ ' R >e\T, n~ ' R

\eTTq+<T+&T# ({), eTeTCq' R |]X< eT>T#Tq~.
d nseTT :` n$_' R >=s\T eT Xe<TseTT #q >_'
R >e\T eT seTTq, nf n~' R { \d keTsdeTTqT
d$+| #jTT#Tq$.

3. d+ dqT_' \X yeXq' deTTdj_' |sqjTT'

z ! keT ! e dqT_' R e q<T\ qT+& \XeTT\+<T
#sT w| & T #THe dj _' R >e\ #] q' jTT'|sH
R e J$ \eTTqT (jTTdTqT) |+|#jTTeTT.
d nseTT :` keTsdeTT, dqT_' R q<T\jT+<* {#],
nf ndj_' R > seTT\ \d, sb\ jT+<T+&
seTTqT yTeTT >T# e jTTsjTeTTqT me> #jTTeTT.
eT+eTT q+<T d+<T XeTT q<T\jT+<* sT jT
ndj nqT XeTT >seTT jTjTT nseTTqT d+#T#Tq$.

4. n >_' \X" $yX (TT><eTT 9`96`22)

44

keT! >_' n' R >e\ y+ #], \X+ $yX R

\XeTT\+<T b+>T +&T#THe.
d nseTT :` keTsdeTT q+<T >e\ seTT *jTT#, nT
|eT, \XeTT\+<T +&T#Tq$.

5. |eeq |ed <eT >HyT (TT><eTT 9`97`31)

z ! |eeq R XBs D
#jT T#Tq keT ! e, >H+<eT
R >e\T+&T kqeTTqT |ed R b+<T#THe.
d nse TT :` keTsde TT (>H+<eT) > s e TT \dq sT y
\XeTT \+<T \_+#T#Tq~.

6. keT+ >y <qy yeXH' (TT><eTT 9`97`35)

>e\T keTT w|&T#Tq$. nq> keTsdeTT ><T>eTT
q+<T \_+#T d<eTT> qTq~.

7. >y jT > |+ |#eH' (TT><eTT 9`97`34)

>e' R >e\T, > |+ R >e\ jTT | =s |#
eH' R n&T>T# jT R be#Tq$.
> s e TT keTsde TT q+<T \_+#T d<y T j
T Tq~. #
>`| nqT|<eTT ewueTTqT nseTT> *jT#jTT#Tq~
eT]jTT ewu y# Xe TT nqTq~ keTeTTqT \T|#Tq~.
n+<T# >| nqT|<eTT keT y#eT>T #Tq~. > nqT
seTT njTT, >| nqT keTsdeTT nqT nseTTqT
*jTeqT.

8. >_w eseT_ ydjeTd (TT><eTT 9`104`4)

z ! keT ! es+ R eseTTq yTeTT, >_' R >e\#,
45

n_ydjeTd R syjT&q~ keTsdeTT q+<T >_' R >

seTT \_+#T#Tq~. eT]jTT n< eseTT d+d]+#T#Tq~.

9. X+ es eT~>w B<syT (TT><eTT 9`105`4)

X+ es+ R X< eseTTqT HqT, >w R >e\
jT+<T n~ B<s+ R XsTT+#T#THqT.
keTT s+>TqT HqT >seTT q+<T b+<T#THqT.
keTsdeTTqT seTT qT+& >V+#T#THqT.
10. qq+ |HH7$_' |]dy<' dTs_+ s'
dTY 7| eT<y nqk lDH >_ sTsyT
(TT><eTT 9`107`2)

z keT n <' dTs_es' R nV+kjTTyTq, eT]jTT

d T > + < e Tj T y T q e qq+ | Hq' R | $ r ] +# T qT
XjTeTT> *dqy&e n$_' |]de R >=s\ L&, y
XseTT qT+& dTY R sdeTTqT #jTT nqk R
nqeTT L& >_' R >e\ qT+& lDq' R e \_+#T#,
s + n| eT<eT' R s T y \eTT\+< T # ]
|X+d+|&T#THe.
d nseTT :` V+d+#, V+d+|&, eT]jTT dT>+~yTq
keTsdeTT |Hq' R d$+#T deTjTeTT q+<T n$_' R <s\
qT+& XeTT\ qT+& e#T#THe. nT |eT >_' R >
seTT y+ nqk R kseTT +& qT j>eT>T |+&,
lDq' R \_+#T#THe, eT]jTT nT sTy y jT+<T {
$TeTT #jTT#THsT. n|&T >=| |X+d\T \T>T#Tq$.
46

11. nq| >eH >_ s' ky <T>_s'

(TT><eTT 9`107`9)

nq| R +~ |<XeTT \+<T, >eH R >eeTT >_' R

>eqT L& n' R <T>XjTeTT qT+& seTTqT >T#Tq~.
keTeTT <T>_' n' R b\qT |T >e\ qT+& eT
kqeTT\+<* ><&\T >e b\qT >T#T+&TqT.
>e jTT eT u>eTT q+<T+&T > <T>XjTeTT q+<*
keTeTT, >seTT \d, +~ |T&T#Tq$. keTsdeTT
> seTT \d +~ |eV+#T# XeTT #jTT#Tq~.

12. |qd $X <yk >_' jTd q_' dTd

(TT><eTT 9`109`95)

d\ <e\T e_' dTd R eTqTw\ <s |+&&q >_'

d R >e\ qT+& \_+#T keTsdeTT | R >T#THsT.
nq> qT\+<s keTsdeTTqT |+&q sTy jT+<T
> seTTqT $TeTT #d >T#THsT. qT\+<s keTsdeTT
jsq |eT >seTTqT bqeTT #jTT#THsT.

13. d y' dVds n~sCH >_' Dq'

(TT><eTT 9`109`17)

d' R keTT&T, n~' eTCq' R \eTT\# X<eTT

#jT&T#TH&T dVd`s' yJ R ysTTsT> keTseTT
\e+ T & > T # T H& T . eT]j T T, >_ ' Dq' R >e\#
\_+#T#Tq~. n+<T# n' R jjT+<T #sT#Tq$.
keTsdeTT q+<T nH X\Tq$. sdeTT q+<T
\eTT, eT]jTT > seTT $TeT>T#Tq$. $TeTTqT
47

d$+#T# eT<T seT>T bseXeTT \TZqT. n~ R |s y#e T>T

Xe TT qT+&, |s eTT qT+, b|e T>T s, +&\T yTT<\>T
|<eTT\T +~$T& q$. +<T\ <VsDeTT> :`

TT><eTT q+<* (9) qeeT eT+&\eTT

1. Vd #T_' n~_' dT+ keT+ |q eT<y <eeT<T
(9`11`5)

#T\ qT+& +~ $&Te&q qs&T#Tq s#

keTsdeTT e#T#Tq~. z ! TTs ! Vd#T_' n~_' R
# jT+<T <\ T#Tq s#, dT+ keT+ |q R |u$ +#T#Tq
sdeTTqT rjTT# (e&T#), eT< eT<T<e R eT<TseT>T
keTsdeTT q+<T eT<TseT>T seTTqT \T|#THsT.
$XcseTT :` s qsT# |r> sdeTTqT jsT#jTTeTT.
sdeTTqT e&{ n+<T eT<TseT>T seTTqT $TeTT #jTTeTT.

2. H jTY n~_' dT' |$+ |]<ed

ns$Tqd <yT
(TT><eTT 9`24`5)
z ! H R +<T& ! jTY R m|&T n~_' dT' R
s# qs&T# js>T sdeTT |$+ |]<ed R
|$eTT> *+#&T#Tq~. +<d <eTH ns+ R +<T
>seTT es #sT#Tq~.
s# H=&T#, e& &T#Tq keTsde TT j s>T qT.
keTsdeTT >T, eT]jTT] #T j>eT>T#Tq~.

3. V]+ Vq n~_'
(TT><eTT 9`26`5, 32`2, 38`2, 39`6, 50`3, 65`8)
48

V]+ R |# s+>T qTq, n~_' Vq R s#

qsT#T+&T# sdeTT |T#Tq~.
s# H=#T+&> |# keTsdeTT qeT>TqT.
$Xcse TT :` keTe* (|r>qT) jTX\ jT+<*, q kqeTT
q+<T+ s# qsT#THsT. n+<T# sdeTT e#T#Tq~.
r> |#> qT+&T#, |# s+>T *, yTsjTT#Tq~.

4. n| eT<TeTeT+ V]+ Vq n~_'

q $HjT |jT

(9`30`5)

V H R z ! keT ! n| R \eTT \+<T, eT<TeTeT+

R n+ eT<TsyTq V]+ R |# s+>TqTq e, n~_'
R s# <+|& +<jT |jT R +<T&T >T >qT,
Vq R |sD b+<T#THe. keTe* s# q\>>=&T#,
q qT+& eT<TseT>T sdeTTqT #jTT#Tq~. sdeTT
+<T&T bqeTT#jTT =s e&T#Tq~.

5. dTq keT+ n~_'

(9`34`3)

s ds# keTe* qT+& jT&T#Tq~ keTsdeTT.

n~ X |+| #jTT#Tq~.

6. n<s n~_' dT+ keT+ |$+ d

(9`51`1)

z! n<s R jTeTT H#]+#T#Tq TTEs ! n~_'

dT+ R s =& keTe* qT+ y\Te&T#Tq keT+ R
keTs d e TTqT | $ + d R X e TT\# y| + # T # T q
TTEs! s qT+& keTsdeTT y\Te&TqT #jTTeTT.
7. ky <y q ds7~_' |e dT'
49

<<q' \XsdyT

(TT><eTT 9`63`8)

<e' q R <e deqyTq ds' R dT *q

keT' R keTeTT n~_' dT' R s# q* y\Te&T#Tq sdeTT
\X sd+ <<q' R \X b\ jT+<T+#&T#Tq~.
keT<y ! ds deqT& ! s# =&T# |$eT>T
#THe.

8. jTd eT<+ sd re+ <TVq ~_'

d |ek_ eV
(TT><eTT 9`65`15)
jTd R @~ < re+ sd+ R rDeT>T sdeTT eT<+
R q+<eTTqT *Z+#T#Tq sdeTT n~_' <TV R s qT+&
|T&T#Tq~ d' R n_eV R XTe\qT q+|#d,
|ed R jT&\T#Tq~.
9. @w ky n~sTT >y+ n~_'
(TT><eTT
9`66`29)
@wkeT' R keTeTT >y+ R >e#seTT|
n~_' R s L&, & R &T=qT#Tq~.
uyseTT :` >e #seTT| qT+& b qT+#&q
keTeTT s #sT#Tq~. keTeTT q+<eTT q+~+#T#,
+<T V+#T#Tq~. nq> keTsde TTqT >T# q+<eTT
b|+#T#Tq< ueeTT.

10. + dTVD n~_'

(TT><eTT 9`67`3)

z ! keT ! n~_' dTcD' + R s #] sdeTTqT

|{+#T#THe.

11. n~' >_' eT n~_' dT'

50

(TT><eTT 9`68`9)

s# sde TT e#Tq|&T \eTT, eT]jTT >e s e TT n+<T

*jTT# XeeT>T XeTT \T>T#Tq~.

12. n~_' dT' |e >uk'

(TT><eTT 9`71`3)

n~_' R s# >uk' R #T\ <s <+ dT' R

sdeTTqT #jTT#Tq keTT&T |e R jTb\ jT+<T
#sT#TH&T.
nseTT : s# sdeTTqT #jTT.

13. n~_' dT eT_XH V'

(TT><eTT 9`75`4)

n~_' dT' R s# qs&T# jT&\T eT_' R

T~ >\y&T #HV' R nqs|eTT qTq~.
1. n~_' dT' R keTsdeTT s# <+|&T#
sdeTTqT #jTT#Tq~.
2. eT_' #HV' R T~eT+T\>T j\T
keTsdeTTqT nqs|eTT> jTkqeTTq , eT]jTT n+<T
+#T#THsT.

14. + VdH eT<TeTqeT~_ sTVq| ewu+ <X|'

(TT><eTT 9`80`5)
+ R n{ eT<TeTq+ R eT<TsyTq ewu+ R s\qT
HsysTq{ R jTT nq> keTeTTq Vdq' <X|' R
eT VdeTT\T *q # |~y n~_' n| <TV+ R
s# <+| sdeTTqT \eTT q+<T \T|#Tq$.
$XcseTT :` + eT<TeTq+ ewu+ Vdq' <X |' n~_'
n| <TV :` n{ eT<T seTT, \es e TT n>T e keT j \
51

#T\jT+<* |~y \eTT q+<T sdeTTqT *| $TXeTeTTqT

#jTT#Tq$.
15. n~_' dT' |ed |$ "
(TT><eTT 9`86`13)
V H R z keTT& ! n~_' dT' R s# =&T#
y\Te&T#Tq sdeTT |$ |ed R s# qs& jT&\T
#Tq keTsdeTT e&T# XeTT #jTT#Tq~. n|&T
sdeTT | m>TsT#Tq~.
16. >ud |P q_s~_' dT
(TT><eTT 9`86`34)
>ud |P R y <s XeTT y\Te&T#, q_' n~_'
dT' R j\T s<s jsT #jTT#Tq keTsdeTT.
nse TT :` j \T s# y\Te&q keTsde TT eT+eTT\ <s,
y# *+|&T#, |X+d\T b+<T#Tq~.

17. + <Tsw eT; qs keT+ $X#~j

jT+ Vqq~_'
(TT><eTT 9`101`3)
qs' R |\T, + <Tsw+ keT+ R nV+kjTTyTq
keTT jT+ R jTeTT q+<T $X#~j R d+|PseT>T
eT T~# n~_' Vq R s# qs&T#Tq~.
eqe\T s# |$sdeTTqT #jTT#THsT.
18. dTcDk e~_ H >s~ (TT><eTT 9`101`11)
>' n~ q' R >ejTT #seTTq |q +
n~_' dTcD d' R s# H=&T# +~ y#Tq~.
>e #seTT| LsT+& s ds# keTsdeTT +#T
#Tq~.
52

19. dTce keT eT~_'

(TT><eTT 9`107`1)

keT+ R keTeTT jTT n~_' dTce R s# <+#&T

+~ y| q y #Tq~. nq> s# keTsde TT y\Te&T#Tq~.

20. keT dTyH n~_ds ysDee (TT><eTT 9`107`10)

V! keT !R z keTe ! n~_' dTcq' R s# +~
y #Tq e nej ysD R >=i |\\ e +<T\T yjT T#
s' R XeTT\T #jTT#TH&T. nq> s# keTsdeTT
js>T#Tq~.

21. |keT, jV+<d q_seH n~_' dT'

(TT><eTT 9`109`18)
V keT ! R z ! keTsde ! q_' jTeq' R TTE\
<s jTeTeTT> +#&T#Tq~ n~_' dT' R s# =&
+~ y#Tq e +<d R +<T >seTT q+<T
|j V R +&T#THe.
eqe\T s# jsT#dq keTsdeTTqT +<T
>sXjTeTT q+<T #sTqT> eT+eTT> |+|#THsT.

22. q< n~w ]w |jT' |sZy+|~e qT TTjT'

V q R z +<T& ! ]w |jT' R jTeTT q+<T
|jTyTq keT' R keTeTT ~j|e R eT jT seTT
q+<T X<e T>T#Tq~. q< ' R TTE\ <s X< yTTqs&T
#Tq~. n~w' R s# H=&T# sdeTTqT $&T<\
#jTT#Tq~ >y+|' R >e\ us, |~e' R bNq \eTT
qT+& |jT' R <e\ |jTyTjTTH&T qT' TT' R
keTeTT.
53

1. V q ! ]w |jT' keT' ~j |e R z qT&!

=s jTeTT q+<T |jTeT>T keTT&T jTd\eTT q+<T X<
eT>T#TH&T.
2. q <', n~w' >y+ |' |~e' |jT' qT' TTjT' R
TTE\T X<eTT #jTT#THsT. s# qsT# y\Te&T#Tq
sdeTTqT, > s $TeTT #d, bNq \eTT qT+& <e\
|jTeT>T keTsdeTTqT jTeTT q+<T|j+#T#THsT.

23. q_' keT ! |#T >e_' dT'

(TT><eTT 9`80`4)

V keTe ! j\T s# =T# #jTT#Tq

e, y\ eT+~ nH $<eTT\T> jTeTTqT *Z+#T#,
<e\+<] #T >qT nq> qT deT]+#T=qT >qT
e @s&T#THe.

24. + >e_s d M n<s

(TT><eTT 9`82`3)

M n<s >e_' d+qd R s# =&T#Tq~. eT]jTT

sdeTTqT y\Te]+#T#Tq~. jTeTT q+<T s<s keTsdeTT
qeT>T#Tq~. d+d uw jT+<T, n~, >, ], >y,
n#\, X\, <s, |s yTT<\>T |<eTT\T |s y#eTT
jTTq$. y qT+& n~ eT]jTT >y nqT s+&T XeTT\T
|s y# |<eTT\T> <+|, sTT, qsT yTT<\>T
nseTT\+<T |jTTeTT jTTq$. n~ y#eTT|
eT+eTT\+<T \<T. >y |<e TT e\eTT e]s+&T eT+eTT
\+<T <VsDeTT> |s=q&q~. yTT<> #|&q nH
<VsDeTT \+<T n~ nqT |<eTT \<T. sL& |seTT
qT+&jT qeT>T#Tq$. n+<T# n~ eT]jTT >y nqT
54

|<eTT\T L& sqT *jT#jTT y#seTT jTTq~. n<

$<eTT> >e qT+& qeT>T seTT =s > nqT |<eTT
|jTTeT>T#Tq~. n< $<eTT> nH <VsDeTT\T \T|
~ |jT\T> |j+|&T#Tq$.
#|&q n eT+eTT\+<TqT, ~jT #|&T#Tq~.
n~_' |seTT \+<T qeT>T#Tq s# <+|&T#
+&T e\q keTeTT y\Te&T#Tq~. | eT+eTT q+<T keT
d++~e T>T = $Xwe TT\T \e. qq eTqeTT # e\eTT
\T| ` ~eTT> qTq |s y#eT>T n~, eT]jTT >y
nqT| < e TT\ q+< * s # , s nqT ns e TT\+< T
|j+|&jTT+&TqT *jTT#THeTT.
{ eT+ u>eTT\ jTT \T| ~ |jT\T>
eT+s e TT\qT > V +# e \d j T Tq~. s T s T & > T
jds#sT e#qeTT\+<T e ` e nqT|<eTT (<qTdT
q+<T <qTdT q+<T) nqT# <qTdT nqT nseTT q+<T
|jeTT> qTq~. <qTdT nqTq~ $<eTT> e+#&q
y<TsTs qT+& jsT#jT&q sedTe. y<TsT sjT
# eeTT n #| ]q~ n L& |r \<T. y<eTT
q+<T kqeTT e nqT |<eTT bqT <T|{,
}jT\ nqT y#eTT> L& e#T#Tq~. B <VsDeTTqT
>eT+|eTT :`
e#|# >+ ed sV' (y.d+.jT.y. 23/24`25)
e # |# > ed &' R *<+&T\T ed n>+
|& }jT\ jT+<T m+#T #jTT#THsT. eT+eTT
55

q+<T e nqT |<eTTq eeTT jTT =jT #

jsT#jT&T#Tq eT+#eTT n *jTT#Tq~.
# wesT> 62<VsD\T \T| ~ |jT\T>
e&q$. $<qeTT y~ |jT jT+<T d]jTq \H
$<qeTT> bs \T eT eTqdT q+<T qeTe\djT Tq~. eTT+<T>
#|&q n~ nqT|<eTT>\ eT+eTT\T eTqeTT e\eTT qeeT
eT+&\eTT qT+&jT d]+#T ]q~. qeeT eT+&\eTT
keTeT+&\yT jT>T#Tq~. bs\T dT\ueTT> nseTT
#dT=qT>qT nqeT+&\eTT\ qT+&jTT eT+eTT\T =
#|&T#Tq$. n# n~ nqT |<eTTq s> #|
>eT+TeTT :`

1. V]+ jTY eTq+ <TDY e< >sud+ n~_' y|yT

(TT><eTT 1`121`8)
eTq+ V]+ R d+weTT =s |# s+>T>\
keTsdeTT <TH R jT&\T# , n~_' R s<s
|u$+#T#Tq~. eT]jTT, > sud+ R > seTT L&jTTq~.
y|+ R yjTTe q+<T |>sT# L& +&qT.
2. |u keT+ q dTyq+ n~_'
(TT><eTT 1`30`2)
V q ! R z +<T& ! e n~_' R s# keTe*
<+|&T# sdeTTqT y\Te&#jTT#Tq~. < e
yeTT.
3. TujT+ keT+ |]|P n~_'
(TT><eTT 1`135`2)
=s s<s keTeTT qs&T# sdeTTqT
#jTT#Tq~. eT]jTT XeTT #jTT jsT>qTq~.
56

4. dTwejeT~_`sZo eTs yT kekeTs yT

(TT><eTT 1`137`1)
$T esTD R z ds, eT]jTT z esTD! >' eTs'
yT R > s e TT *jTT# q+<<jTeT>T keTsde TTq
yTeTT, n~_'dTdTeT R s# <+|# +~ be#Tq~. yT
ked' eTs' R keTeTT XjTeTT> q+<eTT #Tq~jT.

+ y+ <qT+ qyd+ ` eT+X+ <TVq~_', keT+ <TVq~_'

(TT><eTT 1`137`3/1)
V $T`esTD ! jTeTT #jTTys\T, y+ R =s
yd+ <qT+ q R seTT #T#Tq >e qT+& mT s
$Te&T#Tq< n< $<eTT> n~_' n+X+ <TV R s
={ keTeTT +~ |+|&T#Tq~ n~_' keT+ <TV R
s# <+| keTeTTqT |T#THsT.
ns e TT :` s e TT, eTqeTT keTs d e TTqT s # < + |
rjTT#THeTT. > s e TTqT n+<T $TeTT #jT T#THeTT. |&T
keTsdeTT q+<es eT>T#Tq~. <qTe jTT seTT
|T deqeTT> s# qs&T#Tq, keTe* qT+&
sdeTT y\Te&T#Tq~.
uyseTT :` keTsdeTT n+ dTqT *+#T sDyT
jTTq~. keTsdeTT >Ty&T L& dTqT |<qeTT>
sdeTT qT+& >V+ b+<T#TH&T. dsT&T, esTDT&T
sTesT <e\T <eeTTq =be&T#THsT. nq>
sTes n+ ] b+~jTTqysT. keTeTT s#
qs&T#Tq~. eTs\, sdeTT r j\# >&T#Tq~.
57

 sdeTT > seTT e \esyT jTTq~. jTeTT #jTT

deTjTeTT q+<T +~ |eV+#T# be#Tq~. n+>
deTjTeTT q+<T d\ <e >DeTT\T seTTqT b+<T#
sdeTTqT bqeTT #jTT#THsT.

5. Tu+ VHH ew
> nb n<TH d+ n$_' n~_' qs'

(TT><eTT 2`36`1)
Tu+ VHq' R |sD #T#Tq keTeTT >'
n|' ew R > seTT #qT, {#q n#~+|&T#TH&T
qs' R jTs\T d+ n~_' R keTe* s# <+|#,
n$_' n<TH R >=i |\\ e js>T# m>TsT#Tq$, XeTT
#jTT#Tq$.
uyseTT :` s# q&T#, eT]jTT >=s |\\T> m>TsTqT
e, XeTT#jTT# be#Tq keTeTT sT, >seTT \d
$TeT>T#Tq$.

6. nbeDY V]_' n~_' dTeTT<

> V]_ u

(TT><eTT 3`44`5)
nbeDY R dwe TT> (Vs+>eTT>) V]_' R nXeTT\
dVjTeTT# V]_' n~_' dT+ R yTsjTT#Tq s# <eeT>T
#Tq keTeTT Y R eT]jTT >' u R >e\ #+<T#Tq$.
uyseTT :` m|&T sdT\T >e\qT n|V]+ <jTT+s,
n|&T +<T&T q eCjTT<eTTH, ndTs d+VseTT #jTT#,
>e\T \_+#T#Tq$.
7. keT+ dTce eT<TeTq eT~_'
(TT><eTT 4`45`5)
nqjTeTT :` eT<TeTq+ keT+ n~_' dTce R |seTT
58

q+<T+#&q keTeqd s# qsT#T+&T# +~ #sT

#Tq~.
8. kV keTeT~_' myTH n| <e (TT><eTT 8`1`17)
n~_' keT+ k R s# keTsdeTT y\Te&T#Tq~.
@q+ n| <e R $ {# Xu|&T#Tq$.
{ $<qeTT y<e TT \+<T ys=#L& |s y#e T>T
n~ |<eTT keTeTTqT <+| s> X|j>eTT ]q~.
+<T\ eT]=, eT]jTT, <VsDeTT\T q$. #
|&T +es |k$+#T ]q~.
\T|`~ ` |jT\ <VsDeTT\T +<
yj T & q eT+ e TT \+< T \_ + # T # T q$. y |
\TdT=qe\d jTTq~.
1. eXkeT+ 7VsY (n.y. 10`10`12)
eX >e keTeTTqT V]+#T#Tq~. nq> > s e TT q+<T
keTsdeTT *jTT# seTT n~eTT> qT+&T sDeTTq keTT
s+>T |+#q~. e\eTT b\ s+>T eyT $TXeTeTT
q+<T ##T sT>T#Tq~.
2. eX kyTq d+ s
(n.y. 10`10`13)
eX nq&T >e keTeTT L& \_+#T#Tq~. nq>
> seTT keTsdeTT $TeT>T#Tq~.
3. eX deTT<+ n<cY
(n.y. 10`10`18)
eX >e deTT<eTT q+<T dseTT> qTq~. nq> >e
jTT seTT \eTT\# keTsdeTT $TeT>T <s |
qT#T q~. keTsde TT q+<T s e TT #sT # me> qTjT
59

> n~eTT> \_+#TjT > keTsdeTTq s+>TL&

*dbe#Tq~.
4. eX deTT< bqY (n.y. 10`10`14)
>e deTT<eTT| HeTT #jTT#Tq~. nq> keTsd
s|eTT deTT<eTT q+<T > seTT ##T#Tq~. (keTsdeTT
q+<T > seTT \_+#TqT, eT]jTT $TXeTeTT q+<T su>eTT
n~eTT> qT+&TqT. n+<T# | qT#T+&TqT.
5. eX deTT<+ nKY (n.y. 10`10`15)
eX >e deTT<eTT q+<T qeTT #jTT#Tq~. nq>
keTsd s|eTT deTT<eTT qT+& > seTT n~eT>T#,
n~eTT> qTq edTe, q+fqT e> qTq edTeqT
sd]+#T#Tq~ <! n~ # L& sT>T#Tq~.
# eX |<eTT > s y#eTT, eT]jTT deTT<
|<e TT keTsde TT q+<T \_+#T { jTT, eT]jTT \ $TeT>T
keTy#eTT> qTq$. \T|`~`|jT> #| es
d++<eTT *jTTq~. n+<T# >eT+|eTT, deTT<eTT |sT
d+<T e>TqT. d+<T nqT nseTT q~ n>TqT. q~jTT
\eTT jTeTT q+<T keTsdeTT *jTT# jTseTTq
deTT<eTT e#T#Tq~. n+<T# deTT< |<eTTq sT eq~.
eT]jTT sTy \eTT keTsdeTT q# deTT<eTTq
nse TT L& keTsde TT n>TqT. y< eT+se TTqT >V +#T
>qT { <s d++<eTTqT >eT+#T#, |]+#e\djTTq~.
6. nX' deTT< u (eX+) n<dqY
(n.y. 10`10`16)
>TieTT deTT<eT>T# >e| m>TsT#T+&qT. nq> nX'
60

HeTeTT \es e T> T keT d e TT< H eTeTT \ y T T

js>T#Tq<, keTsd s|eTT q+<T +~ y[, > seTT
b\ y+ |eV+#T#Tq~.
7. k' Hj< nuVD'
(n.y. 12`4`43)
k' Hj< nuVD'
(n.y. 44`46)
m{ >eqT nuVDT&T u+#+&TqT? n{ >eqT
nuVDT&T u+#T<T. nq> eX C >e jTT seTTqT
nuVDT&T >T<T.
# |<eTT\+<* nseTT qT+& e+deTT nqTueeTT
y\&+| &T#Tq~. # e\eTT seTT, |sT>T, HsTT
yTT<\>Tq$ d$+#T edsy T q $> qTq$. >eq d++~+q
> X |j>eTT # |j+| &T#Tq~.
8. jT~ VQ+, jT~ nVQ+ ne# |#eXyT (n.y.2`4`53)
<qeTT qqT, <qeTT eqq eT eT >VeTT
\+<T >e\qT +#T=qeqT. nq> >eeTT\qT e+ #jT eqT.
> e+deTT e+&&T#Tq~. { ueeTT eT+seTT
\+<T <T. > seTT *| |eTT #jTT \<T. +<*
ueeTTqT +< yeTT\ <s >eT+|eTT :`
#|&q <VsDeTT \T| ` ~ ` |jT
d++~+q~. nseTTqT |jT d++~+q~>
* j T e q T. \T| ` ~ ` | j T qT > ]q eT]=
<VsDeTT\qT +~ eT+eTT\+<T >eT+#TeTT :`

9. y~w #s ] se j
@c sXH> ;< >y c7~ qT
61

 #s y~' ueT R #seTT q+<T nH $<\T \e

j e ]' R seTeTT\T XjTkqeTT sD *+#T
e#eTT jTTq$. @c sXH n>;Y R jT+<* (sdeTT)
sdeTT q y +&jTTq~. V Ww~ ! R z! keTe !
@w' >y n~ qT R s | q+<eTT HeTT
#jTT#Tq$. sdeTTqT $&T<\ #jTT eqd| s
<+|&T#Tq$.
nse TT :` ssTT | qeTT #jT T#Tq~. nq> >e #s eTT|
+#&q keTe* =&T#Tq~.

10. jT' Xs<H+ |# ....

(n.y. 10`9`4)

Xs<H + jT' |# R e+<eT+~ eqe\ d]|&T qT>

j>eT>T seTTqT n+~+#T#Tq~. n{ >eqT |eTT
#jT T#THsT. nq> >s e TT beT>T#, s $T bjTeTT
js>T#Tq~.

11. jT<$ X$Ts' |s jT# H'

jT ds >| yTu uw' Xs<H

(n.y. 10`9`7)

jTX$Ts' jT# |s' H' R X++#T#Tq eT]jTT

|eTT #jTT#Tq qT\s ds >| R y]H\ e
s+|eTT V Xs<H ! R e+< (100) qeTTq VseTT
q+~+#>\ >e jTT seTT >*q >eqT s+|eTT. Xu' e
uw' R $wjTeTTqT >] e ujT|&eTT.
nseTT : e\q X+eTTqT b+<T#Tq, qT nq> seTTqT
beTT #jTT#Tq qT\T qT s+TsT> ! nq> >eq
X+, dTKeTT\ #TysT eT]jTT > seTTqT beTT #jTT
62

| >eqT s+TsT>!

12. H+ <y n<<TdTu+ qT| y

e uVDd sq >+ |T H<yT (n.y. 5`18`1)
Vq| R z sC ! <y' @+ Tu+ y q<<T' R
<e\T >eqT =s uT+#T #T<T.V sq!
R z sC ! uVDd nH<+ >+ e |T ' R uVDT
uT+#T j>eTT >eqT e uT+#eTT.
nseTT :` z ! sC ! e< <e\T >eqT uT+#T>qT
|+| <T. nq> >e u>eTT =s <T. jTT\T
eTT |j+#T=qT >qT >eqT sT\ (uVDT\)
es<T.

13. n<T> sq' b| s'

duVDd >eT<< Jy e X'

(n.y. 5`15`4)

n <T>' b|' R p<], bbT&T |s' sq'

R q sDeTT #H |sT&>T# n>T#jTTq jTT&T d'
uVDd >+ n<Y R n{y&T m|&qq uVDT, >eqT
uT+#T>qT (|{q#) q#, n<Jy, eX' R y&T
H&T L& J$+q y& qH <T V jT! z sC ! R
mesqq p<eTT q+<T V]+qq, bbT&, <Ts#],
| &T n>T jTT&>T qT. n{y &T uVDT jTT u $T>,
>eqT>, n{ edTe\qT >, seTT> d]+#T#
d<VDT\ edTC\eTTqT, q u>eTT =s y&T#Tq y&q#,
n{y&T njTTw&>T#TH&T. n{ y&T s| +&TqT nqT
XjTeTT <T. H&T H&T, s| J$+ +&>\&T n #|
M\T<T.
63

14. jT dVdeTjT H dqX X

uVDd>+ > yVy' |sueyT (n.y. 5`18`10)
jT yVy' dVd+ nsH R <e\ y\=\~
jTeTT\+<T jTC V$dT\T U<eTT deT]+#&T#Tq$. jT
<XX' dH R |~ e+<\ jT+<Tq uVDd >+
> R uVD >e\qT uT + |sue H R |sue eTTqT b+~].
nseTT :` uVD >e\qT uT+, jTT\T |suT
\>T#THsT. nq> uVD >e\qT ]+#T# jTT\T
|sueeTTqT, neeqeTT\qT b+<T#THsT.
uyseTT :` <e\ <XeTT |seTT ysT>, <seTT> q,
ydeTT\T #jTT#Tq y\=\~ sE\T uVDT\qT y] u$T,
>e\qT V]+#T #q , y e\q u>eTT nqTu$ +#T #q
|su T, e<\ T #+<T#THsT. jTC <eq uqeTTqT
HXeTT #jTT# weTT\ >T]jT>T#THsT.

15. >se qqeHy Vy+ nysY (n.y. 15`18`11)

VqeH > @e R weTT nqTu$+#T#Tq~ >ejT
H yVyH nysY R <e\ eT]jTT uT+#Ty]
$HXqeTjTqT.
nseTT :` e~+#&q >e jTT\ |sueeTTq sDyTq~
nq> jTT\T uVDT\ >e\ n|V ]+] n+<Te\q y]
|sueeTjTqT.
uyseTT :` weTT\qT nqTu$+q uVD>e jTT\
HXqeTTq sDeTjTqT.

16. #s+ ` nC+ n| sH

(n.y. 5`18`11)

e] >=sqT ( |X eqT) L& e+&T#THsT. uVDT\

64

jTT e] |XeqT L& jTT\T <=+>*+#T#THsT.

n+> >ejTT s e TTqT | eTT#d uT +#T#THsT. n+<T#
jTT\ |sueeTT\T \T>T#Tq$.

17. V>M |eH je_ $vZV

C shd s qMs CjT ec

(n.y. 5`19`4)

k|#eH V>M R n|V]+|&q uVD>e

jeY n_ $vZV R @ sDeTT# y\ b+<T#Tq<,
sDeTT #H shd ' s R sheTT jTT dT
q+#T#Tq~. eT]jTT n&, ecMs' qCjT R \e+T\>T
MsT\T qyT |+#T sT>T <T.
nseTT :` n|VsDeTT# |eTT> js>T#Tq uVD >e#
sheTT jTT dT, |XeTT, ] qweT>T d+u$+#T#Tq~.
nq> uVDT >eqT n|V]+#T e\q sheTT deT>T
#Tq~.
uyseTT :` @ uVDT >e n|VsD >T]jT>T#Tq<
sheTT q+<T qweTT d+u$+#T#Tq~. eT]jTT sheTT q+<T
\e+T\T, MsT\T n# +#+<TsT.
<VsD\# dweT>T#Tq < >eT+|eTT. y<eTT
q+<T \T| ~ |jT\T \e *jTT#THeTT. |jT\T
m# |j+|&T#Tqy, n# |jT qqTd]+
ns > V DeTT # j T e\d j T Tq~. nT # j T # nqs e TT
\T>T#Tq~. m# d]> *jTHs, ysT dT\uesZeTT
|seTT> +esL e&q |<e TT\ nse TTqT, uyse TTqT
d]jT>T *jT>\sT.
U
65

eX >e
n<s y<eTT (10/2012/34))
1. qeTd CjTeHjT Cj qeT'
uu' X|u sbj|T qeT'
nseTT :
z n|T : ne<eT>T z! dC >s|e!
CjTeHjT qeT' : >e * >seTT qT+&,
><&qT qT#Tq|&T >eeTTq
qeTkseTT. (|de deTjTeTT q+<T >eq,
>eeTTqT >+q y] d\ XueTT\T \TZq
XgeTT\T |Tw+#T#Tq$).
CjT qeT' : qeTTqT b+~q |<|
eTs\ qeTkseTT\T.
uu X|u' : * >e qT+& <$+q
>Xe\, <e\ =s >qT +q y,
sbjT qeT' : j s|eTT\qT b+~jTTq
>d+ qeTkseTT.
ueeTT :
| y<eT+ ueeTT qqTd]+ >eqT m|&T
L& V+d+#s<T. e~+#T L& #s>qTq~. >eqT @
$<eTT> >+qq <T'KeTTqT *Z+#T neXeTT ,
nedseTT |e \~. = | seTT\+<T nq>
> | P C $< qeTT\+< T , j T j >~ j T \ j T +< T ,
|+|&q |+&T>\jT+<TqT, >e qT+& qeT>T
edTe\qT, s<T\qT, eTq |w, Tw |j+#T
jT+<Tq qeTd]+#T#, ueeTT d]+q#
*eTT\qT o|TeTT> b+<>\TZ<TsT. n+<T# y dy
ueeTT n]+#eqT.
66

2.

j $<| |e' d| $<se'

s jTd j $< eX+| >VjY
nseTT :
jT' d| |e' $<Y : @ @&Tq eTyTqy
*jTq n$ @$j
d| |se' $<Y : @ @&T <s rseTT\qT
\TdT=qeH nf
jTd s' $<Y : jTeTTq n>kqeT>T
s u>eTTqT mesT *jT>\s
d' : ys
$<Y : $<+dT&>T#
eX+>VjY : eX nq&T eT C
>eqT <qeTT> d]+#>*Zq y& jTTH&T.
ueeTT :
|+#CH+~jTeTT\ |esqqT m]q y&, y
s eTT\T T~ |] e TT\T> # ] +# > * Z q y& T q,
e ed \ T>qTq n+ s Z Xs d | # s \ j T +< T
cT&Tq, esZeT+< |jT+#Ty&Tq, y <s
rseTT\ #s> * qZ y&Tq, j jTeTT\ eTTK CqeTT
*dqy&Tq, |$eT>T eX C >eqT <qeTT>
d]+#T j>T&>T#TH&T.
| #|&q d| +BjT $<\qT +~jT X
d$T[eTT >$+ $d+ | #dq #, n{ eqe&T e T d T \qT
b+<>\TZ#TH&T. Cq esZeTTq+<T m+esL |jD+#
>\TZH, n+es >\ eTTqT *jT>\&T. m+ esL
*djTTH&, j jT u>eTT\ eTVeTTqT, y]
67

nqTueeTT\T, #sDjTeTT\T VsZeTT #jTT#T+&TqT. n{

|DT& ><qeTTq n~]jT>T#TH&T. { nqTcq,
kqTue | e\ T, V CqeTT >\ uVDT\T e TeT>T
><qeTT d]+#T nsT\>T#THsT.

>eT+#e\dq | $wjTeTT
eX nq&T >e , > d+ e\eTT
e+deTTq, #seTTq, meTT\q, +&q >s|eTT
eyT >, $Xd nq+seTT, nq> >s| XseTTqT
$d]+q |eT n+<* bDX eTV <e>q, X
j T T e TT>q, < e \ +< ] j T +< T q d s e TT>
\jTeT>T#Tq~. jTeTT\+<T |+#&T# jTCqTcq
# s D j | e TT\+< T | e TTK k q eTTqT
$T+#T#Tq~. k<T qT\ eTT esZeTT *+#T#Tq~.
3. y<V+ d| |e' d| y< |se'
s jT kV+ y< keT+ #k+ $#DyT
nseTT :
nV+ d| |e' y< : HjT+<T >\ d|
| y V eTT\ +& q Jeq $< qeTTqT
*jTT#THqT.
d| |se' y< : d| d+< |yV
rseTT\q&T kDTe\ jT+<*, d]+|
&T#Tq Cq +~jT eTTqT L&
nqTu$+#T#THqT.
jTd s' nV+ y< : jT jT jT+<*
n> u > e T> T s k q eTT, j T k< eT> T
68

|<H+XeTTqT msT+>T#THqT.
nk+ $#D+ keT+# y< : esZeTT q+<T
| +# T # T q nH keTT d u e > T D
yweTT\qT \TdT=qT#THqT.
ueeTT :
HqT #]+#T#, nHw+#T#Tq q dT\qT
>eT+#T#n+<* wqT \TdT=qT#T+{. jTC#sD
jT+<T HqT b+<e\dq >eTeTTqT \TdT=+{. jT
s|eTTqTq keT <e dTqT >+#T#THqT.
eT+eTTqT, |Ps eT+eTTqT (3, 2) >]q, nH\
n_bjTeTTqT >eT+TeTT. d| |e' nqT XeTTqT,
|j >eTTqT d| q<T\T> yU+#T#THsT. d| |se'
nqT jT+<T d| eTT\T> n+^]+#T#THsT. jTd
s' nqT jT+<T jT eTTK u>eT>T keTsdeTT>
*jT#|#THsT. { jT beTTKqT nqTue |Ps
$CqeTT *jTT+&q eTVqTue { >eqT <qeTT>
b+<T j> *ZjTT+<TsT.
4. jT< <sj |~M jT< b >T| e'
eX+ dVd <s+ VD#e< eTd
nseTT :
jT< <' |~M e |' # >T|' :
<# dsZeTT, u$T, \u>eT+jT
d+s+#&T#Tq<!
dV d <s+ eX+ : n{ dV d neT <s\qT
#Tq{ eX >eq
VD#e< eTd : V CqeTT <s,
e T
$< qeTT\+< T
| X + d \ qT
69

*jT#jTT#THsT.
ueeTT :
@ ~e X# dsZ, ueTT\T, \eTT\T
s+#&T#, dTseTT>qTqy, me] nH ~e <s\#
seTeTT q+~+#T#Tq<, n{ eX >eq eT+
|PseTT> |X+ d\T, y eTV eTT H]+ n]+#T#THsT.
>e m\sq s+#T#Tq~. n+<T# |Ps
n_q+<q\qT dsH[ n+<#jTT#Tq~.
5. X+ +k' X+ <>s' X+ >bs n~|w nk'
jT <y dk+ bD eX+ $<Ts<
nseTT :
nk' n~ |w, (nk' |w n~) : n{ >eqT
s+#T >eq yqT y| |seTT> qTq,
X+<>s' X+ +k' : e+<~ eTqTw\T
>seTTqT d]+#T (|) e+<\
eT b\qT rdT= y+ y+H,
X+ >bs' : e+<\=\~ >b\\T >sD
#jTT y+y+ q&#T#T+&>
jT <y' k+ bD : @ <e\T >e# jT
|PseTT\+<T J$+#T#THs
@< eX+ $<T' : ys\+<s L $<qeTT
qqTd]+ >e jTT eV eTT *jTT#THsT.
nq> | + | & q eX > eTTqT
m]+jTTHsT.
ueeTT :
| s ~qeTT\+< T q, | + | & T >
eTVAeeTT \+<Tq >e\ yqTy+ >b\\HsT, >
70

s e TTqT |T ysTq, ><T>e TTqT d]+#T nH Xue T>T

b\T d]+qysTq, q|&T#T+<TsT. { eeTT\T
sT>T#T+&T deTjTeTT q+<T eX >e jTT |+&T>
H#]+#T#THs *jTq>TqT. >eqT XsTT+q ysT nq>
>e qT+& jT>T s e TT, |T eTT yTT<\>T y d$+#T
VseTT> d]+#T#, <e\T <s <$+#T
keTsdbqeTT# Jeq <sDqT *Z nq> y] y] dTkqeTT
\+<T <e bDeTTqT <]+jTTHsT. ~jT eX >e jTT
eTVeT y] y] nqTueeTT\ msT+>T#THsT.
6. jT |B s d< bD eTV\T
eX |sq |r <y" n| VD
nseTT :
jT |B s : jTeTT q+<T #se\dq
k q eTT b| + # T es mes T s e TTqT
n+~+#T#THs
d<`bD eTV\T : nq s| bDeTTqT
<]+| #jTT# u$T jT+<T |d~ #+~q
sDeTT #
|sq |r eX : eseTT ]|+#T <s,
>e\ e\dq >deTT yTT<\>T VseTT\qT
qeTT >$+#T#, b\q`bwD yTT<\>T
se\qT sV+#T#Tq >e,
VD <yH n| : V s|eT>T nq
b| <e\ b|+| #jTT#Tq~.
ueeTT :
uVDT\ >eqT <qeTT> #T sT>T#Tq~.
uVDT\T > seTTqT VeqeTT> jT seTeTT\qT
71

s]+#T#, b\qT, H <e\ n+<#jTT#THsT.

