cng n tp Quy hoch pht trin h thng in

Cu 1: nh gi v trin vng cc ngun nng lng trn th gii.....................................................2

Cu 2. nh gi v tim nng nng lng VN......................................................................................4
Cu 3: nh hng ca s pht trin nng lng ln mi trng? Cch hn ch cc nh hng ?...6
Cu 4: Bi ton vn ti l g, cch gii bi ton vn ti bng phng php gc ty bc, Hon thin li
gii bng phng php th v.................................................................................................................8
Cu 5. Phng php qui hoch xp x gii qui hoch phi tuyn..........................................................13
Cu 6: Phng php Lagrange v nh l Kuhn Tucker gii quy hoch phi tuyn..........................15
Cu 7: Bi ton dng chnh tc, bi ton dng m rng,Hy trnh by phng php quy hoch s
nguyn..................................................................................................................................................17
Cu 8: Cc loi ngun in v u nhc im....................................................................................22
Cu 9 Trnh by bi ton quy hoach ngun di dng bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh........................26
Cu 10:Phng php nhnh v cn xc nh cu trc ti u ca mng in......................................28
Cu 11: Hy trnh by cc bc ln khi quy hoch mng in a phng........................................30
Cu 12 : Trnh by cc phng php nh gi d n u t...............................................................32

Cu 1: nh gi v trin vng cc ngun nng lng trn th gii.

Tr li :
A. Cc ngun nng lng khng ti to c trn th gii :
1. Du v cc sn phm du m:
- Du c u im l nhit lng cao, d chuyn ch, c tr lng kh ln, c xem l ngun nng
lng s 1 ca th gii vi 3 GTOE tr lng ( 30% tiu th dng s cp).
2/3 ti nguyn du tp trung khu vc Trung ng
- Du c khai thc ch yu di lng t. Ngi ta cho rng c th khai thc du trong 40 nm
na.
- V tr trung tm ca du m trong bng cn bng nng lng th gii khng ch l tr lng ca
n m cn do cc c tnh khc bit ca ngun nng lng ny.
2. Than :
- Than l ngun nng lng r nht trong cc dng nng lng ha thch nn vn cn c s dng
nhiu trong tng lai.
- Tr lng than trn th gii khong trn 1000 t tn, tp trung 1 s nc nh M (277), Nga
(173), Trung Quc (126) .
- Ngi ta cho rng s nm nhn loi c th khai thc than l khong 230 nm.
- Cng nghip than c nhiu bt li, trc ht l tnh ca n, cho d c gii ha rt nhiu nhng
vn phi s dng rt nhiu lao ng. Mt khc, thiu tnh a dng trong s dng.
- Nhc im ng lu nht l s nguy hi ca vic t chy than gy ra, him ha gy ra do C0 2
m qu trnh t chy than thi ra vi s lng ln s hn cht s pht trin ca ngnh than
trong tng lai.
3. Kh thin nhin:
- Kh thin nhin chim v tr th 3 trong bng cn bng nng lng TG vi 1 sn lng thng mi
khong 2Tm3 , chim 20% tiu th nng lng s cp.
- Tr lng kh thin nhin trn ton TG l khong 144 Tm 3 , s nm c th khai thc ca kh thin
nhin d on l khong 60 nm.
- N l loi nhin liu ha thch sch nht , c tnh linh hot trong s dng, khng ch d dng v
tc v p sut. Ngoi ra n l ngun ti nguyn phong ph trn th gii v phn b u hn so
vi du m.
- Tnh trung bnh chi ph sn xut khng qu cao, nhng chi ph vn chuyn li rt cao, chim 40%
tng chi ph k thut.
4. Nng lng in.
- in c xem l nng lng s cp nu sn xut t thy nng, nguyn t, a nhit, quang in,
gi, thy triu. Nhng n cng l nng lng th cp nu sn xut cc nh my in dng than,
du hoc kh thin nhin.
- Nm 2001, ton th gii sn xut mt lng in nng l 14.851 TWh, trong cc NMN
chim 64%, NMT chim 17,3% , NMNT chim 17% v cn li l t a nhit, in mt tri,
phong in v rc, ( ct, ch ny k bit nh)
- NMN dng nhin liu c in chim v tr quan trng trong sn xut in nhiu nc. c c v
tr thng lnh trong cc khu vc nh NA, Chu Phi, Trung ng v Nam , cung cp ti 70%
tng lng in nng sn xut.
- Nng lng thy lc trn trn T l 2,26.106 MW, tng ng 540 triu tn than. Cc NMT sn
xut 54% in s cp.
- Cc NMNT chim v tr th 3: khong trn 447 l phn ng ang vn hnh trn TG vi tng cng
sut trang b khong 359 GW v tng sn lng in l 2575 TWh. Cc NM ny sn xut 46% in
nng s cp trn ton TG.
B. Cc ngun nng lng mi v ti to c:
1. Nng lng mt tri
- C th coi y l mt phn ng nhit hch khng l, bin hydro (H2 ) thnh Heli (He) .
3

- Nng lng MT pht ra trong 1s tng ng vi 2,5.10 9 tn than . Tuy nhin tri t ch nhn
c mt phn rt nh ca lng , c khong 104 tn than /s.
- Mt NLMT chiu trn mt t l khng u nhau, v tr lng NLMT so vi tui th ca con
ngi c th coi l v tn. NLMT c ngha quan trng nhng ni m mng li in tha tht,
ng dy ti in cha vn ti ( hi o, vng su vng xa, hi ng)
2. Ngun nng lng a nhit:
- Nng lng a nhit l nhit ly t lng t. Nhit nng ca T l khong 64 t KWh.- - Ngi ta
phn chia cc bn a nhit thnh 3 dng c bn nh sau:
a) Bn nhit hi kh:
- Loi ny khai thc d dng nht. Ngi ta thng khoan 1 l su n bn cha hi nng, hi nng
phun ra vi p sut rt cao.Dng trc tip lung hi nng c p sut cao chay tua bin nh
NMN.
b) Bn nhit nc nng :
- Nng lng tn ti di dng hi nc nng.
- Da vo nghin cu, o c ngi ta hy vng tim nng ca nhng bn nhit nc c th gp 20
ln so vi loi hi kh.
c) H nng kh:
- Hu ht m a nhit lai ny u nm gn b mt tri t.
- Ngi ta c tnh nng lng ca loi m ny t nht ln gp 10 ln tng 2 loi trn.
- Theo nh gi ca cc chuyn gia th ngun ti nguyn a nhit trn ton TG c th khai thc vo
khong 990 Gtoe, trong c 60 Gtoe c xc nh.
3. Ngun nng lng gi:
- Qua nhiu th k, gi tr thnh ngun nng lng quan trng, ngi ta sn xut in v bm nc
t ngun nng lng ny v c bit, n c s dng phn tn nhng vng xa xi.
- Theo tnh ton, tng s nng lng gi trn ton TG trong 1 nm l 350 trKWh, nhng do khng
n nh v phn tn nn ch s dng c mt phn cc nh.
- Tim nng nng lng gi cc nc c cc chuyn gia nh gi vo khong 300TWh/ nm,
ch yu l tp trung Bc M v Chu u.

Cu 2. nh gi v tim nng nng lng VN

1. Ngun nng lng s cp
VN c cc ngun nng lng ha thch phong ph nh than , kh thin nhin vi tr lng kh
ln, ngoi ra s hnh thnh cc con sng to ra mt ngun thy nng c nh gi l cao nht
NA. B bin di (3260km) l k thun li cho vic khai thc ngun nng lng thy triu v nng
lng gi, ngun nng lng a nhit cng chim mt t l ng k trong tim nng nng lng
VN.
a) Ngun thy nng
Tim nng k thut thu in nc ta khong 123 t kWh, tng ng cng sut lp t khong
31.000 MW. Nu xem xt cc yu t kinh t, x hi v tc ng ti mi trng th tim nng kinh t
ch cn khong 75-80 t kWh, tng ng vi cng sut 18.000-20.000MW.
Hin ti tng cng sut cc nh my thu in c xy dng l 4115 MW, tng ng sn lng
in trung bnh hng nm khong 18 t kWh. Tr nng kinh t ca 10 lu vc sng chnh chim
85,9% tr nng kinh t trn ton lnh th.
b) Ngun du kh
Tng tr lng du kh c th thu hi ca nc ta vo khong 3,75 t m 3 du qui i, trong tr
lng c xc minh vo khong 1,25 t m3 vi t l kh t chim hn 50%. (So vi cc nc
NA, ta mc trung bnh)
Nm 2005 ta khai thc c 16,8 triu tn du th v 6,6 t m 3 kh, trung bnh mi ngy khai thc
18 triu m3 kh. Du c khai thc ch yu xut khu.
c) Ngun than
Cc m than ch yu nm ng Bc Vit Nam (chim khong 90% ca ton ngnh than). Loi
than chnh y l than anthracite (tr lng 3238 triu tn) v mt s lng khng nhiu than nu,
than bn nm tam gic sng Hng v sng Mkng.
Nm 2005 ngnh NL khai thc c 35 triu tn than nguyn khai v xut khu c 11 triu tn
than anthracite.
d) Ngun nng lng a nhit
C nc ta c khong 300 mch nc nng, nhit trn mt t o c t 30 - 105C, phn b
ch yu vng Ty Bc (chim 49%) v Trung b. Tng tr lng a nhit Vit Nam tng
ng 9 t tn du.
e) Ngun nng lng mt tri, gi
Nc ta nm trong vng c s gi nng trung bnh khong 200-2500 gi/nm vi tng nng lng
bc x mt tri cao, trung bnh khong 150-175 kcal/cm2.nm. Tuy nhin gi thnh lp t cc b
pin mt tri rt cao, khong 8-8,5 USD/W.
Tim nng gi nc ta c nh gi vo khong 800-1400 kWh/m2.nm cc hi o, 500-1000
kWh/m2.nm vng duyn hi v Ty Nguyn v di 500 kWh/m2.nm cc khu vc khc.
nc ta c 1000 trm in gi c gia nh (cng sut t 150-200W). D kin c th a tng cng
sut in gi ln n 150MW vo khong nm 2020.
2. HT VN
a) Thc trng
Nhu cu in thi gian qua tng trng mc kh cao. Giai on t nm 2000 ti nay nhu cu
in tng mc cao 14-15% v d bo s cn duy tr mc ny.
Hin nay tng cng sut lp t ca cc nh my in nc ta l 8909 MW, cng sut kh dng
khong 8650 MW. (Trong , thy in ~ 46%, tuabin kh 27%, nhit in ~16%, ngoi ngnh 6%,
diesel 5%).
Hin nay ngnh in cung cp in cho 100% s huyn, 81,8% s x, 73,5% s h nng dn.
Mc ph in n cc vng xu, vng xa cao hn so vi cc nc trong khu vc.
5

