CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 1 LLL Axially Loaded Members 4 1.12 Torsinally Loaded Members 8 113 Bending of Beams 3 1.2 Methods of Analysis. 6 1.2.1 Method of Mechanics of Materials @ 1.22 Method of Continuum Mechanics and the ‘Theory of Elasticity 7 1.23 _Dellections by Energy Methods 7 13 Stess-Strain Relations @ 1.3.1 Elastic and Inelastic Response of a Solid. @ 132 Material Properties 10 14 Failure and Limits on Design 16 LAL Modes of Failure 19 Problems 22 References 24 ‘cuapten2 THEORIES OF STRESS AND STRAIN 25 2.1 Definition of Stress ata Point 25 22. Suess Notation 26 23. Symmetry ofthe Stes Array and Stress on an Atbitrarily Oriented Plane 28 23.1 Symmetry of Siess Components 28 2.3.2 Stresses Acting on Arbitraty Planes 29 2.3.3. Normal Stress and Shear Siess on an Oblique Plane 20 24 Transformation of Suess, Principal tresses, and Other Properties 31 24.1 Transformation of Stress 34 24.2 Principal Stesses 32 24.3 Principal Values and Directions 33 244 Octahedeal Stress 26 24.$ Meanand Deviator Stresses 7 246 Plane Stress 38 2.4.7 Mohr’s Circle in Two Dimensions 49 2.48 Mohr’s Circles in Three Dimensions «2 25 Differential Equations of Motion of a Deformable Body 60 25.1. Specialization of Equations 2.46. 62 2.6 Deformation ofa Deformable Body $4 INTRODUCTION 1 Review of Blementary Mechanics of Materials 1 247 Strain Theory, Transformation of Strain, and Principal Strains 98 27.1 Strain ofa Line Element 85 21.2 Final Direction of a Line Element 67 2.1.3 Rotation Between Two Line Elements (Definition of Shear Swain) 58 274 Principal Strins 60 28 Small-Displacement Theory 61 28.1 Strain Compatibility Relations «2 2.82 Strain-Displacement Relations for Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates 62 2.9 Strain Measurement and Strain Rosettes 70 Problems 72 References 78 (CHAPTER 3 _ LINEAR STRESS-STRAIN-TEMPERATURE RELATIONS 79 aL First Law of Thermodynamics, Internal-Enengy Density, and Complementary Internal-Energy Density 78 3.LL Elasticity and Intemal-Energy Density #1 3.1.2 Elasticity and Complementary Interal-Energy Density 92 3.2 Hooke's Law: Anisotropic Elasticity 94 33. Hooke's Law: Isotropic Elasticity 95 33.1 Isotropic and Homogeneous Materials #5 33.2 Suain-Energy Density of oteopic Elastic Materials 95 34 Equations of Thermoelasticity for Isotopic Materials 94 3.5 Hooke's Law: Orthotropic Materials 99 Problems 101 References 108 HAPTER 4 _INELASTIC MATERIAL BEHAVIOR 108 4.1 Limitations on the Use of Uniaxial Siress-Strain Data 104 4.1 RateofLoading 105 4.1.2 Temperature Lower Than Room Temperature 106 4.13 Temperature Higher Than Room ‘Temperature 108x conTENTS 4.14 Unloading and Load Reversal 105 4.15 Multiaxial States of Stress 106 42. Nonlinear Material Response 107 42.1 Models of Uniaxial Stess-Swrain Curves. 108 43. Yield Criteria: General Concepts 113 43.1 Maximum Principal Stes Criterion 114 43.2 Maximum Principal Stain Criterion 116 43.3 Surin-Energy Density Criterion 116 44 Yielding of Ductile Metals 117 44,1 Maximum Shear Stress (Tresca) Criterion 118 44.2 Distortional Energy Density (von Mises) Criterion 120 443 Effect of Hydrostatic Sress und the Plane 122 45° Altemative Yield Criteria 1 45.1 Mohe-Coulomb Yield Criterion 126 452 Drucker-Prager Yield Criterion 128 45.3 Hill's Citeson for Orhotropic Materials 128 46 General Yielding 129 46.1 Elastio-Plastic Bending 131 462 Fully Plastic