$<eTT> >e <e\ #+ #sT#Tq~. >e jTeTT\ =s
q qT+& seTTqT, |TeTTqT jsT#jTT# jT u$T
jT+<T |jD+#T#Tq~. +<T# JesdT\\ <sD X
|+b+<TqT. yT|T eTT\T eseTT <s Vs<T\qT \_+|#j
T TqT.
n+<T# >b\qjTT, sDjTT sT>T#Tq~. ~jT >e jTT
eTV eTT.
7. nqT' b$X<qT ky eX
}<d u< |sH $<Td dHeX
nseTT :
(V) eX : z >s|e !
n' nqT |$XY : jT+<T n
|y+#T#Tq~.
keT' nqT : keTT&T L& (o\eTT)
jT+<Tq~
(V) u< : XuseTT\qT *+#T#Tq z >y !
}<' |sq' : b\ +&jTTq dqeTT\T
yT|TeTT\ e seTT +&jTTq$
(V) eX' : qT n_e+#T y] eXeT>T#Tq
z >y !
dH $<T' : dqeTT\+<T $<TT
|d] +#T#Tq~. $<e TT> n yTT<q <e\T
jT+<T $T& jTTHsT.
ueeTT :
>e ds X |+#T# sT>T#Tq~. nq>
|>{ \eTTq dsT sDeTT\ |ueeTT >e XseTT q+<T
72

|y+#TqT. ds sDeTT\+<* n eTT >e q+<T

d ]+#T#Tq~. = r>\qT, \qT, {, >e >deTT>q,
VseTT>qT >V+#T#Tq~. n{ sDeTT# keTT jT+<*
o\eTT, X+eTT, k<To\ yTT<q dT>TDeTT\T >e
q+<T @s&T#Tq$. yT|TeTT\T e]+#T <s qB, q<eTT\T
{ +&T#Tq$. { >e\T bqeTT #jTT#Tq$.
$<e TT> yT|T eTT\T >e jTT <T>Xj
T eTT +|# > >s e TT
q+<T +&TqT. $<eTT> n, keT, |sq, $<TY nq&T
<e eTsT\ T q\TZsT q > s e TT q+<T ed+#T#THsT. n+<T#
e b\qT d]+#Ty] <e X \ T nqT>V +|&T#Tq~.
>e b\T d+jTT VseTqT L& sDeTT>H jT>TqT.
8. n|d + |TT |<e ss n|s eX
rjT+ sh+ |TT q+ s+ eXyT
nseTT :
eX : z >s|e !
+ |<eT' n|' |TT : e n+<]+fqT
eTT+<T> \eTT\ q+~+#T#THe.
n|s ss : nT sTy y qT+& u$T
jT+<T eT]= |<seTT\T sDeT>T#Tq$.
nq> eqyTq { d$TyT, >e \d
= Vs |<seTT\T jT>T#Tq$.
rjT+ sh+ |TT : eT&e~> sh X ()
X @s&T#Tq~.
73

+ nq+ s+ : y nq ds|eTT, s
ds|eTT nqT#, Je\+~+#T#THe.
ueeTT :
yT|T s|eTT> qTq >e ess|eTT> \eTT
q+~+#T#Tq~. \ eTT q+<T eweTT\T sT>T# <qeTT
|+&T nedseT>T dTeTT\T js>T#T+&TqT. >e
eT\eTq&T msTe\T y&&T# eTT\+<T <qeTT\T
jsT#jT&T# nqeTT sb+~+#&T#Tq~.
$<qeT+jTT > eTVyT n>T#Tq~.
9. jT<~sjT eHbw TTe]
+<' dVd+ bHeT+ bjT jT<X
nseTT :
V eX : eX >s|e !
TTe] : s s|eTT nqeTT VseTT>
#T >y!
jTY ~ ' VAjTeH : m|&T e ~T\
<s X b+<T#THy
|w' : n|&T dMT|eTTq #sT <s
+<' dVd+ bH : +<T&T nH b\
qT+&
keT+ bjTjTY : keTsdeTTqT
|T#TH&T.
$XcseTT : jTeTT\+<T >e d#> > seTq&T
keTsdeTTqT n+~+#T#Tq~. n~ >e e\qH sT>T#Tq~.
b\ jT+<T >\ keT d X, eT>T#Tq~. $<eTT>
keT X dVeT>T seTTqT >T <s >=| ueTTqT
b+<T#THsT.
74

10. jT<q Nq yTd TTwuVjTY

d eV |jT' s+ <Vs<X
nseTT :
eX : >y !
jT< nqN' q+ ' : e m|&T nqTL\eTT>
+<T b|+#T#THy
TTwu' Y nVjTY : n|&T e ewu
dMT|eTTq |s|+|&T#THe
kY <' eV : sDeTT# |+q
+<T&T
|jT' s+ nVsY : jT+<* s X
b>=T#TH&T.
$XcseTT : e s e TT +<T y+ y+ sT>T#THe.
n|&T +< XTe\>T ewue TT\T, >e\>T $TeTT y] #+
seT V+#T#THsT. B >+q +<T&T |+ >e
q+<* seTTq+jTT >T| kqeTTq +#T#TH&T. seTT
m{ <Tw #+<+&eq, |+# kqeTT q+<T
<jTT+#T#TH&T. n|&T seTT dTs kqeTT q+<T
<jTT+&TqT.
11. jT < <q| s s eTVs<X
<+ << H dw bw s
nseTT :
V eX : z >y !
jTY <' <q|' : |eTTqTq usT&T
s + nV s Y : j T +< * s e TTqT
rdT=qT#TH&T. n|&T *jTq~ @eTq>
<+ Y < : n~ jT H&T
75

H' w bw : dsZ <eTyT +<T

s|eTT eT&T \eTT\T (eTT\T) nq&T
b\ jT+<T *jTTq~.
$XcseTT : +< XTe\ s e TT \_+# +&TqT> MsT&>T
+<T&T, >e\ qT+& s X eT&T b\ jT+<T
dTseTT> <jTT+&T# qT\s b\qT b+~
s+#&T#THsT.
12. w bw + keTe <e Vs<X
n<s jT B ]c dVsDjT
nseTT :
w bw : eT&T b\jT+<T
+ keT+ : b\ jT+<T >\ keTsdeTTqT
eX<M : eX nq&T#Tq >e <M
ds|eTT
VsY : b|+| #jTT#Tq~.
$XcseTT : jT $<qeTT q+<T n<s y< e B
, dTeseTT eT\#&q dqeTT q+<T dqTsjTTq~.
keT sdeTT jT&\T# eT&T b\ jT+<T
<sbeTT> +|&T#Tq~. n{ >dq eTT\ qT+& rjT&T#Tq
sdeTT> > seTT \_+#T#Tq~. n{ jT #sD jT+<T
n<s y<E&>T V dTesdqeTT q+<T dqT&jTTH&T.
eX keT+ nVsY : >e keTT V]+
>=qT#Tq~. nq> > <T>eTT q+<T keTsdeTT
\_+#T#Tq~.
13. d+V kyTH> deTT dsD |<
76

eX deTT< eT<c<Z+<s' *_' dVQ

nseTT :
kyTq V d+ > : keTT \d +&T#
ds D |< d+ : deTT<eTT q+<T *jTT#,
$d] yjT&T edT C\eTT qT+&, eX >e
>+<sT\Tq, jTT<eTT #jTT MsT\ &Tq
deTT<+ n< cY : deTT<eTT q+< $T[eT>T#
ed+#T#Tq~ < !
eX ky T q d e > ' : >e keTT
L&jTTq~. nq> keTsdeTT y+ (>e)
>eTT \_+#T#Tq~.
eX dsD |< d+ >' : >e m\ Je\
jT+<Tq \d J$+#T#Tq~. nq> > seTT

77

eqe\+<] \_+#T#Tq~. y] =s >e

seTTqT #T#Tq~
eX deTT<+ n<cY : >e deTT<eTT esL
#] n+<T \d |eV+#T#Tq~. nq> > s e TT
keT sdeTT y+ \d |jD+#T#Tq~.
keTsdeTT bs+ueT>T deTjTeTTq \eTT
\_+#T#Tq~. n+<T# $E\T sTTT #| #THsT,
eTT q+<+jT > seTH&, >e jTT
k<TeTT +& \_+#T#Tq~.
eX *_' de>' : >e MsT\ y+ >eTqeTT
k+# T # T q~. nq> > s e TT d$+q
ys\+<s MsT\>T#T+&T# y] Ms eTT >e
e\qH \_+#TqqT deTT.
*' : jTT<eTT, MsT\T, jTT<eTT #jTTys\T.
14. d+ V y H> deTT ds' |_'
eX deTT< bqT V#' ke _ur
nseTT :
eX y q V d+ > : >e yjTTe L&
\_+#T#Tq~.
ds |_' d+ : d\ |\ \d jTT+&
m\sL \ueT>T#Tq~.
_u r : TT \# (eT+ e TT\ <s)
keTs d e TTqT j s T # j T Tj T > ,
<]+jTTq~.
deTT< bqd : eX >e deTT<eTT q+<
78

HeTT #jTT#Tq~.
$XcseTT : eX >e jTeTT\+<T keTsdeTT\qT,
eT+~ <eeTT\qT <]+#T#Tq~. yjTTe k+>eTT
*jTTq~. keTsd |yVeTT\ +&q deTT<eTT q+<T
nHH nqTueeTT\qT q jT+<T +|=qT#, s+>eTT\
y =+{ VsZ |s# T # qeTT #jT T#Tq~. $<e TT>
>eq k<TeTT m& y|+#T#Tq~.
15. d+V dsD > deTT dsD # c
eX deTT< eTK << Cw _ur
nseTT :
eX dsD d+ > : >e dsT \d
\_+#T#Tq~.
dsD #c d+ : <w >\ y]\sL
\ueT>T#Tq~
u< eX Cw _u : DeTT\+~+#T
>e jT+<T nH dT\T \e
deTT<+ nKY : >e deTT<eTT q+<
<w k]+ (+|)jTTq~. <s rs |<XeTT
\+<T >e |w y| #+<T#Tq~.
$XcseTT : eX dsD d+ > : >e dsT L&,
nq> ds |X eTT * #]+#T#Tq~.
eX dsD #c d+ > : eX >e qT\T
\ys+<] |+#T#Tq~. nq> > seTT
jT |jT\ <s keTsdeTT> m\s
nqTu$+# >\TZ#THsT. keT r>\ jT+<T >\
79

n> u>eTTq <w #s>H n~ eTs\ +~

|&T# ds y|eT>TqT. nq> ue
XeTT\qT $X\ XSqeTTq+<T dsX
+|#Tq~. n{ keT X T e]+|&T#Tq~.
u< Cw $ur eX deTT<+ nKY : eX
nq&T >s|eTT XueTT\qT *Z+#&T C
ds|yT |+#T#Tq~. deTT<eTT qT+&
sd]+|&T edT C\eTTqT \|]DeTeT>T
yTq m>d|&T n\\ |yVeTT# jT
nq> rs b+eTTq H{yjT&TqT> n\
| e DeTT\T > \ e*qeTT\+{
keTsdeTT jT dyd, bDX yjTT
$qqT |]X< |s#T#Tq~. n+<T#
keTsdbqeTT q+<T n~ >seTT >\T
d+u$+#T#Tq~.
ks+XeTT : u< eX dsT \d, dsJe\ HeTT\
\d, CT\qT <]+ deTT<eTTqT $T+q |U>&+q~.
16. n;e VsDq jT<w TTe]
nX' deTT< u<dq <X
nseTT :
V TTe] : deT>T jT esZeTT q+<T
q&T#T#Tq >e s|e !
VsDq n;ejTY nw' : dTeseTT
(+>seTT)# #~eT>T# m|&T e+&TH,
n|&T
80

deTT<' nX' u : deTT<eTT >TieTT\qT

e jsT #jTTq{
VeX >' n< dqY : |q H m>TsT#Tq~.
$XcseTT : deTT<eTT nXeTT e
: eX >eqT
n< d q Y : d e TT< s a +s e TT * Z q
Ts+>eT>T# |qH m>TsT#Tq~. nq>
deTT<eTT q<T\ \sTT>qTq \eTT\qT
&]+#T# nXeTTqT nq> keTsdeTTqT
j s T # j T T# T q~. n~ > s e TT>
m>d| & T #Tq< *jTeqT. # deTT<eTT
nqT qB \eTT\T n *jTeqT.
nXeTT nqT keTsdeTjTT, eX nqT >
s e TjTT nse TTqT >V +# e\d jTTq~. nqeTTqT |k~+#T
>e m|&T dTes uwDeTT\ +&jTT+&TH n|&T e
+&T>qT+<Te. z >s|e! e< deTT<eTTq+<T {
>TieTT\T js>T# e#T#Tq$. ~jT eTV eTT.
17. <<' deT>#q eX <w #jd<
n<s jT B ]cd VsD jT
nseTT :
jT B' n<s : n<s y< jTeTT
q+<T B >= m|&T #]+Ty
VsDjT ]w d : dTes d+jTT dqeTT
| dqT& jTT+&T#TH&T
u<' de>#q : DeTT\ H=d + > T
|sTws|eTT $s$+#T#T+&> n#
81

eX <w n< d< : <qeTT> #T >e H

nqs|eTT> sb+<T#Tq~.
$XcseTT : D s&>T jT |sTw&T ne]+#T,
<$+#T jTeTT\T bs+ueT>T#Tq$. jTeTT q+<T
> s|yT jT esZeTTqT d+#T#, jsT#jTT#Tq~.
nq> >e j T T s e TT, | T e TT y T T< q $ nj T T
jTC]eT>T#Tq$. s s|yT nH> \_+#T#Tq~.
18. eX e sqd eX e d<+ e
eXj jT jTT<+ eTCjT
nseTT :
sqd e eX : jTT\ eeT]>
>e |P+|&T#Tq~
V d< ! (d<) : z ! nq s|e ! #
e eXeT>T#Tq~. * nsTTq >e <s
e \_+#T#THe.
eXj' jTT<+ jTC : > sD jT d++~
XgeTT\T #jT T#Tq$. n+<T# jT |* eTT>,
n+<T+& e TT <$ +#T#Tq~. nq> jTeTT
b<TseeTTq sDeT>TqT < !
$XcseTT : jTT\ q> > ds|yT nq
\_ + | C j T T# e TTqT b& T # T q~. n~ m q >
|]o*+TeTT. >e qT+& jT ewueTT\T |T#Tqy, n{
ewueTT\T u$T k>T#jTT && <q deT~
sDeT>T#Tq$. <qeTT qT+&jT nqeTT js>T#Tq~.
{ > sD jTeTT\+<T jTT\# XgeTT\>T# jT
ssVD <seTT\>TqT. > seTT, |TeTT eTTqT
82

XB]+#T#, bw+#T#T+&TqT.
19. }s _+<T sT<#s< VD' < <~
d + w eX VA CjT
nseTT :
VD' <Y n~ : eT+ }s u>eTT
qT+&
_+<T' }s' <#sY : _+<T s|eTT> ||
>eTqeTT k+#T#Tq~.
V eX > ! : n{ u>eTT qT+& X s|eTT>
e y] #+<T#Tq z > s|e !
' + w : n+<T+&jT e q
eT>T#THe.
' VA nCjT : n+<T+&, eT+eTT
qT+& jT e V dT> |]D #+<T#THe.
eT+ H< H<eTT\# >e V<eeTT\T>
jTeTT\+<T j <e eTsT\ n+~+#&T#Tq~. eT+yT
jTeTT =qk+#T eTTK k<q eTT. jT ssVD
>e\T, eweTT\T nedseT>T#Tq$. >e\T eT]jTT Veq
s\qT L& Me\qH js>T#Tq$.
$XcseTT : VeTT nH& n> u>eTT qT+& _+<T
s|eTT> | |eV+#T#Tq~. |yV s|eTT qT+& jT
>e> e qeT>T#THe. nT +qq, nT s
L& J$+#T#, eTs Veq s> nq> jT |* X
s|eTT> <$+#T#THe. nq> >e q+<T V X
n~eTT> qT+&Tq *jTT#Tq~. n~jT, X s|yT ~
83

jT+<TqT \<T.
20. dd >< nueqTw Vu \+ eX
bk> jT dHu sXjTde
nseTT :
V eX > : T~ jT+<T eXeT>T#Tq > s|e !
d' >< nueH : eTTKeTT q+<T+&
nH $<eTT\T> *jTT#Tq~
w<u' \+ : uT u>eTT\+<T, \eTT
\<T.
bkY jT' jT' C : <T>XjTeTTq
(b\qT |T |<XeTT) jTeTT sT>T#
edHu' sXjT' : Xs u>eTT q+<*
s<eTT\>T dqeTT\T <T><s\# sDeTT\T
*jTTq$.
~jT > eTVeTT. jT ><\ jT+<T, jTC#s D #
\eseTT> X \TZ#T+&TqT. { nH ueTT\qT jT
s\T b+<T#THsT.
21. su eT<q+ C+ Xu+# eX e
du s n <s<~ MsT<'
nseTT :
V eX : z > s|e !
e su+ Xu+# n<q+ C+ :
b< e TT\ qT+& , | s T < T \ qT+& es Z e TT
qeT>T#Tq~.
du' n s : |wHeTT> qTq
|>T e\qH Jy[ uD X \TZ#Tq~ eT]jTT
84

 jTT
}<sY n~ MsT<' : >s kqeTT qT+& (b)
zw<T\T <$+#T#Tq$.
$XcseTT : >e zw<T\qT q VseTT> (>deTTqT)
qT#T+&T# WwBjT kseT+jTT yT >sXjTeTT q+<T
#], s e TT q+<T zw<T \ Xj
T +jT T d$T[eTT> eqe\
\_+ s>e+T\T> #jTT#Tq~. >e jTT +s+
|>T\ jT+<T sT>T#Tq jT \T H[ jT+<T |sesq eT>T#
y]H\ b&T#Tq~ > ejT.
22. jT<T<s+ esTD kqT b$X< eX
k V <V jTqV H eTye
nseTT :
V eX ! : z >y !
jTY n< esTDd <s+ nqT|$X<' : e
m|&T esTDT <seTT q+<T #sT#THy
n|&T, n#{ qT+&
V <V jTY : V qT }s eTT\
V+#T#TH&T.
dVV e H+ nyY : n~jT nq> V
jTT |\T| esZ<s eT>T#Tq~.
$XcseTT : esTDT <seTT \kq eT>T#Tq~. esTD
eTT #]q >e n# bwD, b\q b+<T#Tq~. n#{
qT+& V# V+#&T#Tq > X s|eTT q kqeTT
b+<T# }s eTT\ #sT#Tq~. #{ #]q >e jT
seTT\+<T |j+#&T#Tq >y jT>T#Tq~. nq>
85

jTeTT\+<T q seTTqT, n+<T+& jT>T |TeTTqT

jTC]eTT >$+#T#Tq |DjT > ds|eTT. V
nq> Cq ds|&>T uVDT&T, eTyTq jT esZeTT
<s > s e TTqT dT<s y j sT#jT T#TH&T. > e+XeTT
q+<* dT<s\jTT @eT>T#, esT #+~ |TeTTqT
js>T#Tq~. jT seTT\T sV+#T uVDT&T V
CqeTT M jT sVD =s |j+#T# D
s&>T#TH&T.
23. ds >s<y|q CjTeH< dd'
dde VeVQsX uV_' \|' dVk +<T'
nseTT : ndd' CjTeHY : |de deTjTeTT q+<T
ndeTseTT> ;#+<T#Tq >e
>sY ds ne|q : >s d jT+<T \T>T#Tq
esT\# ujTeTT eDT#Tq~
+ VQ' eX ndd : n{ > ds|eTTqT
|de y<q qTu$ +#T#Tq ndeTsTs \T nqT#THsT.
d ' V V _ ' nk' +< T | ' : n{
deTjTeTTq+<* >e V CH_wq uVD
|+>e\ +<Te> *jTCjT&T#Tq~.
$XcseTT : >e jTT yTT<{ >s<sD sTy |de
deTjTeTT q+<T, n+<] ujTeTTqT *Z+#T#, qTq ;
#+<T#T+&TqT. n+<T# >e d++~+q bwD`b\q
jT+<* T+eTT\ ysTq, y] +<T qeTTq, >eq
+<Te\>T# yT dTK |deeTTH sT#THsT. n+<T# n{
86

m\sT L >e |jT eT>T J$ n>T#Tq~. |dy q+se TT ys\s

q+<eTTqT b+<T#THsT. jT sjT>T V n+<]+fqT
n~eTT> d+w+#T#, q+<|&TqT.
24. jTT< @' d+d j nk @ <X
s+d jTC nueqsk+ #s ue<X
nseTT :
@' jTT<' d+d : |seTeTT L&q
MsT\ eedqT dw+#T#Tq~
jT' nk' Y eo @' : n{ eedqT >y
eXeTT #dT=q >*Zq X s|eT>T#Tq~
jTC' s+d nueH : jTeTTqT *+#T
keTseTTqT L& > ds|yT jsT
#jTT#Tq~.
sk+ #' eX nueH : n{ keTseTT >
HeTT\ <w jT+<T $T&jTTq~.
$XcseTT : eX jT>T#Tq k<TeTT +&jTTq >eqT
s+#T MsT\T e\djTTq~. n{ MsT\ |sD #H
jT seTT sV+|&T#Tq~. n|& jT |*eTT {
>e\q&T Jy\ eXeT>T#Tq~. >e Xs u>eTT q+<*
e seTT# \eTTqT #jTT#Tq~. X] \eTTH
> eqd \eTTq, ] \eTTq, < \eTTq
b+<T#THsT >< !
25. eX jT+ |>V <X dseT <sjTY
eX jeTqs MX <<H VD dV
nseTT :
eX jT+ |>VY : eX >e jTeTTqT
87

d]+#T#Tq~.
eX ds n<sjTY : eX >e dsT q
jT+<T +|=q~.
eXj+ z<q' n$XY : >e jT+< |
eT+ $~ |PseTT> nq |yX e TT sT>T#Tq~
VD dV : > ds| XjT CqeTT>
|]D #+<T#Tq~. nq> CH L& >y
sDeT>T#Tq~. jTeTTq, nqeTTq,
CqeTTq L& >y <seT>T# dTseTT>
qTq~.
$XcseTT : eX >e qT+& jT>T#Tq s,
|T <T\# jTeTT sT>T#Tq~. > s| Xj
T dsT jT+<Tq
|XeTT> sT>&T#Tq~. n+> ds X >e q
ds|eTT> <]+#T#Tq~. < $<eTT> eTT+<T #|&q
@&e (7) eT+eTT q+<T >e jT+<T n |ue dT
\<jTT, 20e eT+eTT q+<T > dqeTT\ jT+<T sDeTT\T
\ejTT #|&q~. nf 9e eT+eTT q+<T ~T\
\d >e ed+#T#Tq<jTT dw]+#T ]q~. n+<T#
$wjTeTT\ <s, |dT eT+eTT q+<T > |w >]
*jT#jT&q~. jTeTT\+<T >\ eT+ bseTT\ <s
>e ><TeqeTTqT L& uT+#T#Tq~. nq> eT+
|PseTT> > X |{+|&T#Tq~.
26. eX yTy eT eVQsX+ eTTeTTbd
eX<+ ds eTuee<y eTqTc ndTs' |s TTwjT'
88

nseTT :

eX+ @e neT+ VQ' : <e\T >eqT

neTeT |\#T#THsT.
eX+ eTT+ bd : eX > X eTTe
> msT+>T# m\s bd+#T#THsT.
eX+ <+ ds+ nueY : >y n+jT,
n+q *jTTq~. nq>
<y', eTqTc', ndTs', |s ' , TTwjT ' : <e\T,
eqe\T, sdT\T, |<e\T eT]jTT TTw
|+>e\T yTT<q nH esZeTT\jTT eX
>eq #+~qy. yT jT dseTT> *jT
&T#Tq~.
$XcseTT : >e q+<T >\ s y T neTeTT. neTs eTT nq>
n|eTTeqT q+|#d, s>eTT +&TqT, BsjTTwqT
*+Z #T#Tq~. >eq @< we TTqT *+Z q#, n~jT nq>
> ds|yT eTT s|eT>TqT. <e, eqe\+<], >y
Jeq <>qTq~. > s e TT, |T eTT yTT<q >eeTT\T #
bDT\ J$eTT de esZeTT q+<T +&TqT.
27. jT @e+ $< eX+ | >VjY
< V jT' dsb dsb <TV < q|sTdTsH
nseTT :
d' eX+ | >VjY : eX >eqT
<qeTT> >V+#T#TH&T.
jT' ds bY nq|dT sH < <TV : jTeTTqT
q eseZ TT q+<T d|\ eTT >$+, #* eTqdT&T
>+&TqT, dTd+ksjTTyTq |*eTTqT
89

b+<TqT> jT seTTqT sV+#e\d

jTTq~.
$XcseTT : { eX>eqT <qeTT> d]+#T eTT+<T
eT+eTT\+<T #| &qT> C jT>T y&T $<qeTTqT
m]jTTH&T. n{ $<+dT&T, uVDeTT&T, nq> V
esZeTTqT m]q y&T <q dsD ns *, n~seTT
*q y&jTTH&T. n{ y ><qeTTqT n]+, jT
seTTqT d+|P] >$+ XjTdTqT b+~, > X
d+>$T+#T e TeTT. s +&e eT+eTT q+<T #| qT>, jT
$<qeTTqT, jT s sVD jT+<* d qT *dqy&Tq,
TTEesZ |esq *qy&Tq jT <qeTT> > <q dsD
j>T&T. eT+ ueeTTq, eT+se TTqT nqTd+<qeTT
#jTT eT>T #q\T *Z+#TqT. ><qeTTq V
yjTT, n $<e+T&TqT \_+#>\&T. nCjT>T k<sD
eqe&T ><q dsD nqsT&T.
28. k V esTD kq < d
k+ j eT< sC keX <Tw>V
nseTT :
esTDd d nq' d' V' : esTDT eTTKeTT
q+<T eT&T V\T (H\T\T)
B< : |+#T#Tq$
k+ eT< jk : y eT< jT+<T
$XweTT ud+#T#Tq~.
keX : n~jT eX >e
n' : n+<T#
90

<Tw >V : <q dsD ]qeTT> qT+&TqT

$XcseTT : nq> C j T > T y& T ><qeTTqT
d]+#>\TZ#TH&T. nC jT>Ty&T ><q dsD
nj>T& *jTq>TqT.
29. #Ts s nue<Xj'
|dTjT eTeT+ TjT jTdTjT |XedTjTyT
nseTT :
eXj' s' #Ts nueY : eX >e
jTT MseTT H\TZ $<eTT\T> $u+#q>TqT.
|' TjT+ : d$+#T jTqTq~ H\Ze u>eTT
neT+ TjT+ : neTeTT nq> eTeTT
*jT neTk<q jTH& jT |jT,
~jT > syT H\Ze ned>qTq~.
j T ' T j T + : j T j y T
TjedjT, C>Y, d|, dTw| dT\qT
n~>$T+#T#Tq~.
|Xe' TjT+ : +<* |XeTT L& H\Ze
$<qyTq~. $ njTT eX > X jT+<*
TjT ~e X jTTq$.
H\TZ u>eTT\+<Tq >e jTT d>TDeTT q+<*
dT\ >V+#eqT. eX >e jTT sdT H\TZ
u>eTTq ~. { \eTT, s +&e~ neTeTT, eT&e~ jTeTT,
H\Ze~ |Xe n>T#Tq~.

91

30. eX<sX, |~M eX$w' |C|'

eXj<T> eT|q<ed eXjT
nseTT :
eX< : dsZeTT eXeT>T#Tq~.
eX|~M : u eTTq eXX# +& k<
eXeT>T#Tq~.
eX|C| $w' : |Cb\&>T $we L&
eX>X, jT sVeTT <s eX&>T
#TH&T.
k< ' ede' # : k<T \T (k~+|&, qjT+<T
#]qejTT) edT\T (q <>Zs> #]+#&T
k<TqT\T) nq&T <e>DeTT,
eXj' <T>+ n|H : eX >ejTT seTTqT
jTTHsT.
$XcseTT : nq> <e\T jTseTT <s > seTTqT
d]+#T#THsT. n{ >XjT u$T, n+]eTT (XeTT)
eT]jTT dsZeTT nqTeTT\T, n+<* <e >DeTT\T eX
jT+<T n+q eT>T#Tq$. m+<Tq> ys\s > seTTqT
d$+qys <! seTTqT d$+#T <s ysT n_e~
jT>T#THsT.
31. eXj <T>+ | k< edeXjT
y <d $w| |j nk bd
nseTT :
k<' ede' # : @ k<T\T, edT\T \s ysT
eXj' <T>+ | :eX > s e TT q sT y
92

y < d $w| : ysT dsZ kqeTT\+<T

nk' |jT' bd : eX > s b|
b+<T#THsT.
$XcseTT : k<T\T, edT\T nq&T <e deTVeTT\T
eX >e jTT s e TTqT d]+ dsZ <eTeTT q+<T |sy e T
kqeT+<T, > seTT |PC $<qeTT\ H#]+#T#THsT.
nq> > syT dsZeTT q+<Tq |w+|&T#Tq~.
dsZ eTT q+<T <e\s dqTjTTHsT. nH
$wjTeTT\qT >] #]+#THsT. $wjT $dsD jT+<T >
s |keqjTTq \< msT> e\d jTTq~.
32. keT yTH yT <T> |TyT bd
jT @e+ $<Tw eX+ <<Td >d ~e'
(TT 10`154`1)
nseTT :
mH+ keT+ @ <T> : = eT+eTT\ |u $yT
keTsdeTT bs+u eT>T#Tq~. n$ njTT
>eq #+~qy n>TqT. nq> keTsdeTT
q+<T \_+#T b| kqeTT\jTT, n$ b|+ #T
=s, > seTT, <T>eTT\T sDeT>T#Tq$.
@ |T+ bd : eTs\ |TeTT =s
bd+#&T#Tq~.
@e+ $<Tw : { $CqeTTqT b+~q
$<TweTD, jTeX+ <<T' : eX >eqT
|<qeTT #jTT#TH&T
~e' nd ~e+ >' : ysT dsZeTT +f q
93

eTT q+<T #] ed+#T#THsT.

$XcseTT : eT+eTT\T 2,27,32q+<T eX >eqT <qeTT>
$<+dT\T, CqT\T n>TysT d]+#e\djTTq~. n+<T# >
<q |d+ >eTT q+<T uVD y#e T>T |<e TT y~ |<e TTq
nseTT >qT, V C, y n>T ys uVDT\T >q,
$X XeTT deT]+#TqT *jTeqT.
33. uVDu eX+ < ds+ dsH H deTX
TT+ Vdj e] eT| Vj |'
nseTT :
uVDu' eX+< : VCqT\>T y]
eX >eqT <q$T#T#
dsH H deTX : n eTT\Tq
b| kqeTT\>T#Tq$. nq> J$ ds X
* n+q y| #+<T#TH&T. m+<Te\qq>
nd TT+ Vj |' n| n]+ : nq>
>e jT+<T d, jT, Cq, y<, b esZ
< $< y\>T nH\T ed+#T#THsT.
nq> > <qeTT VCq $<T+ >$+q#
$ njTT >< b+<T#TH&T.
34. eX <y |Je eX+ eTqTc
eX<+ ds eTue<eY s $|X
nseTT :
<y' eX+ |Je : <e\T eX >e |
<s|&T#, $<qeTT q+<T J$+#T#THsT.
eTqTc' eX+ : eT]jTT eTqTw\T L&
eX >e <sH J$+#T#THsT
eX <+ ds nueY : ~ n+jTT nq>
94

<e, eqe Jeq seTeTT q+jT >e

e\qH sT>T#Tq~.
jeY ds' $|X : m+ esL ds
|XeTT+&TH n+ esL eTT q+<T L&
|XeTT \_+#T#T+&TqT.

n<s (12`4`1)
1.

<<MTe j<qT #HeTuT

eX+ Vu j#< d Ce<|eY
nseTT :
<<MTe jY : $<eTT> #<q
#|#Tq
#sH+ nuT : eT]jTT $wjTeTT q+<T
nqTL\ ueeTT +#TeTT
j#<' Vu' @H+ : j+#T#Tq
_e\ >eeTT
Y |CyH n|eY : <qjT |\T,
d+qeTTqT sTysT #jTT#THsT. B <s
d+qeTTqT b+<T#THsT.
$XcseTT : > V d T & T n> T eTqTw & T <qeTT
#T#THqT nqT > <q seTeTTqT #]+#eqT <q
$T#T $wjT eTT q+<T, ><q deTjTeTTq eTqdT q+<T nqTL\
ueeTT\qT @ss#T=qe\djTTq~. CqT\>T k<T eqe\T
>eqT <q$T#Tq|&T < jTT u>eTT n_e~jT>TqT.
2. |j d+$ D |X_X| <X
jT su j#<j <yH+ >+q ~
95

n.y (12`4`2)
nseTT :
jT' j#<jT' su' <yH+ >+q ~ :
j#\, TTw |T\, <e\ >eqT
es<T.
d+ |C $D : ysT >eqT |\
neTT#T+<TsT.
|X _'# |<X : |X e\ y+ >eqT |#
w|s<T.
$XcseTT : $<+dTq|{ j+#Tys\ ><q
$Tes<T. n+<T# >e\ w |s+|s\T \TZ#Tq$. nq>
uVDT\T >eqT j+q|{ jTT\T y] ><q
$Tes<T. y] ><q $Tes<T. =+<sT jTT\T nT
#jTT <s >e\T eT]=+<] $sTT+|& b\eTTqT
<qe+eTT #jT T w |&T# > d+ n_e~ #+<T
neXeTT q~. n+<T# n&T <]<T&T> j s>T #TH&T.
3. Ljdd osH XDy eTs
Dj <VH >V' Dj BjT dyT
(n.y. 12`4`3)
nseTT :
Lj nd d+osH : =eTT\T |Xe#
L&, yd>> qTq, |X deqTq y]#
|\T #+|&T#THsT < !
XD + ns : +{ y, $+>Tq
y L& |\T $d]yjTT#THsT < !
D j > V ' < V H : n{ $ \ y T q
eTqd T qTq >e\ <s > V eTT\T
96

<V+|&T#Tq$ eT]jTT
Dj d+ BjT : +{ #|qT
b>=T=, e\eTT qT <w k]+#T#Tq
>e <s jTe <q qwe TT b+<T#TH&T.
$XcseTT : 1. < e\q ujTeTT q<, n#H ujTeTT
b|+#T#Tq~ < !
2. >e n~ seTT #T#Tq~. n{
deTjTTq+<T >eeTT\T >e y+qT+&TqT. n{ e, <&\qT
<qeTT> n]+#T XjTdseTT. n{ >e D+qqT,
<Ts\yTj
T Tqq, u<| & T #Tqq, <qeTT> #T# <
V d+u$+#T#Tq~. n&T ] HXeTTqT b+~, qqT qT
qw|s#T=qT#TH&T.
4. jT<k >| d eT<v nJV&Y
' es $TjTH jT $qHeTHY
nseTT :
jTY nk' d' >| : >e\ y+ >
s\T>, >b\\T e+&q#
<v ' eT nJV&Y : n{ sD =s
jT$T+|&q u\Ts jT+<T, =+<sT <Twes
>e\qT #T, s\ =T, s
yTT<q <Tw eTT\ y u<|T#THsT.
' es' $TjTH : n+<T# y u\ >e\T
(>eeTT\T) *\q eTsD+#T#Tq$.
nHeTHY jT' $q : n{ <Twesq
#dqysT jT s>eTqTu$+TsT.
97

$XcseTT : > s&T >e y+ qT+&q# @ >e L&

|+#T= <] eT neXeTT+&<T. @ >=\ y {
<Ts eTTq#, sDeTT# >e\ we TT y{\T#T q~. n{
s < s D >b\ & T > qTq e L & V
d+u$ +#T#Tq~. >b\q nqT seTT n$T deTse +eTT>
sV+#e\jTTq $wjTeTT\T dw |s#T#Tq$. @|q
{ VjTqq *q# n+<T\ sDeTT >b\T&jT>TqT.
n+<T# >eq m{ |<jTT, weTT\T \T>+&TqT>
>b\&T, > s&>T# yT\>e\djTTq~.
5. CjTeH_ CjT <yH dVDH eX
k< Vu <jTc<VQ' dd >|qyT
(n.y. 12`14`10)
nseTT :
CjTeH eX dVDH <yH n_CjT :
< $ +# T # T q > uV DT\ j T +< T
<e eTT+&T#, ysT <e\ =s jT>T#THsT.
kY @c Vu' <j : n+<T# >e\qT
uVDT\ n]+# e\djTTq~.
Y dd >|q+ VQ' : n+<T# uVDT&T
dTsT& $wjTeTTqT >V+#>\TZqT.
uVDT\ =s >e\T jT>T#, y]# >d+
<e seTT\T sV+#&T#Tq$. n+<T ><qeTTqT uVDT\
+~+#T seTT. { $<qeTT <qT L&
s+#T#Tq~.
$XcseTT : eX C >eqT uVDT\ <q |PseTT>
98

n]+#T#, <q dsD #dq $|&T > seTT

jTseTT\T ]|+#TqT. { jTC #sD\# <e\T
d+|\>T<TsT. d+| H=+~q <e\T m\ eqe\
XueTT\qT \T>#jTT<TsT. m\ Je\q s+#T#THsT.
6. jT< Xe~]D uVDH+ <eX
yT <#jT jTdqd+ X CjT
(n.y. 12`4`14)
nseTT :
jT< $V' de~' : m|&T +{ b+>DeTT
q+<T >e dTseTT> ed+#TH
< uVDH+ eX : nf uVDT&T L&
u>X* jT>T# >eqT kBq |s#T=qTqT
jTdH, d H # CjT : $<e TT> @ >VeTT
q+<T >d+qeTT n>T#T+&TH
@+ n# jT : >e #+ uVDT\T
#sT#T+<TsT
$XcseTT : eX C >e @ > V eTT q+< T
b<TseeT>T#Tq<, d+ uVDT\ =sjT>TqT. n~
y] |+|&q ~>qTq~. { eX >e #+,
>eqT s+#T uVDT\T #sT#T+<TsT. uVDT
d+|<> >eeTT\T, >e\T d+V]+#TqT. n+<T#
uVDT sD =s { >e\qT, >eeTT\ <qeTT>
n]+#T seTT. me sTT+ eX >e +#TH,
>V jTe < b\q`bwD #jTeqT eT]jTT n{
uVDT\ sD =s, q qT+& js>T s, |T<T\qT
y] \_+|#jTT#Tq~.
99

7.