Nm 2005 ngnh nng lng ca Vit Nam sn xut c 53,462 t kWh in. (ng dy 500
kV: 1534 km, tng cng sut cc TBA 500 kV l 2700 MVA).
Nhn chung, VN vn l mt trong nhng nc c mc sn xut v tiu th in nng thp nht trong
khu vc. H thng chuyn ti v phn phi xung cp, lc hu, hiu sut ca cc nh my nhit in
di 30%, tn hao in nng cn cao (nm 1999 tn hao l 15,5% ), mc khng bng phng
ca th ph ti l ln.
b) Cc nh hng pht trin ngnh in lc VN
- Sp xp li v n nh t chc sn xut.
- u t chiu su, ci to nng cp, hin i ho i vi cc c s ngun v li hin c, ng thi
pht trin ngun v li in mi mt cch ng b.
- Pht trin cc cng trnh thu in (Sn La) tn dng khai thc ngun thu nng ca t nc.
Pht trin cc nh my nhit in vi ngun nhin liu a dng nh kh t, than, du m, trong
u tin cc nh my in s dng kh t ph hp vi kh nng khai thc cc m kh ca nc ta.
- Phi hp vi cc nc trong khu vc nghin cu v trin khai d n lin kt li in khu vc
trao i in nng v nhp khu in cho giai on t nm 2005.
- Nghin cu v trin khai chng trnh DSM (Demand Side Management- Qun l nhu cu ph ti)
nhm tit kim in nng. Thc hin cc bin php tch cc gim tn tht in nng (t 15-16%
nm 2000 cn 11-12% nm 2010).
- Trin khai chng trnh a in v nng thn, xy dng th im in kh ho nng thn v m
hnh qun l li in nng thn hp l, c hiu qu.
- Thu ht vn u t trc tip ca nc ngoi v cc thnh phn trong nc tham gia u t vo
pht trin ngun li in di dng BOT, BOO, IPP, JV trn c s in lc quc doanh phi gi vai
tr ch o. Nghin cu c phn ho mt s nh my va v nh, li in phn phi khu vc
gii quyt kh khn v ngun vn u t v tng hiu qu sn xut kinh doanh.
- u t trang b cc dy chuyn cng ngh tin tin cho cc x nghip c in, c bit l cc th
nghim tng bc t sn xut trong nc cc thit b v vt t k thut in cho li in n 220
kV v cc ph tng vt t cho sa cha ngun in.
- Qui hoch di hn v t chc v o to (c bit ch trng cng tc o to li) ng thi kin
ton cc c s o to c nng lc o to chnh qui v bi dng ngn hn.
(chi tit cc bng s liu tham kho trong gio trnh, tr.28)

Cu 3: nh hng ca s pht trin nng lng ln mi trng? Cch hn ch cc

nh hng ?
TL: S pht trin ca ngnh nng lng c nh hng rt ln n mi trng. Ni chung vic xy
dng v a vo vn hnh cc nh my in c nh hng xu n mi trng. Khi t than, du v
kh t bin nhit nng thnh in nng trong cc nh my nhit in khng th trnh khi vic
thi ra bu kh quyn mt lng ln bi v cc cht thi c hi khc.
Vic nh hng n mi trng ca qu trnh sn xut v tiu th nng lng c th k ra cc mt
ch yu sau:
Gy nhim tng kh quyn
Cc cht thi c hi t cc nh my nhit in c th lit k ra nh CO2, SO2, NOX
Khi t 1 tn than s sinh ra 66kg SO2, 11kg bi v nhiu kh c hi khc.
Mi nm lng kh C2 do con ngi t nhin liu khong ph thi vo trong khng kh l trn 5t
tn/ nm, lng SO2 l 200triu tn, lng NOx l 150 triu tn
Kt qu nghin cu v nhim sunfua ixit (SO2) v bi thi cho thy 50% dn s thnh th trn
TG (khong 900 triu ngi) ang sng trong mi trng khng kh c hm lng SO2 vt qu
tiu chun cho php, trn 1 t ngi ang sng trong mi trng c hm lng bi vt qu tiu
chun cho php -> do nguyn nhn m hng nm trn TG c t nht khong 500.000 tr em b
cht yu, t 4 n 5triu ngi b mc bnh ng h hp v hng triu trng hp mc cc bnh tt
khc.
Cc nh my nhit in chy bng than l ngun thi chnh ca cc cht thi cacbon. Cc nh my
in hin nay sn ra 36% cht thi ccbon t cc sn phm nng lng, v n s tng ln n 38%
vo nm 2015.
Hin nay than chim 52% ca tng s cc nh my in nhng thi ra 87%cc cht thi cacbon.
Mt khc cc kh thi ca cc nh my in li c th gp phn lm thng tn ozon ca tri t, gy
nhng hu qu to ln m cho n nay loi ngi cng cha th nh gi ht c. Tng ozon
ngn c hn 90% tia t ngoi c hi do mt tri chiu xung tri t. Khi tng ozon b ph hoi,
th tia t ngoi trc tip chiu xung mt t, gy ung th da, lm tn thng mt mt cch mn tnh
v cn nh hng n chc nng ca h thng min dch ca c th.
Hin nay, tng ozon ca Nam cc mng i 65%, tng ozon trn khng trung Bc u, Nga v
Canada gim i t 12 20%, thm ch tng ozon nhiu ni cn b thng hn m tiu biu l Nam
Cc c mt l thng rng bng 20% din tch ca Nam Cc.
S nhim ngun nc.
Nc ca cc i dng v h, ao, sng, sui ngy cng b nhim nng n. Cc nh my nhit in
va thi khi ra mi trng li va thi cc cht c hi xung ngun nc gy ra s axit ho MT
(ao,h, sng, sui) chnh l mt nguy c gy nhim ngun nc.
Hin tng axit ho khng phi bt ngun duy nht t ngun gc t nhin, m n l kt qu s bin
i thnh axit ca kh SO2 (t l 2/3) v ca kh Nox (t l 1/3) nh ra t ct ng khi ca cc nh
my in.
Cc axit ny s di chuyn v ri ngc xung tri t di dng kh hoc m cng vi ma v
tuyt. Cc tu ch du b tai nn trn bin cng s l ngun gy nhim rt ln cho i dng.
Cc nh my in nguyn t cng gp phn ng k vo vic lm nhim ngun nc. Chng gy
nhim t 3 ngun chnh sau:
Ph thi ca cng nghip khai thc nhin liu ht nhn. (ph thi ca cng nghip khai thc nhin
liu ht nhn u mang tnh phng x kh cao). x l khi lng nc ln thi v ph liu nguy
him cn mt kinh ph rt ln.
ph liu t cc cht phng x x s dng ca nh my in ht nhn. Ph liu ca cc nh my in
nguyn t th gii l 8vn tn( nm 1991). Chng l ngun gy nhim chnh cho cc ngun nc
sch v i dng.
7

Cht lng xung ca cc v th v kh ht nhn. Hin nay ton cu c 15 nc c v kh ht

nhn. Mi cuc th v kh ht nhn li tung ln bu tri (sau phn ln s ri tr li tri t) mt
khi lng ln cc cht nhim x nh bi t, mnh bom v cc m my.
Vic x l cc ngun gy nhim phng x l mt vic vo cng kh khn v tn km.
Hiu ng nh knh
quy m ton cu c nguy c m dn ln ca hnh tinh chng ta. Cc nh my nhit in c s
dng kh thin nhin vi hm lng ch yu l mtan c kh nng gy ra hiu ng nh knh nhiu
gp 20ln so vi kh CO2. Hiu ng nh knh l hiu ng gy ra bi 3 cht kh thi ch yu l
cacbonic( CO2), mtan( CH4 ) v oxitnit ( N2O). nhng kh ny ti ra mng mng bc bu kh
quyn v lm phn x li b mt tri t lng nhit nng pht ra t tri t.
Hiu ng lng knh lm cho nhit trn b mt tri t ngy cng nng ln. Cc nh khoa hc
tnh c nhit tri t s tng t 1-4,50C t nay cho n gia th k XXI, nht l ma ng
nhng vng ni cao. S tng ca hm lng kh CO2 trong tng kh quyn cng c ghi nhn
0,280/00 trc Cch mng cng nghipj v c th t 0,560/00 vo nm 2050. Tri t m dn ln
trong hn 100nm cng nghip( t 1990 2100)(hnh v). nhit c ca cc i dng tng dn ln
v cng vi n mc nc bin cng ang tng dn ln.
Cc nh khoa hc d on n cui th k XXI ny, mc nc bin s tng ln t 30-75cm. Nhng
vng dn c ng c (Bnglat, H Lan, vng Nouvelle Orleans, lu vc sng Nil, lu vc sng
Mkng, sng Indus) s l nhng ni trc tip b e do. Ngoi ra nhng dng hi lu ln (El Nino
Thi Bnh Dng, gulf Stream i ty dng) c th b dch chuyn, c nhng ni hon ton
bin thnh sa mc.
Cc cng trnh nng lng cn nh hng n mi trng sinh thi v nhiu mt nh vn hnh
lang v chim t ca cc cng trnh in lc (c bit l ng dy ti in v h cha ca cc nh
my thu in), nh hng ca in trng v t trng, nh hng ln cnh quan v v sinh mi
trng..v.v..
Cch hn ch cc nh hng:(ci ny ko c trong sch, y l t ba, tham kho)
- S dng cc ngun nng lng sch: in nguyn t, phong in, nng lng mt tri ...