Moment 132 4.63 Shear Effect on Inelastic Bending 136 464 Modulus of Rupture 194 4.65 Comparison of Failure Criteria 136 4.66 Interpretation of Failure Criteria for General Yielding 137 Problems 142 References 8 CHAPTERS APPLICATIONS OF ENERGY METHODS 147 5.1 Principle of Stationary Potential Energy 147 52. Castighino’s Theorem on Deflections 152 ‘5.3 Castighiano’s Theorem on Deflections for Linear LLoad-Deflecton Relations 155 5.3.1 Steain Energy Uy for Axial Loading 188 53.2. Strain Enerpies Uy and Us for Beams 188 53.3 Strain Bnesgy Uy forTorsion 160 54 Deflections of Stically Determinate Structures. 168 5.4.1 Curved Beams Treated as Straight Beams 165 542 Dummy Load Method and Dummy Unit Load Method 170 55 Statically Indeterminate Sirctures 177 5.5.1 Deflections of Statically Indeterminate Structures 10 Problems 197 References 199 CHAPTER6 TORSION 200 6.41 Torsion of a Prismatic Bar of Circular Cross Section 200 G.L:1 Design of Transmission Shafts 208 6.2. Saint-Venan's Semiinverse Method 200 62:1 Geometry of Deformation 208 63 6a 65 66 67 68 69 6.10 6 HAPTER? nM 13 62.2 Stresses ata Point and Equations of Equilibrium | 210 62.3 Boundary Conditions 211 Linear Elastic Solution 242 63.1 Elliptical Cross Section 216 63.2 Equilateral Triangle Cross Section 218 633 Other Cross Sections 216 ‘The Prantl Elastic- Membrane (Soap-Film) Analogy 64.1. Remark on Reentrant Comers 219 [Narrow Rectangular Cross Section 218 65.1 Cross Sections Made Up of Long Narrow Rectangles 221 ‘Torsion of Rectangular Cross Section Members 222 Hollow Thin-Wall Torsion Members and Multiply Connected Cross Sections 228 67.1. Hollow Thin-Wall Torsion Member Having Several Compartments 230 ‘Thin- Wall Torsion Members with Restrained Ends 234 68.1 [Section Torsion Member Having One End Restrained from Warping 235 Various Loads and Supports for Beams in ‘Torsion 299 [Numerical Solution ofthe Torsion Problem | 239 Inelastic Torsion: Cireular Cross Sections 248, 6.10.1 Modulus of Rupture in Torsion 244 6.102 Elastic-Plastic and Fally Plastic ‘Torsion 244 6.103 Residual Shear Stress 246 Folly Plastic Torsion: General Cross Sections 250 Problems 254 References 262 682 BENDING OF STRAIGHT BEAMS 263 Fundamentals of Beam Bending 263 nd m2 CCentroidal Coordinate Axes 269 ‘Shear Loading ofa Beam and Shear Center Defined 268 Symmetrical Bending 265 Nonsymmetrical Bending 268 Plane of Loads: Symmetrical and [Nonsymmetrical Loading 268 ‘ending Stresses in Beams Subjected to Nonsymmetrical Bending 272 72.1 Equations of Equilibrium 272 72.2 Geometry of Deformation 273 723 Stress-Strain Relations 273 712.4 Load-Stess Relation for Nonsymmetrcal Bending 273 Neutral Axis 274 More Convenient Form forthe Flexure Stress oO, m8 Deflections of Straight Beams Subjected to Nonsymmetical Bending 280 73 ma ms 728 72674 Bifectof Inclined Loads 206 7.5 Fully Plastic Loud for Nonsymmetrcal Bending 285, Problems 247 References 294 CHAPTERS SHEAR CENTER FOR THIN-WALL BEAM CROSS SECTIONS 295 8.1 Approximations for Shea in Thin-Wall Beam Cross Sections 295 8.2 Shear Flow in Thin-Wall Beam Cross Sections 296 83 Shear Center for a Channel Section 298 84 Shear Center of Composite Beams Formed from Stringers and Thin Webs 303 8.5 Shear Center of Box Beams 306 ‘OHAPTERO CURVED BEAMS Problems 312 References 318 oa 95 96 97 Introduction 319 smferential Stresses in a Curved Beam 220 9.2.1 Location of Neual Axis of Cross Section 