#s<y VjTD <$Ce><dr

eX+# $<Hs< uVDd Vk'
nseTT :
n$VC >< dr VQjTDY #sY @e :
CqeT>T nH HeTeTT\T * eT&T eseTT\
ejTdT *jTTq >e y+ sT>&T#T+&eTT
V ! Hs< ! : z Hs<T& !
eX+ $<Y ] uVD+ mk' : ><qeTTqT
d]+#T j> *q y], nHw+,
<qeTT jTeqT.
$XcseTT : >eq eT&T eseTT\T e#T esL, <q
dsD nsT&q uVDT nHw+, dTj>T& ss TT+#T=
|<| <qeTT jTeqT. eT&T d+eseTT\ >e
>se jT>T#Tq~. eT]jTT |d$+#T#Tq~. |d sTy
>e seTT #T#Tq~. n$ >e q+<T +&jT >,
C q eTT +& j T Tq > s | X +& j T Tqe
d+<VeTT> #|q>TqT. n{ CqeTTqT b+~jTTq
uVDeTT V+ >eqT <qeTT> q]+#T
$<qyTjTTq~.
8. <y eXeTj#qTK+ uVDyT
c+ dscyT <<<&+H eqTw'
(n.y. 12`4`20)
nseTT :
VD+ eTTK+ : uVD s| eTTKeTT>
yweTT <]+q =+<sT,
<y' eX+ nj#H : <e ds|eT>T >e
100

=s j+#T#THsT.
n<<H eqTw' : nT #Ty&T eTqTw&T
<T.
c+ dsc+ V&+ @ : n{y&T n+<]
>VeTTq >T]jT>T#TH&T
$XcseTT : uVDT&T <e ds|eT>T#TH&T. uVD
s|eTT q+<T <e\T |P+|&T#THsT. nq> uVDT\T
> s|eTTqT >s$+#T#THsT. B qqTd]+ # <e
>eqT |P+Ts #|q>TqT. <euVDT\T eT+ yT
>|PqT >$+#T#THsT. n+<T# n{ uVDT >eqT
deT]+#T#, <e\T y] eT+fqT qyTq eTT\
#sT#THsT.
9. jT<H X+ j #jTT VD >|+ eX+
nsH+ <y nTeH<+ V+ $<Tc eX
nseTT :
jTY nH X+ uVD' >|+ eX+ j#w'
() jTY >|+ X+ nH eX+ j#jTT' :
>e\ jTe ysT b+eTTq rdT=bsTT
y n]+#TH n|&T
n< @H+ <y' nTeH : { $wjTeTT\+<T
<e\T T #|#THsT
$<Tw' eXV : $<+dT&T> >e eq~.
uyseTT : >e q j T e \ d y [ , s
b+eTT\+<T eT d+|seTT =s +&T#Tq< n{
jTejT>T uVDT&T <e\# $<+dT&T> |]>D+|
101

&T#TH&T. n{ uVDeTT ><qeTT #T

seTT.
$XcseTT : <e\T T |Tw+#T#THsT n> j+#T
uVDT\ eX >eqT <q$T#T |s #s.
n+ $<e+T&q uVDe TT&T, CjT>T y >eqT
|<qeTT #jTT seTT. e\eTT C eeTT #
uVDT&>T# =+<sT +~+|&T#T+<TsT. XweT>T V
C uVDT&T> |X+d\+<T=qT#TH&T. n{ V C
uVDT&>T # ><qeTT d]+#T nsT&> T #TH&T.
$< e TT> uV D V C , >e =s j +qqT,
<q$TeeTqT# b]+qq n&T eTT&T qT n
><qeTT #T u]> qT+& <q, <q dsD
#dqy u<jTyTjT>TqT.
10. jT @e+ $<Tw <jTH u <<<XyT
<TsZ k n~cH |~M dV<e
(n.y. 12`4`23)
nseTT :
jT' @e+ $<Tw n< : mesT { $<+dT
><qeTT e#
nHu' eX+ <<Y : s $<+dT\
>eTs
d n~cH dV <e |~M <TsZ : y]
=s kqeTT q+<T <e\ { |~ L&
<T'KeTTqT b+<T#Tq~.
uyseTT : mes T $<+d T & > T uV DT >eqT
<q$Te+<Ts, nqT\ n]+Ts y] >=| weTT\T
102

y{\TqT.
$XcseTT : $C q $V qT , n$<+d T ><qeTT
q]+q# < n $<e TT\T> n_e~ s~+|&T#Tq~.
m|&qq VC jT>Ty& ><qeTTqT d]+#T
nsT&jTTH&T. n~jT eTs\ eTs\ #|&T#Tq~. |Ps
eT+eTT\+<T m&& ><qeTTqT >] #|&q<, n#
n+jT VC jT>T $<+dT =s n]+#TqT >]
#]+#&q~. C eeTTqH uVDT&T <T. nC jT>T
uVDT&T ns y& *jTT eT+~. eX >eqT
$<+dTq sTTe, eTs= sTTq y <e\ dVeTT>
u$T <TsZeTeTT n>T#Tq~.
11. <y eXeTj #qdq> nCjT
yT+ $<Hs<' dV<y sT<
(n.y. 12`4`24)
nseTT :
jTdH n> nCjT : < jT+<T >e b<q
eV+#TH
<y' eX+ nj#H : <e\T < #+ >eqT
j+#THsT
Hs<' $<Y : Hs<T&T *jTCjTT#TH&T
+ @+ <y' dV < : >e <e\
y+ qeTTqT b+<T#Tq~.
uyseTT : m|&T >e +#T#Tq<, n|&T <e\T
>eqT j+#THsT. >eqT <e\ =s |j +#T
<s m\sL q dT\T \TZ#Tq$.
$XcseTT : >e q+<T m\<e\T ed+#T#THsT. n+<T#
103

yT <eeTT keTseTT *jTTq~. $wjTeTTqT

CjT>T y&T >V+#T#TH&T. { $<qyTq n~ <eX
*qZ uVDT <s <M > eTT dMT]+#T sT>T#Tq<
*jTeqT.
12. nq| eT\|X+ eX D |sTwyT
uVDX j eT<H+ |jjT
(n.y. 12`4`25)
nseTT :
uV D ' j + @H+ | j j T :
uVDT\ <s j+#T#, >eq |jT eTT
\TZq *d y] e<qTq
eX |sTw+ nq|+ nq|X+ D : n{
>e d+q VqTq eTqTw\, n\ |Xe>
q|&T#Tq~.
uyseTT : uVDT\qT j+#T jT+<T, mesT ><qeTT
#jT+<Ts, y] d+qeTT \T>+&TqT. n+> y]
e< |X d+ L& n\yTjTT+&TqT.
13. n keu+ ejT $TjT esTDjT#
u j# uVdc eX<<Y
(n.y. 12`4`26)
nseTT :
n, keu+ $TjT, esTDjT, ejT u '
: n =s, keTT =s, dsT =s,
esTDT =s #jT&T eTq\ L&q
seTT\jTT >e <sH
uVD' j# : uVD >eH b]+#T
104

#THsT.
n' n<<Y w eX : >e e#
<e\| <s|&T wk<eTT
uyseTT : @ uVDT\T >eqT j+Ts, ysT e\eTT
n yTT<q <e\ =s j+#THs *jTq>TqT. y]
=s eeTT q~. n+<T# >eqT n]+##
<e\qT nee+#Tf jT>T#Tq~.
14. je<k >| s|XDj <#' djTyT
#s<d e<Zw HdX >V edY
(n.y. 12`4`27)
nseTT :
jeY nk' >|' : m+ esL >e
jTT jTe
djT+ TT#' q |XDTjY : qT
y<eT+eTT\qT $qT +&TH
eY nd>w #s Y : n+ es >e\ jT+<T
>e (eX) #]+#T#TqqT
X nd >V qedY : $q sTy >e
+{ jT+<T +&+&TqT
uyseTT : m+ es >b\&>T jTe jT eT+
|T wqT $qT +&TH n+esL >e #+ +&TqT.
eT+ |Tw $q sTy >VeTT q+<T >e
ed+#q~.
$XcseTT : eT+eTT sTTT dweTT #jTT#Tq~. y< y
jT>T uVDT&T, >e\qT *jTTq >VdT sTT+ y<e T+
105

|sq eTT sT>T#T+&TqT. y<e T+ |sq eTT <s CqeTT

|<+#&T#Tq~. { uVDT\ y< |Tw $qTq+ esL
eX >e jTT > k$T >VeTT q+<T +&>\ TZ#T H&T.
m|&T VC jT>T uVDT&T, sTT+{ jT+<T #]q sT y,
y< eT+#sD
<s |<X e TTqT #jT T#, >e bsq q
sT|#, |$eT>T ><q seTTqT #|T#TH&T. y<
TT\qT $q s >e >| sTT+ m|&Tq
+&+&TqT. nq> $T|es&T>, n |es&q
uVDT ><qeTT w~+#T sT>T#Tq~.
15. eX #s VQ< <yH+ V ~'
$w DTw sbD jT<keT <+d
(n.y. 12`4`29)
nseTT :
eX VQ< #s <yH+ ~' V' : >e
nH |<XeTT\+<T <e\qT dTseTT>
qT+#T#Tq~.
jT<keT |+d : m+esL qTq
|<XeTTqT m] jTT+&TH, n|&T
sbD $w DTw : nH s|eTT\T
|{+#&T#Tq$
uyseTT : <e\ >e dTseTT> b&T y< ~jT
jTTq~. m|&T j _+<TkqeTT\ jT+<T+&& eX > X
msT * jTT+&T sT>T#Tq<, n|&T n# nH ue
| s|eTT\T jT>T# <e ds|eTT >\ <e\T>
q|&T#THsT.
$XcseTT : eX >e >|~q~. ~ <e
106

s|eTT\T *jTTq~. m|&T q sTT+, nq> uVDT\

XeTeTT\+<T m] *jTTq<, n|&T qqT qT s|eTT
<* |{ + #T=qTqT. nq> n|&T >e >s e jT>T#Tq~.
>e jTT <T>XjTeTT |<~> |]D #+<TqT.
>s|eTT |Xe+eT>TqT. |d nq+seTT >e seTTqT
| k ~+# T # T q~. n| & T eX >e >e eTT>
<]+|&T#Tq~. n+<T# >|jT>T y&T *jTeqT. n
>VeTT nq> uVDT&T> qTq VCqeTT >\ >VeTT
n. n+<T# > seTTqT, <s \_+#T |TeTTqT <e
seTT\]+#T#, |dqT&>T XuseTT.
B# T dweT>T#Tq~, eX >e e+<
(d+qeTT ~) <T. d+d uw jT+<T eX
nqT eH >e n #|#THsT. y< eT+eTT\+<T
eX nqT nseTT> eXyT (nqTL\yT) ed+#Tq~, n~
s e TTH=d+>Tq~, y e TyT #]+#Tq~ >e n #| #THsT.
16. dsH eH jTeTsC eX |<<Tw <TV
n< <Tqs+ sTHqd jyT
nseTT :
jTeT sC eX |<<Tw dsH eH <TV :
jTeT eTT q+<T < =s ds;weTT\T
d~+#T#Tq$.
n< jT sTHqd qs+ + VQ' :
eT]jTT b]+qqT, j+qqT sTTe y
qseTT b|+#Tq #|&T#Tq~.
uyseTT : ><qeTT #Ty deTd s\T jTeTeTT
q+<T d|\eT>T#Tq~. eT]jTT <qeTT jT y qseTT
107

b|+#T#Tq~.
17. |MjTeH #s < >|jT eX
y< + e eTqeH eT' bXw <yT
(n.y. 12`4`37)
nseTT :
|MjTeH eX >|j
T < #s : d+qeTT
qT #jTT >e q jTe =s ~>T\T
#+<T# $#]+#T#T+&TqT. n~ T #| #Tq~.
e y< eTqeq' eT' bXw <+ :
HqT >seTT qT+& VsZeTT n>T# eTT
bXeTT\# +~+#T#THqT.
uyseTT : >eqT nee+#T ys\ | >e |+#T#
X | + # T # T q~. n+ > eT T bX e TT \+< T y]
+~+#T#Tq~.
$XcseTT : eX >e d+q Vqe <T. n~ >se>
n>T#Tq~. n{ >eqT d+q $Vq n +~+q#
|+#T# X|+ #T#Tq~. n+<T# ysT eTsD+ #T#THsT. eX
jTq> d+d uw jT+<T eH (_&\T \T>~) n
n+<TsT. eT+eTT q+<T |MjTeH eX n #| #
>s<sD #jTT keTseTT \~> |s=q&q~. n+<T# n~
>s e nsTTq# < nT d+u~+#T eTT <T. >s e
nsTTq s, |d *q|&T >e, q >eeTT (>
<&) *| <q $T#T seTT.
18. j y< eTq eHe #|# eXyT
n|d+ | HX j #jT Vd'
108

(n.y. 12`4`38)
nseTT :
jT' eX+ yV+ eTqeq' : mesT > >s
b+ XseTT q+<T =T#THs \TdT=,
nd |H bH ~ Vd' j#jT :
< |T\qT, bT\qT Vd BqeTT>
b]+#T#TH&T.
uyseTT : n{ eX >e d+q $Vq jT *d=
y] >VeTT q+<T {yjTT#THsT.
$XcseTT : >eqT eH > nqTe+#T#, <
eTsDeTTq >T]#jTT, > e+deTTqT e+&, uT+#T
eTT <T. nT #dq y] d+qeTT\ >=| <]<eTT
y{\TqT. n+<T# eT+s$ TTq~. >e |q u< |T,
|&T #jTT, eX+ ne |# nqT nseTT \T|
~ |jT# eX >e jTT seTTqT eT >VeTT\+<T
|j+#HsT. nq> eT dT\D d+|q >e T
\_+#Tq|&T, > <qeTT\qT uVDT\ n+~+#T
d+*+|eTT. < y] >VeTT\+< +~+#T > seTT.
>seTTqT y] y] >VeTT\+<T |, b DqT
y|+|#jTTqT.
19. j eX <\jTHy jTC <T<
k+ $*|;e eTT<sT Hs<'
(n.y. 12`4`41)
nseTT :
j' eX' <y' : @ <e >e\qT,
jTCY < <\jTH : jTeTT qT+&
109

jT&*q d+*eTT\>T#Tq$
k+ ;e+ $*|+ Hs<' <sT : <
ujTeTT *+#T# ;syT jTTq, T~X*jT
jTTq{ >e Hs<T nqTueeTT e#TqT.
uyseTT : j T e TT qT+& j T & * , n < e
deTVeTT\T q jT+<T \T|=q, n eT+eTT\qT q
jT+< \T|=q~jT eX >e. < jT+<T n~ |T eTT
y\Te&T#Tq~. n{ >e j> yw b+<T#Tq~.
$XcseTT : $*| nq&T#Tq >e q+<T |TeTT
j s>T #Tq~. Hs<e TeTT qqTd]+ >e dse TyTq ~.
{ >eqT VC jT>T uVDeTT neXeTT>
q]+#eqT. n{ >eqT <qeTT> n]+## >|
ujTeTT\T *Z+#Tq$> jTTq$.
<e\T jTeTT qT+& e eXqT *+HsT. n|&T
Hs<T &T $*| ;eTqT d]+H&T. n|&T <e\T MTe+d
#d eX neXjT>T#Tq~ nH&T. n|&T Hs<T&T sTT~
eXH+ eXe nH&T. Hs<! e $<+dT&e.
n+<Te\q n&T>T#THeTT eqe eTTq m eX\T eq$?
uVDT&T < uT+|>\&T? Vdr! d+|<qT sT
uVDT&T $*| deX, eX M{ u+#s<T. $*|,
d eX, eX sTT$ eT&Tq eX u<eTT\T. M
uVDT\ n]+q# |C| u *+Z #T ysT HsT.

eX ><qeTT

y< <seTT \+<T > <qeTTqT >] *+|&jTTq~.

< d]+ nH (y\) >e\qT <q$T#T |jTqT
110

y< eT+eTT\+<T eTqeTT >eT+|>\eTT. |+|&q

eqe\ <q dsD n~seTT >\<? nqT $wjT eTTqT
>] <XeTT\qT >eT+TeTT :

mesT (m{ysT) <q dsD nsT\T ?

> <qeTTqT d]+#T nqT seTT uVQ ]qyTq~.

+~ eT+eTT\qT |]o*+TeTT :
keX <Tw >V (n.y 10`10`28)
]q yTq seTeTT q+<T | +|&q eqe\Tq
><qeTTqT d]+#T j> q~. yTT<> jTT\T,
yX\T, XS<T\T <qeTTqT >V+#T n~seTT HsT.
n n+<sT uVD C y] L& >e b+<T
j>T\T sT. >eT+|&T :
jT<H X+ j#jTT VD >|+ eXyT
nsH+ <y nTeHe+ V $<Tc eX
(n.y. 12`4`22)
yT< qeTT\+<T, >e jTe #+ eX >eqT
j+#T# uVDT\T y#T+<TsT. n $<+dT&>T
uVDT >eqT n]+#T M\T q~. $wjT eTTqT
>] <e\T T ssTT+]. V C jT>T uVDT&T
eyT > <q dsDeTT #jT j>T&T.
B qT+& T dweT>T#Tq~. keq uVDT&T
, |+|&q y&T nsT&T &T. e\eTT y<yjTT,
V CjTT jT>Ty&T. n{ y&T CH|<XeTTqT #jTT
jT+<T L& |MDT& jTT+&eqT. n{ y eX >eqT
<qMTjTedjT Tq~. m+<T\ n{ y] <qeTTjTe\d
111

jTTq~? nqTqT L& # *jTe\d jTTq~. { uVD

>VeTT $<\jTeTT y qT+&TqT. =+<sT uV#sT\T m{
$<X\eTT +&> # $<< jTqeTT #jT T#T+<TsT. {
|sqeTT =s < L& eqedseTT<T. n{ V#]
bw+#T L& V#] @$TjTTq sTTe&T. $<qeTT
q+<T b+ u\\T >TsT\eTT q+<T |y+ $< =s
m{ <qeTTqT n]+|+&>H y< $<qT b+<T#T+&].
uVCqeTTqT *jTT#T+&]. n{ uVDT&T $<qT
y]+~+#TjT X\eTT> u$+#& ysT. { $< |<T\
jT+<T j seTT\+<* uVD u\\T dTT, $<
dTd+|qqT \_+| #dT=qT#T+&]. # |X
<sTT+#T#Tq~.
>TsTe\ V#sT\ b\q, bwD>T KsT mT
b+~]? jTqT B de<qeTTqT |]o*+TeTT. ~ y<
$< eed jT+<T T u~+|&q~. me] e< eT >e\T
\y >|T\T { >TsTe\ y] >eqT uVD
XeTeTTq n]+#& ysT. n{ eX >e jTT seTT#
XeTdT\qT, j #sT\T b*+#& ysT. uVDT
>VeTT $< +<eT>T#, m{ $< X\eTT +&>, y<
$<qT, V CqeTTqT b+<T#T+&]. B >] *jTeqq
eX deTTqT *jTq>TqT. $wjTeT+<T +~
eT+eTT\qT |]o*+|&T.
1. s jTd j $<Y deX+ | >VjY
(n.y. 10`10`2.2)
112

~jT jT n> u>eTTqT b+<T esZyT jTTq~.

jTeTT jTT eTTKyT jTTq~. $wjTeTTqT >]
mesT msT+>T<Ts ys eX >eqT <qeTT> d]+|eqT.
2. jT @e+ $<Y deX+ | >VjY
(TT.y. 10`10`27 (1))
mesT { V CqeTT *jTT<Ts ys eXqT
b+<eqT
3. jT @e+ $<Tw eX+ <<Td > (TT.y. 10`154`1)
mesT { V CjT>T $<+dT&, ys <qeTT
q+<eqT. n{ y&T dsZ b| b+<TqT.
4. VD u eX+ < dMH deTX
(n.y.10`10`33 (1))
mesT sTT{ eX >eqT <qeTT> n]+Ts, ys\
eT b| \T>TqT.
5. << MTe j<qT #HeTuT
(n.y. 12`4`7`1)
deTjTeTT q+<T V C jT>T uVDT&T eX
>eqT b] + # e q T. H q T >eqT <qeTT>
d]+#T#THqT n #| j>yTq $<qeTT.
6. Vu <jTc
(12`4`10)
eX >e uVDT\ neXeTT> <qeTT #TqT
sT=qeqT.
7. jT< Xe~ ] uVDH+ < eX (12`4`14`1)
m+ esL eX >e, @ $<e TT> sD b+<T#Tq<,
113

y s \ s n< $< e TT>, j uV DT\Tq eX #

s+|&T#T+<TsT.
8. d yT <#jT jT< eX+ uVD n_
(12`4`15`1)
@ VC jT>Ty&T H= uVDT #+qTq eX
>eqT b]+#T y#T+&TH, deTjTeTT q+<T, &T
\TdT=qeqT, qT m+esL bsH |*eTTqT ]
b+<T#TH& jT.
9. eX+ # $<Hs< ! uVDd s c'
(12`4`16`2)
m|&T eX >e @ >| >VeTT q+<T |d
#+<TH, deTjTeTT q+<T VC jT>T uVDT V+
>eqT <q$T#T seTT.
$<qeTT qqTd]+ n{ $<+dT&>T uVDT
eX >eqT <qeTT #jTT j>eTT. n~ mq> n~
$<+dT #+, w deTT<jTeTTq n~eTT> qT+&TqT.
w\ b\q bwD =s >e\T >TsTesT nedsyT
jTT+&TqT. { <qeTT e\q >TsT\eTT jT+<* nedse TT\T
HsysT#Tq$. n+<T# eX >e |d$+q#, H=
$<+dT&>T #sT >VeTTq , V+ <q
dsD d+d<T #jT e\djT Tq~. { <qeTT# >TsT\eTT
q+<T, w\+<sL eT\eTT +&>H $<q+~+#T
>TsTesT\T deTsT&>T#TH&T. n{ w\ dT<&eT>T X,
>e seTT n+~+#T# y] $Cq e+T\T> #jTT#Tq~.
114

m{ >eqT <qMTjTs<T
@ >e n~ seTT e+&TH, @ >e e<eTTq+<T
>\<, sTTs nejTy<T\ weTT qqTu$+#T#T+&TH, n{
>eqT <q$T#T eTT <T. $wjTeTT q+<T Xg
d++~ eT+eTTqT |]o*+TeTT :
=eTT\T , e<eTT nqTu$+#T#Tq ><qeTT#
< n u>eTT\qT qwbe#TH&T. +{, n${qeTT
qTq >eqT <q$T#T# < n<' |qeTT b+<T#TH&T.
n> +jTTq >eqT <qeTT#jTT# >VeTT q+{
u<\T \TZ#T+&TqT. @ H <w *q ><qeTT e\q V
d+u$+#TqT (n.y.12`4`3 eT+eTTqT #&TeTT).
s|wY bs+ueTT q+<T L& $<eTT>qTq~.
|< >D, <T> <V ]+~j'
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(s.| 1`1`3)
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*Zq eTT\+<T |y+#TqT.
$wjTeTT\T |q #|&q y<eT+eTT q+<T L&
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><qeTT #jT# V \T>TqT

115

<e eTsT\ L& jTTq >eqT uVDTq

n]+# # V \ T> T qT. n d + qeTTq, | X
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(n.y. 12`4`2)
q >eqT uVDT\T bsH |PseTT> j+qq
e# n >=| V d+u$+#>\<T.
(n.y. 12`4`13)
mes >eqT <q$T#T Hwe TT < #| #T+<Ts
n{y] >e s>usTTwyT b&>TqT. nT #|q s
>eqT eTs=] \e+eTT | <q$Tqq <q |*eTT
=\be#Tq~. <e\T n q+|#TsT.
(n.y. 12`4`17)
uVDT&T j+qq eX >eqT <q$Te#
s\T w\eT>TqT.
(n.y. 12`4`19)
mesT eX >eqT uVDT\ <q$Te+<Ts, ysT
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(n.y. 12`4`21)
@ $<+dT&T, uVDT&T q y ><q$Te+<Ts
eT]jTT n$<+dT <q$TTs, &T u$T| ed+#T
]q seTT>qT+&TqT.
(n.y. 12`4`23)
uVDT&T ]q+H eX >eqT <qeTT> es<T.
n+<T# y] d+qeTT, |X d+ qweT>T#Tq~.
(n.y. 12`4`25)
eX >e d+qeTT ~ q# >| <
<qeTTjTs<T. >e s e TTqT q +{ jT+< y&T=qT#,
djTeTT> H y >e\djTTq~. nT #jT# n
116

|T\T eT]jTT bT\T <]<T\>T<TsT. n{ >e <q jT

w~+|&q~. s e TT H , >VeTT q+<T y&T=q
sT\ q# n~ $weTT e, b| |*eTT js>TqT.
(n.y. 12`4`37 qT+& 39)

>e weTT *+#s<T

>b\qqT |eT |PseTT> #]+#e\d jTTq~.
mesTq, m{ $<e TT>q, @ |seTT >Hq q >eq we TT
*+#s<T. $wjTeTT q+<T +~ eT+eTTqT
|]o*+|eTT.
>e jTT #$ u>eTT\+<T ^# u<|T#T+<TsT.
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qs #THsT. >| jT>Ty&T >e jTT H\TqT u~+#T#,
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q+~+#Tq|&T yqT >T=qT#, < H\T n+<+&>
$| |esq *jTTHsT. { seTT |e]+#T >
jTe V\T>T#Tq~.
(n.y .
12/4
#&TeTT)
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>eHT b&eH, < | M] nq> eqe\ |esq
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117

b*+#e\djTTq~. eT]jTT m{ $<yTq n\ |esq y |

*jTT+& y X<>, sV+#T#, y b\q bwD
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>eT+#T# > sDqT =qk+#T#T+&eqT. n{ >|T\T
m\s <q Je\T> d+| J$+#>\sT.

... > e C ...

1. > ne< : >eqT V+d+#s<T.
>eqT V #jTs<T.
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m+<T\q> >e eT]jTT ewueTTqT y<\eTTq
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118

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2. >_' oD eTs+ (TT><eTT)
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n+w : y~ <seTTqT nqTd]+ eqe d+|Ps J$eTT
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<X q XseTTqT n VQ> #jT&+
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jTeTT nqT m+eeTT deT+deTT <T.
119

eTsDq+seTT b]e XseTTqT >VeTT

q+< T +# X Xq y{ s * + < V +
yjTT#THsT. ~jT n+eT jTeTT. n Xs
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mesH nq> n~ d yT e+d ueq dsD
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ueeTT >#seT>TqT.
n>ss |]>_e+jTd d+bsTw|ek yT<k#
H |Twssk swD <<< qsvy
(TT.y. 10`6`7)
n>'es R n C\\T, >_' R >e\ L&jTTq,
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120

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>e qT+& eq H XseTTqT |jTT+#TeTT
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121

&q~. sT |< b{+#ysT. n~y T q H y&ysT.

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yTT y{ yd <Vq+&qT |P] #jTT#THsT.
qT > Xe TTq >e qT+& jT >T |T eTTqT
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<w k]+|&< eT]jTTk] *jT CjTT#THsT.
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<e eqe\ s|eTTq d]+#T#THsT. $<eTT>
+q jTs|jTH |+&T\T nT *+].
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T
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122

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jTE : 24/29.
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123

 # eTVjT yT&H < nqT ys\ deTT\qT

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T +se TT> qTq~. n+<T\ ~ <VsD
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6. VD uVD e\u, jT sqyT
qjT d+, <sjT du#syT
(jTEs<eTT 30`6)
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124

nqeTT. deTT H]+q jTs|jTqT uVDesZ qT\T

#< |sT>T\qT L& uT+TsT nqT nqTeTT <!
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125

{ eT+ ueeTTq nseTT *dq~. $<qeTTqT

bs\T $#sD #jTeqT. y ueeTTqT, $<qeTTqT
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n+ Xe$T eT\_'
(TT><eTT 8`44`26)
jTeqeTT *q jTTe&T, > , $, ($XGn<+)
ds ueTT, |kseTT #jT*Zqy&T n n jTT eT
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$X<+ n =s |j+|&q~. $X nq> dseTT
126

n< u+#Ty&T n jTT >TD $XwDyT~ |<eTT. nq>

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u+#T#THs dweT>T#Tq~.
d| (@&T) eeTT\ d++~+q d$T<\T n VeTT
q+<T+#T sT>T#Tq~. e$T&, #+&, es&T, y<T>, eT],
&T yTT<q f\qT L& sT\T +{s @$T? n
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n+> eT]jTT $XweTT |dT eT+eTT\ <s
*jTT#Tq~.
: nqT ewueTT nqT nseTT |d<yTq~. nf
XeTTq, |r>, keTsdeTT, ewueTT, Ww<eTT, WwBjT
sdeTT yTT<\>T nH nseTT\T y< eT+eTT \+<T +#T
#Tq$. nT n# XuseTTqT e\eTT m<T (eweTT)
> d]+#T nqseTT *Z+#T#Tq~. $wjTeTT q+<T
+< $e]+|&q eT+eTTqT |]o*+|eTT.
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D+ |eT|#q Msk <sD |<e HdH
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ud yT, < eTeTT m>d, |s' R < +<T> nq> Ve
127

L& #. Ms' R n#{ MsT\>T |\T, |+ D+

n|#q R nH eseTT\T, C\\T *jTTq n jT+<T
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<sD R <seTT\T, |<e ndH R bs+u deTjTeTT
q+<T @s&T#Tq$. > eTjTeTT \d n jssTTq~.
n jT+<T >seTT \d keTsdeTT js>T#Tq~. <
n jT+<T VeqeTT #d u + #T#THsT. <s eTT\T bs+ue TT
q+<T q$.
(kjTq' R D+ |' ` |s* s|' keT' keT
ueY)
# nqT keTeTT n #| q>TqT. nf keTT
qT+& rdq sdeT>T#Tq~ (nq> #+< sDeTT\ o\eTT)
BsjTTes nwesZeTT qqTd]+ zw<T\ jT+<T y&&T
|r>\ sdeTT> eqdjTT q+<T +>sT HDeTT>q
nseTT\qT n+~+#T#Tq~. nf |jTqT nH eseTT\T,
C\\T *jTTq, <weTT\T >*Zq n ds|eTT.
# B >]q <VsD \<T. ~ \T| ~
|jT> qTq~. jT sV&T eqd sdeTT\qT
e+&T#TH&T. esqeTT eT+eTT q+<T \<T. #
TTwu nqT WwBjTeTT \+<T, y< >+<eTT \+<T T
\<T :`
TTwu : ~ >& <XeTT> qTq oseTT q+<T |d~
>+q~. nse TT\T : eweTT, TTwue TT, MsT&T, |B|, >|,
BsT&T, |Xe =eTT, <TssT&T, s VeTT, m<TeT|seTT,
|+>e&T, =eT\T \~. sE, \~, >e\T, >T+\T
128

ey&T, yTT<q nH seTT\T \e.

10. :` JesuvjT Ve~ Ks<y
skq qeH' ks d |
Je' Ls s' TTwu ew X+>eY (ue $TX')
>TD' :` Jesu eo X||< (u.|P.u)
eT<Ts', o', | s $sqTY
XXws <VjT s VsX d' (s..e ` 5)
TTwu, eqd jTqT HeTeTT \+<T ewueTT, >e,
nqT |<eTT\T >eT+#<q$. TTwu nqT eqd
Ve\jT KseTT \+<T \_+#T#Tq~. \T, seTT>qT,
dTeTT>qT +&TqT. ewueTT jTT =eT\ e +*
>{> qT+&T#Tq$. eqdTjTTq Vs |<seTT\T
\eseTT, o\eTT L&q MseTTqT, H=d+>T#, Ms
eseTT, |w seTT, | <weTT\qT, s <weTT\qT
=\+#TqT. $s#qeTT\qT, <VeTTqT, D qT, s~ u<\ qT
<seTT #jT T#Tq$. >e, m<T (q+~) nqT nse TT\qT, eqdT\
ns dsD #jTT <T\T> >V+#T#, |X y#eTT\T
ueeTT nqseTTqT *Z+#TqT.
11. n> TT# V$s < w+ useTd
ueq D TTwuk eX (TT.y 6`16`47)
V n>! z n <y! R =s, V< w+ V$' :
n+s+>eTT q+<T jsT#dq V$dT, TT# useTd R
eT+ |PseTT> deT]+#&T#Tq~. y (D') keTeTT,
TTwud' R TTwu nq&T zw<T\T, eX' R >e\T nq&T
nse TT q+<T >eeTT\ s , |T <T\T, ue qT R deTsD
129

#jT&T#Tq$ >, nq> e b+<T#THe. ( \_+#T

#Tq$)
# XeTT \X* nqT nseTTqT >V+#T#
ewueTTq $XwDeTT> \+#T sT>T#Tq~. XuseTTqT
nT nqsTT+q# \yTq ewueTT >e> qTq qT
b+<T>! n nsD #jT T jT+<T ewue TT qT+& nqeTTqT,
>e qT+& seTTqT V$dT> b|+#T#Tq$. nT q#
D nqT XuseTTqT keTeTT, eT]jTT TTwud' nqT
TTwu nq&T zwBjT |<seTT>q L& |j+#
q>TqT.
q'
12.
1. HjT eXHjT keT |cjT y<d
k yT]< e>jT
(TT.y. 8`46`11)
2. HjT, eXHjT keT |cjT y<d
yXqs Cwudu nuVQeTdY
(n<s y<eTT. 3`21`6)
` nHjT : TTwu nqT zwBjT eT\eTT\qT
eT+ |PseTT> VeqeTT #jTT sT>T#Tq~. keT|cjT
R |r>\qT eT+ y#eTT q+<T V$dT> y&T#THsT.
eX ` nHjT R > s, |T<T\qT Xu#sD deTjTeTT
q+<T V$dT> deTsD #jTT#THsT. n{, y<d n>jT R
CH =s kyT' $<eT R keTT nsD >$+#T#THeTT.
# |<eTT TTwu zw~>q, keT XeTT |
r> jTqT, eX jTqT# s<T\ y#eTT>q, n+>
130

>e sdeTT\q |j+#&T#Tq~. < $<qeTT q+<T,

, keT nqT|<eTT\qT y kseTTqT, sdeTTqT >V+|
&T#Tq~. nq> n jT+<T ><T>e TT, |T <T\T mT VeqeTT
#jT&T#Tqy, n< $<eTT> |<eTT\T s+&Tq WwBjT
sdeTT\T> eT+ |PseTT> VeqeTT >$+|&T#Tq$. {
n eTT \+<T nq> yXqsT&T yTT<\>T n eTTKeTT
<s n]+#TqT >] T yjT& jTTq~.
13. $Te |jT <qy <ed <Ms|jT wyT
nMT <sTq+ ys eTe<eT+ q+ |]ky ne
$Tj R ewueTT\T |#seTT #jTT#Tq$. <qe'
|j R >e\T y nqT]+#T#Tqe. <ed w + R
dT +&q |sTw d~ qT+&T, <M' |j R
d <e\T y #THsT. # keTsde TT, ne<+ nsTq + ys+
R >< &\T> qTq (n|& +q > Xe qT+& e>qTq
>e b\qT ><&\T >T#Tq+ \eTT) nMTY R
n$T+#T# eT _&\ seTT q+~+#T#Tq$. #,
keT' R keTsdeTT, n+ q + R eT e# XseTT\,
nq> eT XseTT\ qT+& dw+ |&q eT]jTT eT XseTTq,
|] ne R b|+| #jTT#Tq$.
1. $Te, |]<qe' jT R ewueTT\T y >eTqeTT
q+<* XeTTqT $q>H, eT dMT|eTTq >e\T #sT#Tqe
|#seTT #jT T#Tq~. nq> > s e TT> qTq keTsde TT, b\T
|T deTjTeTT q+<* XeTTqT $q>H eTqT >T]+q
\|\ ns#T# |\T#T#Tq$. nq> n{ deTjTeTT q+<T
131

>e\T, > seTT <s\T> eT n]+#T#Tqe ueeTT.

keTsdyT syT eTq \_+#T#Tq~.
2. <ed w+ <M' |j R <eeTsT\ e< <e
d\T y[ ed+TsT <! nq> |sTw&T q b+eTTq
y# ys# qT+<Ts d\T L& n#H +&T#THsT.
keT<e d~ >e\T s\ <s #sT#THs ueeTT.
keTsdeTT q+<T > seTT \<T. syT keTsdeT>T#Tq~.
3. nejT+ nsTq+ ys+ nMT : Xe\T> qTq >
s|eTT\T >e\ dqeTT\qT eT H{ <s k~+#T#
keTsdeTT |eV+#T#Tq~. nq> ewueTT\ <s >e\
jT+<T j s q keTsde TT > Xe\ <s jT, j> T e\
<s, eT+ |PseTT> s |jDeTT >$+#T#Tq
keTeTT > <&\ <s, +~ |eV+#T# b\ jT+<T
|&T#Tq~.
4. keT' n+ q+ |]neY R keTsdeTT eT XseTT
q+<T \eTT e |q <] +#T#, { jT+< *|yj
T T#Tq$.
nq> # M XseTT q+<T n+jT , n y| keTeTTqT
<] + jTTq~. keTeTT, s e TT <s \_+#T#Tq~. keTsdy T
seTTq e#eTT> (> XseTT) > <]+#&T#Tq<
*jTeqT.
# = |<e TT\ |j >eTT q+<T $Xcse TT\T |jT Ty T
jTTq$. R keTsdeTT. <qT R >e, >seTT. <y R >e,
> s e TT, ys+ R Xe\ <s j s >&T#Tq, >+>&\T,
\T| ~ |jT> y&&q~.
14. ejT< |]jTq sM<~ ws~ dsd
132

~e' dT|s7e # + keT' |]TTTH |X C'

(TT><eTT 9`8`9)
# nqT nqT ewueTT n nseTT.
n+<* \DeTT\ qqTd]+ keTeTT n>T#Tq~. jT<
jT< nqT > deTVeTT\ nseTT #|e\djTTq~.
>e\ seTT\T> \D+XeTT\+<T msT+>eqT.
|j>eTT\T \T|. ~eTT\ <VsDeTT> qTq~.
15. ~y H eT<T V X X yH <TVqTD+]wyT
n| <|+ ye<q+ deTT<+ dHsTs eT<TeTq+ |$
(TT><eTT 9`85`10)
# nqT keTeT nq> |r>\T #| q>TqT.
$ |s KseTT \+<T +&T# $<eTT> L&
#|#THsT.
16. nx ex T+ ]V eT<TH7ux
dH sT#yd |jTq eTTD+ VsD by' |XedT>u
(TT><eTT 9`86`43), (n<sy<eTT 18`6`18)
eT+eTT q+<T nqT keTe* nqT nsy T s&T
#Tq~. $ qB \eTT\+<T L& |{ |sT>T#T+&TqT. jTeTT
H#]+#T j\T eTs\ eTs\ M d]+#T#T jT |jT
jT+<T n =s y&T#THsT. es> n$ |+#T#Tq$.
y # jT+<T <]+jTT+&T <s y sdeTT n jT+<T
d$+#T#T+&TqT. n|&T n# keTsdeTT js>T $<qeTT
sT>T#Tq~.
17. + eTsT Cq+ eTVw+ qkH e+X+ <eTqTD+ ]cyT
+ ye XH+ eTjT' d #H _u] esTD+ deTT<
133

(TT><eTT 9`45`4)
eTqeTT q+<T ] ` k+ D+ n+X+. #
nqT keTe* nqT nseTT |s KseTT \+<T \_+#T#Tq
|r>\ y&&T#Tq~.
18. ec bsTT se dT| <TdTdTw
|Td +<+ D' |jT+ s+ V$]Xk~+< s'
(TT><eTT 10`86`13), (n<sy<eTT 20`126`16)
eTqeTT q+<T D' |jT+. # |<eTTq
TTwu nqT zw~ jT>T#Tq~. | eTT #dq |<| B zw~>
y&T#THsT. ~ L& keTjT jT>TqT. eTqeTT q+<T
|<eTT WwBjT y#yT jTTq~. zw< XeTTq nH
|sjT |<e TT\T \e. +<T nH HeTeTT\T TTwu Xe TTqT
d+#T#Tq$. TT><eTT q+<* 1`164`46 q+<T {$ n{#
{ XeTTq zwBy# nseTTqT >V+#e\jTTH |X
y#e TT> >T]+#eH nqT deTd qeT>T #Tq~. n|&T
$yeTT d+<seTT> eeV]+#q>TqT.
19. + H nd us> eX_ sT_'
nc |B_s<T'
(TT><eTT 2`7`5)
eX, nc|B s+&T XeTT\Tq > y#eTT. >
Xe TT > s e TT =s y&&q~. |<e TT eqd jT>T#
keT y# d+eTT> qTq~. $ r>\ sdeTT> ueeTT#T
y#eTT jTTq$. eT&Tq \T|`~`|jT\
<VsDeT>T#Tq~.
nc|B nqT nseTT #+<eT* > qTq~.
dT>+<eTTqT y<& eC jTq~ jT~. B ss
134

eT*, dT>+<eT* nqT L& \<T. ~ V$dT>

qT|j +|&T d$T<\ H=d+>T eC . nc|B jTqT
>se> qTq >e nqT nseTT L& \<T.

R ewueTT

H\T>T eTqeTT\ jT+<T nqT ewuseTT

*jT&T#Tq~. (TT><eTT 10`91`14) jT |jT \ jT+<T
jTeTT =s n dMT|eTTq #T#Tq |XeqT >]
*jTeqT. >e, nf > seTT, > |T<T\T M+#T#
nsDeTT #jTT#, jTseTT sV+#T#THsT. nT
qq ewueTT, >TieTT\T yTT<q$ nH d~+|
#jTT dV]+#T#Tq$. n+<T# n$ n dMT|eTTq,
(VQ' nedT cd' TT><eTT 10`91`14) n deT]+#T
= s&T#Tq$. n$ n#{ = s&T# jTseTT y
<s, jTeqTkseTT> sV+|&T #Tq< syT
jTTq~.
1. jTdeXd TTwud D jTd $TjTH dse' d<
jTd X' |e V X$T' dH eTTx+ Vd'
jTd R me, eXd' TTwud' D' R >e\T, m<T\T,
uT\T, jTd d]< R @ ds| =s, dse' $TjTH
R jTd+ueTT q+<T { yjT&T#Tqy, jTd X' V
X+_' |e R me =s eT+eTT\ <s |s|+#T#
Mses e T>T keTsde TTqT d$+| #jT T#THs, d' q' n+Vd'
bT R n{ eT\|sTw&T eTeTT b|eTT\ qT+& s+#T>!
2. n_ ]eV >eTTD$Te sC
jTk eTTsu< CjTeq+ dTbXj
dd VkueTT<eTTx < Vd'
135

]e R e<|eTT, n_V R qT ujT|T#

{y j
T T#Tq~. @ $<e TT>H >e\qT, m<T\ qT sEe _+
{yjTT#THs $<eTT>, , CjTeq+ R e
qeTT #jTe\dq~, dTbXjT eTT' nu< R eT
bXeTT e eTTeqT +~+#e\d jTTq~. n~jT jT+<*
$CqeTT. d d Vku + R d X# T\, <eTTxY
R eTT&e>T#THe. # nqT m<T TTwueTT>
#|q>TqT.
3. jTdqXd TTwud DeXyTc nedcd VQ'
\| keT |cjT y<d V< eT+ qjT #sTeT>jT
(TT><eTT 10`91`14)
jTdH R @@ >TieTT, ewueTT, uT, >e\T, bf,
VQ' R n]+#T =s, nedcd' R rdTs&T#Tqy
y, \| keT|cjT y< d n>jT R eT<T ssd e TTqT bqeTT
#jT Tys\T, keTT M|| <] +#T#, CH =s , V<#sT+
eT+ qjT R n+s+>eTT q+<T dT+<s keTT\qT y]y]
ueeTT\ qqTd]+ #jTT#THsT.
# n nsD#jTT>qT |Xe\qT e<*yjTT
nqT $<qeTTqT >T]+ +#T |<q j>eT>T#Tq~.
n+> n >] #jT T esq jT+<T eT<T ssd bH_w>
keTe \ qT, keTs d e TT> > s e TTqT +< T V eqeTT
#jTT#THsT. jTeTT =s >TieTT\qT, ewueTT\qT
bqeTT\qT #T +uT\qT >e\T L& *|, eT
> e+XeTT\qT ]+#e\djTTq<qT d<_bjTeTT\
>s e TTqT, > |T eTT\qT jTCs D #jT T jT+<T keTsde TTqT
136

jsT#jTT jT+<TqT j |Xe\qT |j+#T#THsT.

n+<T# jT deTsDeTT #dq, jT u$T jT+<T y e<*
yjTT#, jTdMT|eTTq +#T#THsT. eTqeTT q+<T
|<eTT ewu |Xe\ =s y&&q~. ~ jTeTT =s
rdTs&q~. n =s eT+ |PseTT> deTsD
>$+#&T#Tq~. nT sTy jT u$T jT+<T +#&T
#Tq~. |Xe n& e#T nq> e\ jTs $TyT
jT>T#Tq~.
R n, yT|TeTT, +<T&T, dsT&T, eT]jTT <e
\+<sT q eTT+<T #| ue eT+eTT\+<T |<e TTq,
n, yT|TeTT, +<, ds~ <e\+<s +&T#THsT.
eT+eTTqT |&T |]o*+TeTT :`
I.

R n

1. eTV" n_ mH nsd<$} TTw'

s' |< << kH ]Vq< nsTck nd
(TT><eTT 1`146`2)
eTVH R &T deTse+eT>T n. mH n_ R
u$T| qTq n edTe\q s+#T#Tq~. ns' TTw' R
e<yT |PjTT\T eT]jTT }' R m\y
s+#T#Tq n ds< C>s&, k' R H&T. s'
kH |<' << R u$T| qTq eTq b<eTT\T dTdseTT>
qT+&TqT. nd nsTcd' }<' R dT L&q sD eTT\T
yT|T eT+&\eTT q+<* <ekqeTT q+<T, ]V R sT>&T#Tq$.
# n $XwD eTT> qTq~. nqT nse TT
# deTse+T&jTT, \e+T&jTT >V+#eqT. jT
137

y~\+<T |*+#T#Tq n |ueeTT yT|TeTT\ esL

|jD+#T#Tq~.
2. |u+ |$<7qT |Tw+ eTV eTV<eTqjTq XwyT
V jT |]<qeTsqT d+ <eT ]Tse
} } R eT]jTT, eTV' eTV<+ |u+ R |<\ *,
<+&T\T> qTq y qT+&, |$< R CqeTT b+<T>qT,
XSw+ |Tw+ nqT nqjTq R dTKeTT\qT b+<T #jTT#Tq
bsq\T, |Tw n es |jD+#T#Tq$. jT R #,
R deTsjTT&>T n, ' |]<q+ R s jT+<*
n+<seTTqT <seTT #jTT#, d+<eT R q dTqT,
|XeTTqT \T|=qT kqeTTqT, ]T' nqT ee R *dq
y] e< y #TH&T. nq> | kqeTT\ H+#T= u $T|
y~ jTjT\T s]+#T# qqT b]+#Ty] e<,
eT]jTT n{ y] XueTT\T *Z+#T =s y] e<
#sT #TH&T. # nqT njT >V +#e\d jTTq~.

R \eTT +&q yT|TeTT.