Cu 4: Bi ton vn ti l g, cch gii bi ton vn ti bng phng php gc ty

bc, Hon thin li gii bng phng php th v.
(Gii bi ton vn ti, hm mc tiu, rng buc, cch gii thng qua v d).
1. Trnh by v bi ton vn ti.
Lp bi ton vn ti
Bn cht ca bi ton vn ti l tm phng n ti u vn ti hng ha t mt s ni pht n
mt s ni nhn.
Ch tiu ti u y thng l cc tiu chi ph tng v vn ti. Bi ton c th m t nh sau: c
m a im pht , vi cc lng hng ho tng ng a 1, a2,. . ., am v n a im nhn, vi nhu cu
tng ng b1, b2, . . ., bn. Cn xc nh phng n vn ti sao cho tng chi ph l cc tiu, khi bit gi
thnh cc ph n v Cij vn ti trn on ng t ni pht i n ni nhn j.
K hiu xij l s lng hng cn vn ti t ni pht i n ni nhn j, khi iu kin ca bi ton vn
ti c m t trong bng.

a1

X11

....................................................................
.......

Xm2

X1n

..........................

b2

b1

Xmn

Xm1

X12

am

bn

M t bi ton
Ni pht
A1
A2

Ni nhn
B1
c11
X11
c21
X21

B2

..

Dung lng
ai

Bn

c12

c1n

X12

X1n
c22

C2n

X22

X2n

..
Am

a1
.a1
----

cm1
Xm1

cm2

Cmn

Xm2

Xmn

Dung lng
bi

.am
m

i 1

j 1

ai b j

Bi ton vn ti c pht biu di dng ton hc nh sau:

- Xc nh cc gi tr xij : i = 1, 2, ..., m ; j = 1, 2, ..., n sao cho:
m

f(X) =

C
i 1 j 1

x min

ij ij

vi cc rng buc:
n

j 1
m

i 1

xij ai ; i 1,2,..., m

xij b j ; j 1,2,..., n

v :
xij 0 (i = 1,2,..., m ; j = 1, 2,..., n )
- Ngoi ra trong trng hp n gin thng gi thit l tng dung lng hng pht i cn bng vi
tng dung lng ni nhn, ngha l:
m

a b
i 1

j 1

2. Phng php gc ty bc
4.3.2.Xc nh phng n c bn ban u
* Phng php gc ty bc xc nh gi tr (m+n-1) n c bn ca phng n ban u.
- Xut pht t gc bn tri trn cng (x11) ta in cc gi tr ca n c bn v i dn xung gc
phi di cng, ng thi lun lun tho mn cc rng buc mc trn.
Ni
pht
A1
A2
Dung
lng
bi

Ni nhn
B1
B2
5
150
50
2
0
200
150

250

Dung lng
ai

B3
3

2
0

6
100
100

200
300
500

C hai ni pht A1, A2 vi cc lng hng tng ng a1 = 200; a2 = 300 v 3 ni nhn vi nhu
cu tng ng b1 = 150; b2 = 250; b3 = 100. Cc ph vn ti cij c ghi gc phi pha trn
trong tng ngn bng. Xut pht t gc ty bc ta c x11 = 150 (v b1<a1) nh vy x21 = 0,
ngn A1B2 s nhn gi tr (a1 - 150) = 50 v.v... Tip tc i xung gc ng nam v c gi tr ca
(m+n-1) n c bn, y: m+n-1 = 4
Vy phng n c bn ban u l : x11 = 150 ; x12 =50 ; x22 = 200 ; x23 = 100.
Khi :
F1(X) = 150.5 + 50.3 + 200.4 + 100.6 = 2300.
R rng phng n c bn ban u y cha t min f(X) cn tm cch gim gi tr f(x)
3. Hon thin li gii bng phng php th v.
Sau khi c gi tr ca (m+n-1) n c bn ca phng n ban u, cn tm phng php hon
thin li gii dn vi phng n ng vi gi tr min f(x). Sau y s dng mt trong nhng phng
php thng dng l phng php th v (cn gi l phng php phn phi ci bin).
Ni dung phng php th v gm nhng bc sau:
1.Xc nh gi tr th v
2.Ch tiu ti u theo phng php th v
3. Nguyn tc vng kn hon thin li gii

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1. Xc nh gi tr th v
ng vi mi hng (ni pht A1, A2,...,Am) c th v 1, 2,..., m v mi ct (ni nhn B1, B2,...
Bn ) c th v 1, 2,..., n. Nh vy vi mi phng n ca bi ton vn ti ta c mt h thng
(m+n) th v 1, 2,..., m, 1, 2,..., n.
Gi tr ca i, j c xc nh nh sau:
i + j = cij (*); i = 1, 2, ..., m; j = 1, 2,... , n
ta cn xc nh (m+n) gi tr th v, nhng mi phng n ch c (m+n-1) gi tr cij to thnh
(m+n-1) phng trnh dng (*) v vy mt th v phi cho gi tr tu . Thng cho 1 = 0 v xc
nh 2,..., mv 1, 2,..., n theo (*).
Th d phng n c bn ban u theo phng php gc ty bc gi tr cc th v c xc nh
nh h phng trnh :
1 + 1 = 5; 1 + 2 = 3; 2 + 2 = 4; 2 + 3 = 6
vi 1 = 0 ta c: 1 = 5; 2 = 3; 2 = 1; 3 = 5
Ni
pht

Ni nhn
B1

B2
5

A1

150

B3
3

50
2

200

2
0

Dung
lng
ai

A2
0
200
100
300
1
Dung
lng
bi
150
250
100
500

5
3
5
2. Ch tiu ti u theo phng php th v:
nh l : Phng n X = xij ca bi ton vn ti l ti u khi cc gi tr th v i, j tho mn
iu kin sau:
i + j = cij ngn c xij > 0
i
+ j cij ngn c xij = 0

3. Nguyn tc vng kn hon thin li gii

4.3.3. Hon thin li gii bng phng php th v

11

Vy phng n l ti u ,hm mc tiu f(x) c gi tr

F3(X) = 1400
S khi v mt s ch
Trong thc t nhiu bi ton khng c iu kin ng thc nh trn m c:
m

i 1

j 1

ai b j
hoc:
m

i 1

j 1

ai b j
Trong trng hp c th da vo cc lng vn ti xij ph ng vi cc cc ph ph ng vi
cc ph cij =0 tr v iu kin cn bng dung lng pht v nhn.

12

Thnh lp bi ton vn ti.

Xc nh th v i : i= 1, 2,...,m ; j : j = 1, 2,...,n

Xc nh ij = (i + j)-cij ng vi cc ngn xij = 0

ij 0?

Tnh F(X), In gi tr

Dng

Khng
Chn ngn (AiBj); C max ij
Lp vng kn +. . . -

; Xc nh xij mi

xij mi ?

Khng

Bi ton v
nghim

Khng
Lp phng n mi

13

Cu 5. Phng php qui hoch xp x gii qui hoch phi tuyn

Bi ton qui hoch tng qut thng l bi ton qui hoch phi tuyn. Ch cn mt trong cc hm
{ f(X) min (max) } hoc { gi(X) (,=,) bi (i = 1,2,,m) } l cc hm phi tuyn th bi ton qui
hoch tng qut s l bi ton qui hoch phi tuyn. gii bi ton qui hoch phi tuyn ngi ta
thng p dng mt trong cc phng php l: tuyn tnh ha, a v bi ton qui hoch phi tuyn
khng rng buc, gii trc tip, qui hoch ng v.v
Phng php tuyn tnh ho ( qui hoch xp x )
Xc nh tp gi tr cc bin: X = {x1, x2, xn}
Sao cho hm f(xj) max (min)
j = 1,2,,n
ng thi tha mn cc iu kin:
hi(X) = 0 (i = 1,2,,m1)
gi(X) 0 (i = 1,2,,m2)
trong , trong trng hp tng qut, cc hm f(x), hi(x), gi(x) u l hm phi tuyn.
xj X Rn.
Ta khai trin cc hm trn theo chui Taylor v ch ly n hm bc nht. Nh vy, bc lp th k
ta c:
f ( X ) f ( X ( k ) ) f '( X ( k ) )( x i xi ( k ) ) min