328 Radial Stresses in Curved Beams 298 93.1 Curved Beams Made from Anisotropic Materials 32 Correction of Circumferential Stresses in Curved Beams ving 1,7, or Similar Cross Sections 338 9.4.1 Bleich's Correction Factors 340 Defletions of Curved Beams 342 95.1 Cross Sections in the Form ofan I, T, ete. 348 Statically Indeterminate Curved Beams: Closed Ring ‘Subjected toa Concentrated Load 348 Fully Plastic Loads for Curved Beams 350 9.7.1 Pally Plastic Versus Maximum Elastic Loads for Curved Beams 261 Problems 382 References 386 CHAPTER 10 BEAMS ON ELASTIC FOUNDATIONS 357 10.4 102 103 104 Genctal Theory 367 Infinite Beam Subjected to a Concentrated Load: Boundary Conditions 360 102.1 Method of Superposition 382 102.2 Beam Supported on Equally Spaced Diserete Elastic Supports 364 Infinite Beam Subjected to a Distributed Load Segment 368 103.1 Uniformly Distributed Load 268 1032 pi'sz an 103.3 Bl’ ym ams 10.34 Intermediate Values of” 374 103.5 Triangular Load 374 Semiinfinite Beam Subjected to Loads at Its End 374 105 106 107 CHAPTER 11 conTENTS. xi Smiinfinite Beam with Concenttated Load Neat Its End 376 Short Beams 377 ‘Thin-Wall Circular Cylinders 378 Problems 384 References 398 THE THICK-WALL CYLINDER 289 mn 2 u3 ua us 116 ua ccharren 12 Ba 1d 112 Relations 269 Equation of Equilibrium 391 ‘Sttain-Displacement Relations and Compatibility Condition 391 1.13 Stress-Strin—Temperature Relations 392 1.14 Material Response Data 392 Stress Components at Sections Far from Ends for a Cylinder with Closed Ends 282 112.1 Open Cylinder 396 ‘Sitess Components and Radial Displacement for Constant Temperature 395 113.1 Suess Components 295: 11.3.2 Radiat Displacement for a Closed Cylinder 396 Radial Displacement for an Open Cylinder 386 Criteria of Failure 290 114.1 Failure ofBritle Materials 399 1142 Failure of Ductile Materials 400 11.4.3 Material Response Dats for Design 400 11.44 eal Residual Suess Distributions for Composite Open Cylinders 401 Fully Plastic Pressure and Autofrttage 406 Cylinder Solution for Temperature Change Only 499 1161 Steady-State Temperature Change (Distribution) 409 11.62 Stress Components 410 Rotating Disks of Constant Thickness 419 Problems 419 References 422 1133 ELASTIC AND INELASTIC STABILITY OF COLUMNS 423 RI 22 3 Introduction tothe Concept of Coluran Buckling «24 Deflection Response of Columns to Compressive Loads 42 122.1 Elastic Buckling of an Meal Slender Column 426 122.2 Imperfect Slender Columns 427 ‘The Euler Formula forColumns with Pinned Ends 428 123.1 The Equilibrium Method «28 123.2 Higher Buckling Loads; n> 1491 123.3 The Imperfection Method 422 123.4 The Bnergy Method 422conteNTS: HAPTER 14 STRESS CONCENTRATIONS sae 124 Buler Buckling of Columns with Linearly Elastic End Constraints 496 125 Local Buckling of Columas 440 12.6 Inelastic Buckling of Columns a2 126.1 Inelastic Buckling «42 12.6.2 TWo Formulas for Inelastic Buckling of an Ideal Column 449 12.6.3 Tangent-Modulus Formula for an Inelastic Buckling Load 444 1264 Direct Tangent-Modulus Method 44s Problems 480 References 485 HAPTER 18 FLAT PLATES 457 Ee — 41 13.1 Introduction 457 132 Stress Resultants in a Flat Plate 458 142 13.3 Kinematics: Stain-Displacement Relations for Plates 461 13.3.1 Rotation ofa Plate Surface Element 484 1344 Equilibrium Equations for Small-Displacement Theory of Flat Plates 466 13.5 Suess-Strain-Temperature Relations for Isotropic