II.

eTV <y |~M V Cw ue+ X#jT~ss'

jTY d+ e]w Vr $$TqH sTe< ||<H_s'
(TT><eTT 4`56`1)
V R #, eTV Cw <y |~M R VQXweT>T
dsZeTT, ueTT nq&T s+&Tq, X#jT~' ns' sT#
ue+ R dT L&q sDeTT\# dTqT b+<T#THsT.
jTYd e]w Vr R m+<Te\qq>, n $<eTT\T> Xw
$<qeTT\, qyTq$, $X\yTq s+&T eTT\+<T,
$$TqH R dTeedqT *+#Ty&y , R \eTT\
138

+&jTTqT yT|T<e, ||+<H_' @y' R q |dso\eT>T

>eTqeTT\ >sqeTT\qT, seY R XeTT #jTT#TH&T.
u, dsZeTT\ eT< >\ yT|TeTT\T +&T#,
$<T+ *q n, yT|TeTT\ <s >sqeTT >$+#&T
#Tq~. # |<eTTq yT|TeTT nqT ueeTTqT dT]+|
#jTT#Tq~. $<TY nqT n y#yT jTTq~. +< y#
eTjTT =+<sT n_bjT|&T#THsT.
III. R \X*jT>T +<T&T (TT><eTT 9`89`6)
d+V qdq eT< njd+ V]eTsTw+ ~y nd|yT
XSs jTTT |<eT' |# >nd #k |]bT
d+V qdq' R d+VeTT deqyTq \X*jT>T keTT
b+~, keTT&T, nd ~e' |+ R dsZ eTTq n~| >
qTq, V]+ nsTw+ R |# s+>T\ |+#T#Tq,
eT< ' njd+ R eT<T s sde TTqT @ $<e TT> ]|+#T#TH&,
jTT |<eT' XSs' R jTT<eTT\+<T |<qyTq bs MsT&q
+<T&T, >' |# R >e\ qT#TH&T, m+<Te\qq>
keTsdeTT > seTT y+ >T n_\w+#T#TH&T.
eT]jTT n&T, nd #k R \X*jT>T MsT&T keTsd
|u eeTT#, |]b R eTq e\dq sD
$<qeTTqT *+#T
#TH&T. # keTT ~e' | R dsZ <eTeTTq n~| n
#| #THsT. m+<Te\qq> n&T qqeT>T |s KseTT
q+<T <$+#T e\q, n s+>T |#> qT+&, |+#T
#Tq~. # nqT Xe TT +<Tq $XwD eT>T#, eT]jTT
\e+T&T nqT nseTT #T#Tq~.
IV. R dsT&T (TT><eTT 5`47`3)
139

1. deTT< nsTw' dT|s' |Psd y+ |Ts $yX

eT< ~y V' |sX $ #yT sd kqH
R keTseTT >\y&T>, nsTw' deTT<' R deTT<eTT
mT |+#T#Tq<, ds R |Ps| |>seTT q+<T, nq>
+& s|eTTq dsT +fqT eTT+<T> dsZ kqeTT q+<T,
$yX R |$w& jTTH&T. ~ |' nX R nH eseTT\
>eTT q+<* dsT&T, ~e' ~' R dsZ eT<eTT
q+<TH&T. $yT R |seTe+T\T> #jTT#TH&T. sd'
nHb R n+] | s+&T es\qT nq> y|
u eTTqT, eT]jTT y| dsZ eTTqT s+ #T#TH&T. #
nqT dsT&T nqT nseTT #T# m\ JesdT\L
sD *+#T#TH&T.
2. nsT sT# <Twd' |s< vru] uTeH yjTT'
ej $HeT$Ts nd ejTj q# d' |s >se<<T'
njT' |' R bs+ueTT q+<T nHeTT |+#T
#Tq <eeT], wd' nsTsT#Y R w' sDeTT\ |XeTTqT
#T#TH&T. # yjTT' R \eTT\ +|&q
nq<> n eTT\+<T, _u] R <sD *ZjTTH&T.
ndejTj R { Hs ]qeTT, keTs eTT#, ej$q' eT$Ts
R deTsqT b+~q qT\T, eT]jTT q#d' |s' R eqe\T
y] |sT\ =s +#T#, >s+ <<T' R >s<sDqT
b+<T#THsT. # nqT,\eTT\q,{ <s\q
+& nH *Z+#T#Tq dsT&T >q, yT|TeTT >q
H&T. ds<eeTT sTy q seTeTT \+<T
eT>eT>T#TH&T.
140

V.

R ds<sT&>T <eeTT
1. He<H |s nq<dT d <y |~M _u]
#+ |$+ DT d<yH jTB+ ds q V]eV
(TT><eTT 10`31`8)
q @eY R +esL <T, nqY |s' nd R ys=
Xwy T q <e eTT \<T, d' <y|~M _u] R n{ \e+T&>T
<e eTT dsZ eTTqT, eT]jTT u eTTqT L& <] +#T#TH&T,
n{ d <yH R nH \T>#j
T T#Tq <e eTT, #+ |$+
DT R #seTTqT |$r]+#T#TH&T. qT XueTT
#jTT#TH&T, ds q R dsT deqeT>T, jTY V]'
eV R >TieTT\T (XseTT\T) nq&T XseTT\qT
>T#THsT. # nqT|<e TTq u , dsZ eTT\
<seTT\qT n+~+#T <eyT jTTH&T. sue eTqeTT q+<T
eX nq&T |<eTTq >e nqT nseTT q+<T, weTT\T
y+#\ T nq&T nse TT q+<T |j +|&TqT |]o*+TeTT.
2. +<D j< ds<+ dT d#" n< eXH+ ue< dVj
qe' |yT d y<' k<qH TTuu MsD #
(TT><eTT 3`60`4)
+<T L&, s<eTT q+<T, dT j< R keT
j>eTTq y#TH&T, eT]jTT n qT+&, eXy] j
dV ue< R >e\ Xu L&jTTHsT, (), y] cqT
kseTT> <qb| #jTT#THsT. z!, y<' k <qH TTue'
R dT<qT& |T&>T TTu<e&T k+|&T#TH&T. e
dTeTT\qT, MseTT \+<T Xw&e> qT+&TeTT. nq>
deqT&>T, eT]jTT&T me+&Tq H&T.
141

# eX Xe TTq >e njTT, y+# njTT ueeTT

dT]+#T#Tq~. nf n>T>! nqT y<eTT \+<T nH
nse TT\T \e. y |sjT|<e TT\qT, ueeTT\qT ss TT+#T
ke<qT, |Ps|s d++< ueeTT\qT, seTT\qT
>eT+#T# n+#T, |j +#T |< jT jTTq~.
deTd ]q yTq < qq, Xwe T>T < mqT=qeqT. WwBj
T
y#eTT, |Xy#eTT f n>Tq|&T deTdqT

142

|]w]+#eqT. >, ewueTT\ e< w<eTT y<eTT \+<T

d+#&q~. ne< n| nqT X |j>eTT\T y<eTT
q+<T |\TesT \e. n+<T# # >e<q T >]q nse TT\qT,
ueeTT\qT, <s\T, bs\T, #<TesT\T, |+&T\s
eT>T $<qeTT q+<T dV<jTeTT nseTT #dT=qT#
> C d+sD <s, Cq d+|< <V<eTT
q+~+TsT>!
<dT!.
> e C

# > X |j>eTTq+<T nH d+<VeTT\T

\T>T#Tq$. n+<T >eqq, ewuseTTq+<Tq |<yT
y~eTT\+<T \<T. n+> eqdT\+<Tq, WwBjT
|<seTT\ =s L& > XeTT y&T qTq~. {
d+<VeTTqT, d+<VeTT> *jTT ysD+XeTT q+<*
\T|`~`|jT nqT $esDeTTqT k<VsDeTT>
|]o*+#e\d jTTq~.
\T| ` ~ ` |jT ` <VsDeTT
y< eT+eTT\+<T { XeTT\# *jT&T#Tq
nseTT\qT n+<T |d~ #+~q ueeTT\qT >eT+|&T.
>_' oD eTs+ ` ( TT><eTT 1`46`4)
143

+<* XuseTT *Tq$. >_' ` >e\ L&, eTs+

` keTsdeTT, oD ` d$+#T#Tq$. eT+eTTqT #
=+<sT qT\T ueT keTsdeTq> >e+deTT bT
e+&T *| jsT #jTT \+#T#THsT. +<*
ysD eTT qqTd]+ ~ | jTeTT\ L&q |]#jT eTTq#
{ ueT <sTT+#<T. $wjTeTT q+<T l jds#sT
<qeTT T \<T.
n<|k+ ~q y>e ue
>_' oD es$T |jTd' (sT 2/5)
~ | jTeT>T# deq n+XeTTq d+|Ps |j >eTT
sT>T#Tq~. <VsDeTT> >_' oD eTs+
eT+eTTq+<T > Xe TTq s e TT nqT nse TTqT >V +#e\d
jTTq~. $wjTeTTq+<T L& jds#sT $esDeTT
Tq~.
n+X+<TVH n<d>$ ~weD #sD' n<|
#s# Xc#
>_' dq< ndMjTd ddT
n<|ke# Xc# >_' dq< | |d
rwdT C| >sT# >y #~yT, n<#q >y
(1`115)
>eTjTrwOH e e jT MTeT jT< d
ejT' ||H |PsTc&'
(sT 1/5).
| e#qeTT >qTq y<eT+eTT\ eT&+{jT+<T
144

jds#sT $esDeTT T \<T. #s +, ds d, y, $+{H]

yTT<q nseTT\+<T > XeTT y&&T#Tq~. nq> m#
n+XeTT y&&T#Tq< n# d+|Ps |j>eTT>
y&&T#Tq~.
HeTT\T ##T#Tq$ n #| eqe\T
##T#TH& #|&TqT <! nf n |<eTT\+<Tq \<T.
$<eTT> >e qT+& qeT>T b\T, |sT>T, yq, HsTT,
#seTT, \T eT]jTT \T qT+& js>T edTe\jTT,
j |<seTT\jTTq, y<eTTq+<T > nqT |<
|j>eTT *ZjTTq~. { y<eT+ |d+>eTT\+<T |Ps|s
d++<eTT\qT >eT+#T# nseTTqT *jTeqT. bs\T
dT\ueTT> nseTT #dT=qT>qT, = $wjTeTT| =
<VsDeTTqT >eT+|&T.
n+X+ <TVH n<d >$ (TT><eTT (10`94`9)
n+X+ R keTsdeTT, <TVq' R |T&T#Tq~, >$ R
#s eTTqT+&, n<d R +&jT Tq~. jT ssVD jT+<T
$~$<qeTT #|&TqT. eseZ TT qqTd]+, >e #s eTT|
keTe*qT+ |eT n+<* sde TTqT VejT+<T n]+#T
sT>T#Tq~. n+<T# # >$ nqT #s eTT| n #| e\d
jTTq~. >eq+<T n #| M\T<T. eT]jTT n+XeTTqT
>eT+TeTT.
eqd M& e+> V uj ndu |sD' dTMs'
>_' dq< nd MjTkk jTT C
(TT><eTT 6:47:26).
(V) eqd R eeTT\ qT+& jsT #jT&T s<e!
145

M& e+>' R <&y T q nejTeeTT\ qTq e e dV jTeTTq,

|sD' R <s b+eTTq yy], MsT\>T y]
#]jTTHe <! n{ e >_' dq<' R #s eTTq+<T eTT&T\
&jT THe. MjT d R Ms eTTqT *jTTHe. k
R #]jTTqy], C jTT R $jTeTTqT k~+#T
j>eT>TqT> XT $#<eTTq+<T sTT+#T #THe.
eT+eTT q+<* n+XeTTqT d+|Ps |j>eTT>
*jTT =s s +&T <VsDeTT\T >eT+#eqT. > Xe TT
#s d++< +<y#yTjTTq~. (2) eT]jTT eqdr nq>
e d++< edT y#e TT>q qT#T q~. $<e TT>
eeTT jTT s\ #q, # #qT s<eTT js>TqT<!
$<qeTT >e qT+& #seTT, #seTT qT+& $+{H]
j s>T #Tq~. < $<e TT> >eqT+& b\T, b\qT+& |sT>T,
|sT>TqT+& yq, yq qT+& HsTT sb+seTT b+<T#Tq$.
eT]jTT <VsDqT L& |]o*+eTT.
dT|s ed eT> nk <H >_' dq< | |d
(TT><eTT 6`75`11)
uDeTT dT|s' R eT |eTT\, |jTT ed R
edT s|eTT> jsq~, <q' eT>' R +T <+eTT\T,
eT>eTT\ meTT\ #q @ssT|&q~. >_' dq< R >
#s eTT j sT #jT &T# n dTyT q , |{w y T q eTT&T\#
&q{ |d R <qdTqT+& uDeTT\qT $&#T#
XTe\|, | R >T]#d e<\&T#Tq$. eT+eTTq+<T
L& |Ps eTTqT *jTCjT T# { n+XeTTqT \TdT=qT
<VsD> qTq$. +<* eT> Xe TT eT>eTT (+Te) qT+&
146

d]+#&q meTT\qT, Xs+s>eTTqT >] *jT

CjT Tq~> qTq~. n< $<e TT> #s eTT qT+& j sT#jT &q
\T> *jTT# eT+eTT q+<* >_' nqT |<eTT
|j+|&jTTq~. XeTT L& #s d++~ edT
$XweTT\qT >] #|#Tq~. { $XweTT\qT *jTCjTT
eT]jTT eT+eTTqT >eT+|eTT.
e e jT e e R s jsT#jT&q
<qTdTq+<T >#seTT jsT#jT&q C $+{H]
(nMTeTjTY) >T]+ |{ + |&q~, ' R n+<T+&, |sTc<'
R eTqTE\ VseTT>, ejT' R |\| >T]|{ e<*q
uDeTT\T, ||H R XTe\| & u$T #sT#Tq$.
eT+eTT q+<T s+&T, eT&T XeTT\T n+XeTT
=s |PseTT> nseTT #T#Tq$.
1. e' R XeTT e d++~ =jT> <qTdT
q+<T y&&jTTq~.
2. > R X |j>eTT > #s d++~eT>T nf
&T> <qTdTq+<T neTsTqT *jTCjTT#Tq~.
3. ejT' R |, XeTT |jTT X |j>eTT. |
X s e TT q+< * s \qT uDeTT\+< T neTs T qT e
e]+#T#Tq~.
bs \ s <V s D \# y < e TT\+< * X
|j>eTT\T, n+<* $<qeTT j |<eTT\ |PsseTT\qT
y\& #jTT#Tqe *jT>\sT. { |j>eTT e\eTT >e
=s nsTTq# $T*q y $wjTeTT mT nseT>TqT?
147

# L& ysT ys q Xuse TT\T L& s +&Tqs y\ d+eseTT\

qT+& $es D \qT, <V s D | < e TT\j T T
*jT|s# T #Tqe l jds#sT\T *jTCjT T#THsT. eT]
= <VsD\qT >eT+#TeTT.
1. eqd R e d++~ =jT jsT#jT&q
s<eTT
2. e R e d++~ s\ jsq <qTdT
3. >' R >e <s jT>T b\T, |sT>T, yq,
HsTT yTT
4. >' R > XseTT n>T #s eTT <s j s>T edTe \T,
|<seTT\T
5. > R >e qT+& d]+#T b\ <s js>T HsTT,
|sT>T yTT
6. eT> R y meTT \ # j s > T X g eTT\T>
*jT&T#Tq~.
7. ejT' R | s\# jsT #jT&T uDeTT\
d+ |<eTT> qTq~.
$<eTT> nH <VsD\T \e. # eTqeTT
=+{ eyT |{ + jTTHeTT. q|{ # eTqjT+<T
$CH_e~ *+#T l jds#sT\ysT q sT
>+<e TTq+<T = $wjT eTT\qT d+ jTTHsT. n$ njTT
y~ d<+eTT\qT < e|s# T #Tq$. y *dq bs \+<s
y< eseZ TTqT nqTd]+#T#THsT. $wjT eTTqT jTs|jT qT
L& >V+jTTHsT. n+<T esZ<s deTT\qT,
148

d<+eTT\qT d]+q, eT yT &y, Y yTT<q

eTVjTT\T y] y~ $wjT djT +<T, T ydjT THsT.
"The term (>) 'Cow' is often applied to express the products of
cow. It frermently means the milk but rarely the flesh of the animal. In many passages, disignates leather used as the material of
various objects, as a bow-string or a string or things to taster part
of the chariot or reins, or the lash of a whi..."

(|.d+. 234)

nq> > nqT XeTT >e qT+& js>T#Tq

|<se TT\+{ =sL |j +| &T#Tq$. nHe sT, eTs\,
eTs\ >`Xe TT >`s e TT> y&&q~. = $wjT eTT\+<T
>`e+deTT> XuseTTqT d]+|e\d jTTq~. =
eT+eTT\+<T >XeTT >#seTTH <qTdT jTT n
&T>q, $+{H]>qT, yTT\ <]+#T |{\T (u)\T>q,
eTT\T>q, # s \T>q, nH ns e TT\ j
d+<sqTkseTT> *jTe\djTTq~.
+<T dweTT> > XeTTq >e |<seTT\>T b\T,
|sT>T, yH, HsTT, >#seTT, >eTeTT yTT<\>T y
d+#T y< XeTT> |j+|&jTTq~. eqT\>T
$E\T >e+deTT nqT nse TTqT *jTT L& >`Xe TTqT
*jT&T#Tq< eD+]. n{ |j >eTT\T n\eTT
jTTq$. e+deTT nqT nseTT y&&T#Tq~ n~ L&
>eq+<* n+XyT <! >e <w XyTqqT < V+d+#
L&~> *jTT#T+&> >`e+deTTqT >] #]+#T#,
e+deTTqT u+#T e~+#eqqT eTT <T <!
k] >e nV+kjTT +Te> |s=, jTj><T\
149

<sq, sTyq, < e~+#eqqT, e+deTTqT

uT+#eqqT d]jT>T #H $<qeTT q~.
nT qq >eqT e~+#q# >`e+deTTqT b+<T
<Tws seTT. nq> > XeTTq >eqT+& b+<<q s,
<<~ Vs bweTT ysT <T. > XeTTq
>`e+deT nseTT> e]+q# e~+q e+d|P]
>`XseTT qT+& >`s<T\T \ueT>T M\T <T <! >e
#seTT, meTT\T >e eTsD+q sTyH Y #s |<s
T\T y&&e\djTTq~. nf e+deTTq n+<*
edTe> *jTq>TqT. n+<T# nV+kjTTyT, V+d+|s,
u~+|L& |$eT]> >eqT *jT#jTT#Tq y<\eTT
q+<Tq, y~ |eDeTT\+<Tq >`e+deTTqT uT+
sqT mTe+{ <s qeTTq q~. B u> $#]+|&T.
1. ewueTTqT V+d+# s<qT :
1. XvZu+ s ..................... >y+jT' |s|T'
(n<s y..9:4`17)
>y+jT' |', n|T' : >e\ us s|eTT qTq
ewue TT\qT V #jT s<T. n|T ' nqT |< |j >eTT q+<T
<wyT$TjT bD> qT#Tq~. n{ b|sVyTq
C e~+#T sT>T#Tq~. n|T' nqT |<|j>eTT
y< |]uwjT +<T |esT |s=q&T#Tq~. |<e TT m& \
ewus y#eTT> y&&q~. n+<T# bD e< w~+|
&T# y<eTT\T |Tw+#T#Tq$. $wjTeTTqT >]
s]+|&T#Tq~. { ewueTTq+<T <MX +&jTT+&T#
<e keTs eTT +&jT Tq |$eT]> *jTT sT>T#Tq~.
150

B >] deTT\+<T \<T.

n| : XeTT >e ds|eTTqT d+#T#
|j+|&q~. nf n|T XeTT ewueTTqT *jTCjTT
#Tq~. n+<T# >e nV+kjTT bD> *jTT#Tqf ewue TT
L& nV+kjTTeTqT# e<qT w~+#T ]q~.
1.

XvZu+s TTwe] V #c
XD u<+ su+ >y+jT' |s|T'
2. Xj+ djT Hq+ <Tqq>jT'
q $X+ <yj uVD TTwu eEV
(n<s 9`4`18).
>|T\T> qTq ewueTT\T <wsVyTq$, b|
sVyTq$. nV+kjTTyTq$. y #e\ #\qeTT\ <s X
ud#eTT\qT #|sT\ *jTCjTT#Tq$. $|+|
CjT T#Tq$. HeTT\ <s sT eqT b>=T#T q$ eT XvZeTT\
(=eTT\) <s sdT\qT bs<\T#Tq$. e+<\=\~
jTeTT\qT sV+#T &&T#Tq$. n{ ewu C
T\q, esDjTT<eTT\qT |j+#T# V+d+#s<T.
nC\\ jT+<T \s<T. m\sTq < qyTq bD>
\+#T# uVDT\ <qeTT> n]+#T dseT>TqT.
1. ewu C HeT<jTyT n| (e~+|L&~).
2. uVDT\ n]+#T e+< jTeTT\T sV+q
|*eTT #TqT. (eT+`18). ewuC s+#TjTT, n_e~
#jTTjTT, eTVyT |DeTTqT d~+|CjTTqT.
3. y nC\\ >T]#jT+&T# y Xw
151

*jT&T#Tq~. (eT+`18).
4. ewueTT q #e\# #&T XeTT\T #jT+&T# n{
y |X+d+#e\d jTTq~. C H<w# sTe +&
b&T#Tq~. (ne] V #c) $ b\eTT\qT, eTT\qT
ddXeT\eTT #jTT#Tq$.
{ C esqeTTqT bs\s *jTT#
es Z e TTqT nqTd ] +| e q T. y eqe eqs T \
|j+#TqT HseqT. y mesTq T se =s
(bL{ =s) e~+#T#THs ysT J$ |s+eT
ujT|&T# T dq<T jTT+&eqT. y J$+
jTTq|&T e~+# b&T eXyTq dseT>T#Tq~.
2. ewueTT q+<T +<~ <e\ keTseTT :
+ _u] ......... +<d s| eTwuekq' .. e
T <' (9`4`7)
1. TTwu' +<d s|+ ekd' ` ewueTT +<
s|eTTqT <]+jTTq~.
2. +<kC esTDd .... ej eTwD' (9`4`8)
ewueTT q+<T +<T |seTeTT, esTDT X,
n<e\ keTseTT, eTsTT\ dVqX, Vd jTT
CqeTT +&jTTq~.
3. <M]X' |jTkH Hw, $Tq+ + dsdq
eVQ'... TTwueEV (9`4`9).
$Tq+ , + dsd q+ VQ' R ewue TTqT +<T&jTT,
deTT<eTjTT, yT|T eTjTT $$< ueeTT\T y\& # j
T T#THsT.
4. Vd' d$ ................ ukyT. (9`4`21)
152

Vd jTT, dsT jTT keTs eTT\T ewue TT

q+<T >\e. yjTTe bDds|yT jTTq~.
5. neT+ |bq q ............. $|+ |s ~e'
(9`4`21)
B |w u>eTTq +<T&T ed+#T#TH&T. $<eTT>
ewu #s eTT <M X \ u] yT jTTq~. B n+>, | +>eTT\
jT+<T <e keTseTT\T $s\T#Tq$. { eTV
u]eT>T ewueTTqT e~+#T ><T. n+> |X+d+#e\d
jTTq~.
3. >seTT jTT eTVeTT : >seTT jTT XwqT
*jT#jTT |<eTT deTT q+<T \<T. (9`4`5).
1. <yH+ u> |HV @c X7b+ sd zwBH+ |Td
keTd u eTeD X Vq~su<#syT
<yH+ u>' @w' |HV' ` <e\ u>eTT\jTT
\d >Xs s|yTq~. nb+ zwBH+ |Td sd' ` d\
\eTT\T zw<T\T >|TyT jTTq$. X' keTd u eD
` deTsT&>T +<T&T keTsdeTTq sT *+H&T. jTY
Xs+ VY n~' ` m# >XseTT +&T#Tq< b+eTT
eTV|s b+eT>T#Tq~.
nq> >seTTq+<T d\ <eX\T \e. ~ seTT
q+~+#T > e \<T (<T>Xj
T eTT) s e TT WwBd + jTTyT
|TeTT sdeTjTyT jTTq~.
>seTTq, n+<T+& jT>T#Tq |TeTTq
jTeTT\+<T Ve =s n]+#&T#Tq$. <s j
eT+~ <eeTsT\ #+<T#Tq$. >seTT zw<T\
153

+&jTTq sdeTT> qTq~. \u>eTTq +<Tq~. n+<T#

>e\T VseTTqT rdT=qTq|&T @$T qT#Tq<, @ {
u>eTTqT >T#Tq< jTeqT\T >V+#eqT. VseTT>
|j +|&T >&j
T Tq sTq, |]X<y T q $> qT+&eqT.
n$ qT#Tq Vs |<seTT\ <s @s&T seTTq+<*
|TeTTq deT~> \_+#T q VseTTqT >e\
+~+#eqT. n{ |T eTT neTs |yT s>eTT q+~+#>\ <T.
$<e TT\T> eqe\ Vs e T>T b\# eTqTw\ >e\T
bwD q+~+#T#Tq$.
ewu jTeTT
deTTq+<T ewu jTeTTqT >+#TqT> = |<
deTVeTT\qT yeTT \+~+#&q$.
1. |eqq sq d$s' |jTkH ek' q eTTwu _u]
$THjT |~_sejHsTeT sVT Cy<'
(n<s 9`4`3).
+ VQ+ n' eVT' R ewue TTqT <q$T#Tq|&T
Ve n+<T+& }seTT> *+#T#Tq~.
2. <M ]X' |jTkH Hw $Tq+ + ddqeVQ',
dVd+d @eTTU << j uVD TwueEV
(n.y. 9`4`9).
jT' uVD' TTwu+ EVA, d' @eTTU' dVd+
<< R @ uVDT&T ewueTTqT jTeTT =s <qeTT>
n]+#TH n{y&T y\=\~ >e\qT <qeTT #dqT>qTq~.
nq> ewueTT <s dw+#&T >e\ nseTT. >e\T
jT>T eT\eTT ewueTT jT>T#Tq$.
154

3. Vd' d$ ej << wT sj' |su'

n+] eTqk EV$T ]w <y |~M ukyT
(n.y. 9`4`10).
}seTTq >\ eTqdT q+<T <qeTT #jTT (VeqeTT)
d + u $ +# T # T q~. d s Z e TT, u e TT @ e T> T # T q
|<XeT+jTT VseTTqT jsT#jTT#Tq~.
eT+eTT jTT $XcseTT #| T \<T.
ewueTTqT |<qeTT #jTT deTjTeTT q+<T <qs T
nqT#TH&T ` z ewue ! |& <sTT+#T dsT
<sD #jT T keTs eTT \<T. yjTTe n{ bD|w
#T> ! u eXeTT\ eT< q >\ |<X e TTq+<T VseTT,
sT \_+#T > ! n+<T# e |w b+~ J$+Te > ! {
neXeTT *+#&T# qT e<*yjTT#T+{. u$T
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B |<eTT\q, uwq e]+#T, |{+#T M\T
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4. X j+ d jT Hq+ <Tqq >jT'
(n.y. 9`4`18)
q $X + <y j uVD TTwueEV
155

(jT' uVD' TTwu' EV) @ uVDT&T {

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eTs\ eTs\ #jTT#T+&> $XeTTq+<* n+<] <e\
nqT>VeTTqT d~+| #dT=q y&>T#TH&T. njT+<T
<e\T ed+#T#T+<TsT (d' Xj+ jT), (+ $X <y'
q) n+> (@q+ n>jT' q<Tq) n n u~+#< T .
$Xcse TT\T : eT+eTT\+<T VQ, EV, EV
nqT |<eTT\T \e. +<* VT <Teq |d<yTq nseTT>
V eqeTT # j T T n> T # T q~. d e TTq+< T
|d+>qTL\eTT>, nedseTT qqTd]+ nseTT esT
#jT&T <T. n+<T# |<eTTq ndq <Te
(j|<eTT)q >*Zq ueyT d]+#T ]q~. VQ : <q
` n<qj' |DH nqTjT +<* nseTT. <qeTT q]+#T,
<qeTTqT d]+#T, q~> #dT=qT, d+| |&T
nqTq$jT nseTT q+<* ueeTTq eT\eTT\T. nq>
TTwu+ EV nqT n{ eweTTqT <qeTT> n]+#T,
ewueTTqT <qeTT> rdT=qT jT>T#Tq~. deTTq+<T
nseTTq+<* |Ps|seTT\qT |]o*+q# ewueTT, >e
k+>eTT >dw sT>T jTqT dweT>T#Tq~. n+,
< e~+ e+deTTqT b+<T q~. eTeT>T ewu
<qeTT\# >d+ |+|Cd, <s >s e TTqT qT\ +~+
bw+#T jT>T#Tq~. n~jT eTTK sDeTT bwVseTTqT
q+> e~ #jT T, >e+XeTTqT |+|#jT T <s eyT
sT>T#Tq~. n+<T# >e\T, ewueTT\T nV+kjTTyTq~
156

n>TqT. (n<s y<eTT 9`4`10).

nq> # ewueTTqT e~+#T d++<yT$TjT
y< eT+eTT\+<T q~. { deTT\T eT+eTT\T>
qTq n<s y<eTTq+<T 9`4`12 qT+& 16 es s <e
d++<yTq dT\T ewu XsejTeeTT\+<T+&TqT >]
$XB]+|&q~. #| &q j nejTeeTT\+<T j <e\T
ed+#T#THs *jTT#Tq~. n<$<eTT> eTq (eqe\)
HeTT\+<T ds |ueeTTq, bDXjT+<T yjTT
|u eeTTq, *j
Z T T+&TqT>H ewu XseTTq+<T L& j
<e\ |ueeTT $<eTT> \<T.
<eeT] ` ewu Xs u>eTT
<eeT] ` ewu Xs u>eTT
1. nqTu$ ` bs u>eTT
7. ds|u, c<$ ` #s
u>eTT
2. u>eTT ` | feTT\T
8. ` b<eTT\T
3. $T ` Vs HeTT
9. C$TX+d ` dqeTT\+<T
4. Vd ` { b+eTT
10. dse ` +& u>eTT
5. yjTTe ` u>eTT
11. LseT] ` =eTT\+<T
6. dy ` >T<eTT
12. $T ` bjT+<T
&T| u>eTTq+<T $T nq&T <eX \<T.
$<eTT> nH <e eTsT\ >eq d++<eTT \<T.
n{ |$ ewu XseTTqT >]q y<eT+seTT\T, $|
<sDT\, <TsT<XeTT e~+#T#THsT. +<* |Ps|s
d ++< e TT\ H ] +j T Tq# + T eqT e~ + # T
d+<V eTT> w<e TTqT d+#TqT. ~ ]q yTq , nqTyT q
seT dweTT> *jTT#Tq~. >|T\qT d+V]+ y
157

e+deTTqT d]+ VseTT> d]+#TqT >] @ eT+

deTT\+<Tq #|jTT+& <qT deTT.
|]|w #T ewu C <s >C <]+|&T
#Tq+<Tq B <q$T#TqT >] n<s y< 9`4`1 qT+&
24 es >\ eT+eTT\+<T $e]+|&jTTq~. n+<T#
ne<yTq >C >] >d+ >] d+|Ps deTT\
eT+seTT\qT >V+#T j>eTT. sDeTT# n<s y<
eT+s $wjTeTT\+<T =+<sT |+&T\T, ewueTTqT
d+V]+, e+deTTqT |eTT #d uT+#T> *|jTTHsT.
eT+seTTqT, eT+ d++~ ueeTTqT d]jTq *d
~ de? nde? n $#]+ XsTT+, ssTT+#T
eT+~.
{ = |Ps|s eT+eTT\qT *jTT<TeTT.
TT# ns |syT yeTH, jTdH <y n~ $X w<T'
jTdq y< eT# ]w jT ~ <Td yT ded (18)
TT#' |<+ ejT \jTH ssq # |]XyTY
b< uV |sTs|+ $w q Je |~XXd' (19)
$s& ys{ |~M $s&q ]+ $s& |C|'
$sDTT' k<HeT ~sC ue d u+ ue+eX
dyT u+ ue+ eX DT (24)
XeTjT+ <eTes&|X+ $wOe |s @HesD
D+ |eT|#q Msk <sD |<eHdH (25)
jT' q TTT< $# d+es e| @ @cyT
$XeTH n_#w XN_ s+sd <<X q s|yT (26)
+<+ $T+ esTD eT eVQ s< ~e' ddT|s >sTH
158

@+ d~b VQ< e<q+ jTeT+ e]XeT eVQ'

(27)
(n.y. 9`10, 18`27)
$esD\T me> |k$+# =~ eT+eTT\+<T
| e TT> |k$+#T ]q~. |Ps|s d++<e TT\qT d]jT>T
|< *jTCjT&T#Tq~. +<* nseTTqT |]o*+#TeTT.
TT#' ns ` eT+eTT\+<T e&q nseTT, $X
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Y dy< ` mesT nq> @ eTqTw $wjTeTTqT >]
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mesT +<* ueeTTqT *jTT#THs ysT, ded R ]
H=sT #]+#T# $wjTeTT\qT >V+#T#THsT. TT#' |<+
R eT+eTT q+<* b<eTT\qT, n+<* dseTT\ e\qT,
|eDeTT> rdT=, ns #q R ns u>eTTqT+&jT, mY
$X+ R $XeTTqT msT+>T#, n+jT *dq y&>T#TH&T.
n{y& n seTT\+<Tq, nq> JesdT\+{q,
eT&T eTsT\T> n+{ $w R +&jTTH&T. n
~\jT+<Tq n& qT#T +&TqT. (19) nH\ s|eTTq
y\T>=+<T#TH&T.
n~jT $s&|eTT. n+<T dsd, |~, XeTT,
Vs|eTT, eTT s|eTT L& \e. n{y & k< <e\
n~| > qTH&T. d eX R n{y u , u$ w<se qeTT\T
nBqeTT jTTq$. n{ w e jTT |qT b+~ rT\T
e\djTTq~. n{ e |qT b+~q#, u, u$w<seq
\eTT\T eTq dV]+#>\e. (124)
159

Xe +yT q >< [ HqT ##T#THqT. y| eTT

+&q |]ds b+eTT =~jT qq |$eT>TqT. MsTq qT\T
B b+~ |X eTTqT b+<T y] se eTT. (25) eT&T
(q') sD eTT\ L& d jT>T#TH&T. TTTe\qqTd]+
|+#T#TH&T. MjT+<T d+eseTT ;eTT\T
jT>T#Tq$. $T*q >T q+qT yT]|+|#jTT#Tq$.
eT&e~> reeT>T y>eTT nqTueeTTq e#T#Tq~
< s|eTT q~. d yTT{jT jT>T#T+&>, CqT\T
< nH HeTeTT\ e]+#T#THsT. y] +<T&T, dsT&T,
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e]X&T n |\T#T#THsT. (27).
{ eT+eTT\ |Ps|s $eseTT\qT bs\T >eT+#
eqT. n|& dwe T>T < eseZ TT qT#T q~. n+>
ewu d++~e TT +<T @$TjT qsq~. 25e eT+eTT
q+<T ewueTTqT |eTTqT #d uT+#Ty&T nqT nseTT
*jTT |sDeTTq+<T j>eTT >\ dqT es m{
nse TTq |{ + #T <T . n+> eT+eTTq+<T M < [
L&q |]ds esqjTTqT \<T. n$ | jT+<* n
H\TZy| y<\T sT>T#Tq~. n$ eTqTw\ HeTT\qT
N{> CjT T#Tq$. n+<T eT\ | jT+<T |eTT q~.
n{ sDeTT> y| eTT ] n## deT\ =s
XBsD sT>T#Tq~. n{ ><[ nqTu$+#T ys\T BsT\T,
MsT\T n>T<Ts uj
T |& +&T<TsT. < u] +#>* qZ ys>T <TsT.
><[ nqTu$+#T weTTq+<T X+eTTqT b+~q#,
dVq|sT n+<T+& >*Zq# (D+ |+) n&T dT
160

L&q nH X\qT b+<>\&T. X\jTT njT+<T

|]| dqT+&TqT. nq> n d++~ X\jTT
n|]| d e *jTT#Tq~. n{ nqTue X\ <s
CeTjTeT>T X <]+|&T#Tq~. | nq> dT
qT+& |d]+|&T#Tq sDeTT. n{~jT XjTTyT
|+|&T#Tq~. jTq> X &T|&T#Tq
e Je\eTT\qT n+<T#, DseTT n_w \eTT
q+~+#T#TH&T. nq> X n+<T +&jTTH&T. q
n+s+>eTTqT |]| d qT+#T=qTjT eqe |<eT
se yTj
T Tq~. n~jT Jeq \ yTq ~> qT+&TqT. sTe~ @&e
(27) eT+eTT q+<T @yTq<jTT, <H +<~
nH HeTeTT\ *jTT#THsjTT, HeTu< y T , edTu < y T
qT#T q~ eT\d s|u< e TT q~. eTTqT
>] *jTCjTT 25e eT+eTT q+<T | nqT HeT
$esDeTT\+<T e]+|&jT Tq$. keT nqT |<e TT L& dG
eT qT >T]+ *jTCjTT |d< |<yT jTTq~. 26e
eT+eTTq+<T yTsjTT#Tq eT&T |<seTT\T \e. 1. <M
|, 2. , 3. |se. +<T | jTT nqTueeTT
>TjT+<T \TZ#Tq~. Jy jTT nqTueeTT |
bDjT +<TqT e> e TT> b+<&TqT. eT&e~ jT>T |se
jTT CqeTT nqTeqeTTqT, nqTueeTTqT C&+, < s
$XwD\ jT+<T ssTT+#e\d jTT+&TqT. ~ | <sqeTT
q~. { esq \# eT+eTT +&jT Tq~. +<T bs \T
>eT+| e\dq $wjT yTT{ \<T. MjT+<T ewue TTqT nq>
ewu Xs e+deTTqT |eTT> Cd uT+#T nqT
161

M\Tq<? # #<T esT\T |s D qTL\ d++< $wjT eTT\qT

L& >eT+#T <T . D+ |#q nqT Xe TTqT ewue TTqT
e+&qT nqT nse TTqT >V +#T# ~ nqs VTe>T#Tq~.
y<e TT q+<T dTes nqT |<e TTq s +&T |e TT\T (s\T)
(u>eTT\T) nqT nse TTqT d]+#T#T y Jy, |se \T>
e]+#T sT>T#Tq~ eT+eTT.
< dT|s djTTC dUj TT><eTT (1`164`20)
nf n<s y<eTTq+<T (9.9`14`20) nqTqT |Ps eT+eTT
\+< T # | & q T > , ns e TTH | b~+# T # T q$.
TT><eTTq+<T >, n<s y<eTTq+<T |sDeTT>
L& \<T. bs\T < |seTT *q eT+eTT\T>
>eT+#T#THsT. +<T ewu e+d uqeTT> #|&q
< $wjTeTTq yd$ d++<eTT \<qT M\T<T.
|sDqTL\ eT+eTTqT >eT+q# n+<* nq>
ueeTT q+<* eTVeTT *jT&TqT. ljds#sT
sT bs+ue TTq+<T (|s D X' @e sy ') eT+eTT yUq
|s D eTT qqTd]+ L& *jTeqT. +<T+& >V +#e\dq
$wjTeTT T \<T. jTs|jTH |\ nseTT n+ nX
<yTq~. B $e]+#T L& nj>eTT> qTq~. #
eTqeTTq eT+seTT\qT ueT ssTT+#T jT>T#Tq~. @
$<+dT&q q e+d|s eTT nqT nse TTqT |s D
eTT q+<T
d]> *jTT# <T |] $Xw + #T=qeqT e n_bjTeTT
|seTT @ $<+dT&Tq |s D qTL\eTT> nse TT #dT =qT
<T. bs\T L& y]y] dT~ me] qT ysT>
eT+ ueeTT\qT ssTT+#T=qT#THsT. m{ |b <wjTT
162

+<TnedseTT <T <! m+<Te\qq> eTq y|qTq, eTq

qTq #H <sD , +<T| XdjT sDeTT\qT
VsZeTT #jTT < weTT\ qqTu$+#T#, q
ks+XeTT =s |]X~+#T sT>T#Tq~.
deTT> qTq |se eTT>qT, +<, n,
keT yTT<\>T nH HeTeTT\T \e. $wjTeTTqT >]
27e eT+eTTq+<T #|&jTTq~. B dwyTq ueeTT>
T #|<>TqT. HeTeTT\+<T u<eTT\T qT#TqqT, n+<*
eT\ edTe q u< e TT q~. { $wjT eTTqT >] s&>
*jTT =s +<T eTT+<T L& = eT+eTT\T #| &q$.
< >] X\T, bs\T d]jT>T nseTTqT
>V+|eqT. Xs y<eT>T, n< d<+eTTqT
>V+#T j>T\>T CqT\T> jsT#jTT =s
eT+eTT\+<T ewueTTqT >] #|&q~. , n~ ewu
Xs >e+deTTqT |eTT Cd uT+#T m>TqT? B
#<TesT\T d]jT>T >V+#eqT. seTTqT ueT
sDeTTqT >] *jTCjTT |sDeTTq+<T <TseTTqT,
s eTT> >V +#TjTT, TTE eseZ TTq+<T $esDqT dwe T>T
*jT bejTT \ eTT | $XdeTT+# bejTT,
Xs CqeTTq, |$ <sT\>T d+u$+#T#Tq~.
y<eTTq+<T eTVweTT, ><, X eTVweTT\qT e+&T :
esH jT+ $X eTsT' dCc' |##+ eTVc+ +<
TuyT
|Pc $w dD ds+d <eH eV D+ eT~seT+X eTd
163

 (TT. 6`18`11).
$X d C c+ eTs T ' R e\d q eqs T \+{
deTLsT=qT# seTTqT sV+#Ty&T, yjTT MsT&T>
(jT+) esH R X \_+|Cd T =qT#TH&, n{, V q! Tu +
X+ eTVcH |#Y R =s e+< eTVweTT\qT |eTT
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eT~s+ n+X R edTsT e~+, q+<eTTqT *Z+#T
ds|eTT>qTq keTT, rD ds+d <eH R eT&T
dsdT\+<T, eT&T $<eTT\T> |eV+| CjTT#Tq~.
ueeTT : weTT\ q~>$T+#T#, e\dq Cq keT
deTTb]+#T=qT#, kbe#Tq Xd jT\T nq&T
eTsTBsT\T q keTseTTqT b+<T#THsT. +<T =s
e+< eTVweTT\T VQ jT>T#T+&>, eTs\, eTs\ q+<
|eseTT\T> qTq eT&T |yVeTT\+<T nq> >=| b\T
+&T#Tq$. # eTVweTqT |<eTTq eTVw qeTT>
|d~ >+q~.
eTVweTTqT uT+#T :
$X $wsus <TsTeT dw'
X+ eTVcH sb y<q+ esV $Tq @eTTwyT
(TT><eTT 7`88`10)
sTeT' R z H! $X\ y|eTTqT *jTT+&T
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Y R n edTe\+<Tq nq>, X+ eTVcH R e+<
eTVweTT\, sb+ z<q+ R b\ |eTT #jT&T#Tq
nqeTTqT eT]jTT, @eTTw+ esV+ R ujTeTTqT *Z+#T
164

esVeTTqT, usY R >V+#T#TH&T.