(k )
(k )
(k )
(1)
hi ( X ) hi ( X ) h ' xi ( X )( x i xi ) 0

(k )
(k )
(k )
gi ( X ) gi ( X ) g ' xi ( X )( x i xi ) 0
trong xi(k) l gi tr xi ti bc lp th k. Cn X(k) l vect X ti bc lp th k.
Nh vy ta a bi ton qui hoch phi tuyn thnh bi ton qui hoch tuyn tnh. Gii h phng
trnh (1) bng phng php lp nh sau:
Bc 1:
+ Chn tp nghim ban u X(0).
+ Tnh cc gi tr f(X(0)), hi(X(0)), gi(X(0)).
+ Ly cc o hm f(X), hi(X), gi(X) v tnh gi tr ca chng theo X(0):
f(X(0)), hi(X(0)), gi(X(0)).
+ Lp bi ton qui hoch tuyn tnh (1).
Bc 2:
+ Gii bi ton qui hoch tuyn tnh (1) c X(1).
+ Chn vect ty
+ so snh gia cc thnh phn th i ca hai vect (X(0)) v (X(1)).
- nu xi(1) > xi(0) th xc nh c xi(1) = xi(0) + (1).
- nu xi(1) < xi(0) th xc nh c xi(1) = xi(0) - (1).
Trong (1) l di bc lp th 1 (0 < (1) < 1)
nhng bc lp khc ta c: (k+1) = (k) (0 < < 1)
iu kin ti u l khi no th coi nh bi ton hi t theo tiu chun ra.
(l thuyt th ny l nhng c th tham kho thm v d trang 112 sch Quy Hoch Pht Trin
HT ca thy Trng)

14

S khi:
Vo f(X), h(X), g(X)

Chn X(0), (1) v

Tnh f(X(k)), hi(X(k)), gi(X(k))

f(X(k)), hi(X(k)), gi(X(k))
Lp ptr (1)

Gii (1) tm X(k+1)

xi(k+1) > xi(k)

i = 1,2,n

xi(k+1) = xi(k) + (k+1)

xi(k+1) = xi(k) - (k+1)

In gtr ca X; STOP

u im:
- Thut ton n gin, gii n gin (v c chng trnh mu)
- Ni chung l hi t
Nhc im:
- Tc tnh ton chm, khng dng cho h thng in ln

15

Cu 6: Phng php Lagrange v nh l Kuhn Tucker gii quy hoch phi tuyn.
1, Bi ton Lagrange dng chnh tc:
Phng php Lagrange l phng php kinh in gii bi ton quy hoch phi tuyn khi c
rng buc dng ng thc v bt ng thc xc nh cc tr c iu kin (cc tr vng )ca hm
c nhiu bin v khi hm lin tc cng o hm ring bc nht ca n.
+ Xt bi ton dng chnh tc:
Xc nh X {x1 ,x 2 ,...,x n} sao cho:

f(x1 ,x 2 ,...,x n ) min

vi cc rng buc : i
p dng phng php i ngu Lagrange: t bi ton ti u ang xt (bi ton gc) xy dng mt
bi ton ti u khc (bi ton i ngu) sao cho gia cc bi ton ny c lin quan cht ch (VD:t
nghim ca bi ton ny c th suy ra nghim ca bi ton kia). C th:
h (X) 0 i 1,2,...,m

Xc nh X {x1 ,x 2 ,...,x n} sao cho:

L(x1 ,x 2 ,...,x n ;1,1,..., m) f(x1,x 2 ,...,x n) 1.hi (x1,x 2 ,...,x n ) min

i 1

Trong :

L hm Lagrange.
- nhn t Lagrange.

Ly o hm ring ca L theo xj v i ri cho bng 0 ta c h phng trnh Lagrange:

L f X m hi X

i
0
xj
xj
xj
i 1
L
hi x1,x1,...,xn 0
i

j 1,2,...,n
i 1,2,...,m

xc nh h (1)
Nu im X {x1,x2,...,xn} hm f{x1,x2,...,xn} t cc tr th tn ti vect
*

* {1* ,*2,...,*m} sao cho im {x1* ,x*2,...,x*n;1* ,*2,...,*m} l li gii ca h trn. H c

(n+m) phng trnh, gii ra c n n xj v m n i .

xc nh cc i hoc cc tiu phi kho st gi tr hm bc 2 ca L(X) hoc f(X).
1, Bi ton Lagrange dng m rng:
L bi ton m trong h rng buc c tn ti c cc bt phng trnh c gii theo phng
php da trn nh l Kuhn-Tucker (nh l v im yn nga).
Gi thit cn xc nh X {x1 ,x 2 ,...,x n} sao cho:

f(x1 ,x 2 ,...,x n ) min v tha mn cc rng buc

hi (x1 ,x 2 ,...,x n ) 0;i 1,2,...,m1

gi (x1 ,x 2 ,...,x n ) 0;i m1 1,...,m
xj 0;j 1,2,...,n

xc nh h (2)
Ch : Trng hp cn lm max hm f(X) th nhn f(X) vi (-1) thnh (-f(X))min hoc khi c

gi (X) 0 th nhn gi (X) vi ( -1) c rng buc gi (X) 0

Hm Lagrange c dng:
16

m1

L X, f(x1 ,x 2 ,...,x n ) i .hi (x1,x 2 ,...,x n)

i 1

i .gi (x1,x 2 ,...,x n ) min

i m11

gi (X) khng ng nht bng khng nn khng th ly o hm hm L X, v cho bng khng

nh trc y.

Gi thit f(X) v gi (X) lin tc, kh vi v to thnh tp hp li th ta c th s dng nh l

Kuhn-Tucker gii bi ton ny.
Ni dung:

im L trn mt cong

L X,

l min theo X v max theo

L( x ,

m(x ,

*
nh l: Vect X ch l li gii ti u ca bi ton (2) khi tn ti vct sao cho:
*

Gi tr ca im

L X * ,*

L X * , L X * ,* L X ,*

l im yn nga ca hm

L X, .

17

Cu 7: Bi ton dng chnh tc, bi ton dng m rng,Hy trnh by phng php
quy hoch s nguyn
IQuy hoch tuyn tnh:
1. t bi ton:
Mt nh my in c th dng 4 loi than sn xut in.
Bit
- lng in nng yu cu hng nm ca nh my :A[MWh]
- sut tiu hao than ca loi than th i l qi
- Gi thnh sn xut in nng ca loi than i l ci [/MWh] (i=1,2,3,4)
- Lng than loi i cung cp hng nm sn xut in khng c vt qu Qi
- Tng lng than ca c 4 loi cung cp hng nm sn xut in khng c vt
qu Q
Cn xc nh lng in nng c sn xut hng nm t tng loi than t cc
tiu v chi ph sn xut in nng.
2. Li gii:
Nu gi lng in nng c sn xut hng nm t loi than th i l x i [MWh]
(i=1,2,3,4) .. bi ton c th c trnh by nh sau:
- Xc nh X= {x1, x2, x3, x4 } sao cho:
f(X) = c1x1 + c2x2 + c3x3 + c4x4 min
- Vi cc rng buc:
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = A
q1x1 + q2x2 + q3x3 + q4x4 QS
q1x1 Q1
q2x2 Q2
q3x3 Q3
q4x4 Q4
xi 0 (i=1,2,3,4)
3. Cc dng bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh:
A- Dng tng qut j= 1,..n
Tm X={xi } tha mn ng thi cc iu kin:
n

1) f(X) c j x j min(max)
j 1

2) g i ( X ) aij x j (; ; )bi
(i 1, m)
j 1
Trong :
- f(X) l hm mc tiu
- xj l cc n
- cj , aij , bi l nhng hng s t do
B- Dng chnh tc:
Tm X= {xj }, j=1,..,n tha mn ng thi cc iu kin sau
n

1) f(X) = nc jx j min(max)
1
2) gi(X) =j
a ij x j b i
(i 1,m)

3) xj 0 ; bij1 0
trong cj , aij , bi l cc hng s t do

18

Ngi ta c th a dng tng qut v dng chnh tc nu gp cc trng hp sau:

1-

a
j1

ij

x j bi

Thm vo v tri phng trnh mt lng n xn+i > 0, ta c:

n

j 1

j 1

aij xj bi aij xj (xn i ) bi

2-

a
j1

ij

x j b i , bt vo v tri ca phng trnh mt lng n xn+i > 0, ta c:

n

aij xj bi aij xj (xni ) bi

3- Trng hp xj 0 thj1 t tj= - xj 0j 1

4- Trng hp khng bit du ca n xj th t xj = xj1 - xj2 trong xj1 0; xj2 0
Bi ton dng tng qut s tr thnh bi ton dng chnh t c
C- Dng chun tc:
l bi ton c dng sau:
T m X= {xj }, j= 1,...,n tha mn ng thi cc iu kin sau:
n

1- F(X)=
2- Gi(X)=

c x
j1

min(max)

n m

xi ai ,m hxm h bi ;(i 1, m)
h1

3- xj0; bi 0
Ma trn h s ca h ph ng trnh rng buc c dng sau:
1 0 0 ... 0 a1,m+1 a1,m+2 ... a1,n
0 1 0 ... 0 a2,m+1 a2,m+2 ... a2,n
0 0 1 ... 0 a3,m+1 a3,m+2 ... a3,n
...........................
0 0 0 ... 1 am,m+1 am,m+2 ... am,n
Nh vy c th suy ra cch nhn bit dng chun tc l ma trn h s ca h phng trnh
rng buc kiu m x n phi c cha ma trn n v c p m.
V d: xt bi ton sau c phi dng chun khng?
Cho f(X) = 2x1 + 5x2 + 4x3 + x4 - 5x5 min
Vi cc iu kin rng buc nh sau:
1) x1 + 2x2 + 4x3
- 3x5
= 152
2)
4x2 + 2x3 + x4 + 3x5
= 60
3) 3x2+ 4x5 + x6 = 36
Vi xj 0 (j=1...6)
Ma trn h s ca h phng trnh trn nh sau:

1 2 4 0 3 0
0 4 2 1
3 0

0
3
0
0
4
1
Ct 1, 4, 5 to nn ma trn n v cp 3 nn bi ton dng chun tc. Cc n to nn ma
trn cp 3 l x1, x4, x6, v ta gi l cc n c bn.
19

nu c mt phng n sao cho cc n khng c bn u bng 0 tc l nu g i x i=bi

(i=1,2..,m) lm n c bn v x i =0 (i=m+1,..,n) l cc n khng c bn th ta s c mt
phng n c b n nh sau:
Xcb = {b1, b2, b3, ..., bm, 0, 0, ...,0}

Qui hoch s nguyn

Ni dung ch yu ca thut ton Gamory gii bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh sao cho gi tr gi tr
li gii l ti u l nhng s nguyn. y cng l ni dung ch yu ca QH s nguyn: Gm nhng
bc tng qut sau:
Bc 1: Xc nh li gii ti u ca bi tan cha quan tm n iu kin s nguyn ca li gii,
nu 1 cch cha dt th chuyn sang bc sau.
Bc 2: Xy dng thm rng buc ph thuc nhm mc ch hn ch tp gi tr cho php ca li
gii, tuy nhin khng lm mt nhng gi tr li gii s nguyn.
Bc 3: Gii bi ton c thm rng buc ph , l kim tra iu kin s nguyn ca li gii
kt thc qu trnh, hoc phi lp li bc 2.
Ta tm hiu ni dung ca bc 2 v 3 ca thut ton Gamory:
1. Thnh lp phng trnh rng buc ph:
- Gi thit bi ton QHTT c gii bng thut ton n hnh, bc cui cng xc
nh c gi tr ti u ca m n c bn: x1, x2, xm nhng cha l s nguyn. Khi h
phng trnh rng buc c dng sau:

a11 x1 a12 x2 ... a1m xm ... a1k xk ... a1n xn b1

a21 x1 a22 x2 ... a2 m xm ... a2 k xk ... a2 n xn b2

..............................................................................

am1 x1 am 2 x2 ... amm xm ... amk xk ... amn xn bm

nhng h s ca x1, x2, ... xm h trn to thnh ma trn n v cp m. iu kin s nguyn ca li
gii cha tho mn, th hin ch cc gi tr b1 ... bm cha l nhng s nguyn.
Phng trnh rng buc ph theo qui tc sau y:
a. Phn tch:

b1 n1 r1
b2 n2 r2

...

bm nm rm
Trong ni l phn nguyn (0,1,2 ...) ca bi : i = 1,2,... , m nhng phi m bo: ni bi; i = 1,
2, ... , m
.
ri l phn l ca bi ; i = 1, 2, ... , m, ngha l: 0 ri < 1
b. Sau khi xc nh mi gi tr ni v ri , i = 1, 2, ... m chn phng trnh rng buc ng vi ri
cc i to rng buc ph.
c. Phn tch cc h s ap1, ap2,, ... , apm , ... , apn thnh
a p1 n p1 rp1

a p 2 n p 2 rp 2

...
a n r
pn
pn
pn
Trong npj ; j = 1, 2, .... , n l phn nguyn (m, s 0 v dng) ca apj v tho mn: npj apj

20

rpj ; j =1, 2, ... , n l phn l ca apj , ngha l: 0 rpj < 1

d. Thnh lp phng trnh rng buc ph vi n s1 thm vo trong dng :
- rp1 x1 - rp2 x2 - ... - rpn xn + s1 = - rp
Nh vy bi ton qui hoch tuyn tnh gii theo thut ton n hnh bc ny c (m + 1) n c
bn l x1 , x2, ... , xm v s1.
By gi cn chuyn sang bc tip theo, trong n cn loi ra chnh l s1 v ch cn xc nh n s
a vo trong bc mi.
2. Gii bi ton khi c rng buc ph.
a. Ghi cc gi tr m ca cc h s -rpj hng ng vi hng s1 v ng vi j 0.
b. Xc nh cc t s:

j
rpj

; j 1,2,..., n

c. Ly cc tiu ca gi tr tuyt i:
d. Ct no ng vi min:

j
rpj

j
rpj

j 1,2,..., n

j 1,2,..., n

th n s c a vo h n c bn bc tip

theo
e. Theo thut ton n hnh. Gii tip cho n khi mi li gii u l s nguyn.
V d:
Xc nh x1, x2 l nhng gi tr nguyn, khng m, sao cho
f(x) = -x1 - 2x2 min
v:
- 3x1 + 4x2 6
4x1 + 3x2 12

21

22

Cu 8: Cc loi ngun in v u nhc im.

Cc loi ngun in (hay NM th cng chnh l n :D) hin nay trn th gii kh phong ph, ph
thuc ch yu vo loi nng lng s cp c s dng. C th chia lm cc loi chnh nh sau:
1. NM Thy in
Cc nh my thu in c xy dng tu thuc vo iu kin nc, iu kin a l ca tng
quc gia.Cng sut ca cc nh my c tnh theo cng thc
Nt = 9,81..H.Q
trong : + H - chnh lch mc nc trc v sau nh my thu in(ct nc)
+ - hiu sut chung ca nh my; = t. f
t = 0,880,91 -hiu sut tuabin
f = 0,950,98-hiu sut my pht
nh vy = 0,8 0,9, ly trung bnh tb = 0,85
+ Q - lu lng nc [m3/sec]
Nt = 8,3.H.Q
Hin nay trn th gii, cc nh my thy in sn xut khong 54% in s cp
Cng sut t ca nh my thu in tu thuc vo lu lng nc ca dng chy v chiu cao
p nc, ngi ta phn lm cc loi p sau:
p cao > 200m
p trung bnh 40200m
p thp < 40m
c im ca nh my thu in:
1- xy dng gn ngun thu nng
2- phn ln in nng sn xut ra c pht ln li cao p
3- lm vic vi th ph ti t do
4- vn hnh linh hot, thi gian khi ng v mang ti ch mt t 3 n 4 pht, trong khi i
vi nhit in khi ng mt t my phi mt t 6 n 8 ting.
5- hiu sut cao = 85 90%
6- gi thnh in nng thp, s ngi qun l vn hnh nh my rt t
7- khng gy nhim mi trng
8- vn xy dng ln, thi gian xy dng lu
9- ring loi c h cha cn gp phn iu tit nc dng chy ca sng v chng l
Mt s loi nh my thy in chnh
- Nh my thy in c p chn ngang sng
+ C h cha
+ Khng c h cha ( ch dng knh dn nc)
+ Hn hp (c c h cha ln knh dn nc)
- Nh my thy in tch nng
- Nh my thy in thy triu

23

2. Nh my nhit in
Nng lng in c sn xut t cc ngun nhin liu ho thch nh du, than , kh thin
nhin qua qu trnh bin i t nhit nng thnh in nng cc nh my in Cc nh my ny
c gi l nh my nhit in
2.1 Nh my nhit in ngng hi (NN)

S nguyn l

1
2
10
9

12

11

13

16

8
15

5
6

14
7

1) kho nhin liu; 2) h thng cp nhin liu; 3) l hi; 4) turbine; 5) bnh ngng; 6) bm tun hon;
7) bm ngng t; 8) bm cp nc; 9) vi t; 10) qut gi; 11) qut khi; 12) b sy khng kh; 13)
b hm nc; 14) bnh gia nhit h p; 15) b kh kh; 16) bnh gia nhit cao p.
c im ca nh my nhit in ngng hi
1 - Thng c xy dng gn ngun nhin liu
2 - Hu ht in nng sn xut ra c pht ln li in cao p
3 - Lm vic vi th ph ti t do
4 - Tnh linh hot trong vn hnh km, khi ng v tng ti chm.
5 - Hiu sut thp = 3040%
6 - Khi lng nhin liu ln, thi khi lm nhim mi trng. khc phc nhc im ny,
hin nay ngi ta s dng cng ngh t than sch v cng ngh lc cht thi sau khi t.
7 - Vn u t thp, thi gian xy dng nhanh
2.2 Nh my nhit in trch hi (NT)

* Nh my nhit in trch hi (NT) ng thi sn xut in nng v nhit nng. V nguyn l

hot ng cng ging nh NN, nhng y lng hi c rt ra ng k t mt s tng ca
tuabin cung cp cho cc ph ti cng nghip v sinh hot. Trong nh my nhit in trch hi, ch
vn hnh ti u l khi ng thi lng nhit nng v lng in nng cp cho ph ti in v ph
24

ti nhit l ti u. Khi , hiu sut chung ca ton nh my tng ln . Nu khng c ph ti nhit th

hiu sut chung ca nh my s gim xung. Do c rt hi cho ph ti nhit nn NT c cc c
im khc vi NN, c th l :
1 Thng c xy dng gn ph ti nhit
2 - Phn ln in nng sn xut ra cp cho ph ti cp in p my pht
3 - Ph ti in ph thuc vo ph ti nhit
4 - Tnh linh hot trong vn hnh km. Khi ng v tng ph ti chm
5 - Hiu sut = 6070%
6 - Khi lng nhin liu ln, khi thi lm nhim mi trng
7 - Vn u t thp, thi gian xy dng nhanh
3. Nh my in tua bin kh
Nh my in tuabin kh l loi nh my in m p sut ca kh t gin n trc tip lm quay
tuabin kh v quay rto my pht in
3.1 Tuabin kh chu trnh n

2
3

Bm nhin liu
4

1
Khng kh

My pht

Kh thi

Tuabin kh chu trnh n c hiu sut kh thp v kh thi cn rt nng nhng c mt s u im

sau:
1- Khng c l cng knh, chi ph u t v lp t thp;
2- a vo vn hnh rt nhanh, thi gian khi ng l t 10 n 20 pht;
3- Khng cn dng nhiu nc lm mt;
4- Vn hnh v bo dng n gin, d t ng ho, c th iu khin t xa.
3.2. Tuabin kh chu trnh hn hp