Elastic Plates 489 1 Stress Components in‘Terms of Traction and Moments 472 135.2 Pure Bending of Plates 472 Strain Energy of aPlate 472 Boundary Conditions for Plates 473 143. Solution of Rectangular Pate Problems 476 138.1 Solution of v?v"y = P fora Rectangular Plate 477 D 13.82 Westergaard Approximate Solution for Rectangular Plates: Uniform Load 479 13.83 Deflection ofa Rectangular Pate: Uniformly Distributed Load 682 139 Solution of Circular Pate Problems 486 139.1 Solution of V2y2w = 2 fora Circular Plate 496 D 13.9.2 Circular Plates with Simply Supported ges 488 aa 13.93 Circular Plates with Fixed Edges 488 1394 Circular Plate witha Cireular Hole at the Center 480 1395 Summary for Circular Plates with Simply Supported Edges 490 13.6 Summary for Citculax Plates with Fixed Edges 491 13.9.7 Summary for Stresses and Defletions in Flat Circular Plates with Central Holes 482 14.5, 1398 Summary for Large Elastic Deflections of Circular Plates: Clamped Edge and Uniformly Distibuted Load 4s2 13.99 Significant Suess When Edges Are Clamped 495 139.10 Load on a Plate When Edges Are Clamped 496 139.11 Summary for Large Elastic Deflections of Circular Plates: Simply Supported Edge and Uniformly Distributed Losd 487 139.12 Rectangular or Other Shaped Ptates with Large Deflections 488 Problems 600 References 501 ‘Nature ofa Stress Concentration Problem and the Sess Concentration Factor 504 Stress Concentration Factors: Theory of Elasticity $07 142.1 Circular Hole in an Infinite Plate Under Uniaxial Tension 507 142.2 iliptic Hole in an Infinite Plate Stessed ina Direction Perpendicular tothe Major Axis of the Hole 08 14.2.3 Elliptical Hole in an Infinite Pate Stressed in {he Direction Perpendicularto the Minor Axis ofthe Hole 514 142.4 CrackinaPlate 512 1425 Blipsoidal Cavity 12 142.6 Grooves and Holes 618 Siress Concentration Factors: Combined Loads 615 143.1 Infinite Plate with @ Circular Hole $18, 14.3.2 Elliptical Hole in an Infinite Plate Uniformly Stressed in Directions of Major and Minor Axes ofthe Hole 516 14.3.3 Pure Shear Parallel to Major and Minor Axes ofthe Fliptical Hole 516 143.4 Elliptical Hole in an Infinite Plate with Different Loads in Two Perpendicular Directions 617 143.5 Stress Concentration ata Groove in Circular Shaft 520 Stress Concentration Factors: Experimental ‘Techniques 522 1441 Photoelastic Method 522 1442 Strain-Gage Method 524 1443 Elastic Torsional Stress Concentration at a Fillet in a Shaft 525 1444 Elastic Membrane Method: Torsional Stress Concentration 525 1445 Beams with Rectangular Cross Sections $27 Eifectve Sires Concentration Factors 520 14.5.1 Definition of Effective Stress Concentration Factor 590 14.5.2 Static Loads 532 1455.3 Repeated Loads sez146 14.54 Residual Stresses 536 14.5.5 Very Abrupt Changes in Section: Stress Gradient 526 14.5.6 Signiticance of Suess Gradient 9 145.7 Impactor Energy Loading 596 Effective Stess Concentration Factors: Inelastic Strains 696 146.1 Neuber’s Theorem $37 Problems 529 References 541 OMAPTER 15 FRACTURE MECHANICS 54a 1s 182 Failure Criteria and Practure 504 15.141 Britle Fracture of Members Free of Cracks and Flaws 846 15.2 Britle Fracture of Cracked or Flawed Members 546 ‘The Stationary Crack #61 15.2.1 BhuntCrack $53 15.2.2 Sharp Crack 54 153 Crack Propagation and the Stess Intensity Factor $65 153.1 Blastc Stress at he Tip of a Sharp Crack 555 15.5.2 Swess Intensity Factor: Definition