# esV nqT |<eTT yT|TeTTq d+eTT>
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$TeT>T#Tq <qeTT L& X+ eTVcH nqT nH
useT>T X +~ kqeTT\jTT, < >eTqeTT\+<T,
m<Ts=qT#Tq |+<eTT\jTT *jTeqT. $ j
Jy\ eqd dT\ qqTd]+ ku$eTT> nqTu$+#T
#THsT.
eTVweTT\qT u+#T :
jT~ |e< d| dVd+ eTVw+ n<'
~ jT+ jT~ | ye< (TT><eTT 8`12`8).
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eTVweTT\qT u+#T#THe, YY R T #jTT e\q
jT+ R Xs \eTT, eTV |ee< R n~eTT
<&eTTqT b+<T#Tq~.
| eT+eTT\ jT+<T 100, 300 nf 1000 eTVweTT\
e+d uqeTTqT qT&T d]+#T#TH&T n yjT&jT Tq~.
MsT\ <seTT\+<T eTVw e+deTT y#T+&T#, ~
\q> d|#T nd+ue eT>T#Tq~. ~ mT d+uey
>eT+|&T. +<T n]+#&q eTVw V$dT +<T
y+ q+{ sT>T#Tq MsT\ L& n <s |+#&T#Tq~.
# eTVweTqT |<e TT |+*+>eTTqT d+#T#Tq~. n+<T#
eTVweTT qT+& s keeTT nd+ue eTT qT < d |#T
165

sT>T#Tq~. eTVw HeTeTT H= eqd eT* y&T

qT+&T# < eT\eTTqT eTVw |<eTT *jTCjTT
n>T#Tq~. qeTT jTT esqeTT $<eTT> \<T.
T', sT#', eTTK C&Vs' y Xc,
uj|V' >{> qTqq (=sq|&T ]qeTT *)
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$<eTT> qTq~.
w' |y s>|T' s#q' eTTKC&|TX
(s..e.7.)
sdeTT qT+&, |y s>eTT\qT b>=T#, sT
seTT> qT+&, eTTK C&eTT\qT q+|CjTT# nH
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H= WwBjT r>jTTq \<T.
sd Ms $bw keT e de (s..e.6.)
sdMs $beTT\+<T eTVw WwB \ keTe
(| r>) deqeT>T#Tq~. nf eTVw nqT |<eTTq
L& { WwBjT \<T. { zw<T\ eT\qeTT r>\
y < * mT + & T qT? q| { n + s T s y T
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nd+ueeTT <T <! keT nqT HeTeTTq ewu y#
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166

y# HeTeTT\T L & Ww B j T y# HeTeTT\

#|&T#Tq~.
# eTVweTTq nse TTqT >eT+q#, +<T s e TT
d++<eTT <qT *jTT#Tq~.
|eTT #jTT ueeTT :
XeTjT+ <eT es< |X+ $wOe |s @HesD
D+ |eT|#q Msk <sD |<eHdH
(TT><eTT 1`164`43,) (<sy<eTT 9`10`25)
eT+eTTq+<T n|#q nqT Xe TT \<T. |<e TT
bs \q ue T |&y j
T T#Tq~. B nse TT e+&T jT>TqT.
B dwyTq nseTT bsTT| (n+&) H qT+, <jT+<T
e+&T> n+<s m]jTTHsT. #<TesT\s B
me> $#sD #jT e\d jTTq~. +<T nse TT q|{ ,
+<T n+syT jTTq dseTTqT >eT+|eTT.
| Xe TT L& e+&T, &T nqT nse TT\+<T
|j+|&q|{, | XeTTq < XgeTT
qqTd]+ y|eTT nqT dT]+#T#Tq~. |eTT nq>
njT+<T edTe qT |+ |Cj
T T n>TqT. { ueeTTqT
d]+|s<T. q =s $Xw <s jTeTeTT\T #]+#T
jT>T#Tq~. | XeTT |dT> qT\T msT+>T<TsT.
yd$ eTT> eTse TT njT+<T+#T, e+&T nqTXe TTqT
y<eTTq+<T, |wT\ jT+<T, XeTTq q =s
jTeTb\q #jT T jT>T#Tq~. $wjT eTT s& jT>T#Tq~.
XuseTTqT eTqdTq+<T u>T> eTqqeTT CjTeqT. |#
<Teq nseTT L& | jT>T#Tq~. nq> Jy Xs
167

>eT>T#T+&> V#s~ dT>TD jTeTb\q <s

dTjTeTeTT\T nqT njT+<T * >TDeTT\qT |+|#d
$Xw <MX k~+#T jT>T#Tq~.
n| qs <y nX (TT. 9`8, 3`1).
me XseTT |+#T (|dT)qT #]+# q<,
n{y&T < dTKb| b+<H&T.
n| q' R me XseTT |d T nqT #sD j
T seTT
q< e, eT' Y nX R n|]| qTq
eTqTw&>T # dTKeTTqT b+< H&T. y<|<X e TT\T b#sD
jTT eTVeTTqT >] e]+#T#Tq$. eT\ eT+eTT\+<T
e\eTT XuseTT\qT >V+#T <T, =+<sT qT\T
XuseTT\T e\eTT \TdT= y] XseTT\qT dsT |X
weTTq+<T |+|CjTT#THsT. eT]=+<sT <T eTT<\qT
j Xs u>eTT\+<T @ss#T =qT# |eTTqT b+<T#THsT.
eT+ XjTeTT nT q~. eT+eTT q+<* |
Xe TTq V#s eTT yTT<q dT>TDeTT\ L&q jTeTeTT\
<s Xs+sZ d+<q\qT nqTu$+#T#, nqTuT\
=s eTs\ eTs\ |jT +#TjT |eTT> *jT&T#Tq~.
B+f _qeT>T ys= nseTT nX<eT>TqT. $<eTT> |#
<se TT> e\eTT bsTT MT< +q bjT +<T |<se TTqT+
&+ #T <T. e> Xse TTq+<T >\ < X |]|
b+<T |+#TjT n *jT<>TqT.
XseTTH b>, Jy s|eTTq+<* sdeTTqT,
k~+, n~jT keT sdeTT> (keT`) *d=qeqT.
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168

q+<* |Tu$+q yT|Ts| sdeTT\qT, +~qT+& |se

nqT n jTT we TT q+~+#T jT>TqT. nsTTq# <Mu$ +q
Jy sdeTT neTeTjTeT>T rjT sT b+<TqT. ~jT
< VseTT> J$ #+<T#Tq~. eTT+<T #|&q
eT+eTTq+<T bs\T nseTTqT >V+|eqT.
H q T b> q T # n> nqTe+ n+< T
Msd++<eT>T keTeTTqT &+#T#T+{. n~jT |<eT
seeT>T#Tq~.
b>jT+<T nueeTT mT \T>T#Tq< nf uV
>TjT+<*, seTeTT\ jT+<T |se \&qT
nqTeqeTT, d+<VeTT \TZ#Tq~. n{ n | d
|]| eTT #dT =qT d]jT>T nqTcqeTTqT BsT \>T k< \T
#]+#T#THsT. n~jT |< qeT>T, nedse T>T #sD j
T jT .
bs\s kqeTTq+<T >\ #|&q n\+s~
y s D +X e TT\T > e T+# T # y < e TT q+< * <
d+<Xe TT\qT >V +#e\djT Tq~. +<T +{ qXjT eTT\T,
w ueq\T $T&jTTqeq |seseTT >V+#
jTs|jTH |\T $| ueq\, |usTTw seTT\qT
#jTT#THsT. n+ |$yTq nseTT\T nqseTT T
#Tu
T#T HsT? |&T |#Y nqT <Teq d++~+q
|j>eTT\qT >eT+TeTT.
1. dd$Te eTs' |# (s| 3`1`6)
2. jTX due+ |# (X ` 3`5`5).
3. nHq n_w' |#yT bD' (yT.. 6`12).
4. \' |# u .... eTV (yT . 6`15)
169

1. |+&Te eqe&T |eTT #jTT#TH&T.

2. me dueeTT d]jT>T d qT+&T |eTT
#jT&T#Tq< (k<q)
3. nqeTT <s n_w+#& bDeTT\T &+|
&T#Tq~.
4. \eTT ds bDT\qT |se jT+<T | eTT (\jTeTT)
#jTT#Tq~.
# |# <TeqT |wT\jT+<T bs\T
>eT+q# d]jT>T $<qeTTq+<T ueeTT *jT>\<T.
<T XeTTq < q b+<TqT >] #|&q~.
|# XeTTq XeTT \+<T T nseTT\T \e. to
cook, to ripen, to develop nq> &+#T, |eTT #jTT,
qeTTqT b+<T nq> nseTT\T+&> e\ e+d
uDeTT =s e+& qT> >V+# q =s #jTT
|jTeTT q+<T eqd deTksTT }seTT> |jT+|
#jTT> *jTe\d jTTq~.
+<T# |#Y <TeqT |j+#Tq|&T L& e\eTT
| eTTqT > ]q u eeTTqT rd T =q ned s e TT <
dweT>T#Tq~. $<eTT>H |t nqT <Teq |+|
CjTT nsTTq|{ B < dTjTeTeTT\T b*+#T#,
#]+#T# eT <MX\qT &jTT eH |#Y <seTTqT
L& j dT\T b+<T e\dq nsqT, j>qT
b+<TjT. n{ | d> >eT+#T XweTT.
X |j>eTT\T >eT+TeTT.
1. nqeTT | yTq ~, 2. |+&T | eTT> (|+&) jTTq~,
170

3. s \T |]| yTq $, 4. T~ |]| eT>TqT, 5. |]| eTT

#+<T#Tq~. { nH yeTT\+<T |#Y nqT <Te u,
nu |d+>eTT\+<T, j |d+>eTT\ nqTL\eTT> ns
>VDeTT sT>T#Tq~. +eTT+<T #|&jTTq |w
<eTT\+<T < q <X\qT *jTCjTT eyT
y& & j T Tq< q T d T $X < e TT> qTq~. +< T m{
nqTeqeTTq e<T.
|&T XeTTqT >] $#]+TeTT.
nqT nse TT keT n l kjTD#sT\ysT #| jTTHsT.
$wjTeTTqT #\eT+~ jTs|jTq L& *djTTq~.
keT nqTq$ |sjT|<eTT jTqT jT+<T m{
d+<VeTTq <T.
j>eTTq+<T >e+d uDeTT
>e+d+ ujT+ |u<eTs ysTDyT
q+ eTV+ eTH s \|' (Vsj>
|B| 3/47).
mesT | eT >e+d uDeTTqT #jTT#THs,
eT]jTT neTs ysTD jTq&T eT<eTTqT bqeTT #jTT<Ts
y] |]X<\T> HjT+<THsT. n{ysT ys\s
\uw\T> qTHsT. nq> >e+d uDeTT, eT<bqeTT
#jTTysT eTs<dT\T>q, j>T\T>qT, sT\T \
| \T>qT n *jT#jT T Xe TT me] e< #]jTT+&TH
ysT T *jTT#THsT. j>XgeTTq+<T yeT esZqTksT\T
T |#seTT #jT T#THsT. jT #sD j
T eTeTT qqTd]+
>e+d u D qT, eT<bqeTT eXyT , <] eseZ TT> qTq~.
171

 XeTTq nseTT T dweT>T#Tq~. @ sDeTT #

XeTT #|&q<, sDeTT >+<eTeTT> qTq~. j>
> + < e TTq+< T X e TT+& T # , j > d + e TT\qT
*jT#jTT>qT T #|# m{ VjTTq d+u$+#
+&TqT. B #> $#sD #dq# nT XeTT <s
bs\, k<\ *jTCjTT sT>T#Tq~. XeTT\+<T
B >]q eT]= |<eTT\T L& \e. nHseTT\T L&
q$. , |<eTTq d]jT>T j>XkqTL\yT,
|]b{jT>T ueeTTqT, nseTTqT, seTTqT >V+#q#
$| <sDT\T @s&>\e. j>eTTq+<T >e+d uDeTT
H= d+CsyT jTTq~. n+<T\ <sqeTT> X
esqeTTqT >V+#TeTT.
> Xu H~ V yX \T
>e+duD+ eTVb HXqyT (Vsj>
|B| 3`48).
>XeTTq nseTT # V> qTq~. n~
|y +#Tq~ n+* jTT |q Tq yT<&T u>eTTq+<T. ~ j>
|D[ qqTd]+ >e+d u D eTT nqT |sTqT b+~jTTq~.
< $<eTT> neTsysTD HeTeTTq+<T ~ eTdweTT q+<*
H= >+~ qT+& jT>T#Tq sdeTT> qTq~. |
XgeTT\+<T y] y] |]uw qqTd]+ $esD\T \_+#TqT.
n+<T# j Xg |D[\ qqTd]+ j nseTT\qT
XsTT+#eqT. nT |D[\qT, n+<* \ eTT\qT >eT+#
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uDeTT nqT d+eTT qqTd]+ ~ $Xw jT |jT
172

=s nq k+eTT\ eH *jT#jT &q *jT be#

e+d uDeTT nqT ueT esZeTT bNq \eTTq+<T
nsTTq~.
|sDqTL\eTT> nseTTqT *jTT :
{ kqeTT\+<T $wjTeTTqT >] $e]+#T
d<+yT~? eTV d<+eTT\ nseTT nqTL\eTT>
d~+#T#Tq< <? nqTL\yTq# $wjTeTT dyTq<H?
<? # n~ nd yT jT>TqT <? |&T |PseTT #| &q
>e+d uDeT #|#Tq X $wjTeTTqT >eT+|eTT.
1. XeTT j>Xg |syTq~.
2. j> XgeTT bs+ueTT qT+& nV+d, deTT,
dj
T eTT yTT<\>T jTeT jTeTeTT\qT >] |< +#T#Tq~.
3. n+<T# XgeTT q+<T T *jTq>TqT. >e+d
u D eTT nq> nV+k|s eTTqT d+#T#Tq<jTT <s
eTq q >T\T \TZ#TqejTT.
Xg bs+ueTT qT+&jTT nV+dqT >]jT,
|<XeTT\T qT#Tq$. XgeTT q+<T qT#Tq deT
y|TeTT nqT V+d+#T nqT $wjTeTT q+<T d
jTT+&T nqTq~ <T. eq, @ j> Xg >+<eTT q+<T
$<e TT> sTT, y#, eqd, X_, |]|Ps nV+dqT
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jTTjTTeTT> *jTeqT. nT # djT +
d<+eTTq V \TZ#Tq~.
< >] T #|&qT. |sDqTL\ nseTTqT
*jTT nqT >+<yT~? |sDeTq> H$T? < jTT ds
173

+ eTV d<+yT $T? < *djT Tq eTqeTT yeTT\

nse TT\qT *jTeqT. n~ nT *jT# d+d >+<e TT\
XeTT\ nqseTT \T>T#Tq~. nT d+u$+q nqseTT\T
y{\jT d]jT>T $<qeTTqT ne\+_+#eqT.
HeT<T >bjT : m|&qq k] ]y<
$<qeTTq+<T n+^]+|&q#, $wjTeTT |d<yT y|
#+<T#Tq~. n|{ $wjT eTT k+ Xy T , n+ |PseTT
n{ HeTeTT qq, uwjT+<T s&jT>T#Tq~.
>bjT nqT jT , >bjT <Te > Xe TT>
d+d uwjT+<Tq, y<eTTq+<Tq \_+#T#, <seTTqT
*jTCjT T#Tq~. >bjT nq> sD #jT Tq~. yd$ eTT>
XuseTT (>| e #s) nqT. >b\&T nqT
jd++~ HeTeTT ds qT\T m]+q~jT. HeTeTT,
n+<* nseTT dT\u >VeTT> qT+&T# { <Te
|#seTT ejTT+&T d+u$+#<T.
#sD j $<q nseTT d+s+#T
jT>Tq|&T >eqT s+#T nqT ueeTT dweT>TqT.
ueeTTq+<T m{ d+<VeTT, nqTeqeTT q~ eT
u<eTT\+<Tq L& ns $y<eTT qs<T.
>T|t nqT <Te d+d uwjT+<T d+sD jTqT
nseTTq+<T |j+|&T#Tq~ eT]jTT B s|eTT HeT
<TeqT b*q >bjT >q L& |j+#&T#Tq~.
> d+sDeTT nqT n+<T>\ $\D |ueeTT ds
k<sDyT, seTT> Xe TT <s H&T #&&T#Tq~
<! <Te jTT, n+<* s|eTT jTT |< |j>eTT
174

*+#&T nedseTTqT L& >V+#eqT. $<qeTT

q+<T $Cq |jqeTT =s e d+deTTq+<T ,
y< uwjT+<T> ys=+&T qsq~.
d |j>eTTqT $#sD <w >+q#
dweTT> >d+sDeTT, >b\qeTT, >d+esqeTT nqT $X\
ueeTT q+<T, y~ <s|seTT>, $Xw eTVeTTqT >&
<]+|#j
T TqT. +<T m{ nqTeqeTTqT qs<T. y<e TTq+<T
X |j>eTT <s >e ne<yTq~, V+d#jTL&~,
nq> nV+kjTTyT q ~> *jTCjT &qqT ]y<+XeTT.
y< |]uw jT+<* |j>eTT\qT >eT+#TeTT.
jT >bjT dsyT (TT><eTT 10`154`5).
jT$ dsT s+#T#Tq$. +<* seTT ,
ueeTT Tq$. >b\qeTT nqT seTTq deqyTq
s dsT L& sT>T#Tq~ nq> +<T# dsT L&
b\qeTT # j T T nqT * j T e q T. >b\q nqT
$wjT eTTq+<T nH $wjT eTT\T n+sZ y T jTTq$. y~ <s eTT
qqTd]+ { X |j >eTT\+<T n~ e]> #| &T n+eT
> *jT&T#Tq~. ~ e\eTT ec =s #jTT
|j>eTT <T. B esTq M\T<T. M\T <T. n{
#s nd+ueeTT.
{ HeT <Te, < |j>eTT\T y<eTTq+<T
nHeTT\T \e. n{ y+{H <VsD\T #|
eXeTTq <T . |< |j > XjT >eT+#T
eeTT j>jTTyT jTTq~. > ` >e, >|' ` >G| `
>b\&T, >byT ` >b\ deqyTq #sD #jTT
175

nq> >e\ s+#T, >bjT ` s+#T#TH&T. >bjTq+

` > d+sD.
>T|t R (>T G |t) (<T s|eTT) sD #jTT.
# >eT+|&T. B >] $#]+#T&T. m|&T
>b\qeTT jTT eTVT d+<VeTT> y~ <seTTq+<T
+&q#, n{ |j>eTT\T y<eTTq+<T #|&e <!
n+>, >b\q jTT eTVeTT d~+#Tq|&T @
$<e TT> #| >\sT? nq> y< \eTTq+<T >e+d u D
eTT>
|d~ #+~q~. m|&T >e+d uDeTTqT >] |d~
>+#T |]b{ n>TH >sDqT >]q eTVeTTqT y<
>+<eTT\T mT <]+| CjTT# \T|#Tqy >eT+#
e\djTTq~.

>e< w<eTTqT >T]+q y<e#qeTT\T :

>+ e V+ds~+ $syT (42) jTEs<eTT 113)
<e+ <TVH eT~+HjT .... e V+d' (49)
dT +&jTTq >eT] V+d+#T > seTT. n+<T#
>eqT V+d |&T. e~+|& >e J$+jTT+&TqT <!
JeeTT s>e+eTT> qTq >e |\=s |TeTTqT
n+~+#T#Tq~. n{ >eqT V+d|T nqTeTT. $<eTT>
>eqT >] \+#TeTT. { > V+dqT w~+#T# y< eT+eTT\T
H[ XjT dT =s \qT, d#q\qT nHe TT\T y\& + jTTq$.
B eTs= $<eTT> L& *jT#jTT#Tq~.
y >eT+TeTT :`
y<eTTq+<* nV+d :` y<eT+eTT\+<T e\eTT >eqT >]q
nV+djT>, k<sD ~b<, #Tc< bDT\+{ >]q
nV+d *+|&jTTq~. dsueTT\qT, nq> d\ dw,
176

deTueeTTq <wq d+<]+#e\jTTqqTjT y<eTT

q+<* eTV d<+ eT>T#Tq~. B &T> +< *+|&q
|eDeTT\qT L& $#sD #jTT<TeTT :`
nX+ .... e V+d' (41), n$+ ... e V+d' (43, eT+
e V+d ] b<+ |XyT (47), eT+ e V+k ... yqyT (48,
eT eTsjTT+ .... e V+d' (50) jTEs<eTT 13)
e V+d' |sTwyT, (jTEs<eTT 16`6)
>TieTT, ewueTT ~b< |XC\eTT. y b+<TysT,
d]+#T ys\T y V+d+#+<TsT> ! eT+eTTqT
>V +#T ys+<s L , <jT+<T <jTTq, y<|<X eseZ TT q+<*
nV+k |PseT>T |<X XjTeTTqT y] eTqdT\+<T s]+|
&T#Tq~. ds k<sD JeC\eTTqT L& dV <w ne>Vq
#dT=qeqT. n{ bDT\ m\|& V \|eTT. {
y<* eT+seTT\jTT eqe\ =s jT>T#Tq$. {
$wjT eTT\T L& =+{ jTs|jT qT *d= jTTHsT. y<e TT
\+<*, nV+k eTT, n+<* dseTT \+<T $T&jTTq<.
e]+ *jT#jTT q~.
$wjT eTTqT >] Cq T\T, u<T\ T y n+eT <Xj
T +<T,
#| <V+ jT>, nV+k eTTqT |yX |&T
y<se TT\+<T>, ~eTs jT+<T q|&T <T . { nV+k
d<+eTT y<eTT\+<T \< #| L& nqTyT jTTq~.
y<eTT ds k<sDeTT> sT>Tq{, eqe\# #]+|&Tq{
Jeq jT\ jT+<T nV+k d<+eTTqT |<+#T
sT>T#Tq~. |d+> $wjTeTT\+<T, nq> jTT<eTT\T, sD
s+>eTT\T, bseTT \+<T e~+#T Je+T e< * yTT<\>T
$wjTeTT\T L& y<eTT\+<T C |PseTT> #sDjT
177

$<qeTT>q #]+#&<T. nq> y<eTT\+<T { swjT

eTVjTT<eTT\+<T { +Te<\T, eXyTq$> u$+#&T
<T. =+<sT eT kqeTTqT b&T=qT, eT &T|\T
+|=qT eTs= J$ e~+#TqT y<eT+ |]uw\T
bV+#T<T. u<ueeTT\qT, $| <sDT\qT bs\T
C>> >V+, msT+>T# #]+|e\d jTTq~.
e+d uDeTTqT w~+#TqT >] :` y<eTT \+<T e+d uD
w<eTT dweT>T XC\eTT *jT#jT&T#Tq~. ~ e\eTT
e+d e TTqT V s e TT> d ] +# T qT s~ + # T j T > ,
e+desZeTTq #+~q nH |<seTT\qT w~+#T jT>T#Tq~.
e+deTT, eT<eTT, p<eTT, e_#seTT nqT H\TZ $wjTeTT\T.
e+d esZeTTq #+<T#Tq$. #TssZeTTq >, +<T @
< > ud jT>TqT >] > y<eTT w~+#T#Tq~.
+~ eT+eTTqT |]o*+#TeTT :`
jT<e+d+ jT<dTs jT<7 n~<eH

jT< |+k ewD' dj+ Vq eTq'

(n<sy<eTT 6`80`1)

e+duDeTT, eT<bqeTT, p<e&T, e_#seTT

yTT<\>T edqeTT\T |sTw\ eTqdT\ jT+<T d y+#qT
|s|+#T#Tq$. n{ |sTw&T d+<VeTT> n\T<T\,
n<eTTKeTT> qTq eTqdT q+ be#TH&T. |T&
deeTTq+<T q k~+#H&T. n+<T# e+deTTqT,
dTsbqeTTqT, p<, e_#seTT\qT $&|eqT. nT#jT
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H*Z+{jT+<T @< $wjTeTTqT d+|PseTT> +#T
d<|& nT J$+q# $T*q eT&T $wjTeTT\T L& n
178

eXeT>T sT>TqT. n+<T# H\TZ $wjTeTT\+<T d>T e

&T C> eV+#T# n_e~ |<eTT q+<T k>e\djTTq~.
$wjTeTTqT +#TqT >]q y<eT+eTT\T >eT+|eTT :`
nsBe' w$Twd :` TT><eTT 10`34`16.
n' eBe' R m|&TqT p<e&s<T
w+ Y wd R |]X$T+#T#T eekjTeTT #jTTeTT.
eT+seTT\+<T bs\T u>T> $#sD #jTe\d
jTTq~. #&T >TDeTT\T \y], <TwesZeTT\e\+_+#Ty]
>eT+, y] d++<eTT\T |T=q y] nj>T\T>
\TdT= y] <seTT> qT+&eqT. n{y] d++<
u+<eeTT\T *ZjTTq# y] <TsTZD |ueeTT# dVd++B\T,
eTqdT\T, |]d T \T d e TT n<' |q eTT #+<T#Tq$. eTq' Vq
R d+<VeTT> y] n\y qqTd]+ dHsZ esqT\ jT+<T
ujTd#eTT\T L& \TZ#T+&TqT. nsTTq# eT<e+deTT\T
d$+#T#, p< e_#seTT\jT+<Tq Vq eqe\ n\y
|u eeTT\T y] dVeTT #jT Ty] |s |+#T#Tq$. eT]=+<sT
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&T uj
T eTTqT >=\T#T+&TqT. M+fqT e_#s eTqT <Ts\yT
&T <TwyTq~. B eTeTT> +q |<*T e+#T#THsT,
d y+## p<e&q# <qy+# |sT>T#Tq~. n{ <qeTT
eXeT d edq\TsT \+#T#THsT. $<eTT>
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179

$d]+ j e\T, e> n_e~, d<XjTeTT\qT

ne\+_+#T# <TsqT\ k+>eTTq &T<seT>T#, dq
dVydeTT #jTT eT+~. #&T u]q|&, |+#T=qT
m\y &TC> eV+#eqT.
n+<T# y~ <w qT+& e+duDeTTqT +#T
s T > T # T q~. n< ' | q eTT # + ~+# T e_ # s< T \qT Jeq
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>eT+|&T :`

|w+ |XSH+ |]>uV+ #Tw<+, ~|<+ jTX<qyT

|jT' |XSH+ sd+ zwBH+ Vd' d$ yT jT#Y

(n<sy<eTT 19`315)

|j<qH+ sd+ zwBH+ eeTs+ ej< q<

(n<s y<eTT `4`27`3)

nV+ |XSH+ |w+ |]>u :` HqT ~b<, #Tc< +Te\

qT+& |w b+<T#THqT. |w <qeTT <s \_+|
#dT=qT#THqT.
|XSH+|jT' :` |Xe\ qT+& seTTqT d]+#T#THqT.
zwBH + sd' :` zw<T \ qT+& s> s< sde TTqT >V +#T#THqT.
d$yT jT#Y :` MH\q ds<e&T nqT>V+#T#TH&T.
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|X d+|< +&TH n# |X e\ qT+& s e TT >V +#&T#Tq~.
n{ |Xe\ seTT, WwBjT >TDeTT\T * +&T#, seTTqT
180

d]+#T#Tq eqe\T s>s< X b+<T#THsT. y<

eT+eTT\+<T keT Xe TTq keTe sde TT d]+#T jT>TqT.
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y< |]uwjT dw|s#T#Tq~. +<* >e nXeTT yTT<\>T
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eTT> y<e TT |{ + #T#Tq< n\E\>TysT
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181

u>T> *jTeqT. :`
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|X e\ qT+& s e TTqT WwBj
T sde TT\qT Vd <s, dsT
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182

Xe TT\+<T L& ~jT s eT>T#Tq~. #| &q eT+eTT

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2. Vs$T >y+seVs+ <q+ sdyT

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183

(n<s y<eTT 2`26`4)

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d$+#T#THqT.
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T TeT>T \es
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184

deTVeTTqT e~+#T, V+d+#T <s $sT<e TT <! j+#T&T.

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d+jTTq qyTq$. d+d#Y nqT<Teq nseTT &T|,
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jTTq~. $<qeTT> > d+, > C ed *+#T#
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T eTT>
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T Tq D + T~e+<eTT \TZ#
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185

nedse TTq jT>T#Tq~. n+<T# sc_e ~jT Tq, <Xs D jT

]rsTqqT $wjT eTTqT >] bs \s + $#]+#T#
#sD <T\>T q deTjTeTT dqyTq~. s#sD
=s +D<sT\T +&.

3. V |w]V sd V dVdke ue
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(n<s y<eTT 3`28`4)

nse TT :` V |w' V sd' R # |wj

T T, |w s e T>T sde TTq
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V |XSH bwjT R # n{ |Xe\T bw+|&T> !
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b&e\d jTTq~.
s> s<eT>T > eTeTT, |&, nf > sdeTT\T n+
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186

|]+#T $<qeTTqT, eseTT> <eeTqT>V+ jTTq~. >e

+#q $<eTT\T> u]> qTq~. n+<T# s>eTTqT
eqy[ b+<eqq keTseTT >e C s+#T# y
s>eTTqT b&T eTq+<] u<> qTq~.
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eT+eTT\+<T T #|&q~, # eT+eTT\+<T nq
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eTT><y XHjTH
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(n<sy<eTT 7`5`5)

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187

|&T eT+seTTqT >eT+|eTT:`

eTT><y' R eT& jv&T, XHjTq R jTT
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j K+&qe? s+d j K+&qe nqT y<eTT q+<T
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n{ jTeTT\qT |\eTT> w~+#T#Tq~. eT]jTT eTqeTTq
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188

|\ ydeTT #jTT |e<sT\>T j\T n{ $wjTeTT\T

# | # T Hs T . { n | e DeTT\qT d ] +, $eT]+
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y#eT>T#Tq~.
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qT+& > d+ e~#jTT Cow breading nqT # >
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189

#jT e\djT Tq~. n{ $#sD |P]jT >T > HeTeTT\qT >T]+

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>eT+|eTT :`
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n| >y+ HeT @ VqT eTs

eTVXs X\+ ew+ >+ y77\u<'

(eTVuseTT ` X+ ` n ` 263.)

k<s >e\ HeTeTT\T L& n| nq&T#Tq$. nq>

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190

eTH' |D+ eT]wHu$&s

BH+ #Tw |XSHyTyuqTC HXe'
bDe| nX|es\+
|w|TD BsdD jTeHq |XSH eT
u<ye\u' be]' + <c |e~ u>D'
c+ #| j> <T|H+ >y+ >sy<c
<k<Xk |j#|V^HeTT|V, eTqk
eTks' |PseTTq' |w|TjTC

(#sd+V n`19)

~ (y<) \eTT q+<T deTT> >e\T yTT<\>T |Xe\T

jTeTT\+<T u>T> X_+#T#T+&&$. nT sTy nq>
<jTeTT ]q sTy eTqTwH, Hu, , $& #s
yTT<\>T eTTqT\ |T\T jTeTT\+<T |X e\qT bD #jT T#T+{].
nT sTy #\\eTT >&q |eT |ww nqT sE Bs
dj>eTT bs+_+H&T. n{ deTjTeTT q+<T $T*q |X
e\T \_+#+&T#, s |Xe\T +&T# >e \+q>
qT+&T sT>T#T+&qT. { >e\ d >+ qT\+<] weTT
*q~. > e+deTT me>q, weTTqT *+#Tq~>q,
nku$eTT>q qTq sDeTT#, deTjTeTT q+<T |\
jT+<T e>eTT> qTq nT~ eT+<+q~, eT]jTT n
eT+<+q sDeTT# |w|T > e<# nks s>eTT
nqTu$+#T#T+&qT.
bs \T #s #sT <q eTTqT u> eTqqeTT #jT e\d
jTTq~. BjT+<T eT&T ned\T qT#Tq$ :`
1. |Ps\eTT q+<T jTeTT#]+#T |X e< q~.
MT<T$T* |Xe\T jTeTT\T dTX_yT sD+#T# nH
dseTT \+<T#T+&qT.
191

2. eT]jTT deTjTeTT q+<T nq> nT s \eTT

q+<T eTqTe jTT |T\T |Xe\qT jTeTT q+<T d+b+#T
$<qeTT >&#T#T+&&~.
3. eT&e deTjTeTT q+<T |w|T yTT<{ jTeTT q+<T
> e< >$+#qT. &T n+{ w~+H&T.
jTC#sD jT+<T > e+duDeTT >$+jTT+&T#, n
nks s>eTT *>qT. n|{ qT+& n+<] qT\ nks
s>eTT qqTu$+#T ]q~.
B qT+& $wjTeTT s]eT>T#Tq~ y<\eTT q+<T
s+d jTeTT >$+#&q~. eT<\eTT q+<T de+d jTeTT
bs+ueTsTTq~. \eTT q+<T L& >e\T e~+|&
jTT+&<T. nT s <T \eTT q+<T jTeTT\+<T >e<
#jTT yTT<*&qT. B+{ $sT<eTT> ]q~. m\s
msT+>T#THsT. m# >e< ]q< n# nkseTT bs+u
eT>T#Tq<qT dweTT. eTqyT\seT n+^]+#e\dq $wjT
yTeTq>, #\\eTT jTeTT\+<T >e< <qTjTT, eTeTT
e\eTT |w|T deTjTeTT qT+&jT ]q<qT *jTq>TqT.
$<qeTT |\jT+<T +<q *+Z #T#, we TT +&q~.
seTT> bNq\eTT q+<T jTeTT\ |Xe< <qTjT.
d]jT q $<e TT> < q |\ u>eTT qqTu$ +]. nT|eT
Xs u<\ qqTu$+#T# s>eTT\ u]q|&T# nH weTT\T
*q$. k] ujT+syTq nqTueeTT\ H<Ts=qT #jTT
sTy { s\T mesT nq> @ dHsTZ&T #jT>*jTTH&T?
B >] +|&T.

$yVeTT q+<T > e+deTT

yyV XuseTT\+<T > e+deTTqT u|<seTT>
d]+#T#T+{]. $wjT eTTqT jTs|jT H |+&T &>T yT&H
192

eT]jTT <H nqTys\T y] y< $wjT $wjTd jT+<T

|.+145 q+<T T *+jTTHsT, The marriage cremony was
followed by the slaying of oxen especially for food $yV d+kseTT
\+<T >eqT, ewueTTqT e~+#T sT>T#Tq~. y e+deTTqT
VseTT> |j+#T#THsT. { $wjTeTT\ |eDeTT>
+~ y |]o*+TeTT.

1. dH_ u$T', dsD_ <'

TTH~dw+ ~$ky n~'

(TT><eTT 10`85`1)

dq u$T' _ R <eeTT\+<T ds|yTq V

u$T XeTT q+<T *|qT. dsD <' _ R dsT&T
dseZ TTqT d+ _+| #dqT. q jT+< <] + jTTH&T. TTq ~'
w+ R jTeTT <s <e\T +&T#THsT. ~$keT' n~' R
dsZeTT q+<T keT<e&T q d qTH&T.

2. kyTH~ *q' kyTq |~M eTV

n< qD yTc eTT|d keT V'

(TT><eTT 10`85`2)

kyTq ~' *q' R keTT qT+&jT +<~ <e\T \e+T\>T

#THsT. kyTq |~M eTV R keTT <s u$T eTVeTT
\TZ#Tq~. n<@c+ qD+ |d keT' V' R eT]jTT
qeTT\ eT<q keT<e&T \&T.

3. s |sD+ #s nuxqyT
<s$T' X d<<j s|yT

(TT.y 10`85`7)

jTY ds|+ jY R @ deTjTeTT q+<T ds|

(#j<$) us >VeTT q+<T |y+q~. ' |sD+ ' R
deTjTeTT q+<T eTeT>T #q\ e\Te\T> qTH&T.
193

n_nxq+ #' R T n\+]+|&q qT\T eTTdT>q$.<'

u $T' X' dY R u eXeTT\T n X>seTT (<H >seTT)
\T> qTq$.
$XcseTT\T : @ deTjTeTTq ds| dsT #+ #]q<
eT #q\T yT egeTTq$. T +&q qT\T u$T
qT+& dsZeTT esL d\eTT yT* eTTdT>T> q~.

4. ke dH | <jT' s+ #q z|X'
dsj nHes7 sdY |s>e'
(TT><eTT 10`85`8)

nseTT : ke' |<jT' dH R keTT dsT s<#eTT\T>

neTs &qT. #q' s+ z|X' R s nqT HeTeTT qTq
yTs| |XeTT\ X_+#T#Tq~. dsj' nH es R dsT
es|T\T>qTq n esT\T \sT. |s' >e' n' dY R
n> > $T> n j T T+& q T. | < qk q eTT q+< T n
Hs~+#T#THsT. s<eTT> dsT s~+#T eT+eTT \+<T
<+&+#T |j+#T s> s~+#T#T+{]. s nq&T
sT\+<T M yTsT| n~eTT> qT+&TqT. ds|T\>T n
esT *sTes y] d\ \djTTHsT. n <e&T Ms+~]
\d e#T#T+&qT.

5. ky e< jTTsue<HkeTTues
ds jT+ X+d eTqk d$<<Y
(TT><eTT 10`85`9)

keT' e<jTT' nueY R keTT&T q d\ \d eT

s \T #]+#T#T+&qT. u nH es R sTesT n esT\T
y] us\ \d us\ kqeTTqT d]+HsT. jTY | X+d
ds eTqk d$ n<<Y R |<e sqT rsT>qT dsT
#+ d$ d eTq' |PseTT> nsD #jTT#Tq~.
194

$XcseTT : keT e<Te ]q esT qT+&qT. n <e\T

y] us\ qTHsT. ds<e eTqdTq+<Tq, e<Te us sqT
rsT>qT #T\ jT+<T qqT nsD >$+#T=HqT.

6. eTH nk nq d< <sd<T#~'

Xeq&Vyk+ jT<jY ds>VyT

(TT><eTT 10`85`10)

jTY ds >V+ njY R m|&T dsT |jT>T

ds q us \d >VeTT y[q~. n|&T nk' nq'
eTq' dY R seTT eTqdT q+< eq~. <' #~' dY
R eT]jTT XeTTq +f |q <eeTT >=&T>e qTq~.
X nq& yV kyT R ds#+<T *sTes s<eTTqT
yVeTT\T> q&T|#THsT.
$XcseTT : s<yT eTqdT> qTq~. s<eTTq +fqT |
u>eTTq <eeTT \<T. s+&T \ ewueTT\T s<eTTq
&jTTq$. deTjTeTTq ds<$ q | >VeTT q+<T
|y+q~.

7. TTeueT_ V >y keTH$'

X+ # k+ ~$ |HXs#s'

(TT><eTT 10`85`11)

z ds<M TTeu+ n_V>y keTH ' R

eTHs|eTT s<e TT jTT TT><, keTy<e TT\ <s n]+#&q
ds#+< s|eTT\qT q jT+<T +|=jTTq ewue TT X+eTT
H=+<T#Tq~. eT]jTT eT]jTT] dV jTeTT> #\qeTT *jTTq~.
X+ # kyT R y s+&T #e\T eTHs| s<eTTq
s+&T #eTT\T> qTq$. ~$ #s#s' |H' R eTHs| s<eTT
XesZeTT q+<T |jT+#T#Tq~.
$XcseTT : TT>, keTy< eT+ beD #s\ <s <qeTT>
195

n]+#&q ewueTT\ yy kqeTT\+<T +#&TqT. #

y s +&T#e\TqT s<e TTjTT s +&T #eTT\>T#Tq$. <eeTT
q+<T <jTT kes, +>eyT $ esZeTT\T d+#T
#T+&TqT.

8. X # jT yH n V'
nHeTqdjT+ ds77sVY |jTr|yT

j' #XN R kbe# |jD+#T#Tq s<eTT

jTT s+&T #eTT\T> ewu seTT\Tq$.
yq' n' V' R s<eTT q+<T sTdT> yjTTe
+&jTTq~. |+ |jTr dseTqdjT+ nq' sVY R q
us >VeTTq y#Tq ds<$ eTHeTjTyT s<eTTq+<T
dqTsjTTq~.
$XcseTT : ` qT \TdT=qT s+&T #eTT\T X<yT jTTq$.
yqeTqT |sT s<eTT jTT eT< <+&eTT (bDeTT) \<T.
{ eTHeTjTeT>T eTqdT s|eTT #+<T# s<eTT q+<T
ds<$> LsT+& q us e< y#Tq~.

9. dsj eVT' b>Y d$ jTeTydY

|dT VqH >y7sTH' |sTV

(TT><eTT 10`85`13)

dsj' eVT' jT+ d$ edY |`>Y R | >VeTT

q+<TqT dsT&T |j D+#T# |eT M+ #T#TH&T. MD eTT
q+<T q~e |eTqT m\s L |+#T# n+~+#T#TH&T. dsT
>e nq> ds|jTq y\T>T sDeTT\T eTT+<T> |d]+|
&T#Tq$. n|dT>e' VqH R eT|T qeTT\ {yjT&
q >e\qT qe<qTq <+&jTT<eT>T s{ sa[|+#T
#TH&T. nsTH ' |] V R |\ TZ q eTT q | >VeTT
q+<T |y+#T#Tq~.
196

$XcseTT : d$ <e&T (dsT&T) ds<$ eseTT> >=

&+seTT> e#T#TH&T. jTs|jT q nse TT :` eT| q eTT
q+<T >e\T eTsD+#T#Tq$. eT| qeTT q+<T eseTT
>e\T |+|&T#Tq$. nq> dssDeTT\T #+<T esL
|XeTT #sT#Tq$. eT]jTT |\TZ qeTT q+<T ds<$
keT<e $yVeTT sT>T#Tq~.

dH_ u$T' dsD_<'

TTH~ dw ~$ke n~'

(TT><eTT 10`85`1)

+< #| &q eT+eTT\qT >+, >eT+#T deTjTeTTq

bs\T $wjTeTTqT *jTeqT. $yVeTT e\eTT
\+] esqyT jTTq~. BjT+<T ds |jT>T ds
$yVeTT #+<T sT>T> e]+|&q~. eT]= eT+eTT\qT
>] *jT>\eTT.