L s kt hp ca tuabin hi v tuabin kh. Ngi ta dng cc l thu nhit (gi l ui hi) tn dng
nhit nng trong kh thot ra ca tuabin kh sn xut hi nc cung cp cho tuabin hi

25

Bung t
Tuabin kh

Bm NL

ng c K
My nn kh
Khng kh

My pht in

L thu nhit
Bm nc
Thp lm mt
Kh thi

My pht in

Bnh ngng

Tuabin
hi

4. Trm pht in izen

Cc trm pht in izen bao gm my n izen v my pht in. My n chy bng du
izen lm quay my pht in pht ra in nng. Cc trm pht in izen ngy cng c
hon thin v c s dng trong h thng in ph nh, lm ngun d phng v cung cp in
cho nhng vng cha c in li. Ngy nay ngi ta c th sn xut loi ng c izen c
cng sut n 20 MW vi hiu sut v gi thnh in nng c th cnh tranh c vi cc nh my
in khc
5. Nh my in nguyn t
Cc nh my in nguyn t (NT) sn xut in nng t nhit nng do cc phn ng ht nhn to
ra. Trong phn ng ht nhn u c hin tng to nhit hay thu nhit km theo. Nhit trao i c
tnh theo cng thc:

m m

Q C2

mi; mk - tng khi lng cc ht trc v sau phn ng

C = 3.108m/s - tc nh sng.
c im ca nh my in nguyn t
1. Kh nng lm vic c lp, gi thnh in nng thp hn nh my nhit in.
2. Khi lng nhin liu nh. V d sn xut 1 triu kWh in nng ch tiu tn khong
400 gam uranium. Do khng cn xy dng nh my in nguyn t cnh ngun nhin liu
3. Vn hnh linh hot vi th ph ti t do
4. Khng thi khi ra khng kh, t nh hng n mi trng. V d cht thi hng nm ca
l phn ng 900 MW cha 99,9% cht phng x ch 2 m3.
5. Vn u t ln
6. Hiu sut cao hn nhit in
Ngoi ra hin nay trn th gii cn pht trin mt s loi ngun in mi:
+ Ngun in t gi: dng gi quay cnh qut lm quay tuabin pht in
+ Nng lng mt tri: da trn hiu ng quang in, bin quang nng thnh in nng
+ Nh my in t thy ng: bit ni c im th no, p con ba nh, ko th b trng cng
okie ;;)
26

Cu 9 Trnh by bi ton quy hoach ngun di dng bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh
Tr li
Mun HT pht trin ng quy hoch tng th s pht trin ca HT trong vng 10 20 nm trc
khi thit k xy dng cc NM, TBA, li in. Nu khng lm tt iu c th a n mt hu
qu nghim trng nh: khng th s dng ht cng sut ca NM, thiu cng sut, gim tin cy
cung cp in C th ni bi ton quy hoch HT l bi ton KT KT la chn phng n ti u
pht trin HT nhm m bo cung cp in cho h tiu th vi cht lng cao v chi ph nh
nht c th. Quy hoch ngun l bi ton quan trng ca quy hoch nng lng. Trong bi ton quy
hoch ngun th vic chn cu trc ti u ca ngun in l c bn nht nn thng xem bi ton
chn cu trc ti u l bi ton quy hoch pht trin ngun in
M hnh bi ton quy hoch ngun in bng phng php QHTT c din gii nh sau:
A Hm mc tiu
Xc nh cng sut {X} v {U} sao cho:
F(X,U) = H1 + H2
J
t
J
T
t
D
1
1
C

S
X

F jvtd .U jvtd . d min

jv
jv
jv
=
v v0
t v0
j 1 v v1 1 r
j 1 t 1 v v1 d 1 1 r
Hm mc tiu gm 2 thnh phn: vn u t H1 v chi ph vn hnh H2:
Trong biu thc trn:
j: ch s th t ca nh my (ch s th nht theo cch vit)
v : nm a nh my vo vn hnh (ch s th 2)
v1 : nm u tin d kin a nh my vo vn hnh.
t: ch giai on con ang xt trong c giai on quy hoch (ch s th 3)
d: ch s min th ph ti (ch s th 4)
r: h s chit kht
J: tng s NM d kin a vo kho st
T: thi gian kho st
D: s bc ca th ph ti ng tr
Xjv: cng sut ca NM j a vo vn hnh nm v
Cjv: sut u t vn cho nh my j a vo vn hnh nm v
Sjv: sut gi tr cn li thi gian quy hoch ca NM j a vo vn hnh nm v
Ujvtd: cng sut vn hnh thc t ca NM j ca t my a vo vn hnh nm v, giai on t, trn
min th ph ti d
Fjvtd: sut chi ph vn hnh ca NM j a vo vn hnh nm v, giai on t, trn min th ph ti
d
d : thi gian ca min th ph ti trong nm
A Cc rng buc
1 Rng buc v cng sut t
J

a
j 1 v v1

jv

. X jv Ptd 1 m

Trong :
ajv : h s kh dng ca NM th j
Xjv: cng sut t NM j a vo vn hnh nm v
Ptd: ph ti cc i thi im a NM vo hot ng
m h s d tr cng sut (thng ly m = 0,5
2.Rng buc v cng sut pht thc t (tha mn nhu cu ca ph ti)
J

U
j 1 v v1

jvtd

Ptd
27

d = 1, 2, 3, 4.D; t = 1, 2, 3T
3. Rng buc v kh nng pht cng sut ca tng nh my
0 U jvtd a jv . X jv
j = 1,.J ; v = v1,..T; d = 1, .D
4. Rng buc v nng lng pht ca NMT
D

U
d 1

jvtd

0 H vt

v = v1,t; t = t1,, T
Hvt : gii hn m bo nng lng nc nm th v giai on t
5 Rng buc v cng sut t ca tng NM
Xjv Xjvmax
Xjvmax : cng sut t gii hn ca NM j nm th v

6. Rng buc m bo cn bng nng lng

J2
D
t J1
D

a
.
X
.

.
U
.

jv jv d jv jvtd d Ptd . d

d 1 v v1 j 1
j 1
d 1

Trong :
J1: s cc NM khng phi thy in;
J2: s cc NM thy in
jv : h s ma ca NMT
Nang _ luong _ nam _ nuoc _ it _ trong _ giai _ doan _ thong _ ke
jv
Nang _ luong _ nam _ nuoc _ trung _ binh _ trong _ giai _ doan _ thong _ ke

28

Cu 10:Phng php nhnh v cn xc nh cu trc ti u ca mng in.

B1.tm phng n cy bao trn nh nht.
a.Mt s nh ngha c bn:
Mt graph lin thng l tp hp cc nt v cc nhnh ni lin thng gia cc nt.
Mt graph y l graph m gia 2 nh bt k ca n u c 1 cnh ni
Cy ca graph l tp hp cc cnh i qua cc nh ca th m khng to ra 1 mch vng kn no.

Mt graph c n nh th s cnh ca n :
S=n*(n-1)/2
V c cy ,mt cy c (n-1) cnh
Cy bao trm nh nht l cy lin thng ca graph c tng chiu di nh nht
b.thut ton tm cy bao trm nh nht
Thut ton Prim.
u tin ta chn cnh ngn nht ca graph U1 sau chn cnh nn th 2 U2 ....tip tc ti cnh
th n Un.
Gi Ak l tp hp cc nt ca K cnh
Chn nt Uk+1 l cnh c 1 nt thuc tp Ak v 1 nt khng thuc tp Ak khng to thnh mch
vng kn,qu trnh dn li khi k=n-1
Khi c c cy bao trm c tng chiu di nh nht.
Thut ton krustal:
V 1 graph c u s cnh m= n*(n-1)/2
Sau xt cc mch vng v b i cnh di nht ca mch vng
Qu trnh din ra n khi khng c 1 mch vng no trong Graph na th ta thu c cy bao
trm c chiu di nh nht
B2:Tm phng n c chi ph tn tht in nng Z2 nh nht.
Phng n ng vi Z2 min l phng n c cc tiu ca tng cc tch gia chiu di cc cnh v
dng in tng ng i trn n.
Bi ton c th m t nh sau:
Xc nh tp {Iij}sao cho

Z 2 BLij.Iij

.Iij Ii

min

Vi cc iu kin rg buc
(i=1,n-1)(i<>j)
B3.Thc hin phng php cn v nhnh tm phng n ti u:
p dng phng php cn v nhnh tm phng n ti u vi 2 phng n c Z1 min v phng n
co Z2 min
W=W1+W2 l gi tr cn di ca hm mc tiu Z.Gi tr Z=W ng vi li in c vn u t cc
tiu v tn tht in nng cc tiu
im t khi lng tnh ton ta b nhng tp phng n m bit chc chn trong tp khng cha
pa ti u bng cch tin hnh phn nhnh(chia pa thnh nhng tp c cha nhnh ij v tp khng
cha nhnh ij,v ch cn tnh W mi tp)
29