and Derivation $86 1533 Derivation of Crack Extension Force G $56 1534 Critical Value of Crack Extension Force $58 154 Fracture: Other Factors 664 154.1 Blaste-Plastic Fracture Mechanies 962 154.2 Crack-Growth Analysis 562 154.3 Load Spectra and Stress History 562 1544 Testing and Experimental Data Interpretation 563 Problems 56 References 565 CHAPTER 16 FATIGUB: PROGRESSIVE FRACTURE $67 16.1 Fracture Resulting from Cyclic Loading $6 16.1.1 Suress Concentrations 572 16.2 Effective Suess Concentration Factors: Repeated Loads. $78 16.3. Eflective Suess Concentration Factors: Other Influences 575 163.1 Corrosion Fatigue 678 163.2 Effect of Range of Suess 577 16.3.3 Methods of Reducing Harmful Effects of Siress Concentrations 877 164 Low Cyele Fatigue and the e-N Relation 80 164.1 Hysteresis Loop 500 (CHAPTER 17 m4 172 173 174 175 16 m3 118 19 contents xiii 1642 — Fatigue-Life Curve and the E- Relation $81 Problems. 69 References 586 CONTACT STRESSES 989 Introduction 59 ‘The Problem of Determining Contact Stresses $00 Geometry ofthe Contact Surface 501 173.1 Fundamental Assumptions 591 173.2 Contact Surface Shape After Loading 592 1733 Justification of Ea. 17.1 682 1734 Brief Discussion of the Solution $95 [Notation and Meaning of Terms 596 ‘Expressions for Principal Stresses 597 Method of Computing Contact Stresses #98 17.6.1 Principal Stresses 598 17.62 Maximum Sheat Stress 999 17.63 Maximum Octahedral Shear Stress 599 17.64 Maximum Orthogonal Shear Stress $98 176.5 Curves for Computing Stresses for Any Value Of BIA 606 Dellection of Bodies in Point Contact 607 17.1 Significance of Suesses 611 ‘tres for Two Bodies in Line Contact: Loads Normal 0 Contact Area 614 17.8.1 Maximum Principal Stesses: k= 0° 61a 178.2 Maximum Shear Suess:k=0 613 1783. Maximum Octahedral Shear Stress: 613 Stresses for Two Bodies in Line Contact: Loads Normal ‘and Tangent to Contact Area 612 179.1 Rolleron Plane 614 179.2 Principal Siresses 616 179.3 Maximum Shear Suess 617 1794 Maximum Octahedsal Shear Sess 647 179.5 Effect of Magnitude of Friction Coefficient 616 17:96 Range of Shear Stess for One Load Cycle 619 Problems 622 References 623 CHAPTER 18 CREEP: TIME-DEPENDENT DEFORMATION 624 181 182 183 Definition of Creep and the Creep Curve 624 ‘The Tension Creep Test for Metals 626 ‘One-Dimensional Creep Formulas for Metals Subjected to Constant Stress and Elevated Temperature 628Is 18s 186 187 IB ‘conTENTS: One-Dimensional Creep of Metals Subjected 10 ‘Variable Stess and Temperature 621 184.1 Preliminary Concepts 624 18.4.2 Similarity of Creep Curves 620 18.43 Temperature Dependency €36 1844 Variable Suess and Temperature 635 Cocep Under Multiaxial Sates of Stress 640 18.5.1 General Discussion 640 Flow Rule for Creep of Metals Subjected to Multsxial States of Sess 642 18.6.1 Steady-State Creep 644 1862 Nonsteady Creep 48 An Application of Creep of Metals 649 187.1 Summary 660 Creep of Nonmetals 650 18.8.1 Asphalt 650 18.8.2 Concrete 651 1883 Wood 682 References 654 APPENDIX A AVERAGE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED MATERIALS 657 APPENDIX SECOND MOMENT (MOMENT OF INERTIA) OF APLANEAREA 60 Bi B2 BS Moments of Inertia ofa Plane Area 660 Parallel Axis Theorem 661 ‘Transformation Equations for Moments and Products of Inertia 664 B31 Principal Axes of Inertia 665 Problems 666 APPENDIX PROPERTIES OF STEEL CROSS SECTIONS 668 AUTHORINDEX. 673 SUBJECTINDEX 676