10. jT<j+ Xudr esjT+ dseTT|

+ #+ yedY <c< djTT'

(TT><eTT 10`85`15)

V Xudr : z n <es! jTY ds+ esjT+

| jyT R m|&T MTsT ds<$ *jTT dsT #+
y#T+{s n|&T, y+ @+ #+ dY R MT s<eTT jTT
#eTT m& q~? <cjT d<T' R MTsT ] H=sT
(|sdseTT) |#T d<eTT>qTHsT. n|&T MTsT m&
+{]?
$XcseTT : z n <eeTTs! m|& MTsT MT eT&T #eTT\
s<eTT q+<T dqT ds<$ eTT d]+#T djTeTT>
y[s n|& MT s<eTT q+<* #eTT m&
q~?
eT]jTT MTsT Cb\q #jTT MTs& $X+ >=+]?
197

11. < # ds VD TTT< $<T'

n<+ #+ jT <TV <<jT ~<T'
(TT><eTT ` 10`85`16)

V ds : z ds<M, < # TTT< uVD' $<T'

s<eTT q+<T ds#+<T\q&T s+&T #eTT\T deTjqT
kseTT> #*+#T |U>+jTTq$. ysT uVD
$<qeTT HsT+>T<TsT. n< eT]jTT, @+ #+ jTY >TV Y n<
<jT' Y $<T' eT&e~>qTq d+es #eTT <#&q~.
n{ yH $<+dT&T> *jT&T#TH&T.
$Xw nse TT :` z ds<M! jT+<T>\ s +&T #eTT\T uVDT\T
TTTe\ qqTd]+ *jT&T#Tq$. eT]jTT #eTT (>TV)
<#&q~. n~ V<jT >TV jT+<T n<XeT>T#Tq~. nq>
< ys msT+>T #THsT. ~ deTT> sT>T eT
*jTT#Tq~.
bs \T eT+eTTqT |]o*+|&T eT]jTT n+<* nse TTqT
>V +|&T. n|&T y eseZ TT dwe TT> qTqT. n+ +<*
ueeTT >e\qT e~+#T d++<eTT q~. m|&T >e\T
e~+#&T#Tq$ nqTqT nse TT> d]+#T#THs ysT d]jT q
$<qeTT HsT+>T<T. | #|&q nseTTq+<T jTs|jTqT
\+q nseTT eT]jTT yd$seTTq s+&+{ dw|s#T
]q~. #<TesT\s u>T> $#]+ #&TeTT. n+>
djTeTT> <M X nqTu$ +#T&T. $ +&> nq> $#]+#T.
nqTu$+#T +&> jTs|jTqT n |< | #jTT#THsT.
&. $\H (n<dT VqH >e') eT+seTTqT eT| qeTT
q+<T >e\T (are whipped along) y#Tq$. T #| n~
X<yTq~. >e\T =&T#Tq$ nseTTqT eTVjTT\>T
198

|<, V+H, yTT<\>T ysT *|jTTHsT. ~ >=| |<eTT

n>T#Tq~. B |Ps|s d++<eTTqT >eT+q# dweT>T#T~.
|q #|&q eT+eTT\ n#H nseTT\T L& e&jTTq$.
jTs|jTq+<sTq B msT+>T<TsT. e\eTT >e\T qs
&T#Tq$> #|+fqT _HsyTjTTq~. ydeeTT q+<T #
n~ $esDqT #jTT nHeXyT. nfq|{ bs\T +<*
n\+s e TTqT d w e TT> * d j T T+& q # { $w j T eTT\T
\TdT=qe#TqT. $yVeTTq+<* eseTT> eT+seTT\qT
|]o*+#T<TeTT :`
s<eTT
` eTq (eT+ 10)
s<#eTT
` <TeTT (eT+ 10)
s<ks~
` s+&T ewueTT\T (eT+ 10)
eTT
` TT keT eT+eTT (eT+ 11)
esZeTT
` kes +>eT >T (eT+ 11)
(s< <+&eTT) neTT` yq bDeTT\T (eT+ 12)
<seTT
` $#sD X (eT+ 7)
n+qeTT
` <XeTT (eT+ 7)
<H>seTT
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s< <+&eTT
` eT+eTT (eT+ 8)
s< |XeTT
` eT+eTTq+<* #+<dT (eT+ 8)
d\ *d
` sTesT n esT\T (eT+ 9)
n>>$T
` n (eT+ 9)
s+&T s< #eTT\T ` s+&T #e\T (eT+ 11)
j eT+eTT\+<T $<e TT> esq \<T. y >V +#T
$<qeTT, nseTT#dT=qT M\T> |q #|&q~.
199

bs\+<s y< esqeTT ~ueTT, ~<$eTT eT]jTT

<eTT n>T# eT&T $u>eTT\+<T \< *jTeqT. nq>
j $u>eTT\T> $u+#&q~. n{ $#seTT# n+<*
d+>T \qT $ksD #jT T# +~ |{ jT+<T yy |]<T \qT
#|&q$.
(~ueTT)
(~<eeTT)
(<eTT)
( $#seTT q+<T)
($XeT+<T)
(XseTT q+<T)
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dsT&T
|seT|
2. e<Te
ds<$ (ds|u) T~X
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c&X|P]
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5. eseTT q+<T
n>>$TjTT>T n XeTT (yD)
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<w
7. d <qeTT
d\ |<seTT\T
n nejTeeTT\T
8. >e\T
sDeTT\T
+~jTeTT\T
9. s<eTT
$<TT
eTqdT
10. s<#eTT
<TeTT
eTdweTT
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dseTT>qT+&T
#\q#qeTT
12. s< yV\T
s+&T (ewueTT\T)yjTTe\T bDbqeTT\T
13. eTT\T
`
TTkeT eT+eTT
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`
eT+eTT
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#+<dT
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yqyjTTeTT
s+&T #e\T
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18. <seTT\T
`
$#sD\T
j Xe TT\ >\ nse TTqT j |]<T \ >eT+#T#
200

y<y T j
T Tq \+]eTT\T bs \ eTqdT\+<T dwe T>T#Tq~.
n+<T# M u>T>q, n~e TT>q $#sD#d ss TT+#qedse TT
q~. z #<TesT&! { $yVeTT eTjT+<TqT, eTq+<]q
$yVeTT =s @sT>$+jTTq >$+q $kqeTT
dw]+#T#Tq~. uV>T q+<T L& dHq esqeTT, eT<
eT< e Xs+sZeTT q+<T sT>T#Tq $yVeTTq L&
d#q\T> eTq, dT$#s yTT<\>T XeTT\ <s *jTT#Tq~.
dsT jT+<* |u #+<T jT+<T#] n# s$T+#T#Tq~. {
s|\+seTT qT+& < esq deTT q+<T
e&q~. > XeTT ds sD y#eTT> |d~#+~jTTq~.
$wjTeTTq+<T m{ nqTeqeTTq <T. VqH nqT
j |<e TT q+<T VH nqT<Te \<T. VH V+k>' nqTqT
ysD #sT&>T bD eTT nse+eTT> |b~+H&T.
V+d > nqT<s bseTT >\<T. XeTT\+<T VH
<Teq nseTT T \<T, 1. To Kill, 2. To Multiply (>TD+#T) 3.
To go
(y) eT] jTT XeTT q+<T bs\T
nseTTqT >V+#>\sT.

n |dT VqH >ysTH' |sV

|Ps eT+ yeTTq nseTT (~ es #|&q
n\+seTT\qT e<*yd L&) dweT>T#Tq~ <! n|dT R
eT|T q deTjTeTTq+<T, >e' >e\T, VqH R y#Tq$
eT]jTT nsTH' R |\TZ q deTjTeTT q+<T ` |sTV R
$yVeTT sT>T#Tq~. &sY $\H nseTTH d]+jTTH&T.
n\+] ueeTT\qT e<* e\eTT d\ <w ` >+ L&
dseT>T nseTTqT +H&T. m|& VH nqT<Teq
e~+#T nqT |d~ > +#H s +&e nse T>T > nqT y#se TT
201

| + # T < T . n~ < > T Ds e TT y (To multiply)

uyseTTqT>=q# >e' VqH nqT *jTTqT. >e\ d+K
n|]$TeTT>qTq~. s{+|, H*Z+\T> |sT>T#Tq$. {
deTjTTeTT $yVeTT sT>T#T+&T#, me eT+~ eTqTw\T
w|&T#THsT. s>ue \eTT q+<T < d+K +q
n~eT>TqT $yV |d+>eTT\+<T nseTT m+j ksyTq~
eT]jTT dsyTq~ nqTqT >eT+|&T :`
n| nqT XeTT# ne<eTTqT *jT&T#Tqq
nseTT jTT |Ps|s d++<eTT\qT d]> j+q# d]jT>T
ueeTTqT >V +#>\ sT. +<T\ eseTT> |Ps eT+ |]<T \T
jT+<T +q# qweTT y{\TqT. ~ueTT q+<T >'
nqT, yH ~<$ eTT> sD eTT\jTT < u $TjT+<T
+~jT X \ jTT #| sT>T#Tq~. { deTjTeTT\+<T @<
$wjTeTTqT >] d+<VeTT \T>eq<T. n< deTjTeTTq
eT]jTT eTTq+<T mT eeV]+#T#THs #d, XsTT+#
eqT. ~u eeVseTT q+<T nseTT>, eeVseTT q+<T
>e<qT >] $yV |d+>eTT\+<T #jTT#THsT. nT<T.
eT+seTTHT *jTeH #&TsT. VH <Teq >\ s+&T
nse TT\T \e. nse TT < qT+& >V +#T#THsT? nqTeqeTT
*q# ~<e $wjTeTTq, < $wjTeTTq j+
XjTeTT #jTeqT. n~<e |eTT> dssDeTT\T #+<T
esL |d]+#T#Tq+<T# |XeTT $d]+|&T#Tq~ nqT
nseTT dweT>T#Tq~. dssDeTT\T d+V]+#T<T. B
>+q# eTq eseZ TT qTqT. VH nqT<Teq e~+#T
nqT nseTT m# n|+#&< n#, |*eTT $ks>>
uyseTT n|+#&T#Tq~. |+<eTT>q e~+#&T
202

nqT nse TT >V +#&T#Tq< n# dssD eTT\T q+#T ]q

|eT #+<T esL sD |yVeTT mT |d] +#>\ <T? n+>
ds |jT>T k$r (ds, k+) X |u\T @ $<eTT>
keT<e&T (#+<T&T) $yVyTT sT>TqT. eT]jTT &+seTT>
yT y+ eseTT> mT sD|kseTT b+<TqT? nq> #
VH <Teq e~+#T nqT nseTT n|+|e#TqqT
M\Tq~.
< |eTT> n+sZeTT q+<T ne+|eTT. uV
+~jT X\T q+q# dTKeTTqT nqTu$+|q>TqT.
n+<T=s dTjTeTeTT\T b{+#T# Jeq>eTqeTT k+q#
DeTT \TZqT. $yVeTTq s<eTT >HsZ |seTTq TT,
keT eT+eTT\<s jT, jT$T <s esZqTdsDqT
ne\+_+#eqT. n+<T\=s s<eTTq &q ewueTT
dTyT |>ZeTT\ <s j> (j>) esZeTT qe\+_+|e\d
jTTq~. { $#sD\T #jTT=\B esZeTT dweTT> qTqT.
n~jT >b\q n;wyTjTTq~.
$<e TT> $yV jTeTTq+<T ejTTq, e#T#Tq dq
|]yseTTq bjTeTT> ><T>eTT q]+#T d<|&T
j>eTT> qTq esZyTjTTq~. n## $<qeTT, H{
\eTT q+<T |+#T#Tq~. y e~+#T, >V\T #jTT
e\q @$T ueTT \TZ#Tq~?
<w >+q# d]jT>T esZeTTq |jD+#>\eTT.
$yV d+kseTT\+<T >e\ d+K me> eq V\
| & T d ] j T q< , y j > eT> T | < y& T =q
e\djTTq~. |q #|&q VH <Teq > nqT nseTT>
#|=q# < Cq>eTqeTT, Cqb| jTqT jT <!
203

nseTT ysD XdsT\T u>T> msT+>T<TsT. nseTT m|&T

> XeTTq y nsTTq# >e' VqH nqT nseTT
\<T. >e\qT >]q CqeTT b|+|#dT=qT, >e\qT
<*+#T, >e\qT b+<T> #|q>TqT.
VH <Teq =T nqT nseTT L& \<T.
XeTTq nseTT s{ ({) =T> qTq~. nq> >e\
=s #jT+<T <T&T s q+<T= ~XjT+<T |T#THs,
~XjT +< +~ e+#TjTT sT>T#Tq~. ~jT Vqq Xuse TT.
VH XeTTq n~jT nseT>T# VqH >e' nqT
>e\qT @ esZeTTq |jT+| #jTT#THs esZeTT qT+&jT
# T # T Hs T . nq> $yV | d + > e TT\+< T >e\
d]+#T#THsT. wkqeTTq |yX|T#THsT.
# >e\qT e~+#T q~. ~ +<TeT\eTT>
dweT>T#Tq~. lkjTD#sT\ysT e~+#T nqT nseTT>
eT| q |T >e' VqH, <D' &jT H |sDsy T nq> eT|
q deTjTeTT q+<T >e\T m# y#Tqy, n+<T=s
<T&T s\ <+&+#&T# |s |+|&T#Tq$. ds>VeTT qT+&
y&*q >e\T keT>VeTTq #sT=s d]jTq esZeTTq
|jD+|#jT&T#Tq$. # kjTDuw ueeTT Tq~,
ds<e&T qes $yV deTjTeTT q+<T eseTTqT
|+|>qT (d <qeTT, Dowry) >e\ s|eTT>, #+<>VeTT
esL |+|>qT, ds<e&T >e\qT d]+#T#TH&T. d]jT>T
esZeTT y |+| eXeTT> qT+&qT. eT]jTT |\TZ q
deTjTeTT q+<T ds|qT #+<T $yVeTT #jTT#TH&T.
~ >e< nqT nseTT *+#&q# eseTT (d <qeTT) eT<
q+q# |qT b+~qy&T |+ y #T+&TqT <! n+<T#
204

yyV $|T\T d+u$+#TqT ><! n+<T# e< nqT nseTT #

#| d]<T.
@ $<eTT> Hqq bs\T $#sD #dT= #&T&T. ysT
dweTT> esZeTT HsT+> >\sT. # > e< n;weTT q~.
n>T # jTs|jT H |+&T \T eT+eTTqT <seTT> #dT =
T |s=] "The marraige ceremony was accompained by slaying of
Oxen, clearly for food". ($yV d+kseTT+<T uT+#T =s>qT
ewueTT\qT =T#THsT) |Ps|s d++<eTT\qT >eT+##
k]> nqTeqeTT e~+#T> ssTT+#T=]. y]~
nqTeqyT ydeeTT <T. eTq |\T |Ps|s
d+u+<eTT\qT >V+, < >] n~ $#sD >$+ y]
nqTeqeTTqT VsZeTT #jTT#THsT. eT]jTT $<eTT> |q
#|&q eT+eTT q+<T |]o*+q# @ $<eTT>q >e<qT
bV+#T <T. eT+eTTqT > e+d uDeTTq
|eDeTT> #dT= =+<sT #]+#T d<|&T#THsT. +<T#
n~eTT> <weTT y{\T#Tq~.
qeTT\+<T eT|T nqT qeTT \<T. |Ps, s nqT
nq&T# s+&T |\TZD qeTT\T e#T#Tq$. #+<T eT&T
sT\ |ydeTT q eTT\+<T \<T. keTyseTT nqT ~qeTT
q+<T eT| qeTT q#, s#T>, eT+>, T<yseTT q+<T,
s+&T sE\T s+&T |\TZD qeTT\T e#T#Tq$. n+<T#
eseTT eT|T qeTT +&T deTjTeTTq |+| s+&e sE
, eT&e sE $yVeTT sT|#THsT. eT+eTT q+<T
@ nqTeqeTT * Z q q, # H n$ e # j T T# T q~.
y<qTkseTT> eseTT (d <qeTT\+<T)> s+&T >e\qT
|+|#THsT. >e\qT e~+#T nqTeqeTTqT m|&Tq
205

sL&<T . { nqTeqeTT *qZ q, n~ nCqeTT jTT $\D

|<sq jT>T#Tq~. VH <Teq neXseT>T ` nseTTqT
>eT+ #&TeTT :`
1. VH R e~+#T nqT nseTT |d~>+q~.
2. V H R y , < \ T, |s D # T ns e TT\qT
ysD#sT\T *|jTTHsT eT]jTT <Te nseTT\+<T
= uw\ L& |jyTq~. y<eTT\+<T nseTT nH
esT e#T#Tq~. y~ |T+Te\+<T > jT nseTTqT
*|jTTHsT.
3. VH R s+#T R Vd ` |T jT+<T |TH ` VH! jTT
nseTT s+#T>qTq~. Vd|TH nqT nseTT (Handguard)
# s+#Ty&T> qTq~. |j>eTT y<eTT q+<T \<T
(TT><eTT 6/75/94)

nV]e u>' |s uVQ+ CjV |]u< eq'

Vd|T $XejTTH $<H |eH |e+d |]bT $X'
(TT><eTT R 6`75`14)
Vd|T' <e R nV' e u>' uVQ+ |s R beTTqT y
#jT+<T |{jTT+#T eT]jTT Cj' V+ |] u< eTq' R
<q TdT jTT { n| eTT\ |+|qT, Vd| T ' R Vde TT\+<T
>\ +<eTT, $XejTTH $<H |eH R n s\qT *dq,
$<+dT&q |sTw e, |e+d+ $X' |]bT R |sTw
H\TZy|\ qT+& s+#T>
uyseTT : jTT< deTjTeTT q+<T <qTdT jTT {
@s&T#Tq |TsD eTDT u>eTT >jTeTT +&T> n+<T#
MsT&q j<T&T #s| {, qT| e#eTTqT <]+jTTHsT.
$ y# +~ u>eTT esL +&TqT. $ uVQe\| ds eTT\
206

deqeTT> #T&jT T+&TqT. # jT+<T>\ <q TdT n {

n| eTT\>T jT\ |+|&T#Tq~. $<e TT> Vd e#eTT
MsTe sD #T#Tq~.
4. VH R >TD+#T R to multiply = >D e TT q+<T { |j >eTT\T
\e. |, Vqq, V, V ~ XeTT\T meksT>qT,
>TD+#T jT+<TqT, nseTT e#TqT> |j>eTT \<T.
5. VH R m>TsT, | #T (to raise) Ts> KTsY Vdt< VsDT'
(X+ 1:32)
| s\ jT+<T>\ <[ nq> s\qT sa[|+#T# |
]q | XseTT qT+& @s&q <TeTT, <[> #|q>TqT.
6. VH R =T (to beat) |Xe\qT n~*+#T, d]jTq
esZeTTq |jD+|#jTT <T&Ts =T.
7. VH R s+#T, <seTT#jTT (to want off)
8. VH R (to touch come in contact) d]+#T, d++<eTT e#T,
esV$TVQsT&T VY d+V jT+<T nseTTqT CXg
$wjTeTT\+<T |j+jTTH&T.
9. VH R (to give up, abondon) e<*yjTT
10. VH R (to abstract) |+~+#T.
VH <Te jTT nseTT\jTT XeTT\+<T \e.
nseTT\+f bNq y<eT+eTT\ jT+<T @< nseTT q+<T
|j +|&jT Tq~. |s D eTTqT >+, |Ps|s $wjT eTT\qT,
n+<* d++<eTTq \TdT=qeqT. VH <Te m&&
|j+|&H n&& e~+#T nqT nseTTqT d]+q#
j |j> |]uw\ ` nqseTT \T>T#, +q |*eTT
+&TqqT ` dweT>T#Tq~.
iii
207

n| >
1. |X+k >w|T+ + jT#s esTyT
yT sdd ye<
(TT><eTT 1`37`5)
jTY R *wyTq, >w R >e\ qT+&, + esT' R
&T#Tq eTsTY d+|TeTT\+<T *jT&T#Tq$, sdd yT
R > sdeTTqT d+|> d$+#T#, ee< R e~ b+<T#TH&T,
n|T + Xs' R s b (q+#) \eTTqT, |Xd + R dT +#TeTT.
uyseTT :` > sd s|eTT >e\ jT+<T \eTT, nf
keTseTTq y\&#jT&T#Tq$. {&T jT+<T MsT\
d jTT+&TqT>, > \eTT, > sdeTT d$+#T nqT
$<qeTT q+<T b+<>\TZ#THsT. > sddeqeTT #jTT#
X d+|PseTT> nqTu$+#eqq > d+sD #jTT
b<q $wjTyTjTTq~. n+<T# >e ne< (e~+#L&)
n>T#Tq~.
2. VCDr edT|r edH+ e $T# eTqku>Y
<TV eTu+ |j n|T jT+ k es + eTV ku> sTT
(TT><eTT : 1`164`27)

nseTT :`
edH+ edT|r R nwedTe\ jTT XseTT\qT
<] +#T y bw+#T, V+Dr R s+ yjT T#Tq|,
eTqk e+ # R y |\\qT |$T+#T# w|&T#Tq~.
n_>Y R e#T#Tq, jT+ n| R e~+#L&~>
\TdT=qT#Tq Jy, nu+ |jT' <TV+ R >=| >=| nH
ku>eTT\qT \T>#jTT#Tq~, jT+ n| eTV ku>jT
es+ R { >e\qT e~+##, n< j>eT>T seT>T#
208

nH ku>eTT\# n_e~ b+<T#TH&T.

uyseTT :`
>e jTT eTH, bD, nbqeTT\T eT]jTT |+#u eTT\T
m$T~ edTe\qT b*+#T#Tq$. <s, |P] ksTT $XeTTqT
b*+#T#Tq$. ~ |eTeT]. B e~+#T dseTT <T.
XseTT\qT n_e~ b+<T, > deqeTT <s
b+<e#TqT. deT~> XseTT\qT nqTu$+#T >deqeTT,
>b\qeTT dV]+#T#Tq~.
>e q+< ds XseTT\T +&jTTq$.
3. djTek< u>er V uj nsejT+ u>eq' keT
n~ D eT|T $X< | X<eTT< e#s
(TT><eTT : 1`134`40)

V n|T R e~+#T L&~ n>T z! >e, djTek<

u>er ujT' R e eT >deTTqT uT+#T#Tq eT]jTT
u>X* n>T#THe, n<' R eT]jTT, ejT+ u>eq' keT R
eTq eT+<seT u>X\TsyT, $X< D+ n~ R ds<
DeTTqT u+#T#, #s X<+ <+ |R sT>T# X<
\eTTqT >TeTT.
$XcseTT :` >e u~+|&+&T>! n~ |$eT>T
>& VseTT> rdT=qT#, u>X* jT>T#Tq~, < y+
qTq eTqeTT L& u>e+T\yT n>T<TeTT>! >e X<e T>T
>deTTqT qT#, X< \eTT\T >T#, ds d+#seTT
#jTT#Tq~. >e ku>eTTq VyT *jTTq~. n+<T#
>e m\|& dTseTT> qT+&eqT.
V+d+|L& z > sb! e m\|&T >deTTqT
209

uT+|eTT.
4. ndXc dTu>d d+<> <ed e eTsw
X+ |T+ q|eT<j' ks <ed eT+VHe<H
(TT><eTT 4`1`6)

nseTT :` @ $<eTT>, <ed n|j' |T+ X|+ R

eT >b\&T>qTq y >e jTT b\Tq, |TeTTq
dT q+~+#T#Tq$, <H ' eT+VH R > <qeTT Xwe T>T#Tq~.
$<eTT> dTu>d <ed Xcd+< R Xs e+T&>T n
jTT |X+djTeT>T dT, eTsw e ks R
eTqTw\ jT+<T n+ |PjTeTT eT]jTT $T>T\ |X+ djTyT
jTTq~.
1. <ed n|j' |T+X |+ R eT >b\
>e jTT seTT, HsTT |$yT dT #T#Tq~. n+<T#
>e d]jT>T $<qeTT q+<T b*+|&T#T+&eqT.
2. <H' eT+VH R > <qeTT XwyTq~.
uyseTT :` $<eTT> eT $<qeTT\+<T b*+|&T
>e s e TT, HsTT >=| dT q+~+#T#Tq~. { >eqT <qeTT>
n]+#T |X+djT seTT. n+<T# njTTq eTqTw\
dT q+~+#T#Tq~ >q |X+d \+<T=qT#Tq~.
5. eTVq+ XeTT<# wx dqH+ $w' |skY
|Tq <y |~M e dT|bD+ ue|u'
(TT><eTT : 5`83`8)

nseTT :` z yT|Te ! e \s|eTT, eTVq+ X+ R e

>=| <H>seTT>qTHe, <# R { +&, w+# R +~
eT]jTT nH b+eTT\ |eV+#T#THe, $w'' R
210

{ +& jTT+& q<T\qT, |skY dqH+ R |Ps ~X

|yVeTTqTq~, e |TTq R {#, <y |~M $ R
dseZ TTq (<eeTT) u eTTq +|eTT, n| u ' R >e\
=s, dT|bD+ ueT R eTeT>T \eTTqT eTT.
uyseTT :` z! yT|Te! \s|eT>Te >=| >seTT\qT
(CXjTeTT\qT) +|#, +~ y|q q jT+<* \eTT\qT
|eV+|#jTT#, eTV q<T\qT +|# |Ps ~Xy|
eTs\T#Tq~. n kqeTT\qT \eTT\ +|#, >e\T
y T T< \ > T bDT \ > T e\d q { | P ]+| #
nqT>V+#TeTT.
|&T ne< jT>T eT >eq >T e\dq
{ yT|TeTT b|+|#jTT>!
6. ejT xdeHjT XeTT X+ XjTy VAjTeH
je| eT|qeTb q ds+ # H XN_'
(TT><eTT : 7`68`8/2)

nse TT :` z n <es! deHjT ejTY R D + #T#Tq

& \ TqT s + # T >qT MT X # T , X + R
deTsT\>T#THsT, R eT]jTT, VAjTeH+ XjTyX+ R
|*q sTy =+& \Te yT\T#jTT =s, bsqqT
MT $|+q~, jT XN_' X R MTsT q <qeTT\# b+~q
X# deTs b+~q sDeTTq, ds + n| + R e+< jT>T#Tq
>e L&, n|'q R { deqeTT>, n|q++ R s<eTT>
>seTTqT |eV+|#jTT#Tq~.
uyse TT :` n esT\qT <e\T D + jTTq, &\Tq
X deTse +eTT> j sT#dj
T THsT. H= =+&\Te
211

yT\T #jTT L& < bsq q+^]+]. m\sL e\dq

X\qT, |PseTT> sTe] <e\ e\q _&\T e+<
>e L& > <&\qT *Zq >ee s<s\ q+~+#T#THsT.
n<e\T ne<jT>T >e |w #L], b jT+<T
\eTTqT +| qT > >e\ s X j T eTT\+< T s e TTqT
|P]+#T#THsT.
7. @wdsTss d s> T<q wk+ dTeTH
c+ es<< |j_jTjT+ b dd_' d<q'
(TT><eTT : 7`68`92)

nseTT :` d' @w' dTeTH sT' R eTeT>T eTqqX eT

jT+<T <sD#jTT =s, wk+ n> T<q' R w' \eTTq
+fqT eTT+<T> <Ts, d's R deTT\ bsq
sT|eqT. n| |j_'c + esY R > seTTq,
nqeTTq < | |eqT, jTjT+q' d< dd_' bR
e e D s eT>T k<q\# dTseTT> qT+#<e>.
uyseTT :` \eTT\qT jsT#jTT qT\+<s w' \eTTq
+fqT eTT+<T> <Ts, y] y] w<e\ bdq
#jT T<TsT. >e\T yTT<\>T |X e\T y s e TT bd \qT
bw+#eqT. nf <e>DeTT\ \T\ q+<] s+#eqT.
ne< eT>T >e q b\<s\ y n_e~ #+~+#eqT. n+<T
=s >e\jTT |w> s+|&eqT.
8. y#yT esTD yT~sjT ' d|HeT| _u]+
$<H |<d >TVq y#< jTT>jT $| |sjT H
(TT><eTT : 7`84`4)

nseTT :` yT~sjT yT esTD' y# R T~eT+T&>T esTDT&T

212

#|qT, n| ' d|HeT _u] R >eq eT&T >TDeTT\

@&+{ L& sTe~ { (21) HeTeTT\T \e. |~M, yD
yTT<q$ 21 sTe~ HeTeTT\T \e, $<H $|' R
CjT>T, T~eT+T&>T esTDT&T, |sjT jTT>jT H R
q <>Zs e#T#Tq q w\ H]+#eqqT s#, |<d
>TVq y#Y R j |<eTT\ jT+<* >&yTq sVdeTT\qT
#|#, y] |<XeTT #T#TH&T.
uyseTT :` |B, yD yTT<q sTe~ HeTeTT\T >eq
\e. C jT>T, T~eT+T&>T esTDT&T q u yeTT\+<*
|<eTT\ sVdeTT\qT y\&#dH&T. nV+kjTTeT>T >e
sTe~ HeTeTT\qT <]+ H[# >T]+|&T#Tq~.
9. q<+ e z<rH+ q<+ j jTTerHyT
|+ y n|H+ <qH$Tw<d
(TT><eTT : 8`69`2)

nseTT :` +<T&T, z<rH+ q<+ R csDeTT\qT

dw+#Ty&T. j jTTerH+ q<+ R q<T\ |sD #T
y&>T#TH&T. n|H+ |+ R nV+kjTTeT>T >eq
k$T>qTH&T. n{ +<T, e' R dV jTeTTq |*#T#TH&T,
<qH+ w<d R >e\ <T>s|eTT q+<* n>u>eTTqT
sT#TH&T.
uyseTT :` +<T&T q<T\ jT+<T |yVeTTqT *+#T
#TH&T. >e\ k$T>qTH&T. ne<eT>T >e\k$T
jT>T#, ]q s\T nqT>V+#T#TH&T.
10. eTH <yH+ $X' |kr]yk'
X+qVdT s|' s (1`11`3)
213

(TT.y. 8`75`8) (jTeTT : 2`6`12`2), yT ( 4`12`6)

nseTT :` V n>! <yH+ $X' R d\ <e\ |\T, |kr'

k' e q' e VdT' R s<eTT\>T, >e\y |\qT
e<*yjT eTT. $<e TT> n| ' X+q R >e\T eT s\Tsq
eT > <&\qT e<*yjTT <T.
uyseTT :` >e\T eT bd\ $<eTT> qT+& sD
#T#Tq~. T b\ <sqT ]|+| #jTT >e\T eT
u\>e\| (> <&\|) me |eTqT #|#Tq$. eT]jTT
m|&T L& + jTT+&<T. |seTT> n L& eT
bd\qT e<* yjTT<T. <Ts\yTq ne< > s|eTT
>e\qT e<\T <T. nq> seTTqT <V<sT&eTT
b+<T#THsT <!
11. qVyT nd| q d~sqq
n< <>s$T
(TT><eTT : 8`102`19)

nseTT :` V n>, yT n| qV nd R H e< seTT #T

>e q~, qd~' eqq R d$T<\ qT j sT#jT T s\qT
=T qT| k<qeTTq q~, n< @< us$T R
q|{ XueTT\T sT>T=s $<eTT> qT u]+#T#
bw+#T#THqT.
uyse TT :` H= sq bd &T y<q #+<T#TH&T. n& T
#|#TH&T. z! n^! H e< >e\T e. b\T, HsTT yTT<\>T
eT<eeTT\T |+#TqT <! s\qT d$T<\ T> #jT T qT|
k<qeTTq q~. q mT nsD #jT>\qT?
qVyTd n| R ne<jTTeT>T >e H e< q~.
214

12. n; 7|eT| lD <qe' XyT

keT $THjT by
(TT><eTT : 9`1`9)

eT+ X+ R | ds|eT>T keTT \d, n|' <qe'

R nV+kjTTeT>T >e, +<jT by keT' R +<T&T
>T>qT keTsdeTT, n_ lD R seTTqT b+<T
#TH&T. <qe' n|' R >e\T e~+#L&$. >e< m|&T
L& #jTL& seTT.
13. jT+ yq| nuqw7jV+
je s<d <TeH
(TT><eTT : 9`80`2/1)

V yH R nqjTTeT>T z ke! jT R @~ ~j
n|' R >e\T, nuqw R dT+| &T#Tq< n~jT e.
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215

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25. ud bD' dqT Vd+ es|T
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28. sbj|T qeT'
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36. njTd' dqT n|' (| 2`20`2)
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37. n|>y |Td es' (| 2`33`5)
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39. >y+ |+ n|T' (n.y.X. 9:4:17, | 16:25:7)
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40. n|T e syT (TT.y. 3:33:13, n.y. 14:2:16)
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238

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239

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e\qH XT HXqeTT nqT seTTqT Hsys>\T>T#THeTT.
kjTeTTL& # X |d]+|#jTT #H sT>T#Tq~.
{ X >d+<sqeTT e\q \_+#TjT >, >e\ y+
<qeTT L& \_+#T#Tq~.
>_' n$T+ sT<q' ` >e\T q |]dseTT qT+&T nqT
b| \_+q y+H T~ Vq nqT n\eTT q+, T~V qqT
bs<* yX\eTTqT *+#T#Tq~. nq> >e\ jT+<* >e
|<seTT\>T seTT, |sT>T, yq yTT<\>T y VseTT>
d$+#T# d<T ~ &jT T#TH&T. nCqeTT ]$T=&T#Tq~.
240

n+<T# |Ps eT+eTTq+<T $<e TT> #| &jT Tq~. sheTT

q+< * | \ >e\ d + K m e e q T. nq> |
>VeTTq+<TqT e\T+&eqT. | >VeTT q+<Tq qT\T
>seTTqT >eqT. n+<T# nq> >seTTqT bqeTT #dq#
nCqeTT q+ y]jT+<T dTT~ \T>T# deeTT q+<T
Xus |]DeTeTT\T \T>T#T+&TqT.

>seTT# s>ysD
jT<H n~' sX qu jT< jT sT~jT+
(TT: 1`66`2)

n~' ` ne<eT>T >e, q' R eTq =s, sT~jT+ `

Ww<|#seTT\T, jT<sY ` mT #jTTH nf , qu' `
sE MsT\ =s nf #jT T#T+&TqT. jT<jT ` nf |<T\T
ueTTqT b+<T<TsT. n< $<eTT> |X>y ` |X|<T\
>e\qT+& \_+#TqT.
>e nV +kj T T y T q + T e. ~ e~ + # T
nj>yTq~. n| nqT |<eTTq deqeT>T n~ nqT
|<e TT L& ne< H d+#T#Tq~. <`neK+&H nqT <Te
qT+& n~ XeTT jTT nseTT. ne< eT>T#Tq~. eT]jTT
$<eTT> XeTT n< uD nqT <Te qT+& \_+#T#Tq~.
n+<* nseTT Tq~ uT+#T j>eT>T |<seTT\T
# T # T ~. > s e TT Ww B j T eqd T \ L & u
|<se T>T#Tq~. n+<T# s e TTq+<Tq sTDeTT\T L&jT Tq$.
$<eTT> eTq MsT\ jT+<Tq |Xe\ jT+<Tq s>eTT\T
<seTT> ]$T=&#Tq$.
241

nrjeT <ds' dd_ ] e<eTsr'

ewX+ js| d uw+ keT eTsT' dV
V Ms eTsT ! MsT&e>T z yjTT <ee ! kd_' `
D|PseT>T, V ne<+ ` b|eTTqT e<*, nsr' <'
s' ` <w+q, nf +<\qT sd]+#T#, n jeT `
yTeTT |<> sqTq, ew ` eseTTq+<T &d, X+ j' |'
` X+jTT, b|eTTqT $d] yjTTjTT, sT eT]jTT, duw+
` ><T>s|eTTq+<T, nue+T ` zw<T\qT b+~, dVkeT `
n+{ \_+|Cd= ydeTT+&TeTT.
d uw + ` @ $<e TT> >s s |eTqT WwBj
T eTT yTeTT
b+~jTTHy, n{$ \_+#T > ! >e qT+& \_+q zw<T \T>
|j+#T#, >seTTqT >eqT. n|&T b\T
Ww<eTT> |#jTT#Tq$.

nsT+<r zw<T\# >e\qT+& n~ seTT

Xs jT#w~' dV<MssT+<r
s jTdq+ >weTjTe+ |PsTcH
nsT+<r zw~' <M' dV ` nsT+<r nqT |sT>\ n
~e Ww<eTT\#, Xs jT#T ` dTKeTTqT b+<TeTT > ! >w+
|jT dq+ ` >X\jT+<T n~ <T>e TT >e\T+&T#, s e TT
\ueT>T#, |sTcH ` jTTw+T&>TqT eT]jTT |sTw\T
s>sV T\>T<TsT. nsT+<r zw<T \qT, >e\T uT +#T# >s e TT
>e\+<T me> js>TqT. eT+eTT q+<T $<eTT>
#|&T#Tq~. eT]= s Ww<eTT\T d$+#T (qT) #
242

L& >e\+<T seTT n~eTT> js>TqT.

>w+ |jTdq+ sT ` >X\jT+<T b\ +&jTTq
>e\T q$. $X zw<T\qT >e\T U<|<s+> qT# n~
seTT >e\ <T>XjTeTT\T +&T#Tq$. >seTTqT
VseTT> eqe&T >T# s>T\>T#, s>e+T\>T<TsT.

>#seTT q+<T keTT&T eH&T

|e Vs V]sZDH eT<H
VHH >
(TT ` 9:65`25)

eT< <s, >Dq' Vs' V]' ` |dT||# eseTT

>\ keTT&T |X+d+| &T#TH&T. >' n~ ` >, ewu
#seTT\|, VHq' |e ` |]T&>T#, $X< eTT
q+<T#TH&T. n+<T# y| djT+<T X ds|
&>T#TH&T. >#seTT| LsT+& |dT| |# s+>T qTq
keTT L& }seTTq>T#TH&T.
>#s nqT nse TT je\T yKjT+<T Tq~.
<XVdq <Dq, X<D esqyT <XHe > #s' |<
#+~ XeTT q+<T L& $<eTT> #|jTTHsT. 300 I
10 >eTT\ u$T >#seTT nqT#THsT.
edw <qeTT q+<T :
<XVdq e+Xq <Xe+XH deTq'
|x #u~H <<Y @sZ #s## (edw)
{ $< qeTT q+< T > \ u $T b& e , y & \ T\
243

|eDeTT\ qT+&Tq *jTT#Tq~. n{ u$TjT+<T keT

sdeTT bs+ueT>T# +&jTT+&T, d\eTTq+<T keTsd
<s ]jTT#T+&TqT, LsT+&eqT. ~ |d~ >+q
$wjTeTT.
ds k<sDeTT> |\T >#seTT| Ls=+<Ts,
dqT\>T<Ts *jTT#Tq~. B |]X~+ *jTeqT.
nq&TV V #sD (X.d.)
nXdT+<TVH n<d >$ (TT 10`94`9)
@wky n~>y+ (TT 9`66`29)
y< eT+eTT\T >#seTTqT >] *jTCjTT#Tq$.
n+<T# > #seTTqT |j+#T k<q =s eT+ $wjTeTT
>#seTT| nH eT+~ eTqTw\T Ls=qsT. |q #|q
u$TjT+<T ] H=sT n&Ts $<eTT> nHeT+~
Ls=q>\sT. nT e\dqysT |]o*+|&T. eT]jTT B
>eT+|eTT.
e+< (100) >e\T, (1) ewueTT, y d+qeTT
+&T >qT m+ |<XeTT eH, d\eTTqT >#seTT
nqT#THsT.
B+fqT |~ s T |<~ > qTq u $T (|sXs d`12),
30 (eTT|~) n&T>T\ b&e, n&T>T nf @&T eTs\ y&\T
*q u$T (Vd) eTqTw d+eseT+jTT
<qeTT #TqT. nedse TT\ Hsy s T =qT k<q u $T> qTq~.
($w 5/181).
(X.u. 1/2/5/2) BjT+<Tq >#s eTT nq> u $T nqT
244

nse TT #T#Tq~. # >#s eTT nqT u $TjTT |wu >yT

jTTq~.

>e ` jTseTT
1. >yT (>#) ` >y ! ># >' ` #\qeTTqT @$
*jTTqy >eTqeTT jTT+&Tq~ nq> > o\> jTTq~jT
> nq&T#Tq~.
2. > (>v) >+#T jT+<T > >' ` @~ #*+#T#
k>T#Tq< n~ > n |\Te&T#Tq~. s+&T <Te\#,
j |<eTT\+<T nseTT d~+#T#Tq~.
nq> > Xe TT q+<T >, >eTeTT, >TDeTT n>T#Tq~.
@~ > jTTy n~jT >e. d\ >T, $XeTT q+<* |
nDTeq >eTq o\ *ZjTT+&T# d+|Ps ||+#eTT >e>
qTq~. nq> >e jTT $X s|eTT Xe TT q+~$T&jT Tq~.
qeT>T y|eTT n+jT |q #|q y< eT+eTT\
jT+<Tq, j deTT\ jT+<Tq |<]+|&T#Tq~.
$wjTyT jTseTTq+<Tq <e|s#T#Tq~.
>yT ` > G z R > (~ >jTTeTT> qTq~).
> ` > G z R > (~ >jTTeTT> qTq~).
$XeTT > jT>T#Tq~. ~ > (#\qeTT) L&jT Tq~.
d+|Ps $XeTTq+<T, { $XeT+jTT { edTe eT]jTT{
<T. >jTTeT>Tq~jTT <T. >eTjTeT>T d+|Ps $XeTT
q#, nse+eT>T HeTeTT n~ > n |\Te&TqT.
245

jTseTT q+<T d+|Ps $XeTT > jT>T#Tq~. n|&T

$XeTTq+<T n+sZeTT> qTq |<seTT\jTT > |<eTTH
|\#T, $wjTeTTq+<T = |eDeTT\qT >eT+TeTT.

>e R <eeTT, dsZeTT, ~T&T

y~ XeTT> qTq |T +Teq+<T (n 1/4) ds,Z <T,
~T\ (6) HeTeTT\T sTTe&qT. d', |', H', >',
$w|t, qu' ` nqT k<sD HeTeTT\T. sTeTTq+<T M
$wjTeTTq+<T sT HeTeTT\ ~eX, ~d# nqT \<T.
(sT 2`16). <TeTT eT]jTT dsy#eTT n>T#Tq~.
nq> >e jTT nse TT dsZ eTT, <eeTT, dsT&T
n>TqT. +<T qu' nqT |<eTT XeTTqT d+#T#Tq~.
n+<T >eq nse TT dsT&T> #| e\d jTTq~. dsZ eTT,
<TeTT HeTeTT >e n>T#Tq~. eTTq+<T +&TysT
m\s dsT&T>q, ds sDeTT\T yTT<q n |<seTT\T
> >qT jT>T#Tq$. <TeTT, n+<* |<seTT\T *d,
> nqT |<eTT *jT&T#Tq~. n+<T# sTsT\T T
#|#THsT. >' ~ ue (sTeTT 2/14) dsT&T
>eTqo\T&>T#T #\qeTT (>) *Z+#Ty&T L& n>T#TH&T.
ds sDeTT\T, nf, s n |XeTT\ sDeTT\T
L& > nqT |<eTT #H *jT&T#Tq~. yjT+<T >e',
k' nqT |<e TT\ >y# HeTeTT\T> qTq$. n{ $<qeTTH
> nqT XuseTT> sD y#eTT y&&T#Tq~. |XeTT
*Zq sDeTT\T $XeT+jT y|+jTTq$. n+<T# d+|Ps
246

||+#eTTq+<T > y|eTT *jTTq~. T #|jT

uyeTT> qTq~. sDeTT #H qeTT\ L& >
|<eTT y&T qTq~. m+<Te\qqq>, yjT+<T >o\
*jTTq sD |ueeTT H\TZ ~ |d]+#T#Tq~.
<$<eTT> | ~eeTT, nf <+sZ |<s y#eTT
> jT>T#Tq~.

n+] yd ` > (>e)

n+] eTTq L& > (>e) nqT HeT<jTeTT
\<T. TT><eTT q+<* 1`89`10 beDe TT qqTd]+ n+]
eTT (}seTT) q+<T >\ |<seTT\T njTT >e>
*jT&T#Tq$.

k- (#qe ) | >sT# dTweT' dssXqe

>qs'. (y.jT.18/40) 2/5/6, 4/4/24) { #+<+jTTq
>ejT jT>TqT.

ds| sXj >e #H (. 2`1`7) n $<eTT\>T

sD
eTT\T > Xe TT #H u~e T>T#Tq$. #+<s D
eTT\T L&
> XeTT #H *jT&T#Tq~. $<TT, y\T>T L& >
XuseTT\T> qTq$.

njT+dv jTq >7;e $Te ejTT+ <dHe~

k _]V #s eTs+ $<T< ue | e$eTV
(TT. 1`164`29).
jTq >' n;e : @ yT|TeTT q+<* yTsT| sDeTT\#
H\TZy| |XeTT \T>T#Tq<, njT+ d' v : yT|TyT
247

XeTT #jTT#Tq~. <dH n~ : yT|TeTT q+<T |yT

jTTq $<TT, ejTT+ $Te : >]+#T#Tq~, k_' eTs+
#s : nT eT s\ |*eTT> eTqTw\T <$+#T#THsT.
nT |eT, $<TY ue | eM+ WV : eT jT+<* |XeTTqT
yTsT| s|eTTq |<] +, eT dT+<s s|eTTqT e ] +#T#Tq~.
uyseTT : yT|T eTT Xe TT #jT T# |{ eT>T#Tq~.
ds sDeTT\qT qjT+<T <jTT+#T=qT#Tq~. n|&T
yT|TeTT\ jT+<Tq |XeTT >]+#T#Tq~. |ueeTT#
{ e]+|#jTT#Tq~. n+<T# eqe\T +#T#THsT. nq>
\eTT# nqeTT, nqeTT qT+& MseTT, MseTT qT+& |sTw&T
qeT>TqT. m|&T \eTT ess|eTTqT b+<T#Tq<, n|&T
s|eTT |XeqeTT> n>T#Tq~.
n|&T >e X;]+#T#Tq~. yT|TeTT q+<T+& |< |<
XeTT\qT *jTTq~. X re >sq nq&T#Tq~. $<TY
s|eTTq y\T>T |<]eT>T#Tq~. (|T+Te 4`1`54) +<*
|<HeTeTT\+<T > |<eTTq bseTT \<T. n+] (}s)
eTTq+<T +<T&T, sT<T&T nqT <e\T \sT. +<T =s
ewu nqT |<eTT y<eT+eTT \+<T |j+|&q~. sT<T
yVqeTT ewueTT. yT|T HeTeTT L& y<eT+eTT\+<T ewu
XeTT> qTq~. $ njTT n+] kqeTTq+<T \e. >q
nse TT ewue TT >e nqT s +&+{ d]+#T sT>T#Tq~.
$<TY nq> eeTT, yT|T eTT. s +&Tq > |<e TTq nse TT>
\e. ewu s nqT > |<eTTqT d+#T#Tq~. s
248

q (deTVeTT) |+eTT jTT HeTyT. $ XeTTq+<T

|+#T#Tq$.

uyd ` >e
|T +Te 1`1 bs+ue TT qT+& |B y#e TT\T> sTe~
(21) HeTeTT\T \e. yjT+<T >', eTV, n~ nqT |<e TT\T
>y#eTT\T> qTq$. > |<eTTq u$T nqT dT|d< nseTT
\<T. n uw\ jT+<Tq eTV, > |<eTT\T \e ({H)
BOS, (bNq sH) Cho, (qMq s) Kuh kooh, (English) Cow,
(yX) Gohw, (>~) Gavi, (<T s) Gau. $<eTT>
>|<eTT H&T L& nH uw\+<T qT#Tq~. $wjTeTT
q+<T $Xw s|eTT\qT >eT+#>\sT.