Gi s li in c 4 nt ph ti v 1 nt ngun nh hnh v:
Cc bc tin hnh ca phng php cn v nhnh nh sau:
B1.lp cy PA t nh O ta xc inh W1,W2 v W theo phng php bit
B2.ng vi im O ban u ca cp PA v cc nhnh tip v pha phi theo th t tng dn
cnh a<b<c<d....... cho n n-1 cnh .Tp cnh thu c l cy bao trm nh nht.
Do c 5 nh nn a,b,c,d l cy bao trm nh nht
nh O,A,B,C,D m t tp hp cc cy ca graph li in.Dnh o ng vi tt c tp hp
cc cy ca li in,nh A ng vi tp hp cc PA cha nhnh a v 3 nhnh bt k khc, nh B
ng vi tp hp cc PA cha nhnh a,b v 2 nhnh bt k khc,Ti D ta c 1 cy duy nht l cy bao
trm nh nht nn ta c th tnh c gi tr hm mc tiu:
ZD=W1D+Z2D
V dy l cy bao trm nh nht nn Z1D=W1D=W1
Ta ly ZD lm mc so snh v bt u i ngc ln nh C
B3.T nh C r tri ,nguyn tc r tri l b nhnh va i ln ti nh E
E l tp hp cy cha a,b,c khng cha d
W1E l cy bao trm nh nht vi iu khin cha a,b,c khng cha d
W2E ly gn ng bng min Z2 tnh t trn
Vy WE=W1E+W2E= W1E+W2
So snh WE vi ZD
Nu WE > ZD trong cc Pa ng vi E khng c pa ti u do quay li C v i ln B
Nu WE < ZD ta phi phn nhnh tip
B4. vi gi thit WE >ZD quay li C v i ln B ri r nhnh n F
F l tp hp cc cy c cha a,b v khng chac c nhng c th cha d
WF=W1F+W2F= W1F+W2
W1F la Z1 ca cy bao trm nh nht ca cc cy nh F
W2 =Z2min tnh t u
B5.Gi s WF <ZD Wta i t F v pha phi theo nhnh c chiu di tng dn n nh k
k l tp hp cy bao trm nh nht cha a,b khng cha c
WK=W1K+W2K
W2K t l vi Lij v Pij ca 1 cy bao trm nh nht c iu kin ti K
Nu ZK >ZD ta ly ZD lm mc so snh
Nu ZD >ZK ta ly ZK lm mc so snh
B6. Nu ZD >ZK th t nh K ln nh I r tri n nh N
N l nh c cc pa cha a,b,d khng cha c,k
WN=W1N+W2N= W1N+W2
GS ZN >ZK ti nh N khng c PA ti u nn t nh I ln nh F
B7.t F r phi ti P
P l tp hp cc PA c cha a,b v khng cha d, c
WP=W1P+W2P= W1P+W2
GS ZP >ZK ta chuyn ln B8
B8.T P quay v B i ln A ri r tri ti L
L l tp hp cc PA c cha a v khng cha b
WL=W1L+W2L= W1L+W2
GS ZL >ZK ta chuyn ln B9
B9.T A ln O r tri ti nh M
M l tp hp cc PA khng cha a nhng c th cha b,c
WM=W1M+W2M= W1M+W2
Nu ZM >ZK th thut ton dng v khng th tm ra Pa no c hm chi ph tnh ton nh hn Zk
Vy PA ti u ng vi nh K
30

Cu 11: Hy trnh by cc bc ln khi quy hoch mng in a phng.

lp qui hoch mng in a phng ta cn tin hnh cc bc chnh nh sau :
1. Tm hiu tnh hnh a phng
2. D bo nhu cu in nng v th ph ti ca a phng
3. Xc nh phng hng s dng ngun in trung ng v ngun in a phng
4. Xc nh cu trc ca mng in a phng
5. Tnh ton ch nh gi cc ch tiu ca mng in
a./ Tm hiu tnh hnh a phng:c c cc thng tin v nhu cu v phng hng s dng in
a phng.
- Dn c: tng s dn, mc tng, phn b lao ng trong kinh t d quy hoch in cho sinh hot.
- S pht trin ca cc ngnh kinh t a phng:
+Cng nghip: thc trng v d kin pht trin ca cng nghip: tiu th cng, x nghip ca
trungng ti a phng
+ Nng nghip: din tch canh tc, phn vng trng trt, k hoch xy dng cc trm bm
+Giao thng vn ti: thc trngv k hoch pht trin giao thng: bn chi tit v cc loi
ng giao thng nh ng b, ng thy, ng st...,cc ga, bn bi...
- a l: bn a l ca a phng nh: ao, h, sng ngi, i ni... Cht t, in tr sut ca
t, lng st trung bnh, iu kin kh hu ...
- Mng in c sn a phng: Cn phn tch v nh gi cc ngun in c th khai thc a
phng: thy in nh, nhit in, phong in ... i vi cc li in c sn th quan tm n s
li in trc khi quy hoch: v tr, kh nng pht trin ca trm bin p a phng, kt cu c
th ca cc ng dy...
b./ D bo nhu cu in nng v th ph ti ca a phng:
- D bo nhu cu in nng ca mangj in a phng: cc ngnh kinh t ca a phng l n
gin v t bin ng nn dng phng php trc tip xc nh nhu cu in nng.
- Xc nh ph ti: t gi tr ph ti xc nh cng sut ln nht cn trang b, cng sut v s lng
my bin p, cp in p ca mng, tit din dy dn, tn tht cng sut, tn tht in nng, chn
phng thc iu chnh in p...
+ Xc nh cng sut nh mc
+ Xc nh cng sut t
+ Xc nh cng sut trung bnh
+ Xc nh cng sut nh cc i: di hn v ngn hn
+ Xc nh cng sut tnh ton
- Xc nh th ph ti
+ Xc nh th ph ti ngy: ngy in hnh ma ng, ma h, ngy lm vic bnh
thng, ngy th 7, ch nht, ngy l ...
+ Xc nh th ph ti hng nm hoc th ph ti hng nm ca ph ti ln nht hng
ngy.
- Xc nh cc ch tiu ca ph ti.
+Mng in thnh ph: kh nng v mc pht trin hin i ca thnh ph. Cn ch n
ph ti chiu sng v ph ti sinh hot.
+ Mng in nng thn: ch yu l sinh hot, thy li, ch bin nng sn, chn nui.
+ Mng in x nghip:thng c trm bin p ring
- H s thng gp ca ph ti:
+ H s s dng cng sut tc dng Ksd: t s gia Ptb v Pm
+ H s ph ti Kpt :t s gia cng sut tc dng tiu th thc t v Pm.
+ H s cc i Kmax: ph thuc vao s h tiu th hiu qu n hq v cc h s c trng ca
nhm h .
+ H s nhu cu Knc : t s gia Ptt v Pm
c./ Xc nh phng hng s dng ngun in trung ng v ngun in a phng:
31

- Cn phn tch mi tng quan gia cc ngun, cc c im v ch tiu kinh t: gi thnh 1 kWh,
gi thnh vn chuyn nhin liu, tn dng ngun nhin liu a phng... Cn quan tm n v tr cc
trm bin p a phng...
- Phi cn nhc ng mc nhng ngun nng lng c kh nng khai thc c ti a phng.
d./ Xc nh cu trc ti u ca mng in a phng:
- Xc nh v tr v s lng cc trm bin p:
+ S lng cc trm bin p: cp in p, cng sut, cp d phng ca ph ti..
+ V tr: t cng gn tm ph ti cng tt.
- S u dy ti u:
+ m bo xy dng 1 h thng cung cp in an ton v kinh t.
e./ Tnh ton ch nh gi cc ch tiu ca mng in:
- Tnh ton mng in 3 ch : max, min, s c xc nh cc ch tiu chnh nh sau:
+ Umax bt
+ U max sc
+ tng di ng dy
+ tng dung lng cc trm bin p
+ vn u t ng dy v trm bin p
+ Tng ph ti max
+ in nng ti hng nm
+ Tng vn u t thit b
+ Tng tn tht cng sut P v P%
+ Tng tn tht in nng A v A%
+ Gi thnh ti in
+ Ph tn tht vn hnh hng nm
+ Gi thnh mng in cho 1MW

32

Cu 12 : trnh by cc phng php nh gi d n u t

Tr li :
Cc phng php ng gi d n u t thng da trn c s ca cc ch tiu nh gi hiu qu.
Cc tiu chun ng gi d n u t l c s cho vic ra quyt nh u t. Cc tc nh gi u phi
gi p c 2 vn :
- D n u t xut c li hay ko ?
- Th t tin ca cc d n u t
Hin nay ngi ta thng s dng 4 pp nh gi d n u t tng ng vi 4 ch tiu : ch tiu
quy i v gi tr hin ti ca li rng (NPV), ch tiu t s hiu qu so vi chi ph (B/C), ch tiu
chu k hon vn vay (pay-back period) v ch tiu h s hon vn ni ti (IRR)
Ni dung ca cc pp u gm cc bc nh sau :
- Lit k cc phng n c th
- Xc nh thi k phn tch
- Thnh lp biu dng tin t cho tng pa
- Tnh gi tr theo thi gian ca tin t
- la chn pp phn tch
-Tnh ton ss cc pa
- Phn tch nhy
- La chn pa ti u
1. PP gi tr tng ng (NPV) :
pp gttd l pp s dng ch tiu gi tr quy i v hin ti ca li rng NPV nh gi hiu qu kinh
t ca cc d n u t
Trong trng hp chung , khi li nhun v chi ph hng nm l bt k th gi tr NPV c tnh theo
n
Bi C i
0
cng thc : NPVr P
i (1)
i 0 (1 r)
Trong trng hp rin nu hiu s gia li nhun v chi ph hng nm l nh nhau v bng A th
NPV c th tnh theo cng thc :
(1 r) n 1
NPVr0 P A
(2)
n
r(1 r)
Trong trng hp tng qut nu nh hiu s thu chi hng nm vn l gi tr khng i A v ti mt
s nm no c thm nhng khon thi chi t xut BiDX v CiDX th ta c th p dng cng thc :
n
(1 r) n 1
B iDX C iDX
0
NPVr P A