>] |~y HeT<jT+, jTY nk+ ># (sT. 2/1/1)

> |<eTT |B y#eTT> qTq~. m+<Te\qq> |~
djTeTT> >jTTy T jTTq~. n+> u $T|q Tq bDT\jTT
#\qeTTqT *jTTq$. sDeTT #H u$T > (>e)
n |\T#T#THsT. >VeTT (yd kqeTT) \eTT, (\ |yVeTT)
>e, ewueTT yTT |Xe\T > XeTT# qeT>T#Tq$.
>eqT+& qeT>T n |<seTT\T nq> b\T, |sT>T, yq,
HsTT, #seTT, e+deTT, meTT\T, =e, eTeTT, >eTjTeTT
(|&) yTT<\>T >eeTT\T > |<eTT qT+&jT d+<sqTkseTT>
*jTCjT&T#Tq$. +~jTeTT\T L& > HeTeTT
d+#&T#Tq$. XseTT q+<* , XeTT\T, Xuse TT\T>
qTq$. yD, X yeTT, e eTT >|<e TT# u~+|&T#Tq$.
249

(|T+Te 1/11) u$T >qT\ jT+<T \_+#T eTTeTT\T,

s eTT\T, +>s e TT y T T< \ > T q$ > X d + e TT
y&&T#Tq$. +<T\ |<q sDeTT > XeTT |B y#
eT>Tf# |~jT+<T \_+#T d\ eTT\ e jT>TqT.
<qeTT\T, ee TT\T, eqdT\T L& >Xuse TT. ~X<s eTT
\>T ~LjT+eTT\T L& |<eTTH |\Te&T#Tq$.
>eqT+& \_+#T U<|<se TT\ d ~jT. u $T s|eTTq
qTq >e jT |<seTT\T , qL eT\sDeTT>
qTq~. K |<seTT\T njTT >X |jTTeTT. |T+Te
6/16 q+<T $, k, >jT&T yTT<q$ L& >XuseTT\T>
<M]+|&q$. $ |<eT&T (13) HeTeTT\T> qTq$.
MjT+<T >', q<', sT<' nqT |<eTT\T L& \e. sT<T&T
nq> |X | n |d< nse TTq \<T. q<eTT nq> qB\eTT
>d++<eT>T |> *jTT#Tq~. k d++~+q
yjT+<T $jTT, esj
T T >d++~e TT\T. $wjT eTT\qT
TT><eTT q+<* 1`89`10 eT+eTT beDeTT> TTEe
#jTT#Tq~. +<* nseTT $Xs| jT>T >e d+>
$kseTT> #]+#T ]q~.
u$TqT+& qeT>T sDeTTq keT, TTwu, zw~,
sVD, eqd, #D |sT >\ | yTT<\>T eqdT\Tq,
> HeTeTT |d<eTT >+jTTq$. >|jTeTT nqT nseTT
keT sdbqyT jT>TqT. (#&T&T TT. 1`19`1).
|+ #sTeT<s+ >|<jT |VAjTd eTsT~s> >~

V n> ! R z n s|e!, + #sT n<s+ | R

250

dT+<s V+ksV jTeTTq, >|<jT |VAjTd R qT

keTsd bqeTT #jTT>qT |\T#T#THsT, eTsT~' >V R
n+<T# e eTsTT\ yqTy+ seTT.
uyseTT : n y+ eTsTY q~. yjTTe $T*
keTsX*> qTq$. eTsTY keTseTT #, @ <eyTqq @
seTTq s]+#<T. nf yjTTe jTT d+<q\T j
b<eTT\+<T |+q# @ eqe&Tq so\T&T C\&T.
{ j kqeTT \+<* _+<Te\ y+ q+{jTT+&T eTsTT\T
n <e *d nV+k jTeTTq+<T keT sdbqeTT #jTT
>qT |\#T#THsT.
y<XeTT q+<T (s.e`5) q+<T, nw esZ eqdT\
TTwu zw~, >|< y#yT jTTq~. n+<T T +|&
jTTq~. s..e`8e u>eTTq+<T #D DeTT nqT nseTT
jT& jTTq~.
yT~ XeTT q+<T sVD eqd> |s=q&q~.
=$T<e (9) d+K> > XeTT nseTT #T#Tq~. n+>
eTV |< d+KjT>T 100,000,00,00,000 qT L& > d+K
*jTCjT&T#Tq~.
(m|&T nVeTT *+#T#Tq<, n|&T |~ >VeTT\T
|$eT>T#Tq$. s jT+<)
1. jT< nV+ EV, n< <X`>V yT~q b @j
s
2. jT< <X d+esH nV+ EV, n< <s|Ps
251

edjq+ b
3. jT< <X d+esH <s|Ps eku+ jT, n<
nceTjTq+ b
4. jT< <X_' ncyTs, n< dVd jq+ b
5. jT< <X_' dVd' jT, n<njTT jq+ b
6. jT< <X_' njTT' jT, n< |jTT jq+ b
7. jT< <X_' |jTT' jT, n< jTT jq+ b
8. jT< <X_' jTT' jT, n< nsT< jTH b
9. jT< <X_' nsT<' jT, n< qsT< jTq+ b
10. jT< <X_' qsT<' jT, n< Ks jq+ b
11. jT< <X_' Ks' jT, n< < jq+ b
12. jT< <X_' <' jT, n< n jq+ b
13. jT< <X_' n' jT, n< >' ue
14. jT< >' ue, n< nse
15. n' ue d+esd >V|+ b
16. jT< d+esd >V|se n< yX <ed e+ b
1. @ nVA : 1 >VyTB `1
2. <X d+es nVA : 1 <X |PsjJ
10
3. <X d+es <s|Ps : 1 nceT jJ
100
4. <X nceT : 1 dVd jJ
1000
5. <X dVd jq : 1 njTT jJ
10000
6. <X njTT jq : 1 |jTT jJ
100000
7. <X |jTT jq : 1 jTT jJ
1000000
252

8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

<X jTT jq : 1 nsT< jJ

10000000
<X nsT< jJ : 1 qsT< jJ
100000000
<X qsT< jJ : 1 Ks jJ
1000000000
<X Ks jJ : 1 < jJ
10000000000
<X < jJ : 1 n jJ
100000000000
<X n jJ : 1 >
1000000000000
@ > : 1 n
@ n : 1 d+es >V|
@ d+es >V| : yX<e e
$<eTT> > |<eTTq nseTT. @ eTV|< d+K,
jT d+K> *jTT#Tq~. nq> jTeTT\T sV+q
eTqTw, j > jTT n~seTT b|+#T#Tq~.
n&T > ds|&>TqT. $eseTT# > |<eTTq <seTT>
> o\> dweT>T#Tq~. ||+#eT+jTTq > o\
*ZjTTq~. n+<T# $XyT >y#eTT d+|&T#Tq~.
|T+Te, sTeTT\+<T > |< nseTT +eTT
ueTT> qTq~. nq> M eT<> n+] eTT \<T.
eT&T eTT\+<Tq >\ |<seTT\T, j eTT\ \d
eT&T eTT\T > |<eTT# u~+|&T#Tq$. n~jT d+|Ps
$XeT>T#Tq~. +<* ueyT n~ <' (TT><eTT 1`89`10).
eT+eTT q+<Tq, eT]jTT n<s y< 9`7 deTT\+<Tq
$wjT eTT #| &q$. $<e TT> >s|eTT $Xs| eT>T#Tq~.
~ eT&T |eDeTT\# d~+|&T#Tq~. y~ yvjTeTT
253

q+<T d+|Ps $XeTT u~ eT>T#Tq~ < !

>eq+< T $X eT+ j T * j T T+& T # , j
<e\+<s >e jTT n+XeTT \>T#THsT. $XeTTq+<T j
|<seTT\T #, >eq+<T j n+X s|eTT\T +&TqT.
>eq+<T n+Xs|eTT\T +&q#, n{ s|yT >> qT+&TqT.
|sDeTT\+<T, >e jTT n+XeTT\T, j <e\T $kseTT>
*jTCjT&jTTq~. ~ |sD |sDeTTq+<T *jT>\<T.
$es D eTT q+< T $w j T eTTqT > ] * j T
#jT&T#Tq~. d+| X >+<eTT\+<T $<eTT> jT&q~.
yTT<> ` neTs XeTT, $X XeTT, yT~ XeTT \+<* > qT
*jT>\eTT.
1. >|, >b\, > d+K, ><T, ;s e\y'
>| : >eqT s+|eTT (b sD <T')
>b, >b\, >c<, |B|e|
>eT|~ |+d k]yUw< djyT (yT~XeTT)
>b\ : >+ b\jT, >e\qT s+#T#TH&T. (b+ ` sD)
>b, q| ` >| ` X (yT~XeTT)
> d+K : >e\qT +#T. >+ d+#w ` #v ` ej+
` y
><T : >e b\=s |T (>| ` ><TVt ` e\u' `
(+& Xw')
;s' : ` ; ` s' ndeTH<jT+ @ ` n_ ` s',
` n_ ` sjTy
254

e\e' : e\e' : e\q+ e\ d+esD e\+ y yjTjT y

esT ssTT+#T).

2. > eTVc~+ b<+<q+ < >MXs

>eH ` >MT >\+ T ><q+ kY >y+ eC
> eTVc~+ ` b<+<q+ : >eq, eTVweTTq,
b<eTT\qT { { +~+#T, >eTVc~+ j<e+ <q+ :
>=\y] (jT<Te+XeTT y]) >e\T, eTVweTT\T <q eTT> qTq$.
>e j<e\ $yTq~. >b\ >e\ XsT\T, >eH,
>MT: >e\qT XseTT s+#T#THsT. Vy >y jTd d
>eH
>MT : >e\ jTe.
>\+ : >e\ jTT \eTT (>e\ deTVeTT), > dv' ,
><q+ : >e deTVeTT> qT+&T#, >deT~jT <qyT
jTT+&T.
>, ><H y|' >dv'.

3. c + >Mq+ < >y jT' |s

u< es TTwu ewu ew'
nX+, >Mq+ : |PseTT >e\T m# uT+#H n#, >y+
#sD kq+ : >e\T sT>&q |<X e TT, : n_w+|&q~,
{ &T|&T# |$yTq~, u<' : eTeTT> qTq~.
u<' y K nf ewuT <eT
]C $XwH + eT+>eTdTj'
xH#dj+ sk wyeT+ qBw#
~u< |k]D+ qqjs|
255

w Xw# k<# q |+d sDqs (yT~XeTT)

es' : esD+. esY bj+ +X es+ + es
<<r es' nXjTeTT> \eTT e<qT+&T# y&T
nq&T#TH&T. n{ \e+T sT=qT (mqT=qT)
eseTT.
TTwu' R #\qeTT * jTTq~. >eTqeTT \~.
ewu' R XweT>T ew &djTTq~.
ewu' Xw esj' $XX'
ew' R ec <yT \es XvZj+ |+s u<j'
Xw k<T sdX ec eTw |<+# (yT~ XeTT)

4. nqvyH ksuj >' D+ d+V' WyT

>y > >y+ e<H' y <qT
nqvyH R (nqsT ` eV) nqvyH R nejTeeTT\T
+& *jTT+&T, ksuj
T ' R dTsd+ jT>T, >' R be#Tq~.
>' R dsZeTTq+<T *weT>T, ewd+|TeTT, >y' > : >eq+<T
$T&jTT+&T y' <qT' R u\ <qTe\T, <qT deTVeTT\T.

5. eTVH eTVA', k< e<dT s<e'

q C ' d< CdT s'
W+ : >deTVeTT\T, D+ d+|TeTT, ew d+|TeTT,
eTV' R &T qyTq ewueTT, e<', s<e' R $T*
e~ #+~q (q+|, \eTT ) (ejTdT , e<eTT qs)
>e e< ewueTT, C' R +q~. e< ewueTT qT+&,
s' R nH dT\T < >*q, d<C' R qq eeTT (X
<qTe).
256

6. X]dT e' k<

su' wD j>' wD >| ]V#s'
X ` XY sr e< e' ed' |~e
$X, yT~ XeTT\T. <u' R es' R <eTH(<+&+#T)sT&T.
<yT`XeTH ysD $Xw' es' R XseTTqT (n+sZ)
eeTT ( |]o\q) *qZ y&T. y\ ueeTTq~>$ T+ <V r,
~rjTeTTqT dweTT> *dqy&T.
su', wD j>', TTwueTT> qTq |jT sueTT
nq& T # T q~. w D j > ' R d w e TT> ns T DX
b+<>*qysT, wD' R dH, dq #T#Tqy&T. wDT`<H
<T' wD |<~ d+| ed k <Z| |eH >|T\>T
TTwueTT\ >eqT <qeTT> q]+#T.
cD eses rjT |e| (yT~ XeTT)
>| R >y+ |' (>e\ us)
{ es' R @wD+ { w+ j+ #s <s
Y @ N\' wD' >eT' { es' <s' ykD
Ud
]\jT+<T eTqdTqT+#T#, ]\ nqTue eTT o\eTT>
sT>&Ty&T.

7. dq |<XdT eV' kkT >\ eT\'

kqd dT qk' |wy& jTT>bs>'
eV' R jTT>\eTT\T # eV+# (<]+#) &T#Tq$.
eV' k< ewu' dH, yV, >+<eV7|# ($X, yT~
XeTT\T)
257

kk R >+>&\T Xsu>eTT wdt d|

eT H>sC kY kk bysj' eT
eT\X sd+> eT\+ d*eTyT ( $X').
qd' R qdq+ (Hd u>eTT) Dd' { eTd+ +
nd deTs seTTqT HsysT. seTT >Xs u>eTT
n>T Hd jT+<T <$+#T#Tq~. qk' R HdjT }s
|jDeTTq dV]+#T# Jy<sD &T eV+#T#Tq~.
HksEj
T dd R ~ sEe e (&T) #T&jT T+&T.
|wy { R <sD $<qeTTq+<T n>>$T> *jTT#Tq~.
jTT>bs>' R jTT>eTTq yT& jT+<* eT| u>eTTq
sTy| *jTTq~. * >eTqo*> |>jTT#Tq~. <eTq
\eTT nq> <+&+#T deTjTeTT q+<T # | &q <T&T sqT
*jTTqy y, jTT>' R $wjT eTTqT *dq, X' R s< <T\
jT+<T >eTeTT #sT &q ewueTT\#

8. <sV+ <Ts, <sjT <TD' d<Ts+<s'

uy <TD <Tsy <TseV
9. dTds+ <TD j uyY ds<TseV'
eVsT ksusT >' k e # XvZD
<Ts', <sjT', <TD' R $<eTT> qTq, <' R
|+#>eeTT\ qTq ewueTTq, @ <TD', @ <Ts', @
<TseV' R eT&+{ <]+jTTq ds <TD', ds <TsyV' R
s+&+{ <]+#T Xw&>T y, eTV >sk+ |j
eTV sTeTT eTV eTV eVsT, eTV n|+ d
258

eTVj n|+ kMT : eTVjTT useTTqT nq> eTV

(u$T) u]+#T usseTTqT HsysTy&T.
ksusT : dTu n|yT dTs_ >e qT+& +q,
k R ed s+ nk+ : seTTqT qjT+<T *jTTq k,
ew# sD7d sTqT|sTTj'
ddT ewu b' sD# < |eH ( yT~XeTT).
e : eTq (>s$+# |P+# q~), eH |PCj+,
es >H< sT<'. ><$ e *> qTq~jT >e,
u$TjT+<* uVDT y >e nqT.
e >s~ q, >uVD~ u $Tw ( $X, yT~
XeTT\jT+<T) XvZD : X+>eTT\T (=eTT\T) \~.

(9) nsTq| sVD kY e >w H

es~u<Y d' dT' X <e<jT'
nsT R nsTq eseTT (\T|) $T[yTq~.
nsTq', u, bs, sMs eTjTsj'
eTs dT7| kY <e |qdeY
q |+d TD Hs> k<sTH >$
cj+ uVA<q<+ {HeT|# Y ($X, yT~
XeTT\T)
n| R e~+#s~, e~+#~ (q V <s+ y)
sVD (d+) j>eTT q+<T sVD (msT|) \~.
sVD keT eu Ds> ujTsZ$ (VeT#+<)
H (#X s) +~ u>eTT\+<T #*+#T#Tq~. (~ sud ' )
259

|dd+ + nk' (Xc jT' >').

H >sTeT k |] (HeTe)
X, <e , <e R <e ese TT *djT Tq~, nH ese TT\T
$eTT\T> *djTTq~. (X ` eT<qTe), eTT' R
\~. w R \eTT, |\ eseTT, b\eTT ~ eseTT\T
*djTTq~.
|eDeTT (mT, b&e\T) Bs, Vk, Ks, y$T
<T\ b&e, b{, sT#, n&eTT yTT<q$.
n+> u<eTT\T : |vZ, \+, e XvZ R y&\T qT\T,
b&e #e\T, e+s =eTT\T <T\T.

(10) ~VjT, ~ es >', @u VjT

#Tsu #T VsTTDe+ u VjTD
~VjT : s+&T d+eseTT\ ejTdT *jTTq~.
<esejT' : s+&T d+eseTT\ ejTdT *jTTq~.
@u : d+eseTT *q~, @ VjT :
d+eseTT ejTdT *jTTq~.
(11) eX e<7eT de< >s7jT kq

H ewuD< jTV<Zs| |

<X, e<, eH : ew, eX, H

eXq dVjT cjT|T |uTj'
eXHs+ eq >y+ VdH+ <TVs' (VeT)
< H ` q ` qH
ne, de<Zs ` ne>[+ eT|+ jTk'
de<Zs|k' y| >sj'
260

q dV#sT s$T+, n|eTTqT (*eTTqT >seTT

q+<T <]+#T#), ys >seTTqT+& VsZ eT>T#THsT.
d, ewuD H d+<q+ d+<d k'
nsX+ d+<y yT<THj' d+~ ewuH
+<T> d<' djyT
(yT~ XeTT)
yVY >s|| : $V >syT >s |V
>, ewue TT\ yT< T q seTT# >eq+<T >s < sD sT>T,
*eTT> ewu sDeTT >>seTTqT+& |eT>T.

(12) | ds |H |cV u\>]D

k<#D T dTs VQd' |sw
|ds |H : |H >s >VD b| |djT
ewuD |ds, , |H >s>VD j>j'
ewueTT q+<T dw =s, \edq eT>T#T+&>,
qjT+<T d$+#T#Tq Je sdeTT, @ >eq+<T >VD X >\<,
> >seTTq #sT#Tq~.
|cV, u\>]D |w+ eV u#k >]D # <
|<eT+ >s <e'
ewu JesdeTTqT q >seTT q+<T yTT<> <]+,
u]+#T#Tq >e, u nq&T#, ewu d+j>eTT# >]D
jT>T#Tq~.
n#D, dTs R q #D dT dTK+ s dTjT y <
dToj'
qjT+<T @ <eTTq, >eTTq +&TqT.
261

k<T eTT L&q dTKeTT *jTT+&TqT. { d dseTT\T

q# y\Te&T#Tq$. s+&T >TDeTT\# n{ >]D >e dTo
jTq&T#Tq~.
VQd', |s w : VQ d+qeTT *q >e |se TTqT
sT#Tq~. sT\ |jTeTTqT *Z+#T#Tq~. nq> {
+f me >seTT\+<T d+qeTTqT (>eeTT\qT) eTTq
VA]+q >e> >s$+#&TqT.
nq> n{ >e# |\TesT >seTT, n+<T+& jT>T
>e |<seTT\# nH $<eTT\T> VQ|jqeTT\T n+~+#
&T#Tq$.

(13) sd wsTTD <qT' kqed

dTe dTKd+<V by|T |esd
sd, VsTTD :s+d ! w ew>
wjTdsTD e' k-dk'
jT< ewjTd VjTH e X{jTq'
# seTT +&T# wjTD n>T#Tq~.
#\\eTTq |d b+<T#Tq >e> qTq~. qT
sT D eeTT q ejTdT, <sT& eTT *jTTqqT, me \eTT
>&#T# <qT' qed' BjT qe+ d+ |dy nk' <
qq |dj'
<qTsZe <|j+ VeT #qXeTT.
=$T~ |de eTT\T *q >e, s +&T eeTT\T *q#
<qTe nq&T#Tq~.
262

dTe, dTK d+<V : Xuq + e+ nk' dTUq d+<TV

< dTojT' s+&T eeTT\ <T>eTT q+~+#T#Tq >e
dTo jTq&T#, dTe jT>T#, n{ >eqT d$+#TjT
dTeeTT> #]+|&T#Tq~. n{ >eqT *jTT+&T#
dTKeTTqT <>eTT> nqTu$+#>\T>T#THsT.
|H|T, |sd : |q+ <k' |se' dHk' d\dH'
dqeTT\ qT+&jT >seTTqT >T M\T> <&eT>T dqeTT\T
*Zq >e HeTeTT\ |\Te&T#Tq~.

(14) <Ds <D<T< <qTc < d

de+d MTH kjTe |es+ |djT
<D s, <D <T> R <D |]$Tr+ s+ nk'
<D+ < <<D |]$T <T> <' <qTc R +<
d >', de+ dMTH R deTj+ deTj+ $CjT |es+
|d$ >'
| d+eseTT |deeTTqT b+<T#Tq >e de+
dMTH+<e TT qT+& <D |]$T (<=|\T) s e TT q+~+#T#Tq
>e\T <Ds, <D <T>> *jT&T#Tq$.

(15) }<dT e|q+ deT e \

(neTsXeTT ` 26).

}<T', |q+ R eV bjTd < sjTd

e', \' R X > DyT X7y
>e+ w, >y+ ds+, >$& >eTjT $Tdj+
s<eTT\ dqeTT\T s+&T jTyTq$. s+&+{jT+<T s
keeTT n+~+#&T#Tq~. yT& u>eTT d]> q~. eT&T
263

dqeTT\+<T seTT q+~#Tq~. >e |<seTT\T \~.

T Xw+ c7d <T>+ s+ |jT' deTyT

|jTd e <<~ <|+ <~ <HsyT

<e+ V$' d]se+ qy<yT
T VjT+>Mq+ jT< V> <V<e+ |TyT
<DV+ \XjTeT]weT| >sd'
sVQ<q~q+ b<eTseTs\yT
eTD+ <~ue+ eTdT |jc7_qe+ |jT'
(neTsXeTT 22)

`+0+`
>e+ : >y+ ds >sdd >eq d++~+q n
|<seTT\T
>e+ q|+d+ Cj+ y><y-|< djyT
>deTV *vZ+T ><T>< # >V (yT~
XeTT)
>${, >eTjT+ ` >{ >' |w+ <>eTjTd
>eTjTeTT R |& w' R s `$| Xw >eTjTd <T>+,
s+, |jT' R <TVd jTD+ jT+ sjT |jT <T>+
s+, |P]+#, s+, bjT+ <T>j'
|jT' s+# s+# (VeT#+< XeTT)
|jTd+ R eTT, <<<T\T, <eeTT s|eTT\T,
esT\T, +, yq, |T, <<<T\T.
<|+ R |THseT>T |sT>T
w nHq R <| nHq, M# |H=+<T#THsT.
264

<|+, <, bjT+ ds<qq'

<|+ << |Tq+ < HeTe ` |TqeTT nq>
]qeTT ~. |TqeTT +f ysq~. ~\ <<' R yD<b ds
<TsZ'
|eeqyT |T+, +, V$', d] R ~jT.
<+ HeTB|w (VeT#+< XeTT)
+ R nHq, V$dT> |j+#Tq~. |TeTT
nq> R ~ e#T#, qeTT (|T) ~> |T eTT keTeTT>
|]esq #+~ jT s q sVeTT *+#T#Tq~.
UUU
eT<T|seTT >T]+ nH $<eTT\T> #|#THsT.
eT<T |s eTTqT y~ $<T \+<T #]+#T#THsT. BjT+<T e+deTT
eXyT jTTq~. TT><eTT, jTEs<eTT, keTy<eTT \+<T
eT<T|s XeTT q~. uVDT\TqT, |wT\TqT
XeTTqT *jTT+&<T. e\eTT n<sy< d+V jT+<T
k] X |j>eTT ]jTTq~. eT+eTT Tq~ :`
jT< jTX' keT|< eT<T|s jT< jTX'
(n<sy<eTT 10`3`21)
keTbqeTT# @$<e TT> jTXdT #L sT#Tq<, @ $<e TT>
eT<T|seTTq+<T \< n{~jT H b|+#T>! H\T>T
y<eTT\+<* d+VeTT\ jT+<T eT<T|s $wjTeTT f yjT&
jTTq~. +<T# eT<T |s $wjT eTT q+<T y~ m>T #Tq~?
@$T> +#T#THsT? nT +#T eseZ TT @$TjTTq <T .
~ d yT. eT<T |s eTT q+<T e+deTT nedse TT. $<e TT>
+#T eT+d~ @$TjTT q~. uVDeTT, |wY
265

>+<eTT\T njTT eT<T|seTTqT >T]+ me> ydjTT+&<T.

n+<T# y< eT<T|seTT q+<T e+deTT nedseTT nqTq~
nd+ueeTT. y< eT<T |s XeTT e+deTT jTT eX
\<T nqT $wjTeTTqT y<|eDeTT\+<T T d~+|#jTT,
<e|s#T sT>T#Tq~.
m# L& y<e TT\+<T eT<T |s Xe TT q~. nT
eT<T|jT XeTT \<T. ~ L& eT<T|seTTq deHsyTq
ueyT d~+#T#Tq~. ~ $<eTT> eT<TseTT nq> rjT
bjTeTT> +~ |s=q&q eT+eT+< *jT>\<T.

ec+d ~y ewu' |~y ec dqH+ ewu'd<HyT

ew qTswu |bjT k< sk eT<T|j esjT
(TT><eTT 6`44`21)

~e' ecnd' R <eeTTq+<T e \e+T&e>T MsT&e.

|~y' ewu' R u$T \e+T& <seT>T#TH&T.
d+<H+ ec R q<T\qT |s|+#Ty&T
dH+ ewu' R keseTT\ (>eTqeTT #
\&jTT+&T) \e+T& #jTT#TH&T.
z! ewue! eT s&T +<&>T#TH&T.
esjT+<w R =s { XwyTq MsT&T.
k<T' sd' eT<T|jT' q' R eT<TsyTq, |XdyTq, rjT
sdeTT js>T#Tq~.
uyseTT ` qT&T <eeTT q+<T deTsT&>T MsT&>T#TH&T.
n& u$T <seTT. q<T\qT |s|+#Ty&T. keseTT\qT
#jTTy&T. n{ w MsT =s bqeTT #jTT>qT
rjT sdeTT js>T#Tq~.
eT+eTT jTT e] b<eTT k<skeT<T|jT'
266

nqT XeTT\T \e. M nseTT rjT sdeTT eT<T|jTeTT

>T>qT n>T#Tq~. d+ |jTeTT (jsT #dq~)
jTeTTq+<T V$dT\# @s&T keTsdyT jTTq~.
$wjT eTTqT d+#T +<T Xe TT eT+eTT q+< \<T. +<*
ec, ewu' Xy#eTT\T >| d+#T#Tq$.
$weTTqT >eT+q# =+<sT #|qT> eT<T|jTeTT
q+<T ewu e+deTT jTT \q> qTq~. eT+eTT
<+ nqTq~ <eqT |X+ d+#TjT jT>TqT eT]jTT Xuse TT
z +< <e! e |~$, <eeTT, q<T\T, keseTT\T, +>eT
|<seTT\T, yTT<\>Ty \eTT#Ty&$. n+<T# eT<TbqeTT
#jTT deTjTeTT dqyTq~. +>uw sTe jT+<T $T.
>|H Thou art the bull of earth, the bull of heaven XeTT\T
yjT&q$. nfqq +<* seTT ` ewueTT q~.
X # T q~ nqT u eeTTqT < e| s # T # T q~.
+>uwjT+<* XeTT\ eT< >\ ueeTTqT *jTTys\ eTq+
#|e\dq nedseTT @$T \<T? nq> ys >V+#>\sT.
mesq q eTqTw\T eT+eTT q+<T ec eT]jTT eT<T |jTeTT
nqT s +&T Xe TT\T ejTT+&T# eT<T |jTeTT q+<T ewue TT
jTT e+deTT> #| eXeT u$+#T#THsT.
nqT qeT<q $wjTeTT q~. $wjTeTT eT+eTT
q+<T +&T#, eT+eTT jTT |d< ueeTT nqT su>eTTq
eTTdT>T sqT |s ysT nseTT#T $<e+T\ seTT
<T. +<* $eseTT Tq~. y<eTT\+<T, e\eTT n<sy<eTT
q+<T eyT k] |j +|&jT Tq~. eT<T |s eTTq+<T
e+deTT jTT nedsyT$TjT <T. eT<T|jTeTT q+<T L&
e+deTT jTT eX |+#T <T . eT<T |jTeTq> keTe*
267

qT+& (| r>) qT+& jsT &T eT<Ts <e|<seTT eyT.

BjT+<T >e jTT , ewueTT jTT , @ s |Xe\
jTT e+deTTqT $TeTT #jTT neXeTT <T.
jTeTT\+<T keTsdeTT |{ esL ` jsT#jT&T#H
jTTq~ , n+<T e+deTT , e+d d++~eT>T seTT
m|&Tq, @ \eTTq+<Tq +#&<T. eT<T|jTeTT
q+<T e+deTT \T|e\dq nedse TTq q~. nfq q eTqeTT
DeTT +q# <TsH ` wt ` HjYT e\eTT <TsTqT\T
eT d+weTT =s eT<T|seTT q+<T e+deTTqT+#T
d+useTT> \+ m{ |T\qT m<Ts=qT#THs bs\T
+~ $wjTeTT\qqTd]+ *jT>\sT.

n~ dseTT q+<T eT<T|seTT

>+<eTT\+<T eT<T|seTTqT >T]+ sT#T> <T `
deeTT q+<T sT>T s|eTT\qT >T]+ +|&T#Tq~.
n~ dseTT\qT #jTTjT+<T $wjTeTT\T |k$+#&T
#Tq$. >VeTTq+<* <q+~q U< |<seTT\+<T @<
eT<T|seTT +#&T#Tq~. sT\ #TjTT, eTT
uT+#TjTT sT>TTq~. , {~ e+d |<seTT> n~jT
eT<T|jTeTT> >T]+#T @ >+<eTTq+<Tq qsq~, nT
\+#TjT > \eTTq+<Tq @ TTwjT qq, eTV]jT qq,
|+&T\T>, $<~\T>, s>VeTTq |y+q#,
<seTTq+< y] dseTT\T #d, <eTT, dqeTT q+<T
LsT+& #d, |P+, >se dseTT\ eT< eT<T|seTT>
>eqT y+, eT<T|jTeTT> >seTTqT y]+~+#T#
n~|P |]de| H=+<&~. es> X\|X\T ujTT\ eT<
268

|d+>eTT ]q |eT j n<T\T ] y#T+&&ysT.

eT]jTT > $yV $<qeTT q+<T \<T. esT&T
$yV eT+&|e TTq eq|&T n |P+, deTjTeTT q+<T
eT<T|seTT #T#THsT. $<qeTT d]jTq~. n+<T#H
BjT+<T e+d uqeTTq kqeTT <T. m+<Te\qq> {
ds, dHqeTT+<T = jTeT +<q\T \e.
1. n~ , esT&T >V<seTT & eq|&T.
2. jTe, sE, n\T&T +{ eq|&T d]+#T.
3. dseTT sTy ysT |* |y+#T.
4. dqeTT q+<T y] LsT+&#jTT.
5. b<eTT\T &T >T, #+<qeTT |PjTT, |weTT\ yT&qT
n+]+#T yTT<q$.
6. >eqT y] deT]+#T.
7. eT<T |s eTT #T, eT<T |s eTTqT uT +|#j
T T, #T \T
&T>T, nT|eT
8. |P |P] #d X\ |X~eTT\ sTy eq |
bs+_+#T.
bs \T D eTTbT + *jTeqT. >e<q T#d
e+deTT eT<T|seTTqT #T, dq<T\>T# |X<VeTT
qT+& e+deTT rd < |eTT #d, uq j>eTT>
jsT#jTT dTesT >+ \eTT |TqT. n++f
eTT+<T> j sT#jT T M\T<T. nT# +{jT +<T eTT+<
jsT#jT&q |<seTTqT nsD#jTT M\T<T. n+<T#
n e\eTT> >D+qqT ] yqT sT> qT+&
seTeTTqT s]+#e\djT T+&TqT. sDeTT# s +&T, eT&T
eTTweTT\ |P]jT>T seTeTT q~. n+ ]eTT>
269

>e qT+& eT<T|seTT @ $<eTT> jsT#jT&TH *jTT

XeTT<T. n{ $<qeTT @~ eXeT>T#Tq~? < #]+#T
rsT m{< *jTq~ <!
<$T#T @sT#jTT#Tq |PC|<jT+<T >eqT
deT]+#T nqTq~ nedsyTjTTq~. +<T m{ d+<VeTTq
<T. < q] uT+#T <T. n|{|&T d#yTq
>e b\qT | n<T \ deT]+#T =s n>T#Tq~. #<T esT\T
|Ps eT<T|s $<T\qT $#sD#dq#, n+<* esZeTT *jT
q>TqT. n|{|&T >e seTTqT rd y& y&> #d sTs
bjTeTT> n<T \ deT]+#T <T eTTweTT\ n\ \eTT
sT>T M\T+&TqT. {~ d+ueeTT n>TqT , > e+deTT
e+&|T nqTq~ d+ue eTT q~. y< \eTT q+<T eX>e
|d~ #+~jTT+&qT. { >e sC+jT m|&T eH n|&T,
mesT s e TTqT jTe n+~+#T#Tq~. n{ >eqT
>e nqT#THsT. n+<T# _&\T *#+ #sTqT> m\s
>e #+ #sT#THsT. #, nq> y~ \eTT q+<T
deTjTeTTqT deTeTT>, d]jT>T |j +#T HsT #T+&].
|&T eT<T|seTTqT >T]+ \TdT=+<TeTT. n~ |P
q+<T >eqT #T d+u$+#T#Tq~. n{ eX >e jT+<T
n|{|&T >seTT \ueT>T#Tq~. < y& y&> n~
deT]+#T sT>T#Tq~. < y+ |sT>T, HsTT, eT<Te, M
$TeTT nqT H\T>T |<seTT\qT L& #T sT>T#Tq~.
eT<T|seTT =s H\T>T |<seTT\qT #]q <e |<seTT>
js>T#Tq~. b\T, |sT>T, HsTT, eT<Teq #]q< eT<T|s
|<syTq~. |sT>T, HsTT, H H\TZq *djTTq$, $&
$&>q, >VkXeTeT+<T \_+#T#Tq$. H&T nq> sTe~
270

XeTT qT+& jTs|jTqT du L&q s+>eTT+<Tq,

>VeTT\jT+<Tq, { |<se TT\qT \ #jT T#THsT. +<T\
bs \T $ T+# e \d j T Tq~. M +{ \# j T T
<TcseT>TH n< $<+ > #jT T#THe eTqeTT L&. y< \eTT
q+<T y&&q |<se TT\jT >VdT >VeTT q+<T m\| &
+&qjT. n<T\T eq|&T d#eT>T b\qT |, seTT
q+<T q |<seTT\qT dTes, s, U<b\jT+<T, bq
b\jT+<T n+~+#&ysT. n|&T ysT y] # y
eT<T|seTT\qT uT+#&ysT. |<seTT\| \T#Tq >
seTTqT >&ysT. H&T L& H{ eT<T|s kqeTT q+<T
{ nqT bjT |<seTT dqyTjTTq~. n~ H&T usrjTT\
b\ bjTeTTqT d]+#T =s >e\T nqT#T#Tq$.
nf n>T>!
<~ d]' |jT' <+ d#X |+#_'
b# eT<T|s'
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H{ deeTTq+<T { s kqeTTqT |P]+#T#THsT. nq>
n~ dseTT+<T yqTy+H seTT e# >T{
<$T#T#THsT. { |$, XVseT>T eT<T|seTT q+<T
e+deTTqT $j+#T k<eT>TH? $wjTeTTqT >]
bs\T +#T eT+~.

| :`
eTqeTT $wjTeTTqT >]q |P] $eseTT\T msT+>
HeTT. eTq >VeTT\jT+<T m{ e+kVseTTqT, @ deTjTeTT
q+<T > sT ##T , uT +#T <T . e+ XVs
271

uqyT d]+#T sT>T#Tq~. nfqq eTq |]dseTT\+<T

>\ e+kVsT\qT, |]T\qT $#sD #dq# e+d
| eTT\+< T m{ $T | < s e TT\qT (eT< T | s eTTq
d++~+q~) y&&T< *jTT#Tq~. |<se TT\T L&
e+deTT q+<T |qT, seTTqT C&+ jsT#jT&q$
n *jTT#Tq~. ~ dyTq# eT<T|seTT q+<T
e+deTTqT $TeTT #jTT mT M\>TqT? |eTT #jTT
~ mT d+ue+? m+<T e\qq> eT<T`|s nq> eT<T
(H) L&q $T U< |<seTT r| sT n+~+#T#Tq~.
e+deTTqT uT+q eTq |]T\T ........ \eDeTT *|
jsT #jTT<Ts *|jTTHsT <? ~ mT d+ueeTT?
nq> n{ $T |<seTT jsT &T < *jTT#Tq~.
#<TesT\T d]jT>T $<qeTT q+<T $#sD #d, +<*
deTTqT ssTT+#e\djTTq~. eT<TseT>T ` rjT bjT
` U< |<seTT q+<T eT<TeqT, $TXeTeTTqT >T#Tq|&T ~
e+deTT # jsT #jT&q~j? <? nqTqT DeTT>
>V +#>\ sT. $wjT eTTqT eTqeTT $eT]+#T=qT#Tq <q eTT
ndyTq# eTq m{ VjTTq d+u$+#<T. m+<Tq>
eT<T|seTTq+<T >e+deTT k<sD e+deTT
+&T d+u$ +q# y<e T+eTT\ d~ qs<T. $wjT eTTqT
>] #]+#TjT sT><T . n+> ~ #s j+XyT q~.
~ d~+ qq, d~+ #T sT> qq, eTq d<+ d , n+<*
|$ |usTTweTT> sseT>T#Tq~. $wjTeTTqT
u]+# useTTe eT<T|seTT q+<T e+deTT \<, n~
eXeT #| #THsT. eTq d<+eTT\+<* y<qqTd]+,
y<eT+eTT+<T s+deT>T eT<T|seTTqT d]+#T#T+&sqT,
272

]y<+XeTT.
=+<] n_bjTeTT qqTd]+, s seT#] qT HeTT
q+<T < dseTT\ jT+<T edw q >e+deTT qT>qT
|&q< yjT&jTTq< VsZeT>T#Tq~. n+<T#
n~dseTT\ jT+<T >e+deTT |T eXeT u$+#T
#THsT. s seT#]eTTqT >T]+, n+<* n+XeTT\qT >T]+
eTqeTT L & * d =qe q T. H e TT n < T
\eTTq+<*< jTTq~. deTjTeTT q+<T HeTT ydqysT
eT<T|seTT q+<T >e+deTT nedseT n_bjT|&jTT+{]
u\T. , HeTT ydq < +f |Ps\eTTq+<* y~
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|jT+#T, $<+dT\T #jTT |jTeTT L& eT]jTT
nqsVTe>T#Tq~. n{ujT+s nqTeqeTTqT dw+#Tys\#
>, y<e TTqT u> e +T& s+ #e\djT Tq~. eTq n_bjTeTT,
qqTd]+, n{ qeTeTTq+<T \ $|s jT <wyT q|&T #Tq~
eT]jTT eTV $<+dT\ |sT>+qysT deTT <wjTT
y<q\qT |#seTT #jT T# { qeTeTTs &T#Tq$ jT $#sD
<s *jTe\d jTTq~. HeTTq+<* $wj+eTTq
y~ |<jT+<T d~+#T#Tq<qT |eDeTT\T q$.

He+k eT<T|s ue : `
{ deTT\T yjT&q >+<e TT\jT+<* e#qeTT\T L&
\ #s |<T\H |{eTT #jTT#Tq$. deTjTeTT q+<T
@ >+<eTT\T yjT&H, @ H s#q\T ]>H <+fqT
273

|Ps\eTTq e+d |j>eTT \< >+<eTT\+<T yjTT

]q~. { e#qeTT\+<T my e> *+|&qq n+
eTT+<T deTjTeTTq $<qeTT @ deTjTeTTq+<Tq +&q,
nbNq\eTTq+< *jT#jTT \<T. $wjTeTT #+<<
eT+eTT+<T |eDe#qeTT \_+#T#Tq~. n+ ysT
$<eTT> m|&Tq, m&jTTq d~+#T<T.

* es |sDeTT : `
*es |s D eTT q+<T nXyT<e TT, >yT<e TT yTT<\>T
y w~+#T sT>T#Tq~. w<e TTq |PseTT nXyT<e TT,
>yT<e TTq \e. nXyT<e TT q+<T >Ts| e+deTTq, >yT<e TT
q+<T >e+deTTqT uT+#TjTTq sT>T#T+&&~. #
|X <sTT+#T#Tq~. *es |sDeTT me]# yjT&q~?
@ >+<e TT q+<T yjT&q~. @ |d< e T>T eqMjT >+<e TTq+<T
|eDeTT> e#qeTT\T *jTTq$? qeT>T, |eD
ueT>T d >+<eTT\+<T { e#qeTT\T q$. b\
* |sDeTT # m{ nqTueeTTq |\eTT> q|&T<T.
n+> s+&e $wjT ssD> * es |sDeTT @
deTjTeTTq nqT |+#T <T. deTjTeTT dweT>TH
n+<* n $wjT eTT\T dw H=+<>\ e. eTq n+~q $eseTT\
|seTT @&T m$T~ e+<\ d+eseTT\ |PseTT>
*jTT#Tq~ , d]jT>T ssD q~. n#, nq> nT
#| L& = $|s jT <weTT\ L&jT T+&T L& \<T.
B eseTT> eT]= $wjTeTT\T *jTT#Tq$,
*es |sDeTT q+<T nXyT<, >yT<eTT\T w~+|&T
~ y~ jT+<*~> q~. ~ q~ qT> *jTsq~
, *es |sDeTT q+<T de+d jTeTT\T sT>T
274

#T+&q$> *+|&q~. jTC#s D

jT+<T y<e T+eTT\ |sq eTT
sT>T \eTTq+<T uVDT\, d>+<eTT\ jTCseTT\+<T
|TeTT\T (+&\T) y&T#T+&&ysT. sDeTT\#, eT+
d+V\ jT+<T, jTeTTq+<T b sTTqq |T eTT\ jT+<T \<
=+<sT $eT]+#T#THsT. |Ps y&> qTq VeqeTT q+<T
V$dT> e+d nsDeTT qq, s y&> qTq VeqeTT
q+<T jTs > e+deTTqT e+&T sT>T#Tq~. n~ H{ \eTTq
L & j T | j > | d e TT+< T < > ] yj T T
y& T qTq~. y ~ es Z e TTq+< T @~ \ <, <
#+<<eT+eTT\+<T *jT#jTT ]q~. n+<T# #
eTqeTT |X qT n&T>T nedse T>TqT. me]# y<e T+eTT\T
d ~ + | & j T Tq$? y ~ >y T < eTT q+< T >e V +d
sT>T#T+&q<? m|&T y<eTTq+<* @ eT+yTqq, <
useTTqT >V+d, >e+deTTqT, < |eTT #jTTqT >]
*jT#jTT#Tq<? nfq# <, eT+eTTqT, eT+
ueeTTqT f<T qT+ |{+ VsZeTT #jTTeTT. n{
|eDeTT # ssD #jTT weTT< # eT+~ $<+dT\T
deTjTeTTq+<T fsT+>T#THsT, >yT<eTT q+<T >V+d
#jTT#THsjT. $<+dT\T, n$<+dT\T f
+&TqT <! y<eT+eTT\+<T $wjTeTTqT >]q
|eDe#qeTT\T \_+#T <T. # |X #HjTT+&>
$#sD < >T]+ #jTeqT.