(3)

n
(1 r) i
i 0
r(1 r)
1.1 S dng NPV nh gi mt d n v mt kinh t :
nh gi mt d n v mt kinh t , u tin ta phi i tnh NPV ca d n theo ch tiu (1),, nu
NPV >0 th v mt kt d n s mang li hiu qu cho ch u t, ta ni d n ng gi, ngc li
nu NPV < 0 th d n s lm thit hi chi ch u t
Nh vy sau khi tnh c NPV ta c the bit c d n c mang li li ch v mt kt hay ko,
nu ko ng gi th cn loi b ngay hoc thay i cc thng s NPV > 0
1.2 S dng NPB ss cc pa :
Khi ss 2 pa c th xy ra cc trng hp sau :
- TH1 : khi ngun vn l hn ch
Ta thy rnngf ko nht thit phi s dng ht tng s vn u tmin cho thu c NPV max
v nht thit loi b cc pa c NPV < 0
- TH2 : khi ss cc pa loi tr ln nhau
Trong nhiu th cc pa c xem xt c tnh i khng loi tr ln nhau, ta ch c th chn
mt trong cc pa , tiu chun y cng l gi tr NPV max
Ch :
33

Trong th khi ss cc pa c i sng khc nhau, ta phi quy i v cng mt mc thi gian ( k c tui
th) ss
u :
- Tnh ton d dng
- Tnh ti ton b thi gian sng ca d n v s phan tn theo thi gian ca cc dng tin
- C tnh dn s trt gi v lm pht thng qua vic iu chnh Bi Ci v r
- C tnh n ri ro (r)
- C th ss cc pa c vn u t khc nhau ma ko cn hiu chnh
Nhc :
- Coi li sut c nh, phi tra v tnh ton la nh nhau
- Kt qu ca pa ph thuc rt nhiu vo r
- To li th cho nhng pa c vn u t ban u thp, thi gian ngn
- Trong th cc d n c tui th kt khc nhau pp NPV p dng theo kiu n thun ko phi l
1 tiu chun tt nh gi v la chn u t
2. PP h s hon vn ni ti ( IRR) :
y l pp c s dng kh ph bin hin nay, h s hon vn ni ti IRR l i lng c tnh i
theo mt h s no . chnh l mc li sut r * m nu dng n lm h s chit khu quy i
dng tin t ca pa v gi tr hin ti ca li rng
n
B C
NPVr0 i * ii 0
i 0 (1 r )
Tc l khi (ng vi h s hon vn ni ti IRR
gi tr quy v hin ti ca thu nhp BVP s cn
vi gi tr quy v hin ti ca chi ph CVP, im
c gi l im ho vn (hv). Nh vy IRR
xc nh theop biu thc :
n
Bi Ci
NPVr0
0
i
i 0 (1 IRR)
IRR c th hiu l mc thu li trung bnh hng
tnh theo kiu li ghp sau c vng i d n
c v do ni pa sinh ra
Xt s ng gi ca pa :
i vi d n c lp sau khi xc nh IRR , ta c
ss gia IRR vi h s hon vn ni ti chun r ch
c gi l h s MARR), nu IRR > r ch th pa l
gi , ngc li d n s b bc b
Trn thc t IRR c xc nh theo cng thc
ng nh sau :
NPV(r1 )
IRR r ' r1 (r2 r1 )
NPV(r1 ) | NPV(r2 ) |
trong r1 v r2 l cc li sut c NPV(r1) >0 v
NPV(r2) <0, khong cch gia r1 v r2 ko nn vt
5% (hv)
r1 v r2 chnh lch nhau cng t th IRR tm c
chnh xc
SS cc pa vi nhau :
- TH c 2 pa :
Ta ch ss cc pa ng gi vi nhau theo trnh t :

th
NPV

= r* )
bng

c
IRR
-1

r*

nm
thu
th
(cn
ng

NPV

gn

r
-1

r1

IRR

r2

qu
cng

34

- Lp dng tin t cho mi pa, thi k tnh ton c ly bng bi s chung nh nht ca cc
tui th cc pa hay c ly = thi k tn ti ca cc d n
- Tnh IRR cho mi pa, xem chng c ng gi ko, nu ko th phi loi tr ra khi danh sch
- Tin hnh ss cc pa, cn phn bit 2 th :
+ nu 2 pa c vn u t khc nhau th phi theo nguyn tc : pa c vn u t ln hn s tt
hn nu gia s u t ca n ng gi :
IRR() > rch , ngc li pa c vn u t nh s tt hn
- TH ss nhiu pa : khi ss nhiu pa cn tin hnh theo cc bc :
- xp cc pa theo th t tng dn ca vn u t, ly pa s 0 lm pa c s tnh ton bc
u tin (pa 0 l pa c vn u t = 0)
- tnh IRR1 nu IRR1 < rch th ta b pa 1 v tnh IRR 2, nu li nh hn rch th ta li b pa 2 di
v c tip tc cho dn khi no tm c pa c IRR n > rch , ta ly pa ny lm c s mi thay cho pa 0
tip tc so snh
- nu tm c IRRn+1 > rch th ta dng li v tnh IRR(n+1 - n ), nu IRR() > rch th n b gt b
, ly n+1 lm pa c s mi tip tc ss, ngc li pa n vn c gi li lm c ss ss vi pa n+2
.......
- Qua trnh trn ch dng li khi ch cn 1 pa, l pa c chn
u :
- IRR l mc li nhun trung bnh ca ng vn c tnh theo cc kt s cn li ca vn
u t u cc thi on , do trnh c vic xc nh r quy v cng 1 thi im ss nh
NPV
- C tnh n trt gi v lm pht (h s r)
Nhc :
- pp ny nng cc d n cn t vn u t, ngn hn c mc doanh li ca dng vn cao
hn so vi cc d n cn nhiu vn , mc doanh li ca ng vn tht nhng NPV cao
- Ni rng ss theo IRR nhng thc cht vn l ss theo NPV
3. PP t s li nhun / chi ph (B/C) :
3.1 Xt s ng gi ca pa :
Mt pa c coi l ng gi khi t s thu chi ca n >=1. T s thu chi l t s gia tng gi tr li
nhun quy v hin ti (PVB) v tng gi tr chi ph quy v hin ti (PVC), nu k hiu t s l nhun /
chi ph l R th c my cch tnh nh sau :
B
B

1
C CR O M
B B - (O M)
R
1
C
CR

PVB

PVC

Bi

(1 r)
i 0
n

Ci

i
i 0 (1 r)

PVB
PV(B)

1
PVC PV(CR O M)
PVB PV(B - O - M)
R

1
PVC
PV(CR)
R

Bi , Ci : doanh s v chi ph nm th i
PV(X) : l hin gi tr ca X
CR : chi ph u hng nm tng ng hon vn u t ban u v li phi tr cho cc khon ti
sn c nh khu hao cha ht
O : chi ph vn hnh u hng nm
M : chi ph bo dng u hng nm
3.2 SS pa :
35

- TH c 2 pa ss :
+ Nu 2 pa c vn u t = nhau v quy v cng mt thi gian tnh ton th pa no c ch
s B/C ln hn l tt hn
+ Nu c 2 pa c vn u t khc nhau th ss theo gia s u t ( tt nhu IRR)
Trong TH t s ca gia s u t B/C() c cc du khc nhau th vic la chn pa c thc hin
theo nguyn tc sau :
+B/+C < 1 : chn pa c vn u t nh
+B/+C > 1 : chn pa c vn u t ln
-B/+C < 1 : chn pa c vn u t nh
+B/-C < 1 : chn pa c vn u t ln
+B/-C = 0 : chn pa c vn u t ln
-B/-C < 1 : chn pa c vn u t ln
-B/-C > 1 : chn pa c vn u t nh
- TH ss nhiu pa : ging IRR
u : - Cho php ch u t m bo c tnh an ton trnh ri ro thong qua vic thu hi vn
- ph hp vi nhng d n c tui th kt ngn mo him cao
Nhc : ch th hin hiu qu s tng i v cng c nhc im lin quan n vn li sut
nhu pp NPV
4. PP thi gian thu hi vn u t :
l pp dng xc nh thi gian cho dng thu thun vn hnh hin ti ho b li c gi tr hin
ti ho ca vn u t
Cng thc :
T

(B
i 1

C i )(1 r) i 0

trong T : th gian thu hi vn u t

PP p dng :
- p c tc ny th ch u t cn phi xy dng cho mnh mt nh mc gii hn thu
hi vn trn c s kinh nghim ca ch u t v kt hp vi chin lc pht trim kinh doanh ca
nh u t
- V nguyn tc T < tui th kinh t cng trnh u t v > thi gian thu hi vn u t
- Khi s dng tc ny phi kt hp vi cc tc khc
Nhc :
- Ko xem xt n dng thu thun ca d n sau thi gian thu hi vn
- ko phn nh c mc thiu c bn ca kinh doanh l li nhun v mc doanh li
- ko bao h s dng mt mnh
- p dng cn phi xc nh mt mc thu hi vn ( ko d dng )
Tng kt:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

Kin: hutkiennd
Cu 4 done
Thnh: thinhdaobao Cu 11 done
Tn Anh
Cu 10 done
Chu
Cu 9 done
Giang
Cu 12 done
Duy
Cu 5done
Ch Thy
Cu 6 done
Hong
Cu 1 done
Ch Nga
Cu 3 checking, Ch Nga, Thnh: done
Vit
Cu 2 done
Tin
Cu 8 done
Nam
Cu 7: Kin, Linh: done: bu ci thng ku Nam, bu ci thng Kin (tao phi edit li
thm ln na sq)

36