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V<sDeTT q+<T dT|Cqq |sDeTT q+<T >\
= e#qeTT\qT +< <V]+#&q$. +<T T
#|&jTTq~. +<T ewu, >e+deTT\qT uT+#qT >]
275

yjT&jTTq~. B bs+<s #~$, $#]+ n+<*

ueeTTqT <sD#d >V+#e\djTTq$. e#qeTT*Tq$.

n<< # TyT |D $^'

d$T+>eT' XXSw+ y#+ uw CjT
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b#sTT d]wqsj MTXsqsTTy
WD ysuDy (X.u 14`7`5`18)
(. 6`4`18)

eT+eTTq+<* XjT$TTq~, eT |T&T eTV

|+&T&T, du\jT+<T n+<] m]qy&q, >=| qeT>T
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es>, eT]jTT TTwu y#eTT\T L& q$. #
B #~$qysT nqTeq|&T #THsT. >e jTT, TTwue TT jTT
e+deTTqT uT+#TysT y<eTT\+<T e> qTq, |
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dsejTT]jB s<q+ b#sTT
d]wqeTjyT (14)
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276

dsejTT]~ <<<q+ b#sTT d]wq eTjyT (15)

n<jT #T yT XyV CjT
rH y<qqTM ds ejTT ]j~T ` <<q+ b#sTT
d]wqeTo jyT (16)
n<jT #< <TV yT |D CjT
dsejTT]j~ <q+ b#sTT
d]wq eTjyT (17)
(X.u 14`7`5 14 qT+& 17 es)
(.. 6`4 14 qT+& 17 es)

+<* ns$TTq~.
1. d#yTq \ eseTT, |PsjTTe *q, y<eTT
u>T> *dq |T sT# _jT| nqeTTqT seTTq+<T
&+ H *| uT+|eTT.
2. &< s+>T >\ s+&T y<eTT\qT *dq, |PsjTTe
*q |T b+<T sT# |sT>TjT+<T *| e+&q _jT|
nqeTTqT H *| uT+|e\djTTq~.
3. q\ eseTT, msT| s+>T HeTT\T * eT&T
y<eTT\qT *djTTq |T b+<T {jT+<T _jTeTTqT
|eTT#d, nqeTTqT H *| uT+|eqT.
4. |+&T&>T eT]jTT |PsjTTsjTeTT qT+&T |T
b+<T qTe\ _jTeTT *|q, &+q |\>eTTqT H
*| uT+|eTT.
B sTy e#qeTT Tq~. BjT+<T e+deTTqT
>T]+ yjT&q~. H\TZy<eTT\T *djTTq, |+&T&T, e,
BsjTTe *jTTq |T b+<T e+deTTqT _jTeTT
*| H uT+|eTT. e+deTT ewueTTq~> +&eqT.
eTT < |*$TTq~.
277

 y<eTT *|q |T =s b\ *|q nqeTT `

H ` uT+|eTT.
s +&T y<e TT\T *dq |T =s |sT>T *|q nqeTT
` H ` uT+|eTT.
eT&T y<e TT\T *dq |T =s { *|q nqeTTqT
` H ` uT+|eTT.
|+&T&>T |T =s qTe\ *|q nqeTTqT H
` uT+|eTT.
y<e TT =s b\ TejTT, s +&T y<e TT\ =s |sT>T
TejTTq, eT&T y<eTT\T =s { &+q _jT|
nqeTTq d]be#T+&>, eTs\ H\T>T y<e TT\ =s k]>
>e+deTT e+&q nqeTT mT eXeTT>T#Tq~?
m|&T *w uqeTT d~+q<, n& n;weTT |
HsysT#Tq~, nqT=qT >=i\T, i\T e #| B+fqT
eTT+<T> e#T nedsyTy? n~ ~ q~. m+<Te\qq>
# eTT+<T @~ #|&q< < nqTL\eT>T XVseTT
jTT |<seTT\T, y eX dw|sT#&q~. m|&T >=s\T,
yT\e n e kqeTT> eT&e kqeTT q+<T $d]ydq#,
e+kVsT\>T ys+<s n <&eTTqT *jTTHs
*jTT#Tq~. , # |Ps|s d++<eTT\ $eT]+#T
eT+~ eT]jTT #sdt& jT+<T >e+deTTqT >]q KqT
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ydjTTHsT. n# eTqTw\T, >TieTT\T, >e\T, >=s\T, yT\T
nqTq$ eTeTT> qy<T #jT &T#Tq$. >=s\T, yT\ sT y
jTJjT |<seTT> <qeTT #|&T#Tq~. eTeTT q+<T
V<sD |wT q +<T>\ e#qeTT X uT +#T |\ HsT
278

eTjTT sT>T#Tq~. eT&T y<eTT\ esL XVseTTqT

>] *jT#jT&q~. H\Ze y<eTT q+<T k]> >e+d
eX *jTT n> XseTTqT *+#T#Tq~.
jTs|jTqT | y< deTjTeTT qT >]
=+ =+ esL, n## *|jTTHsT. ~ n |< |<qT
#T#Tq~. {, s+&T, eT&T y<eTT\ seTT TT, jTEsY,
keTy<eTT\+<T |]o*+q# m#q e+kVs nedseTT
q~ eT]jTT e\eTT H\Ze y<eTT q+<T nq> n<sy<eTT
q+< T >e+d eX # | & j T Tq~. j T s| j T q
y<eTTqqTd]+ TT><eTT n+{ +fqT |sqyTq~. n<s
y<eTT y<eTT \+{ qMqyTq~. nq> |sqyTqy{jT+<T,
nq> y< jTeTTq+<T jTT#, sqeTT, |sT>qeTT ......
jTT+&qT. qMq n<seTTq+<T >e+deTT nedsyTq~. B#
mesT> y~ \eTTq+<T>, bNq \eTT q+<T e+deTT
+&qT. nsNq deTjTeTT q+<T e+d|<seTT\T |#*eT>T
#Tq$. jTs|jTq jTT# y $sT<eTT\T @s&q$.
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d < T Z D d e T e TT< , # j T s| j T qT m]q
$wjTeTT\qT X|< >+<eTT q+<T e#qeTT\ XjTeTTqT L&
>eT+|e\djTTq~. $wjTeTT XddeTyTq~> ,
$sT<yTjTTq~. y~\eTT q+<T e+d uqeTT q~.
$wjT eTTqT >+<e TT <s dwe T>T#Tq~. $wjT eTTqT
>] $kseTT> #]+#T L& # m+H nedseTT \<?
<? nqTqT L& $eT]+#eqT. < >eT+q# esZeTT,
e+dsV uqeTTq, $wjTeTTq VTeqT L&
d]#&T&T.
279

|Ps V<sD |wTjT+<T >\ yeTT WD

ysuDy n+eTe#qyTjTTq~. e#qeTTq+<T eT]jTT
TTwueTT nqT s+&T XeTT\T \e. d+d uwjT+<T
s+&T XeTT\q nseTT> ewueTTqT *jT#jTTqT.
s+&+{ nseT>T# y eT<q y XeTT jTT nedsyTyT
jTTq~? |csT\>T ysT Xe TTq+f _Hse TTqT, <s
_q |<seTT +&TjTT, eT]jTT TTwu XuseTTq +f
_q|<seTT L& +&TjTTq *jTT#Tq~. _qeTT
y<Xd>+<eTT |]o*+q# dweT>TqT.
1. R keT Ww<eTT
2. TTwu R TTwueTqT Ww<eTT
y< XkqTks nseTTqT d]+q# # y (y)
XeTT d]jT>T d+> *jT#jTT#Tq$. s+&T WwBjT
|<seTT\Tq \esyTq$. MsD &&Tq$jT q$.
|CsDeTT nq> dw sD X e~ #jT Tq$> *jT&TqT.
yJsD Ww<eTT+<T ~ |eTTK kqeTT n+<T#Tq~. TTwu
eTTqT >]q esq T \<T.

Jesu CjTVe~ Ks <y

Je' Lss' TTwu ewX+>eY
Jesu o X | |<
(ue. | ` | ` 1)

Ve\jTeTT q+<T TTwu eqd \_+#T#Tq~. ~

ewuX+>eTT e (=eTT\) e seTTqT b* +&TqT. ~
# *wy T q ~. n+<T sde TTq me> qT+&TqT. m TTwu
y# XeTT\T |j+|&jTTqy n$ njTT eqdH
*jT#jTT#Tq$. nqT keTe n #|e#TqT.
280

$wjTeTT = XeTT+<T L& |d~ #+~jTTq~.

s+&T eqdT\T <+fqT eT]jTT{ _qyTq$.
s+&Tq MsesqeTT\Tq, yJsDeTT+<T L& |j+|&
jTTq$. M >]q d+ |j>eTT L& yJsDqT q+<T
|j+&jTTq~.
|&T bs \T >eT+| $wjT eTTqT #&TeTT. eT&T
y<eTT\T *dq |T b+<T b\Te, |sT>TTe, {
| eTT #jT &q Te eT]jTT H \T| yTT<q $ #| &q$.
H\T>T y<eTT\qT *dqy&Tq, du\jT+<T $jTk<&Tq
n>T |T b+<T TTwu nqT WwBj
T eT>T eT* sde TTqT
keT nqT (|r>) WwBjT sdeTTqT, *| |eTT #dq
nqeTTqT, H *| uT+#TqT XdeTT <+#T#Tq~. ~
ns |sDeTT q+<T \<T. n+ , e+deTTq |<seTT
q+<T $TeTT #jTTjTT, |XV+djTTq, y e~+#TqT
>] #|jTT+&<T.
e+d Xe TT d+d eTT q+<T @ $<e TT> XseTT q+<*
e+deTTqT d+#T y#eTT n>T#Tq<, nf |+& jT+<*
sdeTTqT \T| XeTT>q eT]jTT dsdeTT\ |Tu$+jTTq
` eT\eTT >\ WwBjT XeTT>q, |d~ b+~jTTq~. o eT
n|t& jTT XeTT q+<T (The Flesh part of the fruit) nq> |+&T
jT+<* sdeTT> e+d XeTTq nseTT \T|&T#Tq~.
nseTTqT n+<sTq XsT\>TysTq, deT+#T#THsT.
TTwueTqT eqd, q |*eTT#T Ww<yTjTT+&Tj >
MsesyTjTTq~. n+<T# | |sDeTTq+<T, ns
$Xwe TTqT |b~+#T d+>> *jTT#Tq~. $<e TT> WwBj
T
|j seTeTT q+<T MsesqeTT q+<T \ eseTTq,
281

\eTT #T q |<se TT qjT+<T +|=jTTq <>q

*jTT#Tq~. $<eTT> e+deTT >e+deTT X|j>
$wjTeTT q+<T nseTTqT d+#T<T.
B eseTT> < $< >+<eT>T V<sD `
| w Y \ < T . > + < e TT <s, d s u eeTT
dsueTT\+<T deT<w *, d<eeTT b+~q |eT
CjT>T |sTw&T dT|C sDeTT =s >eqT d+V]+,
>e+deTTqT uT +#T nd+ue eTT. < CqeTTqT b+~q
|eT dT| sDeTT #jTTjTq> y~ Cq<w# n+
eTVeTT *jTT+&T <c+eTT. J$eTT q+<T dTd+ks
d+| d+H sT>T @s&T#Tq~. n+<T# e+du D eTT
Ls eeVsyT , < CjT>T y $wjT q+<* d+ueqjT+<T
nd+ue eTT> dw| s T #&T#Tq~. n+<T# |Ps eT+eTT q+<T
eqdT\ $wjTeTT\+<* WwBjT nseTT\qT |b~+#T
jTTjTTeTT> qT+&eq eTqyT\seT $eT]+#T=qeqT.

>yT<eTTqT >]q $eT]+#T : `

nH eT+~ qT\T y~ \eTT q+<T >yT<e TT qT jTeTT
q+<T #]+#TjTq> >V+dqT #|T eXeT u$+#T
#T+&]. *jTT>eTTq+<T *es |sDeTT q+<T nT #jTT
jT|*eTTqT b+<T |+<eT *jTT#Tq~. T
u$+#T |\T deTT> bsbT #jTT#T+{s *jTeqT.
b |\T s<yk nqT&T <s|deTT q+<T $wjTeTTqT
>yT jTeTT nqT \<T. y~ >+<eTT >yT<eTT
deqeT>T >+<yT jT~. >+<eTTq+<T >V+dqT >]q
$wjTeTT |k$+#&<T. n+> +<* keTj>eTT q+<T
L& V+d q~. e\eTT keTe (| r>) sdeTTqT
282

|j+#TjT |k$+]. jTs|jTqT d]jT>T $#sD

>$+#T=q#, deTjTeTTq+<T nV+k d<+yT \< m]+,
>V+dqT, <s >e+deTTqT uT+#eqqT yTT<\>T
ueeTT\qT e<*yjTeqT.
b <XdT\T >yTeTT >e< H #]+|
&T#T+&> y~ sT\T #jTT#Tq >yT<eTT mT #]+#
bsTT]?
yT<e TT =s me]H bD *>= bDeTT\T rjTT
nedse? eTT> H <T. +<T <VsDeTT>
> V y T < e TT | y T < e TT nqT X e TT\T ned s e T> T #
y&&T#T+&>, |yT<eTT +& =s #jTT#Tq dseTT
n>TqT. +& d+V]+ n XseTT q+<* e+deTTqT
VeqeTT #jTT <T. >VyT<eTq> >VdT\ jTTss>eTT\
=s , sT|&T |< q syTj
T Tq~. n+ , >VdT\ q+<]
V+d+#T, e~+#T q~. n< $<e TT> >yT< eTq> >eqT
d]+#T, >sD =s, s>eTT =s $#sD #jTTjTT
dT\ubjTeTT\T, dseTT\T s]+#TjT jT>T#Tq~. B
>T]+ eTqTe T #|jTTHsT.

n<|q+ VjT' |jTdT sDyT

Vy<y *s qjTC7~ |PqyT
(eTqTd ` 3`70)

< $<H]+#T VjTeTT. *, +&T\qT d+|

|s#T |yT<eTT>qTq~. VeTeVqeTT <ejTeT>T#Tq~.
$TeTT\ nqdeTsD #jTT ujTeT>TqT. n~
dseTT\T >$+#T qsyT<eT>T#THsT.
|yT<eTT, >VyT<eTT n#q |d~>+q~. n<
283

$<eTT> qsyT<eTT, nXyT<eTT, >yT<eTT L& |d~#+~

$wjTeTT\>T#T+&> $<+dT\>T qT\T $wjTeTT q+<T
>yT<eT> >d+VsDeTT> m+<T\+#T#THs *jTe\d
jTTq~.
jTeTT+<T keTsdeTT> >eeTT\qT V$qT> q]+#T
jTs keTjT (deT) |* eTTqT b+<T#TH&T. keTsde TT
n C\\ <s | >d dT# u qu+seTT\ eT< y|# + ~,
d jT sV\ n+~+#T sT>TqT. n{ JyqT,
|se> |]D #+~+#T <T&>T ~e dT |
n+jT y|+ e s|eTTqT b+~ yT | Xs
k<eTT #] qsV d b+~ dsu& @eT+<T,
nHeTTqT, nHeTTq+<T @eTTqT k~+ deT\
dskjT>T#Tq~. >yT<eTT# dsqT\T d k~+TsT
>!
y<eTT q+<T >e+deTT uT+#T eT+yTq
\Tq#, ~ mT d~+#TqT? , y<eTT q+<T >eq +{
|$ \< *jT&T#Tq~. n+<T# >e ne< jT>T#Tq~.
n+<T# > e+d uDeTT *eT s]+|&T#Tq~. y~
d<+eTT\ |L\eTT> $wjTeTT\T b+<T|s#&q$.
n+<T# |w< y~ <seTT\, nqTL\eTT> nseTT\qT
>V +, eqdT\qT L& > qXjT eTT ueeTT\qT
\TdT=qT#, $sT<seTT\qT e<*yd e\eTT eT\ds|eTT
q+<* Xs eTTqT k~+#T eqy[ >eqT | e |+|q
VQeqeTT> >T]+, q >eqT |P+, >s$+, s+
dY <seTT\qT Hsy] |$T<TsT >!
C >e! jdT!
C C >e! $jdT!!
284

|+# >eeTT\T
|+#>e bXdeTTqT >T]+q $~ $<qeTT\T b+#s, Xy>eT
d+V\ $e]+#&q~.

1. |+# >eeTTqT mTe+{ >e qT+& >V+#*?

X

|j sjy |+#>e+ |XX

Hsj q # >]D q e<j <#q qej
b<jT+
(b< d+V ` #sb<+)
| \ >e qT+& | + # > e eTT\qT > V +# T
XweTeTT eT]jTT eTeTT. e< >e qT+&, s>>deTT
eT]jTT y~ |& y T q >eqT+&, #& >e qT+&, <&
>e qT+& |+#>e eTT\qT >V +#s<T. |q #| q <weTT\T
|\ >e *jTTq <qT+& L& |+#>eeTT\qT
>V+#T w<eTT.

2. |+#>eeTT\T >V+#T jTTyTq b\T :

X

|+#>y >Vjq qH Xu
>eT+ >eTjT+ s+ <~ d]X |+#eTyT

>eT + , >eTj T +, > s e TTqT, >< ~ ,

>|TeTTqT qqyTq eT{ bH >V+#eqT.
mTe+{ VbHH |+#>e dsD w<eTT.

3. |+#>e XuseTT :
>]<+ >e+ ` >d++<yTq$ >e+ nq&TqT.
<: b\T yTT$.
1. >${ |w+ >eTjT+ ` e |&
285

2. <T>+ s$T ` e b\T ` <T>+ nq> |T&Tq$.

(<TV$T <T>+ <TV ||PsD nqT <Te qT+&
qyTq~)
3. |jTde+ <<~ ` |sT>T
(|jTd+ ` |jTk $s' |jTd+ ` b\jTT
$s+ ` nq> |sT>T, HsTT yTT$)
<|+ <~ |THsY, <er <|+ ` n e.
<> nqT <Te qT+& @s&q~. <es|yTq$ nq>
|sT>T, eT>).
4. |T |T+ ` |TsD Bb ` HsTT (sT>Tq~
nq> HsTT)
5. eTjT |de eT+ ` eT+ (CsTq~ nq>
eTeTT)

4. |+#>e X~ :
X u$w+ >eTjT+ >V+ kw+ j< <wyT
w& deT>ZVj >eTjTd sd+ |q'
d< d|+ |T+ X< eTVs <w+ <~
s+ >V eT|+# <XVqq' |syT
(b< d+V ` #sb<eTT)
u$T MT< |& y&>jTTq >eTjTeTTqT (e |&)
>V+#eqT. y& |& eTT\T #sTqT >q #\&q
|& w<eTT. y&>qTq >eTjTeTTqT >T& yd >{>
286

|+&q|&T e#T sde TTqT eyT >V + >T& qTq |T

|<seTTqT e~*yjTeqT. >eTjTeTT nq> >eTjTeTTqT
|+&q|&T e#T sdeTT n nseTT.
n|& yqqT q H (>|T+) eyT >V+#eqT.
|P]> ~qeTT
(24 >+ bT) |sTq
|sT>TqT (><~) >V +#eqT. y&# j
T |b\qT (>s + )
>V+#ejTTqT.
e |d$+q |~ sE\T (|sT&T) >&q sTyH
|+#>e dsD eT+~. |]{ e, |\ >e nsTTqqT
< >eeTT\T w<eTT.

5. |+#>e |eDeTT :
|+#>e dyTqeTT eT&T $<eTT\T> b<
d+Vq+<T #|&jTTq~.
(1) bXq, (2) bD, (3) n_weTT.

1. bXq |+#>e eqeTT :

X

>eTjTq deT+eT+ <~k~>TD+ '

XTsTZD+ d] d]cw >TD+ |jT'
bXH |+#>yH+ |eD $T< MT]yT
(b< d+V ` #sb<eTT)

>eTjT sdeTTq deTeTT> >eTeTTqT, <

s+&T sT |sT>TqT, < H\TZ sT H, < m$T~
sT b\qT *|q bXq |eDeTT.

2. bD |+#>e eqeTT :
287

bD |+#+ deTyT ` b+ #T |+#>e eTT\T

deq |eDeTT >V+#eqT. nsTT<T |<seTT\T
nsTT<T sT> >V+#eqT.

3. n_weTTq |+#>e eqeTT :

X

<~ ~>TD e|srjTw+ >TD+ '

w&TZD+ eTyT k#<] #TsTZDyT
(b< d+V ` #sb<eTT)

e |sT>Tq s+&T sT HsTT, eT&T sT b\T,

sT sT >eTeTT, H\TZ sT >eTjT sdeTTqT
>V+#eqT.

6. |+#>y~ <e\T :
X |syTw Xq+ >eTd T |PsTw'
$XeTH uy<< e d]c uyY
|jTd ds eTqksc eTw esyT
(b< d+V ` #sb<eTT)
>eTjT sk~ <e ` |syTw, >eT~ <e `
|sTw&T, ><~ n~<e ` $X&T, |T~<e `
eT& T , s ~ <e ` dsT &T. |sy T c~ <e\ eTqe TT\T
| { m$T~ nseTT\T> e+{sTT. n$ $<qT\
qT+& \TdT<q$.

7. |+#>eeTT\T \T| eT+eTT\T :

X >eT+ $w >jT >q<s >eTjTyT
bjTd# s+ <~eD y<~'
|T+ XeTde+ |+#>y jjTY
288

$w >jT jT< |+#|w< dTy

(b.d+. ` #.b.)
$w >jT >eTeTTqT, >+<< s eT+eTT
>eTjT sde TT, bjTd eT+eTT s e TTqT, <~ eD
nqT eT+eTT <~, XeTd eT+eTT H \T|
e\jTTqT. $w >jTHqq |+#| wDjT
eT+eTTHqq \T|e#TqT.

8. >Vsq |+#>eeqeTT :
>Vsd|H qq+ |dHe |\jTY
>Vs_weTTq |+#>eeTT\ | >eeTT
+#&T> +&e\jTTqT. Xe d+V\ sD>eTeTT
q+<T |sy T XsTq |+#>y _weTT $eseTT> \&q~.

9. >eseTT ` |+#>eeTT :
X

>eTjT+ w esj, j+ >\+ dyT

|j+ |T+ $~ Xj+ <~sT#
|jTX sesj+ >y+ es+ |]yT
(sD>jTeTT ` 35 n<jT+)

w esjT>T e qT+& >eTjTeTTqT,

\ esjT>T e qT+& >eTeTTqT,
|\ >e qT+& >|TeTTqT,
XesjT>T eqT+& ><~
sesjT>T >e qT+& >seTTqT >V+#*.

10. |+#>e+ ` \+ :
X >eT+ l|<+ $~ >eTjT+ s>HXqyT
289

|jTX $HXkY <~| $esqyT

|T+ y|<+ #e |+#>e+ |\+ eY
(sD>eTyT)
>eT+ l|<yTq~. >eTjTeTT s>HXsyTq~.
b\e\q X HXqeT>TqT. |sT>Te\q | d+q e~
jT>TqT. |TeTT y|<yTq~.

11. |+#>ys |\+ :

X |s+ b|HXkY ` #se X~<yT
>s+ qHX+ kY es+ y VTyT
(sD>eTyT)
| nqT nseTT e\q b| HXqeTT,
# nqT nseTT e\q X~jTT,
> nqT nseTT e\q qsVeTT,
e nqT nseTT e\q yeTT \T>TqT.

12. |+#>e >VDjTeTTq j> b\T :

X eT+ dsb+ kY eT<eT+ +d byT
n<eT+ eTDjT+ #e byTe eTT<VyT
(sD>eTyT)
|+#>eeTT\T >V+#T dTes b eTeTT,
+#Tb eT<eTeTT, eT{ b n<eTeTT.
eT qH Xu ` = eT{ b eTTKeT
b< d+V jT+<T |s=q>, sD>eTeTT eT{ b
n<eTeTT n #|&jTTq~. jT<eXeTT, jT<
|<XeTT.
290

13. |+#>e |*eTT\T :

>e+ b|$HXs+ ` ds Xqs eTT# (sD>eTeTT)
b|eTT\T =\be, X =s , |sy T XsTq
|+#>y_weTT #sTT+#eqT.
14. |+#>eeTT\T `

TTw\T `

n~<e \T :

1. |TeTT
X|&T
sT<T&T
2. <~
&T
keTT&T
3. seTT
us<E&T
X&T
4. >eTjTeTT
>eTT&T
dsT&T
5. >eTeTT
n>dT&T
>+>
X X|+ |TyT+T + <~sT#
s+T us<d >y >eTjT+ <
n>dXe >eT+ TTwjT' |]]+
(sD>eTeTT)
X |T+ ysT< <e+ <~y keT<e
s+T X<e+ >eTjT+ #s <e
>+>j+#e >eT+ |+#>y~<e'
(sD>eTeTT)

15. |+#>e |]eDeTT\T :

|T+ y |dyT+T <~|d yTe#
s+ |d$TT+ #T'|d+T>eTjTyT
w{|d+ #e >eT+ eT+T |Xd
(sD>eTyT)
291

 +#eTT |T eTT, s +&T +#eTT\T |sT>T, eT&T

+#eTT\T b\T, H\TZ +#eTT\T >eTjT sdeTT, sT
+#eTT\T >eTeTTqT |syTXsT n_w+#T
|+#>eeTT\qT >V+#T eTeTT. >e eqeTT\
V#T>TZ\T eT<eT, n<eTeTT> #|&q$.

16. jT|+#>e Hd $<qeTT :

X

bjTd eTHD eT< s+T $qdY

<~eD eTHD s $qd<~'
XeTd eTHD <D $qdY |TyT
>eTeTTs <X >jT $qdeY
(sD>eTyT)

bjTd eTqeTT eT<u>eTT sbqT,

<~eD eTqeTT sTq <~bqT,
XeTd eTqeTT <DeTTq |TbqT,
e>jTr eTqeTT seTTq >eTeTTqT,
>+<< s eTqe TT |eTeTTq >eTjTsde TTqT |eqT.

s+ (>eT+)
>eTjT+ (|eT+)

<~ (sT)
|T+ (<D+)

k$T y] m<T <q|seTT| |q #|q $<eTT>

<<~ s+eTT> n_weTTqT deT]+#eqT.

17. |syTXsT |+#>e n_w+ m|&T #j*?

X ss>~ |&j+, <T]$T eTVe] ||H
292

eTu deTTH eTVy |u<H u$T+||Hew

d++ >VD~ w' $XwD dsd~s+ uyY
n_w+ | *+>y T|y
(sD>eTeTT)
s~ s>sT\T |syTXsTq |+#>y_weTTqT
#sTT+#e\jTTqT. <T]$T<T\ jT+<TqT, eTVe
||+q|&T, sTe<T\T d+u$+q|&T,
u+|eTT d+u$+q|&T, nHew deTjTeTTqqT, 12
d++T\ jT+<TqT, ds#+< >V D \eTT\ jT+<TqT,
w'\eTTq eT\eT] >, T useTTq>
|+#>y_weTTqT #dq <weTT\T =\ ds;w d~
\T>TqT.

><qeTT ` | seTT
e yjTT s+>D+ uT'es >d
u$T #T +& yjTT eT+&\eTT bqT bqT |\H
m+es y|+ eq< n+es q yjTT eT+&\eTTH
uT'eseTT n+<TsT.
>eTeTTq , |DeTTq b*yTs es
>eTeTTq , |DeTTq d+u+~+q uu>eTT
+&TqT. n<$<eTT> nqeTT\ b*yTs\T \e.
u$T \ b*yTs u$T #T eq, u$T #TTq
eq njTHdjTsY (Ionosphere) n H{ $Cq XgE\T
ss TT+]. b*yTs jT>T Ionosphere H y s D q~ n TTw\T
ss TT+]. mq> dsT qT+& e#T UV (Ultraviolet) rays n\
293

V sD\T $T* Xe+yTq~. n$ u\+| HsT>

e q# u$T| q Jes D\eTT q+beqT.
eq |e<eTT qT+ u$T| eq Jes, u$T
b&+<T B esqTq yjTTD\| n \V
sDeTT\T |&>H, yjTT DeTT\T $qeTT Ionosphere
n+ $q eT>T# +q nse\# +& e+&TqT. n+<T
njTHdjTsYqT nDTXesDeTT n+<TsT.
<XeTT mT+&Tqq> kq| #jT Tq|&T
qyTq |se\ deTT<jTeTT e +&TqT. |se*
#d $Xs dsT |T#TH& |sDeTT q+<T
ydjTTHsT. n+<T dsT sD n |sT \<T. nq>
| &qy& nse TT. qTH njTHdj
T sY y s D q~
n |sT |{]. njTHdjTsY q+<T yjTT nDTe\T |\T
e\q @s&q $dT*+>eTT\ eT\eTTq nbs X \ $<TT
|yVeTT @s&+~. u$TqT+& y\Te&q s&j s+>eTT\T,
<s<] s+>eTT\T $<TY |yVeTTq * n+
X b+~ u$TjT+<Tq $T* <sb+eTT\ L&
|jD+# *q y| X n+<T= n{ y| X X
s+>eTT\T> e] <sb+eTT\ y] Radio, T.V. yTT<\>T
|]seTT\ <s seTeTT\T $qT, ##T M\T
*dTq~.
n\ V sDeTT\T yjTTe q+<* nDTe\T
>H n+es Nutrons, Protons *d eq Electron, Nucleus
294

qT+ $&beqT. ny se\ e >#]+#TqT. m\qjT+<T

-Ve TTD $<T<yX eTT+&TqT. $T*q qj
T dt q+<* nDTe\T
+Ve <q $<T<yXeTT *jTT+&TqT. nDTXesDeTTq
Ionisation n |]& ] . Ionisation j $X w e TT e\H
Xe+eT>T $<TY |yVeTT \ e\jTeTT> u$T#TTq
njTHdjTsY e\jTeTT> @s&q~. < ysD q~.
y s D q~ nq> <Ts+Z < u sTTwy T q \|yVeTT <T.
Xe +yT q $<TY |yV e\jTeTT. e\jTTqT <{ b|eTT
#dT=q Je\T ysD q~ <{be. < ~>Teq eq
yjTTeT+&\eT>T uT ese TTq+< +&beqT. eTq eq |+#
$< yjTTeq bD, nbq, yq, <q, deq yjTTe\
e XeTT q+<T L& \e. B $Cq XgeTT @eT
|sT|fH *jT<T. eTq |+# $<eTT\ yjTT\e q$.
XeTTq w&<eTT\>T yjTTe\T \e. n$ H,
V*jT+, H{H, sZH, jH, MT<H nqTq$.
u $T wesT 9 yT mT es q yjTT eT+&\eTTq
yjTTe\T TbqT #\sq yjTT eT+&\eTT e +&TqT.
\ yesDeTTqT Troposphere n+<TsT. sTy Tropopause <T|] X\ yesDyTq Stratosphere, yqT
Mejosphere. e u
$T | d]V<T\ T. u $T n+eT d]V<T
Ionosphere. u$T #T eq yesDeTTq TTw\T
uT'eseT |]&].
X uTes |X#' dT' uT qsd'
295

uT ese TTq eq y{ |X#\T>qT, u eTTq qTq

y] qsT\T n |\TksT.
|X#eTT\T nq> <ej d+ueTT\T n nseTT.
sydHjTTyTq esD e\jTeTT dV eTsD+q Je\T
uTeseTTqT #sTqT. ysT #dTq sjT y] XseTT eq
M{ d< XseTT\T n]. >+q Je\T eT s\T
rsT=qT XeT+<* = nDTe\qT d+|T ]+#T=
q|{ seTT XseTTqT <]+ eqe\ >#]+#<sT.
eT s\qT rseT y] ujT|{ u~+#T#T+<TsT. |Ps
ys e TTq# |rseTT rsT=+<TsT. bs d \J q+<T cT &q
eTTs nqT Xgy $wjTeTTqT Mirror nqT e>CH q+<T
yd]. |s+{+& =+<sT q\eT, e]jTeT nqT |s
>eT <e\T n|+#T= |P\T, +T\T\T ]|+ y]
*, ]\qT rsT=+<TsT. Te+{ |X#eTT\T u$T,
Ionosphere (ysD) eT< sT>&T#T+&TqT.
~qeTT\T ` sDeTT\T :
#bsTTq y] <TssT\Z T, dHsT\Z T +<TsT. <TssT\Z T
eyT sT \qT u~+ eT ]\T, |rseTT rsT=+<TsT.
dHsTZ\T nT #jTsT.
u eTTq eT d+ ysT #T |+&eTT\T s DeTT\T
d]+, |qsq e#T es uTeseTTq ed+TsT. |
eqe& XseTT #T njTk+ e\jTeTT e+&TqT n $Cq
Xg #<T esT\ $~yT . #bsTTqysT esD e\jTeTT
296

edT, sT<, ~ eT+&\eTTq sT>&T#T+<TsT. * >, +&

>, =&T, eTqe ~qeTT |Tq|&T |+&eTT\T,
sDeTT\T #bsTTq *<+&T\qT <+ TsT.
~qeTT H&T uVDT| |sT\T yVq #dq|&T
uVDT\T q VseTT d| <T |]DeT+ #+~ zdT>
es>H zC <TeqT |* d+| \>T<TsT. |sT\T zC
<TeqT d]+#Tq #s d+V jT>T jTTs< >+<eTT
q+<T #|&jTTq~.
|+&eTT\qT >e |T+f njT+<T yjTTjT
eT+~. m+<Tq> njT+<T ydq |+&eTT q+<* kseTT
nsDeTT\ <s >>q eT+&\eTTq #sTqT. *<+&T\
njTk+ eT+&\eTT y] d+ njTk+ eT+&\eTT f.
qT q ` q HjTeTT qqTd]+ >>q eTTq #]q |+&eTT\
kseTTqT edT, sT<, ~T\T y] |sT\ n+~+TsT.
*< + &T\ esD e\jTeTT, y] d+ esD e\jTeTT f
qT j *< + &T\ y] y] d+ sTTq |+&eTTq+<*
VseTT $~> n+<TqT. sDeTT\ e\ \eT+<T eq
njTk+ eT+&\eTT <s \X y] y] |sT\qT &|
y] y] |eTT\qT #sTqT. n~ edT, sT<, ~T\ eTT
<s eyT #sTqT.
n+<T |, |eTV, ||eTVH, edT, sT<, ~
sbD+ n ~ $<qeTT q+<T #| eT+eTT q+<T
$q|&TqT.
297

edTsT< ~T\T
dsT dT qyTq edTsT< ~T\qT <e\T >\sT.

1. edTe\T : nwedTe\T, b'deq <e\T

2. sT<T\T : @<XsT<T\T, eT<V deq <e\T
3. ~T\T : <<X~T\T, kjT+ deq <e\T
edTsT< ~T\T ` |<e\T
| <e\T L& <e>DeTTq #+~qys. #bsTTqys
|<e\ nqT=qT d]<T. $wjTyT je\d sT
$<eTT> #|#Tq~.

1. X edTsT<~dT' |s'Xs <e'

|DjT+ eTqTcD+ |HXsq ]'
(jd : 1`10`269`70)

n|sDeTTq $<eTT> #|&q~.

2. X jTT' |C+, <q+$<+, dsZ+ y+ dTU#

|jT#+ < s+ | eD+ |eTV'
| s+&T X\T syTeTq edTsT< ~T\T Xs <e\>T
|sT\T XseTTq+<=d+q sDeTT\# |+&eTT\# ]T
eTqTw |sT\qT | b+~+TsT. edTsT< ~T\T
|T\>T# |PsjTTe, d+qeTT, dsZeTT, yeTT yTT<\>T
|D|\eTT\TsT n n |sDeTTq #|&qT. eTsD+q
|T (+&), |eTV' (), ||eTV (eTT) ` eT
(*), |eV (+&*), ||eTV (*) jTqT Ms+<s
298

ysT #dT=q |Db|s\ qqTd]+ dsZy, qsy, eTs

|Dy nqTu$ +TsT. ys+<s s <T\ T. n{ | <e\T
Xse TT |Ty] nqT>V + V |s dTKeTT\ #T
deTsT\TsT. |sDeTT q+<T \<T. n+<T #bsTTq
|sT\T> edTsT< ~T yTq |<e\ je\
eTV] #|qT.
edT, sT<, ~T esq> n, yjTTe, dsT. eTqTd
$<eTT> #|#Tq~.

X ede'|sCj ` sT<Cj |eTV'

||eTVd <~' XsdH
edTe ` *jTT, +&jTT, sT<T& ` , *+&
||eTVQ& ` \ ` \T ~T&T n \T#Tq~.
$wjTeTT TT><eT+~Tq~.

. ke, dH|H _u< }sdk

(TTy : 1`164`10)

XjT+<T, ||eTV, ||eTVQ\T eTTesT. nq>,

n, yjTTe, dsT&T (edT, sT<, ~T\T) |s T \T> #| #,
u, uTes, dTeseTT\T eT&+{, y] e\T>
e]+q~. |, |eTV, ||eTVQ\T eTTesT |sTw\T,
e, |eTV, || eTV\T eTTesT d\ T. eTTesT qHT
eTT\T (d\T) u, uTes, dTeseTT.
edT, sT<, ~Tq, n, yjTT, dsT\ d$Tw ~eeTT#
u, uTes, dTeseTT\T e]+|&jTTq$ >q M{
299

L& ds|eTTq |<e\T> y<eTT e]+q~.

|, |eTV, ||eTVQ\>T edT, sT<, ~T\T eTqTw
|sT\>T |, |eTV, ||eTV, e, eeTV,
||eTV jTq&Ty] (_u }sk) }seTTq nryT
jTT+&Tq~jT |se n X \T#Tq~.
#s#s Je\jTT. seXeTTq edTsT<~T\qT |sT\ e\
+qys. ~e dT q+<T (>sT\ dT)
# bsTTq | s T \T, $T[ y T d + # ] +# T # T +< T s T . >q
~qeTT\+<T #bsTTq y] edTsT<~ sbH+ n
eT+eTT #|<TsT. ydeeTTq eTq> |sT\ L& ys
*+&T\T<. |sT\ XsyT~?
#bsTTq |sT\T m{ XseTT HXsTT+ $V]+#T#T+<Ts
y<$TT #|#Tq~.

JyeTd#sd<_seTssHdj'
(TTy 1`164`30)

neTsT &>T (q+#) Je&T, eTs eT>T (q+#T dueeTT>\)

<VeTTqT $& d< XseTT J$+#T#T+&TqT.
d< nqH$T yTT< *d=+<eTT. dbq d$Tws|yT
d<. dbqeTT nq>H$T?
nqeTq> @&T$<eTT\T> +&Tq >bqq+n
y<eTT #|#Tq~.
y<+ |+#< jT+<T < $y |sD(dbq uVDeTT)
300

q+<T +~ $<eTT> #|&q~.

X MV~+ <s|Dek s+ <eTq' y bDX

d|eTHH+ n>eTyT
(y |+# < $ | `16)

X eTsqyT+, <yH<|X q+ #T s + nd jT es
eTHH+ $jq+
1. eTsq+ : (eTqTw\T qTq~) e&T yTT<\>T <q
deTT<jTeTT n+ nq+ `1.
2. <yqeTT : (<e\qTu$+#Tq~) neyd |P]eT ` 2.
|XqeTT ` seTT eyT ` 1.
3. qeTT\T : eTqdT, +~jTeTT\T, <T bDeTT\T ` 3.
yTTeTT 7.
@& T $< e TT\> T nqeTT\T X s e T+< T q ,
<eseTT\+<Tq +~jTeTT\T nqTu$+#T nqeTT\T
XseT+<Tq H n<jT+<TsT. <e\+~jTeTT\+<TsT.
|&T d< >T]+ \TdT=+<eTT.
nqeTT< dbq uVDeTT q+<Tq< l $<sDk$T
y<+ |+#< jT+<T *|]. dbqeTT\ d$Tw s|eT>T
|sTqT TTw\T de~djT+<T d< HeTeTT> *d=].
d< nq>

1. ddH BjT~jT es d< (sT+)

2. ddH @e BjT ek| Xj+s sV
VsbY d< XuH#
(kjTquw+)
301

Y ds|&>T V qq sTTseT>T XjTyT~jT

be# qqT H XsTT+#T=jTT+&qT. Y nq> `
Yd+CH nqT<Te qT+& jTs&q~.

jTX #jT d+C|jT

dsH dHH jqd s+ V (sT+)
#q ds|\>T Je\ *$H=d>Tq~jTT, dd $y
Cq ds|eTT>q Y nq&qT.
d s|&>T VjTq $yq+<CqeTjT ds|& nse TT.
nq> d< nq&T nqeTT (u>eTT). |sejT+qyT
jTT+&Tq< nseTT.
u>eT>Tq~jT>, u+#T M\T *Z+#T b~L&
d<jTjT #|&q~. J$+jTT+&> Jeq d\XseTT
b~, eTsD+q sTy ds|yTq d$<s\
L&Tq XseTTq ed+#TqT. $wjTyT l X+s#s
uweT+<T T #|&qT.

d<j nH|\ <>q >;'

jT<d<Xuq nqeTjT Xs+ \, q >VdH
nqeTjT XseTTqqT, djT u>eTTq d<XseTT D e T
#|&q~.
d < X s e TT\ > T ]+ l > < T Z s T ~X + s
u>e<T\y$<eTT> uw]+].

X + $<sD deTHsu |Ps |C#

( 4`4`2)

u + | s j T > # + eq+ $< s D $< `

302

Xg|s$V+ |w<#, n$V+ n|w<# ` <s

` $V+ |w<+# n$V+ n|w<+#. deTHsu `
deT>Hsu , nHsu nqT># ' |Ps|C# ` |PsqTu
$wj |C. nr s |qT ueydHs' k#ydH7
|Psss+u s $b#+>+ ue ! H nky |Hsu . ..
k<ejX{ d+uskjT+ |s |<<q+ $<s
|Ps |CK+
<VeTTqT $&q Je\ n&]+q $<s\T L&
yqT. # $< nq>H$T? XgeTT q+<T |<+q~,
|d<yTq~. y<$VyTq~ $< nq&TqT. n<$<eTT>
n| d < y T q ~ n$V y T q ~ n$< . s L & n+ `
y<$VyTq, |d<yTq s #sDj>yTq~. n|d<yTq~.
n$VyTq~ #]+|L&~. nq> |Db|eTT\ H=d>T
$<< T \T, s \T, # bsTTq Je y + > T | y T q
esDe\jTeTT (yT>{ u\T) dV yqT. M{ &T |
nq> |Psq ]+q nk<sD sL& yqT. =+<sT
|T H >D , d+^ uc |]CqeTT\qT m+ nqTue Ee
|<]+TsT. BH |Ps | n+<TsT) n+<T# Je&T |Db|
s \qT |Ps|q T nqTu$ +#T M\>T XsyT d< XseTT.
~ +{ |+#q~. dyTq~. d< XseTT
eTsDq+seTT j eTT\ sT>&T#T+<TsT.

><qeTT
|eTs XgE\ |]X<q\ qqTd]+ 1.2 qT\ sTe>\
303

>e qT+& 1200 y\T\ $<T# dT+~. ><qeTT

#jTTe\q 1200 y\T\ >ejTT $<TYuT ,
|#Tqy] XseTT\ >\ $<TY *d |#] Xe \q
ysDq~ <{+#TqT.
deTT Hi+q TTw\T #bsTTq y] |s ysD
<{ + # T ><qeTT (\y T q >eqT) # j T eTqT
+s$T~jTq dweT>T#Tq~.

304